143:
170:
people. He entered a marriage alliance with Duan
Wuwuchen, offering him a fiefdom as the "Duke of Liaoxi" in return for his tribe's military service. Wang Jun's barbarian auxiliaries were a deciding factor in the civil wars, with the Duan playing a role in his victory against the Prince of Chengdu,
480:
Languages of
Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan
198:
In 313, after some negotiations, Jilujuan agreed with Shi Le to break off relations with Wang Jun and withdraw from the conflict. Wang Jun was defeated by Shi Le in 314, but soon after, Jilujuan's brother,
65:. Unlike the Xianbei tribes of the steppe, the Duan were unique in that they were established within the borders of China. They ruled over their dukedom of Liaoxi and later established the
106:
to scour for food, but he instead took the opportunity to escape. He gathered a group of exiles and established a base in
Lingzhi (令支, in present-day
1010:
356:
212:
242:, allied with the Later Zhao to destroy the Duan. Duan Liao was defeated and surrendered to Former Yan, thus ending the Duan's independent state.
346:
336:
192:
127:
91:
1051:
207:. The Duan was effectively split into two, but civil war only broke out following the death of Jilujuan in 318. That year, Jilujuan's cousin,
376:
290:
in 350, while Duan Qin declared himself the
Emperor of Zhao in 352. However, both were eventually captured and executed by the Former Yan.
250:
While Duan Liao was killed for rebelling in 339, the Duan remained a prominent family within the Former Yan and their successors states of
208:
316:
275:
271:
1834:
386:
227:
1284:
1123:
222:, making Mopei the sole leader of the Duan. At this point, the Duan's state of Liaoxi stretched from Yuyang Commandery to the
530:
488:
1044:
578:
448:
1246:
712:
573:
758:
593:
553:
270:
marrying into the Murong family. Other Duan members fled to Later Zhao where they became generals, most notably
661:
1076:
1037:
988:
983:
238:-Xianbei tribe in Liaodong, but suffered repeated losses. In 338, the Murong, who by now had established the
1794:
1128:
568:
1802:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of
Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
1824:
1155:
897:
882:
727:
523:
131:
69:
state, although neither were considered part of the
Sixteen Kingdoms. The tribe was conquered by the
151:
134:, the tribe had grown to have 30,000 families and around 45,000 cavalry soldiers under their wing.
1839:
1116:
419:
413:
155:
1143:
968:
857:
633:
122:
family name of "Duan" (段) as their tribe's name. Rilujuan was succeeded by his younger brother
234:
after he attempted to move the capital. Throughout his reign, Duan Liao fought with the rival
1798:
1096:
1091:
963:
1165:
907:
643:
516:
8:
1819:
1413:
1068:
938:
933:
588:
558:
102:
known as the
Kunuguan (庫辱官). When a famine broke out in Yuyang, the Kunuguan sent him to
62:
1546:
203:, led a branch of the Duan loyal to Jin and seized control of Wang Jun's old capital in
1150:
1111:
1101:
993:
1453:
1081:
494:
484:
423:
204:
159:
107:
103:
99:
58:
1829:
1731:
1516:
1511:
1483:
1198:
1086:
1060:
539:
427:
77:
in 338, but remained politically influential as maternal relatives of the Murong.
50:
24:
1762:
1568:
1463:
453:
431:
1594:
1204:
1747:
1599:
1506:
1337:
1160:
1133:
628:
142:
1813:
1742:
1736:
1676:
1653:
1589:
1531:
1302:
1292:
1261:
1251:
1183:
1175:
1138:
1106:
498:
1710:
1704:
1643:
1541:
1398:
1322:
862:
763:
753:
717:
598:
263:
259:
1715:
1638:
1393:
1241:
1017:
973:
800:
745:
707:
255:
119:
115:
1767:
1720:
887:
697:
679:
671:
656:
583:
563:
267:
239:
223:
219:
184:
74:
191:
with much success. Wuwuchen died in around 310, succeeded by his son,
175:
in 304. The Duan continued to support Wang Jun in his war against the
1468:
1423:
1357:
815:
810:
735:
702:
651:
396:
366:
251:
231:
200:
172:
1681:
1658:
1408:
1382:
1352:
1347:
1327:
1317:
1029:
978:
958:
917:
912:
805:
795:
623:
508:
287:
279:
180:
66:
1725:
1668:
1648:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1583:
1526:
1501:
1496:
1473:
1458:
1448:
1440:
1372:
1362:
1342:
1332:
1297:
1256:
1231:
1221:
1188:
953:
902:
892:
852:
790:
689:
615:
458:
443:
283:
176:
163:
46:
1267:
218:
In 321, Pidi was captured and later killed by Shi Le's state of
1772:
1752:
1626:
1578:
1573:
1560:
1521:
1377:
1367:
1312:
1307:
1226:
1193:
948:
943:
422:) language. Shimunek's "Serbi" linguistic branch also includes
326:
235:
188:
167:
123:
95:
70:
32:
162:
sought to secure his position by allying with the surrounding
1778:
1687:
1604:
1536:
1418:
1403:
1387:
1236:
1216:
831:
262:
as maternal relatives due to a number of their women such as
111:
54:
42:
1491:
1274:
278:. During the collapse of the Later Zhao, Duan Lan's son,
215:, and fought with Pidi over full control of the tribe.
94:(or Jiulujuan), a Xianbei who was sold as a slave to a
226:. After Mopei died in 325, his brother and successor,
61:
region and played a key role during the fall of the
310:Chinese convention: use family name and given name
1811:
1011:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
1482:
1045:
524:
418:Shimunek classifies Duan as a "Serbi" (i.e.,
114:), a city that had been abandoned during the
471:
137:
1052:
1038:
531:
517:
599:Northern Wei's unification of North China
293:
477:
141:
1812:
230:was quickly overthrown by his cousin,
1033:
512:
126:, who was then succeeded by his son,
1059:
584:Fu Jian's unification of North China
538:
57:. They were a powerful tribe in the
13:
483:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
449:List of past Chinese ethnic groups
90:The founder of the Duan tribe was
16:4th-century Xianbei tribe of China
14:
1851:
146:Duan territory in Liaoxi, c. 326.
1835:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
564:Shi Le's conquest of North China
245:
554:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
211:, seized power from his uncle,
37:
1:
464:
85:
49:ethnicity during the era of
7:
437:
407:
10:
1856:
411:
282:, founded the short-lived
80:
1791:
1697:
1667:
1559:
1439:
1432:
1283:
1174:
1067:
1002:
926:
875:
845:
824:
783:
776:
744:
726:
688:
670:
642:
614:
607:
546:
478:Shimunek, Andrew (2017).
308:
28:
713:Southern Liang (397–414)
629:Northern Liang (397–460)
152:War of the Eight Princes
138:Liaoxi dukedom (303–338)
759:Western Liang (400–421)
414:Para-Mongolic languages
154:, the Jin Inspector of
863:Northern Wei (386–535)
764:Northern Yan (407–436)
754:Former Liang (318–376)
718:Southern Yan (398–410)
579:Huan Wen's Expeditions
574:Conquest of Wei by Yan
294:Chieftains of the Duan
147:
801:Western Yan (384–394)
708:Western Qin (385–431)
662:Later Liang (386–403)
145:
1003:Histories of the Era
698:Former Yan (337–370)
680:Later Zhao (319–351)
657:Former Qin (351–394)
594:Liu Yu's Expeditions
736:Later Qin (384–417)
703:Later Yan (384–409)
652:Cheng-Han (304–347)
589:Battle of Fei River
559:Disaster of Yongjia
357:段涉復辰 Duàn Shèfùchén
132:Western Jin dynasty
118:. They adopted the
63:Western Jin dynasty
1795:Donghu and Xianbei
1151:Mongolian nobility
1102:Slab Grave culture
816:Qiao Shu (405–413)
811:Huan Chu (403–404)
806:Zhai Wei (388–392)
624:Han-Zhao (304–329)
347:段疾陸眷 Duàn Jílùjuàn
337:段務勿塵 Duàn Wùwùchen
304:Duration of reign
148:
1807:
1806:
1787:
1786:
1555:
1554:
1082:Mongolian Plateau
1027:
1026:
927:Key personalities
871:
870:
853:Chouchi (296–580)
796:Duan Qi (350–356)
791:Ran Wei (350–352)
772:
771:
490:978-3-447-10855-3
405:
404:
401:325 or 326 – 338
104:Liaoxi Commandery
100:Yuyang Commandery
1847:
1825:Sixteen Kingdoms
1484:Southern Mongols
1480:
1479:
1437:
1436:
1087:Mongol heartland
1061:Mongolic peoples
1054:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1030:
781:
780:
612:
611:
540:Sixteen Kingdoms
533:
526:
519:
510:
509:
503:
502:
475:
298:
297:
51:Sixteen Kingdoms
39:
30:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1783:
1763:Sichuan Mongols
1693:
1663:
1569:Altai Uriankhai
1551:
1478:
1428:
1285:Medieval tribes
1279:
1170:
1156:Writing systems
1124:Medieval tribes
1063:
1058:
1028:
1023:
998:
922:
867:
841:
820:
768:
740:
722:
684:
666:
638:
608:The 16 Kingdoms
603:
542:
537:
507:
506:
491:
476:
472:
467:
454:Five Barbarians
440:
416:
410:
351:310 or 311–318
341:303–310 or 311
296:
248:
183:, battling the
140:
88:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1840:Tribes of Asia
1837:
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1507:Eastern Dorbet
1504:
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1488:
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1477:
1476:
1471:
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1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1161:Soyombo symbol
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1134:Nomadic empire
1131:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:Proto-Mongolic
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1065:
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1057:
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1022:
1021:
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489:
469:
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439:
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412:Main article:
409:
406:
403:
402:
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393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
377:段末柸 Duàn Mòpeī
373:
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369:
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362:
359:
353:
352:
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343:
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333:
332:
329:
323:
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306:
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295:
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247:
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213:Duan Shefuchen
139:
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87:
84:
82:
79:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
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1818:
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1815:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:Yunnan Mongol
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
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1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Upper Mongols
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
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1475:
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1470:
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1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
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1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:Ethnic groups
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
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1376:
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1371:
1369:
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1344:
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1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Khamag Mongol
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1176:Proto-Mongols
1173:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Mongol Empire
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Ordos culture
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
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1036:
1035:
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1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
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980:
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950:
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942:
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937:
935:
932:
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919:
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911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
864:
861:
859:
858:Dai (310–376)
856:
854:
851:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
823:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
786:
782:
779:
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765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
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751:
749:
747:
743:
737:
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709:
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673:
669:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
645:
641:
635:
634:Xia (407–431)
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
619:
617:
613:
610:
606:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
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582:
580:
577:
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572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
545:
541:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
514:
511:
500:
496:
492:
486:
482:
474:
470:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
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420:para-Mongolic
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367:段匹磾 Duàn Pǐdī
365:
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246:Later history
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196:
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193:Duan Jilujuan
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128:Duan Wuwuchen
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34:
26:
22:
1799:Turco-Mongol
1756:
1211:
1144:Turco-Mongol
1129:Modern clans
1016:
1009:
836:
777:Other states
569:Wei–Zhao War
479:
473:
417:
397:段遼 Duàn Liáo
317:日陸眷 Rìlùjuàn
309:
264:Duan Yuanfei
260:Southern Yan
249:
217:
197:
156:You province
149:
89:
36:
20:
18:
1644:Sart Kalmyk
1394:Qara Khitai
1018:Book of Jin
974:Murong Chui
883:Jin dynasty
784:Short-lived
256:Western Yan
150:During the
120:Han Chinese
116:Han dynasty
1820:Duan tribe
1814:Categories
1793:See also:
1768:Sogwo Arig
465:References
387:段牙 Duàn Yá
268:Duan Jifei
240:Former Yan
224:Liao River
220:Later Zhao
209:Duan Mopei
98:family in
86:Background
75:Former Yan
1721:Dongxiang
1469:Khotogoid
1454:Dariganga
1424:Uriankhai
1399:Qara'unas
1358:Khongirad
1112:Languages
989:Tuoba Tao
984:Tuoba Gui
969:Wang Meng
499:993110372
481:Phonology
327:乞珍 Qǐzhēn
286:state in
252:Later Yan
232:Duan Liao
201:Duan Pidi
187:warlord,
179:state of
173:Sima Ying
130:. By the
1682:Hamnigan
1659:Zakhchin
1547:Üzemchin
1517:Khorchin
1512:Kharchin
1409:Taichiud
1383:Olkhonud
1318:Borjigin
1166:Religion
1077:Timeline
979:Yao Xing
959:Huan Wen
939:Liu Cong
934:Liu Yuan
918:Goguryeo
913:Dingling
876:Involved
438:See also
424:Taghbach
408:Language
381:318–325
371:318–321
321:Unknown
288:Shandong
280:Duan Kan
276:Duan Qin
272:Duan Lan
181:Han-Zhao
160:Wang Jun
92:Rilujuan
41:) was a
1830:Xianbei
1748:Monguor
1732:Kangjia
1669:Buryats
1649:Torghut
1634:Myangad
1610:Khoshut
1600:Dzungar
1584:Chantuu
1474:Sartuul
1464:Khalkha
1459:Eljigin
1449:Darkhad
1441:Mongols
1363:Manghud
1348:Katagan
1333:Eljigin
1328:Dughlat
1257:Didouyu
1232:Tuyuhun
1222:Kumo Xi
1205:Yujiulü
1189:Xianbei
1069:History
964:Fu Jian
954:Ran Min
903:Xianbei
893:Xiongnu
690:Xianbei
616:Xiongnu
547:History
459:Duan Qi
444:Xianbei
428:Tuyuhun
284:Duan Qi
228:Duan Ya
205:Jicheng
177:Xiongnu
164:Xianbei
108:Qian'an
81:History
67:Duan Qi
47:Xianbei
25:Chinese
1753:Khatso
1743:Moghol
1737:Mughal
1726:Hazara
1627:Buzava
1625:incl.
1621:Kalmyk
1615:Khoton
1595:Dörbet
1590:Choros
1574:Baatud
1561:Oirats
1527:Naiman
1522:Jaruud
1502:Chahar
1497:Baarin
1373:Naiman
1368:Merkit
1353:Kerait
1343:Jalair
1338:Gorlos
1323:Chonos
1308:Barlas
1298:Baarin
1266:incl.
1262:Khitan
1252:Shiwei
1227:Murong
1203:incl.
1199:Rouran
1194:Wuhuan
1184:Donghu
1097:Rulers
1092:States
994:Liu Yu
949:Shi Hu
944:Shi Le
846:States
825:Tribes
497:
487:
432:Khitan
430:, and
331:?–303
236:Murong
189:Shi Le
168:Wuhuan
124:Qizhen
96:Wuhuan
71:Murong
59:Liaoxi
35::
33:pinyin
27::
1779:Yugur
1773:Tuvan
1711:Bonan
1705:Aimaq
1698:Other
1688:Soyot
1677:Barga
1605:Khoid
1579:Bayad
1537:Tumed
1532:Ordos
1419:Tumed
1414:Tatar
1404:Sunud
1388:Ongud
1378:Oirat
1313:Bayad
1303:Barga
1237:Tuoba
1217:Yuwen
898:Qiang
832:Yuwen
728:Qiang
112:Hebei
73:-led
55:China
43:tribe
1716:Daur
1639:Olot
1542:Urad
1492:Asud
1275:Zubu
1268:Yelü
1247:Tufa
1242:Qifu
1212:Duan
837:Duan
495:OCLC
485:ISBN
391:325
361:318
301:Name
274:and
266:and
258:and
166:and
38:Duàn
21:Duan
19:The
888:Jie
746:Han
672:Jie
185:Jie
53:in
45:of
1816::
1797:·
1775:**
1739:**
1728:**
1707:**
908:Di
644:Di
493:.
434:.
426:,
254:,
195:.
158:,
110:,
31:;
1759:)
1755:(
1690:*
1684:*
1617:*
1586:*
1390:*
1053:e
1046:t
1039:v
532:e
525:t
518:v
501:.
29:段
23:(
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