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to indirectly steer young people away from drug use. These programs aim to engage young people by relating to them and putting them in contact with positive role models (coaches/trained youth workers). After building a trusting relationship with a young person, these role models can gradually change
363:
D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse
Resistance Education) is a program in the United States implemented in 5th grade school classrooms to educate students on the effects of drugs and temptations they may encounter, particularly in later education. The police officers who administer the program can also serve as
375:
emerged as an alternative to abstinence-based education in the late 20th-century and early 21st-century. Rather than encouraging complete abstinence and aiming to completely eradicate drug use in society, harm reduction education accepts that drug use is inevitable in modern society. It aims to
318:'s Positive Choices portal, released in response to a National Ice Taskforce report, facilitates access to interactive evidence-based drug education resources and prevention programs for school communities. It builds on existing drug education resources developed by researchers at the
376:
reduce the harms associated with drug use by providing individuals with comprehensive information about the nature of substance use. Harm reduction education aims to improve health, social, and economic measurements rather than aiming primarily to reduce the rate of drug consumption.
1186:
The politics of the Reagan years and the Bush years probably made it somewhat harder to get treatment expanded, but at the same time, it may have decreased initiation and use. For example, marijuana went from thirty-three percent of high-school seniors in 1980 to twelve percent in
337:
provide drug education programs to adolescents. These preventative programs aim to deliver a progressive approach that will motivate and encourage young people to make positive decisions in life. Emphasis within these programs is also placed in focusing on deterring
313:
has implemented a range of drug education programs through the
National Drug Education Strategy (NDES) by providing schools with effective drug education programs. The program aims to manage drug related issues and incidents within schools. The
480:
Past research into drug education has indicated that effective drug education must involve engaging, interactive learning strategies that stimulate higher-order thinking, promote learning and be transferable to real life circumstances.
948:
Newton, Nicola C.; Teesson, Maree; Vogl, Laura E.; Andrews, Gavin (10 March 2010). "Internet-based prevention for alcohol and cannabis use: final results of the
Climate Schools course: Internet-based drug prevention".
364:
community models for students. There is no scientific evidence that preventive drug education such as D.A.R.E. is effective, and some evidence that it may actually increase substance use rates in suburban teenagers.
487:
A study in 2017 on youth-targeted harm reduction education found that effective harm reduction programming must utilize relatable and meaningful approaches and be connected to youth's lived experience.
484:
Studies on school-based programs indicated that professional training and support may be required to increase the effectiveness of teaching staff and the uniform implementation of drug curriculum.
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did not lead to a reduction in substance use, and one study discovered that suburban students who went through the D.A.R.E. program were actually significantly more likely to engage in drug use.
417:
did not lead to a reduction in substance use, and one study concluded that suburban students who went through the D.A.R.E. program were actually significantly more likely to engage in drug use.
984:
Newton, Nicola C.; Andrews, Gavin; Teesson, Maree; Vogl, Laura E. (June 2009). "Delivering prevention for alcohol and cannabis using the internet: A cluster randomised controlled trial".
349:. School-based drug education programs have declined alongside it. In a 2021 survey, only 60% of American 12-17 year-olds reported seeing drug and alcohol preventing messaging in school.
567:
399:
1275:
893:"A cross-validation trial of an Internet-based prevention program for alcohol and cannabis: Preliminary results from a cluster randomised controlled trial"
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to the conclusion that students aged 13 to 15 who completed a drug and alcohol prevention program were less likely to develop a drug or alcohol problem.
124:
1461:
Midford, Richard; et al. (April 2012). "Alcohol
Prevention: What Can Be Expected of a Harm Reduction? Focused School Drug Education Program?".
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as a means of empowering adolescents and promoting autonomy. This approach reaches 750,000 primary and secondary students in
Australia each year.
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345:
The prevalence of abstinence-based programs declined throughout the early 21st-century following an uptick in substance use and the rise of the
703:
Tupper, Kenneth W. (3 April 2014). "Sex, drugs and the honour roll: the perennial challenges of addressing moral purity issues in schools".
660:
Beck, Jerome (26 July 2016). "100 Years of 'Just Say No' Versus 'Just Say Know': Reevaluating Drug
Education Goals for the Coming Century".
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are widely available and commonly used for a variety of both medical and non-medical purposes, some of which may lead to harms such as
319:
578:
1333:"Participatory research with an online drug forum: a survey of user characteristics, information sharing, and harm reduction views"
1101:
Dukes, Richard L.; Stein, Judith A.; Ullman, Jodie A. (August 1997). "Long-Term Impact of Drug Abuse
Resistance Education (DARE)".
464:. This approach reaches young people who have dropped out of mainstream education. It also benefits local communities by reducing
444:, drug education may counter-productively perpetuate myths and stereotypes about psychoactive substances and people who use them.
1521:
Tupper, Kenneth (2008). "Drugs, discourses and education: A critical discourse analysis of a high school drug education text".
76:
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A systematic review of abstinence-based school drug education published in 2003 found mixed results on its effectiveness.
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Champion, Katrina E; Newton, Nicola C; Stapinski, Lexine; Slade, Tim; Barrett, Emma L; Teesson, Maree (January 2016).
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Indirect drug education programs such as the UK government's
Positive Futures Program may utilize activities such as
220:
52:
143:
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on which users discuss harm reduction and drug use. Both sites collectively host about 100,000 experience reports.
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In the late 1990s and early 2000s, websites dedicated to harm reduction education such as the educational database
323:
605:"Provider views of harm reduction versus abstinence policies within homeless services for dually diagnosed adults"
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38:
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is the planned provision of information, guidelines, resources, and skills relevant to living in a world where
1174:
1693:
1496:
1570:
Cahill, Helen W. (November 2007). "Challenges in adopting evidence-based school drug education programmes".
264:. The two primary approaches to drug education are harm-reduction education and abstinence-based education.
330:) programs that have been proven to reduce alcohol and drug related harms and increase student well-being.
153:
1200:
745:"Assessing the Effects of School-Based Drug Education: A Six-Year Multilevel Analysis of Project D.A.R.E."
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Drug education can also occur through public campaigns rather than education programs. Examples include
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Many studies conducted in the early 2000s found that school-based abstinence education programs such as
1020:
https://www.health.gov.au/internet/ministers/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2015-nash053.htm
132:
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128:
786:"The effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (project DARE): 5-year follow-up results"
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In addition to government-funded programs, a number of not-for-profit organisations such as
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agenda set the template for much of what has been done since in the name of drug education.
178:
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261:
16:
Planned provision of information, resources and guidelines regarding proper usage of drugs
8:
1331:
Chiauzzi, Emil; Dasmahapatra, Pronabesh; Lobo, Kimberly; Barratt, Monica J. (June 2013).
529:
Midford, Richard (2007). "Is
Australia 'fair dinkum' about drug education in schools?*".
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in the United States and Canada in the late 19th century. In many respects, the WCTU's
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1219:"Harm reduction: An approach to reducing risky health behaviours in adolescents"
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Many studies have found that school-based abstinence education programs such as
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had shifted from abstinence-based education to harm reduction-based education.
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1063:"'Just say no' didn't actually protect students from drugs. Here's what could"
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Henwood, Benjamin F.; Padgett, Deborah K.; Tiderington, Emmy (January 2014).
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attitudes towards drug use and steer the young person back into education,
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in an effort to prevent illegal drug use while highlighting the dangers of
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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
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1274:
Murguia-1; Tackett-Gibson-2; Lessem-3, Edward-1; Melissa-2; Ann-3 (2007).
1234:
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Joyce, R; O’Connor, L. (2008). "Life
Education: Research and Evaluation".
817:
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1032:
https://www.pm.gov.au/media/2015-12-06/joint-doorstop-interview-sydney
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577:. Department of Education and Children Services. 2009. Archived from
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campaigns focused on raising awareness such as the UK Government's
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By the early 2020s, many organizations such as the US government's
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Real Drugs in a Virtual World: Drug Discourse and Community Online
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Abstinence-based education programs aim to inform adolescents of
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Prime Minister of Australia, JOINT DOORSTOP INTERVIEW, SYDNEY
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Abstinence-based drug education began with the anti-alcohol "
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Clayton, R. R.; Cattarello, A. M.; Johnstone, B. M. (1996).
452:
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campaign or the US "media campaign". In efforts to prevent
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1606:"Helping academic staff to integrate professional skills"
743:
Rosenbaum, Dennis P.; Hanson, Gordon S. (November 1998).
602:
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journal of Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy came
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Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education
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The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
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Climate Schools Australia - is now OurFutures Institute
1199:
Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Arkowitz, Hal (1 January 2014).
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emerged. Erowid hosts information about hundreds of
1061:Gaines, Lee V.; Cohen, Nicole (December 19, 2023).
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897:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
836:"Project D.A.R.E. Outcome Effectiveness Revisited"
267:
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568:"National Schools Drug Education Strategy 2009"
1416:"A systematic review of school drug education"
1154:"NIDA InfoFacts: High School and Youth Trends"
834:West, Steven L.; O’Neal, Keri K. (June 2004).
138:Please review the contents of the article and
1094:
1312:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1086:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
748:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
1612:, Routledge, pp. 183–192, 2013-10-11,
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1610:Integrating Key Skills in Higher Education
1316:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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316:Australian Government Department of Health
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1463:Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy
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320:National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1156:. National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH
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1669:Positive Choices Drug Education portal
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389:psychoactive plants and substances
278:Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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840:American Journal of Public Health
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34:This article has multiple issues.
1201:"Why 'Just Say No' Doesn't Work"
963:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02853.x
615:(1): 10.1007/s11414–013–9318-2.
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359:Drug Abuse Resistance Education
268:Abstinence-based drug education
42:or discuss these issues on the
1223:Paediatrics & Child Health
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420:A 2012 study published in the
368:Harm reduction-based education
140:add the appropriate references
1:
1143:Benze, James G. (2005), p. 63
575:Northern Territory Government
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383:and the harm reduction forum
276:education" programmes of the
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1349:10.3109/10826084.2013.800117
717:10.1080/09581596.2013.862517
7:
998:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.009
760:10.1177/0022427898035004002
491:
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125:reliable medical references
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1659:Positive Futures Programme
1556:Positive Futures Programme
1414:McBride, N. (2003-12-01).
1337:Substance Use & Misuse
1229:(1): 53–56. January 2008.
1115:10.1177/0193841X9702100404
674:10.1177/0193841X9802200102
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1584:10.1080/09595230701613593
1535:10.1080/01596300801966864
1420:Health Education Research
621:10.1007/s11414-013-9318-2
543:10.1080/09595230701373842
295:and strongly emphasizing
293:problematic substance use
131:or relies too heavily on
79:toward certain viewpoints
1618:10.4324/9781315042350-24
909:10.1177/0004867415577435
391:, while Bluelight is an
373:Harm reduction education
335:Life Education Australia
1572:Drug and Alcohol Review
531:Drug and Alcohol Review
238:psychoactive substances
1679:OurFutures Institutute
852:10.2105/ajph.94.6.1027
802:10.1006/pmed.1996.0061
705:Critical Public Health
1358:1959.4/unsworks_73353
918:1959.4/unsworks_43591
470:anti-social behaviour
311:Australian Government
282:progressive education
1694:Education by subject
1654:Drug Education Forum
508:Responsible drug use
1235:10.1093/pch/13.1.53
1205:Scientific American
986:Preventive Medicine
790:Preventive Medicine
476:Future improvements
85:improve the article
1699:Psychoactive drugs
1432:10.1093/her/cyf050
1627:978-1-315-04235-0
1103:Evaluation Review
662:Evaluation Review
498:Alcohol education
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1499:. Archived from
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1395:. April 24, 2023
1389:"Harm Reduction"
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1294:on July 12, 2023
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