Drought - Knowledge

856: 1815: 805: 1111: 74: 1494: 54: 1918: 681: 1416:. During the 2011 drought, an estimated 50,000 to 150,000 people were reported to have died, though these figures and the extent of the crisis are disputed. In February 2012, the UN announced that the crisis was over due to a scaling up of relief efforts and a bumper harvest. Aid agencies subsequently shifted their emphasis to recovery efforts, including digging irrigation canals and distributing plant seeds. The 2020–2022 Horn of Africa drought has surpassed the horrific drought in 2010–2011 in both duration and severity. The Darfur conflict in 1240:. It generally occurs as a widespread blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick. Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces. Loess tends to develop into highly rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, areas with loess are among the most agriculturally productive in the world. Loess deposits are geologically unstable by nature, and will erode very readily. Therefore, windbreaks (such as big trees and bushes) are often planted by farmers to reduce the wind erosion of loess. 737: 1002: 45: 65: 1386: 5631: 5617: 251: 1446: 7180: 1053:

tissues, stomatal closure, and reduced performance of photosynthetic machinery. This reduction in photosynthetic activity contributes to the reduction in plant growth and yields. Another factor influencing reduced plant growth and yields include the allocation of resources; following drought stress plants will allocate more resources to roots to aid in water uptake increasing root growth and reducing the growth of other plant parts while decreasing yields.

7168: 552:. Because of the lack of water in the plants, bushfires are common. Since water vapor becomes more energetic with increasing temperature, more water vapor is required to increase relative humidity values to 100% at higher temperatures (or to get the temperature to fall to the dew point). Periods of warmth quicken the pace of fruit and vegetable production, increase evaporation and transpiration from plants, and worsen drought conditions. 7204: 7192: 813: 825: 5591: 758:. Agriculture suffers as a result. This means even regions where overall rainfall is expected to remain relatively stable will experience these impacts. These regions include central and northern Europe. Without climate change mitigation, around one third of land areas are likely to experience moderate or more severe drought by 2100. Due to global warming droughts are more frequent and intense than in the past. 5605: 1045:

girth has been shown to decrease in maize under water limiting conditions. Crop yield is also negatively effected by drought stress, the reduction in crop yield results from a decrease in photosynthetic rate, changes in leaf development, and altered allocation of resources all due to drought stress. Crop plants exposed to drought stress suffer from reductions in leaf water potential and transpiration rate.

2857: 455: 540:. The dry season greatly increases drought occurrence, and is characterized by its low humidity, with watering holes and rivers drying up. Because of the lack of these watering holes, many grazing animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water in search of more fertile lands. Examples of such animals are 395:(sometimes called the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)): a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events and studying areal extent and severity of drought episodes. The index uses precipitation and temperature data to study moisture supply and demand using a simple water balance model. 222:

has surpassed the horrific drought in 2010–2011 in both duration and severity. More than 150 districts in India are drought vulnerable, mostly concentrated in the state of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and its adjoining Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, northern Karnataka and adjoining Maharashtra of

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adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and hold water. In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind. Erosion can be the result of material movement by the wind. The wind can cause small particles to be lifted and therefore moved to another region (deflation). Suspended particles

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on drought severity. Evaporative demand is particularly dominant during periods of precipitation deficit. The SPEI calculation requires long-term and high-quality precipitation and atmospheric evaporative demand datasets. These can be obtained from ground stations or gridded data based on reanalysis

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In areas where people have limited understanding of the scientific basis of drought, beliefs about drought continue to reflect indigenous beliefs in the power of spirits and Christian philosophies that see drought as a divine punishment. Such beliefs can influence people's thinking and affect their

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could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades. More than 150 districts in India are drought vulnerable, mostly concentrated in the state of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and its adjoining Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, northern Karnataka and adjoining Maharashtra of the country.

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Plants need water for the uptake of nutrients from the soil, and for the transport of nutrients throughout the plant: drought conditions limit these functions leading to stunted growth. Drought stress also causes a decrease in photosynthetic activity in plants due to the reduction of photosynthetic

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again. Warming over land increases the severity and frequency of droughts around much of the world. In some tropical and subtropical regions of the world, there will probably be less rain due to global warming. This will make them more prone to drought. Droughts are set to worsen in many regions of

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The application of multiple indices using different datasets helps to better manage and monitor droughts than using a single dataset, This is particularly the case in regions of the world where not enough data is available such as Africa and South America. Using a single dataset can be limiting, as

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to the east Pacific, it causes extensive drought in the western Pacific. Singapore experienced the driest February in 2014 since records began in 1869, with only 6.3 mm of rain falling in the month and temperatures hitting as high as 35 °C on 26 February. The years 1968 and 2005 had the

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aloft can prevent or restrict the developing of thunderstorm activity or rainfall over one certain region. Once a region is within drought, feedback mechanisms such as local arid air, hot conditions which can promote warm core ridging, and minimal evapotranspiration can worsen drought conditions.

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Droughts occur mainly in areas where normal levels of rainfall are, in themselves, low. If these factors do not support precipitation volumes sufficiently to reach the surface over a sufficient time, the result is a drought. Drought can be triggered by a high level of reflected sunlight and above

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which results in poor growth. Development of leaves is also dependent upon turgor pressure, concentration of nutrients, and carbon assimilates all of which are reduced by drought conditions, thus drought stress lead to a decrease in leaf size and number. Plant height, biomass, leaf size and stem

2141:. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010. 609:. Winters during the El Niño are warmer and drier than average conditions in the Northwest, northern Midwest, and northern Mideast United States, so those regions experience reduced snowfalls. Conditions are also drier than normal from December to February in south-central Africa, mainly in 489:

rainfall. Convective processes involve strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation, while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation over a longer duration.

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Drought is a complex phenomenon − relating to the absence of water − which is difficult to monitor and define. By the early 1980s, over 150 definitions of "drought" had already been published. The range of definitions reflects differences in regions, needs, and disciplinary approaches.

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Economic losses as a result of droughts include lower agricultural, forests, game and fishing output, higher food-production costs, lower energy-production levels in hydro plants, losses caused by depleted water tourism and transport revenue, problems with water supply for the

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Effects vary according to vulnerability. For example, subsistence farmers are more likely to migrate during drought because they do not have alternative food-sources. Areas with populations that depend on water sources as a major food-source are more vulnerable to famine.

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Water stress affects plant development and quality in a variety of ways: firstly drought can cause poor germination and impaired seedling development. At the same time plant growth relies on cellular division, cell enlargement, and differentiation. Drought stress impairs

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drought occurs when there is a prolonged time with less than average precipitation. Meteorological drought usually precedes the other kinds of drought. As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and its impact on the local population gradually

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also pointed out that "Warming over land drives an increase in atmospheric evaporative demand and in the severity of drought events" and "Increased atmospheric evaporative demand increases plant water stress, leading to agricultural and ecological drought".

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Indices related to vegetation: root-zone soil moisture, vegetation condition index (VDI) and vegetation health index (VHI). The VCI and VHI are computed based on vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and temperature

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High-resolution drought information helps to better assess the spatial and temporal changes and variability in drought duration, severity, and magnitude at a much finer scale. This supports the development of site-specific adaptation measures.

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threshold. Hydrological drought tends to show up more slowly because it involves stored water that is used but not replenished. Like an agricultural drought, this can be triggered by more than just a loss of rainfall. For instance, around 2007

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within the wind may impact on solid objects causing erosion by abrasion (ecological succession). Wind erosion generally occurs in areas with little or no vegetation, often in areas where there is insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.

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There are three major categories of drought based on where in the water cycle the moisture deficit occurs: meteorological drought, hydrological drought, and agricultural or ecological drought. A meteorological drought occurs due to lack of

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if it did not receive sufficient water by October 2008. Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008. Australian environmentalist

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Several indices have been defined to quantify and monitor drought at different spatial and temporal scales. A key property of drought indices is their spatial comparability, and they must be statistically robust. Drought indices include:

302:. Some organizations add another category: socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall in water supply. The socioeconomic drought is a similar concept to 3510:

Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:

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10. Mosley LM, Zammit B, Leyden E, Heneker TM, Hipsey MR, Skinner D, and Aldridge KT (2012). The Impact of Extreme Low Flows on the Water Quality of the Lower Murray River and Lakes (South Australia). Water Resources Management 26:

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Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022).

277:, a multi-agency partnership, drought is generally defined as "a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time (usually a season or more), resulting in a water shortage". The National Weather Service office of the 1972:

forces. Globally, people in many societies have been more likely to explain natural events like drought, famine and disease in terms of the supernatural than they are to explain social phenomena like war, murder, and theft.

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experienced the worst drought in 100 years. Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008. The long Australian

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Standardized precipitation index (SPI): It is computed based on precipitation, which makes it a simple and easy-to-apply indicator for monitoring and prediction of droughts in different parts of the world. The

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the world. These include Central America, the Amazon and south-western South America. They also include West and Southern Africa. The Mediterranean and south-western Australia are also some of these regions.

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has increased the frequency and severity of drought events. Moreover, the occurrence and impact of droughts are aggravated by anthropogenic activities such as land use change and water management and demand.

4881: 1968:. Beliefs about drought are further shaped by cultural factors including local knowledge, perceptions, values, beliefs and religion. In some places and times, droughts have been interpreted as the work of 3698:

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Environmental effects of droughts include: lower surface and subterranean water-levels, lower flow-levels (with a decrease below the minimum leading to direct danger for amphibian life), increased

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Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019).

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Gebrechorkos, Solomon H.; Peng, Jian; Dyer, Ellen; Miralles, Diego G.; Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M.; Funk, Chris; Beck, Hylke E.; Asfaw, Dagmawi T.; Singer, Michael B.; Dadson, Simon J. (2023).

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experienced the worst drought in 100 years. A 2006 article reported results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists at the Brazilian

298:. A hydrological drought is related to low runoff, streamflow, and reservoir storage. An agricultural or ecological drought is causing plant stress from a combination of evaporation and low 4670: 3072:

A.J. Dore; M. Mousavi-Baygi; R.I. Smith; J. Hall; D. Fowler; T.W. Choularton (June 2006). "A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia".

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Nandy, S.N. (2021) Analysis of drought vulnerability indices of Indian districts using Fuzzy logic approach. International Water Resources Association Journal (IWRA - India), 10(2): 11-17.

178:. Social and health costs include the negative effect on the health of people directly exposed to this phenomenon (excessive heat waves), high food costs, stress caused by failed harvests, 3815: 4837: 1188:

accumulation within food chains and water supply (some of which are among the most potent toxins known to science) can cause cancer with low exposure over the long term. High levels of

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defines a drought simply as "drier than normal conditions". This means that a drought is "a moisture deficit relative to the average water availability at a given location and season".

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Seka, Ayalkibet Mekonnen; Zhang, Jiahua; Prodhan, Foyez Ahmed; Ayele, Gebiaw Teshome; Finsa, Mekuanenet Mulunhie; Sharma, Til Prasad Pangali; Melesse, Assefa Mekonnen (2022).

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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from reaching interior Australia. In June 2008 it became known that an expert panel had warned of long term, maybe irreversible, severe ecological damage for the whole

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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Abbate PE, Dardanelli JL, Cantarero MG, Maturano M, Melchiori RJ, Suero EE (2004). "Climatic and Water Availability Effects on Water-Use Efficiency in Wheat".

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Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice.

6921: 4695: 3493: 3456: 2134: 5200: 3984: 1338:. A 2005 study by Australian and American researchers investigated the desertification of the interior, and suggested that one explanation was related to 6357: 6183: 2097: 416: 5094: 4082: 2171: 2040:, said to be the "worst drought of the millennium" with eleven months without rain and temperatures of 5–7 °C above the average of the 20th century 6352: 5305:"Explaining the uncertainty: understanding small-scale farmers' cultural beliefs and reasoning of drought causes in Gaza Province, Southern Mozambique" 4809: 3426: 3401:"Warm Temperatures and Severe Drought Continued in April Throughout Parts of the United States; Global Temperature For April Second Warmest on Record" 6220: 3797: 2363: 155:

studies date back to 1900. There are three kinds of drought effects, environmental, economic and social. Environmental effects include the drying of

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Droughts can cause land degradation and loss of soil moisture, resulting in the destruction of cropland productivity. This can result in diminished

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released a report in 2004 stating that to date, there is still no convincing scientific proof of the efficacy of intentional weather modification.

6157: 2720: 278: 3724: 3823: 1084:). Droughts can also cause limitations of water supplies, increased water pollution levels, high food-costs, stress caused by failed harvests, 274: 5345: 4834: 4715: 3931:

Griffin-Nolan, Robert J.; Blumenthal, Dana M.; Collins, Scott L.; Farkas, Timothy E.; Hoffman, Ava M.; Mueller, Kevin E.; Ocheltree, Troy W.;

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in Australia led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the first time (

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due to the impact on food availability and the rest of society. Drought is among the earliest documented climatic events, present in the

5552: 4856: 570:(ENSO) phenomenon can sometimes play a significant role in drought. ENSO comprises two patterns of temperature anomalies in the central 6242: 6200: 5174: 4012: 2447: 2579: 2524: 281:

defines drought as "a deficiency of moisture that results in adverse impacts on people, animals, or vegetation over a sizeable area".

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Jackson, Joshua Conrad; Dillion, Danica; Bastian, Brock; Watts, Joseph; Buckner, William; DiMaggio, Nicholas; Gray, Kurt (May 2023).

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One can divide the impacts of droughts and water shortages into three groups: environmental, economic and social (including health).

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for people, less agricultural productivity and therefore more expensive food production. Another impact is shortages of water for

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is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the

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Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation: Implications for human impact on continental moisture balance

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Several impacts make their impacts worse. These are increased water demand, population growth and urban expansion in many areas.

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Mosley LM (2014). Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration. Earth-Science Reviewss.

1218:, it is estimated that soil loss due to wind erosion can be as much as 6100 times greater in drought years than in wet years. 7116: 6254: 5423: 5158: 4987: 4650: 4615: 4539: 3118: 2689: 1606: 419:(SPEI): a multiscalar drought index based on climatic data. The SPEI accounts also for the role of the increased atmospheric 3903: 3519:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010. 3374: 3001:

Res. Pap. Se-38. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 35 P

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conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the crops.

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Drought is a recurring feature of the climate in most parts of the world, becoming more extreme and less predictable due to

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and for technological processes in metallurgy, mining, the chemical, paper, wood, foodstuff industries etc., disruption of

1028:. Drought in combination with high levels of grazing pressure can function as the tipping point for an ecosystem, causing 6619: 6397: 6215: 6147: 6137: 6120: 6027: 5834: 2950:"An insight into the Palmer drought mechanism based indices: comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations" 1834:. Failure to develop adequate drought mitigation strategies carries a grave human cost in the modern era, exacerbated by 817: 6152: 3308:"Bad Meteorology: The reason clouds form when air cools is because cold air cannot hold as much water vapor as warm air" 2672:

Swain, S; et al. (2017). "Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over Marathwada, India".

1469:. More than 10 million people in the region were at risk of famine due to a month-long heat wave that was hovering over 567: 561: 7680: 7048: 6909: 6866: 6362: 3612: 3265: 3238: 3211: 3184: 2241: 1783: 747:

Climate change affects many factors associated with droughts. These include how much rain falls and how fast the rain

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in general. This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when either increased

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recommends this index for identifying and monitoring meteorological droughts in different climates and time periods.

7208: 6846: 6826: 6773: 6725: 5787: 2265:"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide" 1442:

searching for water have to take their livestock further south, to land mainly occupied by non-Arab farming people.

844:, and it has devastating impacts on the environment, economy, water resources, agriculture, and society worldwide. 5441:"Evolutionary stasis: creationism, evolution and climate change in the Accelerated Christian Education curriculum" 4690: 3529: 582:. La Niña events are generally associated with drier and hotter conditions and further exacerbation of drought in 7235: 6965: 6916: 6342: 6304: 6249: 5719: 4064: 3873: 3700: 3512: 3486: 3464: 3370: 2131: 1965: 1409: 697: 235: 5208: 3992: 3848: 3443:

Scientists are noticing that in the past 25 years the world seems to be getting more La Niñas than it used to...

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There is a rise of compound warm-season droughts in Europe that are concurrent with an increase in potential

4817: 4010:. Ed. Emily Monosson. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC 2031: 1854:– a form of intentional weather modification to induce rainfall. This remains a hotly debated topic, as the 1088:, etc. Reduced water quality can occur because lower water-flows reduce dilution of pollutants and increase 7604: 7126: 6798: 6327: 6322: 6227: 6104: 5661: 1748: 713: 701: 420: 267: 73: 2379:"Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions" 2330: 1080:

There are negative effects on the health of people who are directly exposed to this phenomenon (excessive

744:. In 2022, the state was experiencing its most serious drought in 1,200 years, worsened by climate change. 7339: 6337: 6190: 5123: 4176:"Livestock management promotes bush encroachment in savanna systems by altering plant–herbivore feedback" 3035: 1778: 1278: 1164: 3546:

Markonis, Yannis; Kumar, Rohini; Hanel, Martin; Rakovec, Oldrich; Máca, Petr; AghaKouchak, Amir (2021).

2647: 641:, and decreasing air quality dramatically. Drier-than-normal conditions are also in general observed in 7690: 7228: 7196: 6960: 6763: 6720: 6493: 6415: 6269: 5581: 4721: 1294: 591: 587: 398: 4791: 7065: 6740: 6715: 6688: 6650: 6567: 6385: 6232: 6195: 5945: 5714: 5709: 5704: 4988:"People & the Planet > climate change > newsfile > big melt threatens millions, says un" 4835:

Taking drought into account Addressing chronic vulnerability among pastoralists in the Horn of Africa

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Agriculturally, people can effectively mitigate much of the impact of drought through irrigation and

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settlers who arrived about 50,000 years ago. Regular burning by these settlers could have prevented

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https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:iwra&volume=10&issue=2&article=002

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due to droughts, there are a range of options for people to access other sources of water, such as

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This explains why droughts and water scarcity operate as a factor which increases the gap between

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Decolonising Conflicts, Security, Peace, Gender, Environment and Development in the Anthropocene

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1936 and 1941 Sichuan Province China resulting in 5 million and 2.5 million deaths respectively.

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due to the impact on food availability and the rest of society. People have viewed drought as a

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Kahiluoto H, Kaseva J, Balek J, Olesen JE, Ruiz-Ramos M, Gobin A, et al. (January 2019).

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means that average soil moisture will approximate the ninth driest year between 1850 and 1900.

7172: 6818: 6695: 6503: 5963: 5886: 5539: 5178: 4642: 4632: 3707:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, 3201: 3174: 3108: 2357: 2037: 1942: 1896: 953: 594:. Meteorological scientists have observed that La Niñas have become more frequent over time. 5643:

Global Integrated Drought Monitoring and Prediction System, University of California, Irvine

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Liu, Yi; Ren, Liliang; Ma, Mingwei; Yang, Xiaoli; Yuan, Fei; Jiang, Shanhu (January 2016).

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Koch, Franziska; Tietjen, Britta; Tielbörger, Katja; Allhoff, Korinna T. (November 2022).

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Careful monitoring of moisture levels can also help predict increased risk for wildfires.

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Droughts can be scientifically explained in terms of physical mechanisms, which underlie

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salt-water shellfish and fresh-water supplies throughout the state of California in 2016.

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Human activity can directly trigger exacerbating factors such as over-farming, excessive

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Further examples of common environmental and economic consequences of drought include:

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Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A, et al. (29 June 2017).

4028: 3172: 2766: 2748: 2479: 1367:, an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population. The long Australian 736: 132:

significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased

7655: 7619: 7329: 7263: 7090: 6753: 6498: 6264: 6057: 6020: 5807: 5761: 5488: 5470: 5419: 5394: 5386: 5326: 5282: 5264: 5154: 4646: 4611: 4588: 4535: 4485: 4367: 4308: 4209: 4197: 4160: 4148: 4140: 3966: 3666: 3593: 3575: 3333: 3285: 3261: 3234: 3207: 3180: 3155: 3145: 3114: 2977: 2949: 2846: 2806: 2685: 2426: 2408: 2377:

Bellizzi, Saverio; Lane, Chris; Elhakim, Mohamed; Nabeth, Pierre (12 November 2020).

2345: 2294: 2286: 2222: 2046:

1921–22 Soviet Union in which over 5 million perished from starvation due to drought.

1961: 1934: 1835: 1738: 1718: 1688: 1638: 1360: 1301:

and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.

1233: 1211: 1206: 1096: 1021: 957: 907: 876: 778: 680: 160: 4416: 4248: 3678: 3311: 3257:

Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought : A Global Study: A Global Study

2699: 7551: 7545: 7347: 7251: 7133: 6700: 6683: 6624: 6515: 6279: 6003: 5876: 5812: 5478: 5460: 5376: 5316: 5272: 5254: 5146: 4576: 4412: 4394: 4357: 4347: 4298: 4288: 4236: 4187: 4132: 3956: 3932: 3911: 3766: 3708: 3658: 3583: 3567: 3093: 3089: 3052: 2969: 2928: 2897: 2836: 2826: 2677: 2416: 2398: 2335: 2325: 2276: 2212: 2087: 2016: 1977: 1912: 1819: 1733: 1703: 1678: 1673: 1648: 1643: 1539: 1249: 1214:

is much more severe in arid areas and during times of drought. For example, in the

1001: 983: 761: 597:

Conversely, during El Niño events, drier and hotter weather occurs in parts of the

231: 64: 44: 5233:

Savelli, Elisa; Rusca, Maria; Cloke, Hannah; Di Baldassarre, Giuliano (May 2022).

5009: 4995: 3937:"Shifts in plant functional composition following long-term drought in grasslands" 3770: 2901: 7450: 7085: 7006: 6970: 6899: 6873: 6861: 6778: 6710: 6585: 6442: 6064: 6015: 5993: 5534: 4863: 4841: 4830: 4778: 4759: 4740: 4703: 4699: 4678: 4674: 4607: 4052: 4016: 3378: 2507: 2486: 2175: 2157: 2138: 1989: 1888: 1567: 1425: 1397: 1385: 1041: 884: 864: 841: 833: 685: 650: 606: 498: 486: 5621: 3404: 2681: 2480:

Drought Threatens Amazon Basin - Extreme conditions felt for second year running

2008:, that human agency is affecting climate, and that climate change is occurring. 2000:

resilience and ability to adapt to stress and respond to crises. In the case of

692:, droughts and heavy precipitation events, for various climate change scenarios. 309:

The different categories of droughts have different causes but similar effects:

7403: 7319: 7038: 6894: 6836: 6831: 6673: 6562: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6142: 6079: 5817: 5797: 5756: 5677: 5465: 5381: 5364: 5321: 5304: 4733: 4630: 4332:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4136: 3398: 2861: 2403: 2102: 2067: 2020: 1884: 1809: 1801: 1543: 1510: 1298: 1160: 1134: 1085: 1074: 1049:

increases in crops such as wheat while decreasing in others, such as potatoes.

626: 537: 459: 402: 303: 183: 179: 148: 5634: 5221: 4882:"Manufacturing a famine: How Somalia crisis became a fund-raising opportunity" 4580: 3916: 3712: 3662: 3057: 3030: 2973: 2831: 323:

drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as

7649: 7614: 7412: 7111: 7043: 6768: 6590: 6575: 6510: 6405: 5630: 5474: 5390: 5330: 5268: 5235:"Drought and society: Scientific progress, blind spots, and future prospects" 4398: 4201: 4144: 3970: 3670: 3579: 3159: 2981: 2850: 2552:"Horn of Africa Drought: Regional Humanitarian Overview & Call to Action" 2412: 2290: 2226: 2077: 2072: 2062: 1950: 1872: 1862: 1851: 1831: 1559: 1380: 1274: 1273:

argue in the article that this drought response, coupled with the effects of

1089: 788: 571: 482: 472: 443:

it may not capture the full spectrum of drought characteristics and impacts.

357: 299: 295: 5553:"Elf Monate ohne Regen: Die Angst vor der Megadürre des Jahres 1540 geht um" 5530:

The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case

4352: 4293: 3961: 3936: 3935:; Whitney, Kenneth D.; Knapp, Alan K. (September 2019). Jones, Holly (ed.). 3492:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23. 754:

Higher temperatures increase evaporation. This dries the soil and increases

625:. Direct effects of El Niño resulting in drier conditions occur in parts of 401:: an index that is calculated based on rainfall, air temperature, and other 7609: 7531: 7526: 7359: 7324: 7272: 6996: 6793: 6437: 6427: 6084: 5968: 5881: 5595: 5506: 5492: 5398: 5286: 4371: 4312: 4240: 4152: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3597: 3571: 2430: 2349: 2298: 1985: 1969: 1900: 1805: 1482: 1352: 1293:, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate. According to the 1266: 1215: 1150: 1062: 888: 879:, worse health of trees and the appearance of pests and dendroid diseases. 765: 658: 598: 353: 239: 210: 194: 167: 4601: 3725:"Scientists confirm global floods and droughts worsened by climate change" 3637:

Cook, Benjamin I.; Mankin, Justin S.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J. (2018-05-12).

3254:

Vijendra K. Boken; Arthur P. Cracknell; Ronald L. Heathcote (2005-03-24).

3071: 2525:"Analysis: Africa's unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change" 250: 7624: 7510: 7443: 7422: 7417: 7295: 7023: 6540: 6532: 5792: 4638: 2193:"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis" 2082: 2001: 1445: 1401: 1189: 1154: 1066: 940: 748: 657:

from June to August. As warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the

363: 313: 121: 5616: 5095:"Should California build dams, reservoirs to help with future droughts?" 3685: 2841: 2674:

2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)

2312:

Stanke, C; Kerac, M; Prudhomme, C; Medlock, J; Murray, V (5 June 2013).

1404:

have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in

924:, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths. 7305: 7055: 6432: 4969: 3783:

Daniel Tsegai, Miriam Medel, Patrick Augenstein, Zhuojing Huang (2022)

1946: 1876: 1547: 1526: 1478: 1364: 1282: 1185: 1017: 784: 642: 618: 549: 525: 519: 478: 371: 345: 341: 175: 171: 91: 4857:

Fatal Failure: Did Aid Agencies Let Up To 100,000 Somalis Die in 2011?

4441:"Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem" 4192: 4175: 3704: 3533: 3516: 3457:"February 2010 is driest month for S'pore since records began in 1869" 2933: 2916: 1392:

in a 2001 satellite image. The lake has shrunk by 95% since the 1960s.

696:

Globally, the occurrence of droughts has increased as a result of the

579: 575: 7634: 7629: 7577: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7285: 7280: 6010: 4970:"Methodists make appeal for famine threatened West Africa - Ekklesia" 3777: 3613:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years" 2049:

1928–30 Northwest China resulting in over 3 million deaths by famine.

2005: 1922: 1869:

and allow farmers to plant less water-dependent crops in drier years.

1584: 1498: 1389: 1327: 1261:

Amazon Rainforest § Impact of early 21st century Amazon droughts

1081: 1025: 935: 927: 913: 689: 634: 545: 367: 332: 320: 259: 198: 137: 117: 5259: 4556: 3930: 1008:

on soil moisture at 2 °C of global warming. A reduction of one

505:

carrying continental, rather than oceanic air masses, and ridges of

7584: 7572: 7477: 7377: 5150: 4506:"Toxins from freshwater algae found in San Francisco Bay shellfish" 4484:(1st ed.). Oxford ; New York: Pergamon Press. p. 3. 3749:

Mishra, A. K.; Singh, V. P. (2011). "Drought modeling – A review".

3616: 3199: 3173:

Roland Paepe; Rhodes Whitmore Fairbridge; Saskia Jelgersma (1990).

1993: 1930: 1522: 1237: 1123: 1119: 872: 812: 654: 622: 614: 602: 349: 227: 133: 4482:

The constant catastrophe : malnutrition, famines, and drought

3785:

Drought in Numbers 2022 - restoration for readiness and resilience

2261: 1281:" where it would irreversibly start to die. It concludes that the 824: 684:

There will likely be multiplicative increases in the frequency of

348:

to restore water that had been diverted to other nations from the

7567: 7541: 7438: 7369: 7290: 5646: 5590: 5346:"How societies use supernatural forces to explain earthly events" 4384: 4223:

Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, Basra SM (March 2009).

1866: 1563: 1534: 1436: 1343: 1335: 1286: 1225: 1168: 1138: 1115: 1070: 1037: 949: 944: 931: 868: 792: 324: 156: 129: 125: 2917:"Hydrological drought explained: Hydrological drought explained" 2314:"Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence" 82:

Droughts cause a range of impacts and are often worsened by the

6991: 5604: 5232: 4792:"Plan B Updates - 47: Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas - EPI" 3872: 3369: 2994: 1875:– Building canals or redirecting rivers as massive attempts at 1439: 1290: 1174: 1146: 1142: 943:, when drought hits an area suffering from desertification and 764:

can help reduce the impact of droughts. One example of this is

610: 541: 529: 87: 5640: 5412:

Spring, Úrsula Oswald; Brauch, Hans Günter (25 January 2021).

5046:"BBC NEWS - Science/Nature - Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed" 4046:

Drought affecting US hydroelectric production | Daily Estimate

3399:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2002-05-16).

2626:. NOAA | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) 2190: 1542:

affecting the Ganges is of particular concern, as it provides

7398: 7352: 6905:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

5998: 4532:

Arid Zone Geomorphology: Process, Form and Change in Drylands

3787:, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 3331: 2860:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

2856: 2749:"BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Dam project aims to save Aral Sea" 2024: 1938: 1530: 1518: 1514: 1502: 1470: 1466: 1450: 1417: 1339: 1221: 963: 206: 202: 99: 5028:"People's Daily Online - Glaciers melting at alarming speed" 4173: 2804: 1424:, was fueled by decades of drought; combination of drought, 1130:

Further examples of social and health consequences include:

7535: 4916:"U.N. Says Somalia Famine Has Ended, but Crisis Isn't Over" 4029:"BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Australians face snake invasion" 2311: 1929:

Throughout history, humans have usually viewed droughts as

1474: 1433: 1421: 1277:

on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest towards a "

1229: 1149:– drought provides too little water to support food crops; 638: 502: 458:

Contraction and desiccation cracks in the dry earth of the

375: 356:

rule. Similar circumstances also place their largest lake,

328: 226:

Throughout history, humans have usually viewed droughts as

7250: 5362: 5092: 4810:"Shrinking African Lake Offers Lesson on Finite Resources" 4631:

Arthur Getis; Judith Getis and Jerome D. Fellmann (2000).

4325: 4225:"Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management" 4222: 3427:"Weather's unwanted guest: Nasty La Niña keeps popping up" 1980:

have been used in an attempt to prevent or avert drought.

454: 193:

Examples for regions with increased drought risks are the

140:

can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing

7081:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

5439:

Scaramanga, Jenna; Reiss, Michael J. (1 September 2023).

3545: 2376: 1957:

and into the rest of the world around 135,000 years ago.

1845: 1841:

Strategies for drought protection or mitigation include:

1432:

are among the causes of the Darfur conflict, because the

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The most negative impacts of drought for humans include

5064:"Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports" 4717:

Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF

4602:

K.E.K. Neuendorf; J.P. Mehl, Jr.; J.A. Jackson (2005).

3846: 3028: 662:

next driest Februaries, when 8.4 mm of rain fell.

3233:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. 2862:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

2807:"Global high-resolution drought indices for 1981–2022" 2767:"BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Kazakh lake 'could dry up'" 555: 6922:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

5579: 4110: 3904:"Dead trees around the world are shocking scientists" 3636: 3548:"The rise of compound warm-season droughts in Europe" 3479: 3179:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 22. 3106: 2954:

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment

2598:. NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System 2331:

10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004

1228:, slightly coherent, often calcareous, fine-grained, 850: 4274: 3798:"A biblical tragedy as Sea of Galilee faces drought" 2876:

Mishra, Ashok K.; Singh, Vijay P. (September 2010).

2501:

Australia faces worse, more frequent droughts: study

2043:

1900 India killing between 250,000 and 3.25 million.

1795: 3816:"Kenya: Deforestation exacerbates droughts, floods" 2098:

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

1224:is a homogeneous, typically nonstratified, porous, 828:After years of drought and dust storms the town of 466: 417:

Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index

5350:Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences 3305: 2242:"A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires" 1509:Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the 124:of affected regions, and causes harm to the local 5201:"Ancient Chile Migration Mystery Tied to Drought" 4554: 4525: 4328:"Decline in climate resilience of European wheat" 3639:"Climate Change and Drought: From Past to Future" 2030:Drought might have been a contributing factor to 1355:, predicted that unless it made drastic changes, 366:or ecological droughts affect crop production or 7647: 7122:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5143:Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research 4083:"Sweden closes nuclear plants over safety fears" 1243: 1182:over natural resources, including water and food 5438: 5010:"Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists" 3424: 3007:. USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station 2721:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 859:Western red cedar dying from drought, USA, 2018 772: 424:as well as satellite and multi-source datasets. 5081:Water shortage worst in decades, official says 4909: 4907: 4724:, March 9, 2996. Retrieved September 28, 2006. 4706:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006. 4681:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006. 4479: 3977: 3332:Cooperative Extension Service (January 2014). 3206:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 48–49. 3203:The Oryx Resource Guide to El Niño and La Niña 688:events compared to the pre-industrial era for 477:Mechanisms of producing precipitation include 275:National Integrated Drought Information System 7236: 5867:History of climate change policy and politics 5662: 3610: 2362:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 2197:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1992:. Many ancient practices are now a matter of 1600: 840:Drought is one of the most complex and major 102:; drought and high temperatures worsened the 5550: 5411: 4117:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2947: 2706: 1056: 672:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 84:effects of climate change on the water cycle 5984:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 5432: 5222:Drought pushed ancient African immigration 5093:Matt Weiser; Jeremy B. White (2014-06-01). 4904: 4873: 3849:"Emergency Tillage to Control Wind Erosion" 3748: 2875: 344:was awarded a large amount of money by the 7243: 7229: 7203: 7191: 6648: 5669: 5655: 5298: 5296: 4667:Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert' 4634:Introduction to Geography, Seventh Edition 3842: 3840: 3200:Joseph S. D'Aleo; Pamela G. Grube (2002). 3100: 2995:Keetch, John J.; Byram, George M. (1968). 2665: 2257: 2255: 1607: 1593: 27:Period with less precipitation than normal 6943: 6749:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 5892:United Nations Climate Change conferences 5482: 5464: 5380: 5337: 5320: 5276: 5258: 4913: 4692:Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon 4361: 4351: 4302: 4292: 4191: 3960: 3915: 3587: 3056: 2997:"A Drought Index for Forest Fire Control" 2932: 2840: 2830: 2420: 2402: 2339: 2329: 2280: 2246:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 2216: 1488: 1334:or semi-arid lands commonly known as the 382: 6453:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 5356: 5343: 5226: 4438: 3260:. Oxford University Press. p. 349. 3226: 3176:Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level and Drought 2914: 2239: 2186: 2184: 1916: 1813: 1492: 1444: 1384: 1374: 1271:National Institute of Amazonian Research 1200: 1109: 1000: 997:Effects of climate change on agriculture 854: 823: 816:Pair of dead oryx in Namibia during the 811: 803: 735: 679: 676:Effects of climate change on agriculture 453: 249: 6809:National Adaptation Programme of Action 6598:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 5405: 5293: 5124:"Cloud seeding helps alleviate drought" 4480:García, R. V.; Escudero, J. C. (1981). 3837: 3790: 2871: 2869: 2252: 2233: 1856:United States National Research Council 1769:Droughts and famines in Russia and USSR 1577: 1550:for more than 500 million people. 990: 966:migration, which results in snake-bites 808:Global drought total economic loss risk 166:Economic impacts include disruption of 14: 7648: 6458:Economics of climate change mitigation 6421:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 5944: 5772:Scientific consensus on climate change 5302: 4914:Gettleman, Jeffrey (3 February 2012). 4534:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 588. 4528:"Geomorphological hazards in drylands" 3901: 3895: 2921:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 2800: 2676:. Vol. 2017. pp. 5505–5507. 2642: 2640: 1614: 182:, etc. Prolonged droughts have caused 7224: 7117:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6942: 6647: 6383: 5943: 5855: 5736: 5688: 5650: 5507:"Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile" 5445:Cultural Studies of Science Education 5418:. Springer Nature. pp. 385–410. 4879: 4772:Metropolis strives to meet its thirst 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 3499:from the original on 4 November 2021. 3139: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2671: 2614: 2612: 2574: 2572: 2546: 2544: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2496: 2494: 2475: 2473: 2305: 2282:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 2181: 2169:Australian Drought and Climate Change 1996:while others may still be practiced. 1588: 1285:is on the brink of being turned into 209:. For example, in 2005, parts of the 7139:Representative Concentration Pathway 6090:Tipping points in the climate system 5766:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 5303:Salite, Daniela (1 September 2019). 4557:"On the mode of origin of the loess" 4229:Agronomy for Sustainable Development 3454: 3433:from the original on 6 December 2023 3335:Home Vegetable Gardening in Kentucky 3220: 2866: 2654:. National Drought Mitigation Center 2442: 2440: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 1562:, which gets much of its water from 730:Effects of climate change § Droughts 94:due to drought; droughts negatively 6910:Nationally determined contributions 6620:Individual action on climate change 5835:World energy supply and consumption 5140: 4824: 3902:Zimmer, Katarina (17 August 2023). 2637: 2448:"Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years" 2218:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 556:El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 360:, at risk of completely drying out. 24: 7049:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 5676: 4255: 3908:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews 3847:Vern Hofman; Dave Franzen (1997). 2777: 2609: 2569: 2541: 2513: 2491: 2470: 2240:Merzdorf, Jessica (July 9, 2019). 2011:Some historical droughts include: 1784:2010 China drought and dust storms 1582:Droughts in particular countries: 1232:, pale yellow or buff, windblown ( 973:due to reduced water-flow through 902:, which can have an impact on net 851:Environmental and economic impacts 532:emerge due to the movement of the 25: 7702: 6976:Satellite temperature measurement 6581:forestry for carbon sequestration 5872:History of climate change science 5575: 4753:Australian rivers 'face disaster' 3306:Alistair B. Fraser (1994-11-27). 2437: 2114: 2034:between the 7th and 9th centuries 1796:Protection, mitigation and relief 1114:People displaced by a drought in 1073:, which lead to loss of life and 665: 411:World Meteorological Organization 7202: 7190: 7179: 7178: 7166: 6827:Climate Change Performance Index 5629: 5615: 5603: 5589: 5544: 5522: 5499: 5344:Wrethman, Emily (4 April 2023). 5215: 5193: 5167: 5134: 5116: 3425:Seth Borenstein (May 28, 2022). 3029:Emmanouil N. Anagnostou (2004). 2855: 1553: 1040:and cell elongation via loss of 1018:crop growth or yield productions 728:This section is an excerpt from 467:General precipitation deficiency 220:2020–2022 Horn of Africa drought 72: 63: 52: 43: 6966:Instrumental temperature record 6917:Sustainable Development Goal 13 5086: 5074: 5056: 5038: 5020: 5002: 4980: 4962: 4933: 4880:Warah, Rasna (2 October 2011). 4849: 4802: 4784: 4765: 4746: 4743:, Geological Society of America 4727: 4709: 4684: 4659: 4624: 4595: 4561:Geological Magazine (Decade II) 4548: 4530:. In Thomas, David S.G. (ed.). 4519: 4498: 4473: 4461:from the original on 2022-10-09 4432: 4422: 4417:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010 4405: 4378: 4319: 4216: 4167: 4104: 4075: 4057: 4039: 4021: 3999: 3924: 3874:United States Geological Survey 3866: 3808: 3742: 3717: 3630: 3604: 3539: 3522: 3504: 3448: 3418: 3392: 3371:North Carolina State University 3363: 3352:from the original on 2022-10-09 3325: 3299: 3274: 3247: 3193: 3166: 3133: 3065: 3022: 2988: 2941: 2915:Van Loon, Anne F. (July 2015). 2908: 2759: 2741: 2730:from the original on 2022-10-09 2584: 1966:human impact on the environment 1921:A South Dakota farm during the 1566:in mountain ranges such as the 1363:could become the world's first 1254: 818:2018–19 Southern Africa drought 262:suffering from drought in 2006. 7671:Climate variability and change 7034:Climate variability and change 6384: 6075:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 4845:Overseas Development Institute 3878:"Dunes – Getting Started" 3701:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes 3643:Current Climate Change Reports 3513:Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes 3113:. Academic Press. p. 66. 3107:Robert Penrose Pearce (2002). 3094:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043 2878:"A review of drought concepts" 2370: 2269:Annual Review of Plant Biology 2162: 2144: 1449:Affected areas in the western 1396:Recurring droughts leading to 922:wildfires in the United States 900:diversity of plant communities 875:, higher deflation intensity, 534:Intertropical Convergence Zone 524:Within the tropics, distinct, 234:or as something influenced by 13: 1: 7144:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 6679:Climate emergency declaration 5620:The dictionary definition of 5540:doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2 3853:North Dakota State University 3771:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049 3611:Irina Ivanova (2 June 2022). 3455:Chan, Joanne (3 March 2010). 3144:. San Diego: Academic Press. 3140:Houze, Robert A. Jr. (1993). 3110:Meteorology at the Millennium 2902:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012 2178:, retrieved on June 7th 2007. 2108: 2019:started 400 years ago in the 1861:Land use – Carefully planned 1244:Regions particularly affected 513: 288: 245: 159:, more and larger wildfires, 7605:Potentially hazardous object 7127:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 6353:Middle East and North Africa 5689: 5309:Agriculture and Human Values 4941:"Thomson Reuters Foundation" 1945:'s arrival in and the later 1304: 1092:of remaining water sources. 1069:, famine, malnutrition, and 773:Erosion and human activities 714:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 568:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 562:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 268:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 128:. Annual dry seasons in the 7: 5856: 5551:Andreas Frey (2018-08-04). 4439:Prokurat, Sergiusz (2015). 3036:Meteorological Applications 2682:10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250 2523:Dunne, Daisy (2022-10-26). 2056: 1984:have ranged from dances to 1779:2021 Madagascar food crisis 1326:By far the largest part of 497:average prevalence of high 104:2020 bushfires in Australia 10: 7707: 6961:Global surface temperature 6852:Popular culture depictions 6764:Ecosystem-based adaptation 6494:Carbon capture and storage 6416:Carbon offsets and credits 5737: 5466:10.1007/s11422-023-10187-y 5382:10.1038/s41562-023-01558-0 5322:10.1007/s10460-019-09928-z 4833:and Sara Pavanello (2004) 4722:World Wide Fund for Nature 4555:F. von Richthofen (1882). 4526:Wiggs, Giles F.S. (2011). 4281:Frontiers in Plant Science 4137:10.1007/s11356-022-23313-0 2404:10.1186/s12940-020-00665-z 1910: 1906: 1799: 1574:, also would be affected. 1378: 1308: 1258: 1247: 1204: 994: 934:, which further erode the 865:pollution of surface water 799: 776: 727: 669: 588:Southwestern United States 559: 517: 470: 399:Keetch-Byram Drought Index 29: 7681:Water and the environment 7597: 7560: 7519: 7501: 7470: 7463: 7431: 7397: 7390: 7368: 7338: 7304: 7271: 7262: 7173:Climate change portal 7160: 7099: 7066:Extreme event attribution 6984: 6953: 6949: 6938: 6882: 6817: 6739: 6689:School Strike for Climate 6661: 6657: 6643: 6612: 6568:Climate-smart agriculture 6529: 6486: 6396: 6392: 6379: 6303: 6166: 6113: 5956: 5952: 5939: 5862: 5851: 5780: 5749: 5745: 5732: 5715:Climate change adaptation 5710:Climate change mitigation 5705:Effects of climate change 5695: 5684: 4610:, New York. p. 779. 4581:10.1017/S001675680017164X 4448:Journal of Modern Science 3917:10.1146/knowable-081723-2 3713:10.1017/9781009157896.010 3663:10.1007/s40641-018-0093-2 3058:10.1017/S1350482704001409 2974:10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4 2832:10.5194/essd-15-5449-2023 2811:Earth System Science Data 1620: 1513:of the Himalayan rivers. 1497:Drought-affected area in 1057:Social and health impacts 1006:Impacts of climate change 891:for municipal economies. 704:. In addition, increased 590:, and to some extent the 449: 434:Standardized runoff index 7661:Meteorological phenomena 7076:Global warming potential 6883:International agreements 6530:Preserving and enhancing 5974:Arctic methane emissions 5896:Years in climate change 5803:Greenhouse gas emissions 5700:Causes of climate change 4399:10.2135/cropsci2004.4740 4087:Greenpeace International 4051:October 2, 2011, at the 32:Drought (disambiguation) 7107:Climate change scenario 6759:Disaster risk reduction 6411:Carbon emission trading 6221:U.S. insurance industry 6201:Civilizational collapse 6048:sea surface temperature 4353:10.1073/pnas.1804387115 4294:10.3389/fpls.2017.01147 4005:C.Michael Hogan. 2010. 3962:10.1111/1365-2745.13252 3282:"Wet & Dry Seasons" 3227:Bin Wang (2006-01-13). 3074:Atmospheric Environment 2620:"Definition of Drought" 2334:(inactive 2024-04-30). 2093:Permanent wilting point 2015:The longest drought in 1879:in drought-prone areas. 1838:population densities. 982:Shortages of water for 952:damage, affecting both 930:, themselves a sign of 698:increase in temperature 7100:Research and modelling 6784:Nature-based solutions 6604:Nature-based solutions 6546:Carbon dioxide removal 6463:Fossil fuel divestment 6448:Climate risk insurance 6358:Small island countries 5979:Arctic sea ice decline 5369:Nature Human Behaviour 5205:nationalgeographic.com 4840:March 7, 2012, at the 4814:nationalgeographic.com 3802:BelfastTelegraph.co.uk 3572:10.1126/sciadv.abb9668 3343:University of Kentucky 1964:and are influenced by 1926: 1827: 1818:Water distribution on 1789:Cape Town water crisis 1774:Droughts in California 1506: 1489:Himalayan river basins 1458: 1393: 1265:In 2005, parts of the 1194:San Francisco Bay Area 1127: 1118:arriving at a camp in 1013: 971:electricity production 860: 837: 821: 809: 745: 693: 463: 383:Indices and monitoring 263: 7061:Earth's energy budget 6944:Background and theory 6832:Climate crisis (term) 6504:Fossil fuel phase-out 6398:Economics and finance 6363:by individual country 6305:By country and region 6280:Security and conflict 6275:Psychological impacts 5964:Abrupt climate change 5887:Charles David Keeling 5720:By country and region 5528:Oliver Wetter et al: 4015:June 8, 2013, at the 2485:May 27, 2013, at the 2032:Classic Maya collapse 1920: 1865:can help to minimize 1817: 1496: 1448: 1388: 1379:Further information: 1375:East Africa and Sahel 1309:Further information: 1297:, the combination of 1201:Loss of fertile soils 1165:internal displacement 1113: 1004: 995:Further information: 858: 827: 815: 807: 739: 683: 560:Further information: 462:, northwestern Mexico 457: 253: 6890:Glasgow Climate Pact 6551:Carbon sequestration 6126:Mass mortality event 5612:at Wikimedia Commons 5558:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 5239:WIREs Climate Change 5211:on October 28, 2002. 4241:10.1051/agro:2008021 3751:Journal of Hydrology 3375:"Evapotranspiration" 2882:Journal of Hydrology 2714:"What is a Drought?" 2452:www.ens-newswire.com 2383:Environmental Health 2027:and still continues. 1893:rainwater harvesting 1578:By country or region 1348:Murray-Darling basin 1311:Drought in Australia 1157:and related diseases 1101:developing countries 1047:Water-use efficiency 991:Agricultural impacts 918:Australian bushfires 877:loss of biodiversity 867:, the drying out of 393:Palmer drought index 238:, or as a result of 161:loss of biodiversity 86:: a dry riverbed in 30:For other uses, see 7029:Climate sensitivity 6804:The Adaptation Fund 6260:Infectious diseases 6167:Social and economic 5457:2023CSSE...18..809S 5251:2022WIRCC..13E.761S 5083:, Los Angeles Times 4992:peopleandplanet.net 4870:. January 18, 2012. 4604:Glossary of Geology 4573:1882GeoM....9..293R 4344:2019PNAS..116..123K 4129:2022ESPR...2980237S 4123:(53): 80237–80256. 3953:2019JEcol.107.2133G 3763:2011JHyd..403..157M 3655:2018CCCR....4..164C 3564:2021SciA....7.9668M 3461:channelnewsasia.com 3086:2006AtmEn..40.3316D 3049:2004MeApp..11..291A 2966:2016SERRA..30..119L 2894:2010JHyd..391..202M 2823:2023ESSD...15.5449G 2395:2020EnvHe..19..114B 2209:2019AREPS..47..555B 2151:Living With Drought 2132:Water Cycle Changes 2038:1540 Central Europe 1897:stormwater recovery 1465:struck the western 706:climate variability 507:high pressure areas 337:locally significant 218:broke in 2010. The 188:humanitarian crisis 153:dendrochronological 7256:list by death toll 6600:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 6572:Forest management 6556:Direct air capture 6521:Sustainable energy 6478:Net zero emissions 6473:Low-carbon economy 6468:Green Climate Fund 6255:Indigenous peoples 6158:Plant biodiversity 5946:Effects and issues 5181:on 10 January 2004 5032:peopledaily.com.cn 4998:on 19 August 2007. 4920:The New York Times 4892:on 24 October 2012 4862:2013-12-25 at the 4820:on April 30, 2001. 4777:2021-09-06 at the 4758:2021-08-13 at the 4739:2010-06-15 at the 4698:2017-08-25 at the 4673:2017-08-25 at the 3941:Journal of Ecology 2648:"Types of Drought" 2506:2021-02-03 at the 2174:2018-07-26 at the 2156:2007-02-18 at the 2137:2022-09-29 at the 1982:Rainmaking rituals 1927: 1828: 1615:Drought by country 1558:The west coast of 1507: 1461:In 2012, a severe 1459: 1394: 1369:Millennial drought 1317:Millennium Drought 1167:and international 1128: 1030:woody encroachment 1014: 1010:standard deviation 908:ecosystem services 904:primary production 871:, more and larger 861: 838: 822: 810: 746: 722:evapotranspiration 702:evaporative demand 694: 631:Northern Australia 464: 421:evaporative demand 264: 216:Millennial drought 142:evapotranspiration 96:impact agriculture 7691:Natural disasters 7643: 7642: 7620:Geomagnetic storm 7593: 7592: 7459: 7458: 7386: 7385: 7330:Soil liquefaction 7252:Natural disasters 7218: 7217: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7091:Radiative forcing 6934: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6754:Adaptive capacity 6639: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6499:Energy transition 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6095:Tropical cyclones 6021:Urban heat island 5935: 5934: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5808:Carbon accounting 5762:Greenhouse effect 5728: 5727: 5608:Media related to 5509:. Extreme Science 5425:978-3-030-62316-6 5160:978-0-309-09053-7 5128:chinadaily.com.cn 4652:978-0-697-38506-2 4617:978-3-540-27951-8 4541:978-0-470-71076-0 4193:10.1111/oik.09462 3933:Smith, Melinda D. 3855:Extension Service 3230:The Asian Monsoon 3120:978-0-12-548035-2 3080:(18): 3316–3326. 2934:10.1002/wat2.1085 2817:(12): 5449–5466. 2691:978-1-5090-4951-6 2624:www.ncei.noaa.gov 1962:natural disasters 1935:Epic of Gilgamesh 1761: 1760: 1546:and agricultural 1420:, also affecting 1361:Western Australia 1207:Aeolian processes 1022:carrying capacity 779:Aeolian processes 740:A dry lakebed in 16:(Redirected from 7698: 7552:Tropical cyclone 7546:Tornado outbreak 7468: 7467: 7395: 7394: 7348:Pyroclastic flow 7340:Volcano eruption 7269: 7268: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7206: 7205: 7194: 7193: 7182: 7181: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7134:Paleoclimatology 6951: 6950: 6940: 6939: 6701:Ecological grief 6684:Climate movement 6659: 6658: 6645: 6644: 6625:Plant-based diet 6516:Renewable energy 6394: 6393: 6381: 6380: 6216:Economic impacts 6148:Invasive species 6004:Coastal flooding 5954: 5953: 5941: 5940: 5877:Svante Arrhenius 5853: 5852: 5823:from agriculture 5813:Carbon footprint 5798:Greenhouse gases 5747: 5746: 5734: 5733: 5686: 5685: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5648: 5647: 5633: 5619: 5607: 5594: 5593: 5585: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5548: 5542: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5468: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5384: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5262: 5230: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5207:. Archived from 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5177:. Archived from 5171: 5165: 5164: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5101:. Archived from 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4994:. Archived from 4984: 4978: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4947:. Archived from 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4888:. Archived from 4886:The East African 4877: 4871: 4853: 4847: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4816:. Archived from 4806: 4800: 4799: 4796:earth-policy.org 4788: 4782: 4769: 4763: 4750: 4744: 4731: 4725: 4713: 4707: 4688: 4682: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4445: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4355: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4306: 4296: 4272: 4253: 4252: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4089:. Archived from 4079: 4073: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4019: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3995:on 11 July 2003. 3991:. Archived from 3981: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3947:(5): 2133–2148. 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3880:. Archived from 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3822:. Archived from 3812: 3806: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3757:(1–2): 157–175. 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3591: 3552:Science Advances 3543: 3537: 3530:Chapter 4: Water 3526: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3491: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3463:. Archived from 3452: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3403:. Archived from 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3377:. Archived from 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3310:. Archived from 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3284:. Archived from 3278: 3272: 3271: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3012: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2888:(1–2): 202–216. 2873: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2844: 2834: 2802: 2775: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2592:"Drought Basics" 2588: 2582: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2520: 2511: 2498: 2489: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2454:. Archived from 2444: 2435: 2434: 2424: 2406: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2353: 2343: 2333: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2284: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2220: 2188: 2179: 2166: 2160: 2148: 2142: 2127: 2088:List of droughts 2017:recorded history 1990:human sacrifices 1937:and tied to the 1913:List of droughts 1889:wastewater reuse 1820:Marshall Islands 1609: 1602: 1595: 1586: 1585: 1540:Drought in India 1453:belt during the 1365:ghost metropolis 1250:List of droughts 762:Land restoration 700:and atmospheric 499:pressure systems 232:natural disaster 76: 67: 56: 47: 21: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7686:Weather hazards 7646: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7589: 7556: 7520:Cyclonic storms 7515: 7497: 7455: 7451:Limnic eruption 7427: 7401: 7382: 7370:Natural erosion 7364: 7334: 7308: 7300: 7258: 7249: 7219: 7214: 7167: 7165: 7148: 7095: 7086:Orbital forcing 6980: 6945: 6926: 6900:Paris Agreement 6878: 6874:Warming stripes 6813: 6779:Managed retreat 6774:Loss and damage 6735: 6669:Business action 6653: 6631: 6608: 6531: 6525: 6482: 6443:Climate finance 6388: 6367: 6299: 6162: 6138:Extinction risk 6114:Flora and fauna 6109: 6070:Permafrost thaw 6065:Ozone depletion 5994:Extreme weather 5948: 5931: 5858: 5839: 5776: 5741: 5724: 5691: 5680: 5675: 5600: 5588: 5580: 5578: 5573: 5564: 5562: 5549: 5545: 5535:Climatic Change 5527: 5523: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5361: 5357: 5342: 5338: 5301: 5294: 5260:10.1002/wcc.761 5231: 5227: 5220: 5216: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5139: 5135: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5106: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4912: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4878: 4874: 4864:Wayback Machine 4854: 4850: 4842:Wayback Machine 4831:Sara Pantuliano 4829: 4825: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4779:Wayback Machine 4770: 4766: 4760:Wayback Machine 4751: 4747: 4741:Wayback Machine 4732: 4728: 4714: 4710: 4704:The Independent 4700:Wayback Machine 4689: 4685: 4679:The Independent 4675:Wayback Machine 4664: 4660: 4653: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4608:Springer-Verlag 4600: 4596: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4410: 4406: 4383: 4379: 4324: 4320: 4273: 4256: 4221: 4217: 4172: 4168: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4053:Wayback Machine 4044: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4017:Wayback Machine 4004: 4000: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3929: 3925: 3900: 3896: 3887: 3885: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3845: 3838: 3829: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3697: 3686: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3609: 3605: 3558:(6): eabb9668. 3544: 3540: 3527: 3523: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3467:on 3 March 2010 3453: 3449: 3436: 3434: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3407:on Feb 19, 2015 3397: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3152: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3105: 3101: 3070: 3066: 3027: 3023: 3010: 3008: 2993: 2989: 2946: 2942: 2913: 2909: 2874: 2867: 2803: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723:. August 2006. 2716: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2692: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2652:drought.unl.edu 2646: 2645: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2521: 2514: 2508:Wayback Machine 2499: 2492: 2487:Wayback Machine 2478: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2438: 2375: 2371: 2355: 2354: 2310: 2306: 2260: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2189: 2182: 2176:Wayback Machine 2167: 2163: 2158:Wayback Machine 2149: 2145: 2139:Wayback Machine 2128: 2115: 2111: 2059: 1915: 1909: 1885:water is scarce 1836:ever-increasing 1812: 1798: 1762: 1757: 1616: 1613: 1580: 1568:Rocky Mountains 1556: 1491: 1426:desertification 1398:desertification 1383: 1377: 1371:broke in 2010. 1313: 1307: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1246: 1209: 1203: 1163:, resulting in 1059: 1042:turgor pressure 999: 993: 853: 842:natural hazards 834:South Australia 802: 781: 775: 770: 769: 733: 686:extreme weather 678: 668: 651:New South Wales 607:Central America 564: 558: 522: 516: 475: 469: 452: 385: 291: 254:Fields outside 248: 184:mass migrations 110: 109: 108: 107: 90:; sandstorm in 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7704: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7465: 7464:Meteorological 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7320:Seismic hazard 7316: 7314: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7041: 7039:Cloud feedback 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6897: 6895:Kyoto Protocol 6892: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6849: 6847:Media coverage 6844: 6839: 6837:Climate spiral 6834: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6726:Public opinion 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6676: 6674:Climate action 6671: 6665: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6586:REDD and REDD+ 6583: 6578: 6570: 6565: 6563:Carbon farming 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6295:Water security 6292: 6290:Water scarcity 6287: 6285:Urban flooding 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:Forest dieback 6140: 6135: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6080:Sea level rise 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6053:stratification 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5949: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Carbon leakage 5815: 5810: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5757:Climate system 5753: 5751: 5743: 5742: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5682: 5681: 5678:Climate change 5674: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5627: 5613: 5599: 5598: 5577: 5576:External links 5574: 5572: 5571: 5543: 5521: 5498: 5451:(3): 809–827. 5431: 5424: 5404: 5375:(5): 707–717. 5355: 5336: 5315:(3): 427–441. 5292: 5225: 5214: 5192: 5166: 5159: 5151:10.17226/10829 5133: 5115: 5085: 5073: 5055: 5037: 5019: 5001: 4979: 4974:ekklesia.co.uk 4961: 4932: 4903: 4872: 4848: 4823: 4801: 4783: 4764: 4745: 4726: 4708: 4683: 4658: 4651: 4623: 4616: 4594: 4567:(7): 293–305. 4547: 4540: 4518: 4497: 4490: 4472: 4431: 4421: 4404: 4393:(2): 474–483. 4377: 4338:(1): 123–128. 4318: 4254: 4235:(1): 185–212. 4215: 4166: 4103: 4074: 4056: 4038: 4020: 4008:Abiotic factor 3998: 3976: 3923: 3894: 3865: 3836: 3807: 3789: 3776: 3741: 3716: 3684: 3649:(2): 164–179. 3629: 3603: 3538: 3521: 3503: 3478: 3447: 3417: 3391: 3373:(2013-08-09). 3362: 3345:. p. 19. 3324: 3298: 3273: 3267:978-0198036784 3266: 3246: 3240:978-3540406105 3239: 3219: 3213:978-1573563789 3212: 3192: 3186:978-0792310174 3185: 3165: 3150: 3142:Cloud dynamics 3132: 3119: 3099: 3064: 3043:(4): 291–300. 3021: 2987: 2960:(1): 119–136. 2940: 2927:(4): 359–392. 2907: 2865: 2776: 2758: 2740: 2705: 2690: 2664: 2636: 2608: 2583: 2568: 2540: 2512: 2490: 2469: 2436: 2369: 2304: 2275:(1): 673–702. 2251: 2232: 2203:(1): 555–581. 2180: 2161: 2143: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2103:Water security 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2068:Drought refuge 2065: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2021:Atacama Desert 1976:Historically, 1908: 1905: 1899:, or seawater 1881: 1880: 1870: 1859: 1849: 1810:Water security 1802:Water scarcity 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1744:United Kingdom 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1555: 1552: 1544:drinking water 1511:drainage basin 1490: 1487: 1430:overpopulation 1376: 1373: 1315:The 1997–2009 1306: 1303: 1299:climate change 1256: 1253: 1248:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1161:Mass migration 1158: 1135:Water scarcity 1086:water scarcity 1075:mass migration 1058: 1055: 992: 989: 988: 987: 980: 967: 961: 947: 938: 925: 911: 898:Alteration of 889:water supplies 852: 849: 836:was abandoned. 801: 798: 774: 771: 734: 726: 667: 666:Climate change 664: 653:, and eastern 627:Southeast Asia 592:U.S. Southeast 557: 554: 538:Monsoon trough 515: 512: 468: 465: 460:Sonoran desert 451: 448: 436: 435: 432: 429: 425: 414: 406: 403:meteorological 396: 384: 381: 380: 379: 361: 318: 314:Meteorological 304:water scarcity 290: 287: 247: 244: 236:human activity 180:water scarcity 168:water supplies 149:climate change 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7703: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Civil defense 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7615:Meteor shower 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7413:Coastal flood 7411: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7211: 7210: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:Climate model 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7044:Cloud forcing 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6819:Communication 6816: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6799:Vulnerability 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6769:Flood control 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6591:reforestation 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576:afforestation 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6511:Nuclear power 6509: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406:Carbon budget 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6243:Mental health 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6184:United States 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6038:deoxygenation 6036: 6034: 6033:acidification 6031: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5854: 5850: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5828:from wetlands 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Deforestation 5786: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5626:at Wiktionary 5625: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5538:, June 2014, 5537: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5513:September 25, 5508: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5297: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5105:on 2015-03-20 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5052:. 2004-11-10. 5051: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4976:. 2010-07-06. 4975: 4971: 4965: 4951:on 2007-12-13 4950: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4627: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4507: 4501: 4493: 4491:9781483189666 4487: 4483: 4476: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4093:on 2009-01-10 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4071:. 2005-03-06. 4070: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4035:. 2007-01-20. 4034: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985:"TFS Article" 3980: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3884:on 2012-04-27 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3841: 3826:on 2011-09-27 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3786: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3432: 3429:. 9news.com. 3428: 3421: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3381:on 2015-02-19 3380: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3314:on 2015-03-16 3313: 3309: 3302: 3288:on 2012-03-20 3287: 3283: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3151:9780080502106 3147: 3143: 3136: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2773:. 2004-01-15. 2772: 2768: 2762: 2755:. 2007-04-09. 2754: 2750: 2744: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2557: 2556:reliefweb.int 2553: 2547: 2545: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2458:on 2019-11-15 2457: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:PLOS Currents 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2078:Food security 2076: 2074: 2073:Flash drought 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2063:Aridity index 2061: 2060: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1955:out of Africa 1952: 1951:ancient Egypt 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1873:Transvasement 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863:crop rotation 1860: 1857: 1853: 1852:Cloud seeding 1850: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1832:crop rotation 1825: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1749:United States 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1572:Sierra Nevada 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:North America 1554:North America 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1381:Sahel drought 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 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