125:-related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output. Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to 3 °C (5 °F)—have resulted in increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s. A contrasting phenomenon is that, instead of the usual high-pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low-pressure convergence center forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia, desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed airflow causes India's droughts. The extent that an ENSO event raises
98:, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; and the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died. In simple words, drought has destroyed India on a large scale. Eighteen meteorological and 16 hydrological droughts occurred in India between 1870 and 2018. The most severe meteorological droughts were in the years 1876, 1899, 1918, 1965, and 2000, while the five worst hydrological droughts occurred in the years 1876, 1899, 1918, 1965, and 2000. The drought of 1899 can be classified as meteorological as well as hydrological and was the most severe documented drought India has ever experienced to date.
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inadequate water supplies for irrigation. Already, rises in average temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, increasing frequency of extreme weather events, such as severe droughts and floods, and the shifting of agricultural seasons have been observed in different agro-ecological zones of India. Long drought spells during Kharif and increased temperatures and unseasonal heavy rains during the rabi season have caused serious distress to the farming communities in different states in recent years. Four major farming systems are prevailing in India: the irrigated system, rainfed system, silvo-pastoral system, and desert farming.
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Only about 35% of total agricultural land in India is irrigated and two-thirds of cultivated land is entirely dependent on rainfall. As such, the agricultural production system in the country is more vulnerable to damage from extreme climatic events, which causes increased water stress leading to
788:, vol. LXVI, no. 15 (10 October 2019), pp. 34–36. "n 1951 the average Indian had access annually to 5,200 cubic meters of water. The figure today is 1,400... and will probably fall below 1,000 cubic meters – the
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of the monsoons causes water shortages, resulting in poor yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions southeastern
792:'s definition of 'water scarcity' – at some point in the next few decades. Compounding the problem of lower summer rainfall... India's
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Kumar KK; Rajagopalan B; Hoerling M; Bates G; Cane M (2006), "Unraveling the
Mystery of Indian Monsoon Failure During El Niño",
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Swain, S; et al. (2017). "Application of SPI, EDI and PNPI using MSWEP precipitation data over
Marathwada, India".
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influences the degree of drought. Around 43 percent of El Niño events are followed by drought in India.
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Asiatica: Comprising Indian Subcontinent, Eastern and Southern Asia
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is critical to securing water for irrigating India's crops. In parts of India,
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Unruly Waters: How Rains, Rivers, Coasts, and Seas Have Shaped Asia's
History
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International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
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Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)
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800:... Other contributors to India's seasonal dearth of water are
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leaks the continued sowing of thirsty crops..." (p. 35.)
893:
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River of Life, River of Death: The Ganges and India's Future
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El Niño: Unlocking the
Secrets of the Master Weather Maker
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140:
117:All such episodes of severe drought correlate with
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796:is in freefall to an increase in the number of
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914:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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90:In the past, droughts have periodically led to
23:Drought-affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012
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592:
436:, Library of Congress (Area Handbook Series),
429:
244:List of water supply and sanitation by country
939:
373:El Niño in History: Storming Through the Ages
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392:Desertification in the World and Its Control
857:Drought hit areas in Karnataka, in pictures
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776:Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River
616:
519:
475:The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather
351:
712:
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493:Singh, VP; Ojha, CSP; Sharma, N (2004),
370:
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530:. Vol. 2017. pp. 5505–5507.
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30:has resulted in millions of deaths in
927:
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495:The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources
471:
700:
598:
450:
274:Water supply and sanitation in India
239:List of dams and reservoirs in India
229:List of rivers of India by discharge
112:
953:
909:"India: Current Weather Conditions"
884:"Weather Resource System for India"
412:Floods, Droughts and Climate Change
316:Encyclopedia of Weather and Climate
214:Interstate River Water Disputes Act
13:
749:
209:Indian rivers interlinking project
14:
1360:
870:"India Meteorological Department"
808:
1312:
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849:High Commission of India, London
430:Heitzman, J; Worden, RL (1996),
174:List of cleanest cities in India
157:
143:
718:
478:, Reader's Digest Association,
415:, University of Arizona Press,
375:, University Press of Florida,
224:List of drainage basins by area
1270:British Indian Ocean Territory
726:"Preparing for a poor monsoon"
574:
356:, Cambridge University Press,
1:
863:Maps, imagery, and statistics
582:"ICARDA India Country Office"
566:: CS1 maint: date and year (
285:
785:The New York Review of Books
513:
409:Collier, W; Webb, R (2002),
119:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
38:is heavily dependent on the
7:
889:National Informatics Centre
844:"India—Weather and Climate"
536:10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8128250
234:List of rivers by discharge
136:
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1349:Natural disasters in India
81:
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394:, Scientific Publishers,
107:List of Indian heat waves
1019:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
756:Christopher de Bellaigue
279:Water pollution in India
127:sea surface temperatures
101:Droughts correlate with
1280:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
648:10.1126/science.1131152
611:Collier & Webb 2002
269:Water scarcity in India
254:Pollution of the Ganges
184:Climate change in India
822:"Country Guide: India"
433:India: A Country Study
352:Burroughs, WJ (1999),
337:, Cosmo Publications,
24:
778:; and Victor Mallet,
96:Bengal famine of 1770
22:
1194:United Arab Emirates
836:"India Water Portal"
390:Chouhan, TS (1992),
371:Caviedes, C (2001),
354:The Climate Revealed
194:Environment of India
92:major Indian famines
1221:limited recognition
875:Government of India
758:, "The River" (the
703:, pp. 258–259.
640:2006Sci...314..115K
333:Balfour, E (1976),
259:Indian water policy
219:Irrigation in India
472:Posey, CA (1994),
314:Allaby, M (2002),
293:Allaby, M (1998),
264:Saemangeum Seawall
36:Indian agriculture
25:
1326:
1325:
1263:other territories
634:(5796): 115–119,
601:, pp. 22–23.
545:978-1-5090-4951-6
451:Nash, JM (2002),
318:, Facts on File,
299:, Facts on File,
249:Polavaram Project
113:Impact of El Niño
40:country's climate
1356:
1344:Droughts in Asia
1339:Climate of India
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1275:Christmas Island
961:Sovereign states
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179:Climate of India
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16:Natural calamity
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764:Sunil Amrith
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1318:Asia portal
1219:States with
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105:(see
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740:2014
652:PMID
568:link
540:ISBN
499:ISBN
480:ISBN
459:ISBN
438:ISBN
417:ISBN
396:ISBN
377:ISBN
358:ISBN
339:ISBN
320:ISBN
301:ISBN
1261:and
782:),
644:doi
632:314
532:doi
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