141:
552:
22:
384:
585:
On March 4, 2012, a C-17 dropped an Orion test article from an altitude of 25,000 feet (7,600 m). The capsule's parachutes successfully deployed between 15,000 to 20,000 feet (4,600 to 6,100 m), slowing the spacecraft to a landing on ground in the
Arizona desert. The capsule landed at a
422:
were conducted to test the Space
Shuttle's flight characteristics. Because the Space Shuttle is designed to glide unpowered during its descent and landing, a series of drop tests using a test orbiter were used to demonstrate that the orbiter could be successfully controlled in unpowered flight.
614:
landing systems. The airbags are located underneath the heat shield of the CST-100, which is designed to be separated from the capsule while under parachute descent at about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) altitude. The tests were carried out at ground speeds between 10 and 30 miles per hour (16 and
353:
to an unpowered landing or equip the orbiter with pop-out jet engines in order to make a powered landing. While powered landing design required carrying the engines and jet fuel, adding weight and complexity to the orbiter, engineers began favoring the powered landing option. In response, NASA
132:
to a height of ten feet and then dropped, simulating the impact of a landing at nineteen feet per second (5.8 m/s). The F6F was ultimately dropped from a height of twenty feet (6.1 m), demonstrating it could absorb twice the force of a carrier landing. Drop tests are still used in the
582:. For testing, the capsule is mounted on a pallet system and placed inside the cargo aircraft. Parachutes on the pallet are used to pull the pallet and capsule out of the rear of the aircraft; the capsule then separates from the pallet and begins its free fall descent.
127:
The landing gear on aircraft used on aircraft carriers must be stronger than those on land-based aircraft, due to higher approach speeds and sink rates during carrier landings. As early as the 1940s, drop tests were conducted by lifting a carrier-based plane such as the
447:
involved the release of an unpowered aircraft from a powered aircraft, these tests were not typical of drop testing because the orbiter was actually carried and released from a position above the SCA. This arrangement was potentially dangerous because it placed
368:, and then ignited rocket engines to increase speed and propel it to 60,000 feet (18,000 m). Once the rocket engine cut off, the high-speed and high-altitude conditions permitted the X-24B to simulate the path of a Space Shuttle orbiter under post-
319:, designed to carry and release the X-15, was installed under the right wing between the fuselage and inboard engine. A notch was also cut out of one of the right wing's flaps so that the plane could accommodate the X-15's vertical tail.
489:. The unmanned first flight test will drop the Dream Chaser prototype from an altitude of 12,000 feet (3,700 m) by a Columbia 234-UT helicopter, where it is planned that the vehicle will autonomously fly to an unpowered landing at
651:
with simulated internal organs were located inside the helicopter and used to assess internal injuries from such a crash. Due to extensive damage to the test helicopter after the second test, no third test was planned.
242:, have made both unpowered drop tests and powered drop launches. Prior to powered flights using its rocket engine, the HL-10 made 11 unpowered drop flights in order to study the handling qualities and stability of the
563:
crewed capsule by repeatedly dropping an Orion test vehicle into a large water basin. The tests simulated water landings at speeds varying from 7 to 50 mph (11 to 80 km/h) by changing the height of the drop
439:
to an altitude of 15,000 to 30,000 feet (4,600 to 9,100 m). After a series of captive-flight tests in which the orbiter was not released, five free-flight tests were performed in August through
October 1977.
622:
to an altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) and then released; the capsule's three main parachutes then deployed successfully and slowed the capsule's descent. Immediately prior to landing, the capsule's six
456:
immediately after release. As a result, the "drop" was conducted by using a series of carefully planned maneuvers to minimize the risk of aircraft collision. Immediately after release, the
571:
In 2011 and 2012, NASA also conducted drop tests of the Orion test vehicle's parachute systems and land-based landing capabilities. In each test, the Orion spacecraft was dropped from a
627:
inflated underneath the capsule in order to absorb some of the impact energy from landing. Similar drop tests are planned in order to conduct additional airbag testing, as well as
647:
helicopter donated by the U.S. Army, NASA dropped the helicopter at an angle from an altitude of 35 feet (11 m) to simulate a hard helicopter landing. Sophisticated
618:
In April 2012, Boeing conducted another drop test of its CST-100 prototype space capsule in order to test the capsule's landing systems. The test vehicle was raised by
162:
mothership during a drop test. The pylon used to carry experimental vehicles is visible near the top of the photo, between the fuselage and inboard right engine.
1328:
829:
460:
would climb to the right while the SCA performed a shallow dive to the left, allowing for quick vertical and horizontal separation between the two aircraft.
323:
was one of two such bombers modified to carry the X-15; while the other plane was retired in 1969 after the end of the X-15 program, NASA continued using
965:
615:
48 km/h) in order to simulate cross wind conditions at the time of landing. Bigelow
Aerospace built the mobile test rig and conducted the tests.
1298:
939:
568:
above the basin. The range of landing velocities allowed NASA to simulate a range of possible entry and landing conditions during water landings.
873:
916:
853:
376:, demonstrating the feasibility of an unpowered lifting body design for the Space Shuttle. These successes convinced those in charge of the
358:
to demonstrate the feasibility of landing a lifting-body aircraft in unpowered flight. In 1975, the X-24B aircraft was dropped from a
1032:
307:
by Air Force pilots, following a tradition of referring to aircraft numbered with multiple zeroes as "Balls" plus the final number.
803:
52:
by raising the test vehicle to a specific altitude and then releasing it. Test flights involving powered aircraft, particularly
1253:
84:
668:
134:
516:
may be done to test the survivability of landing, primarily by testing the capsule's descent characteristics and its post-
137:
underwent drop tests to simulate its maximum descent rate of 26.4 feet per second (8.0 m/s) during carrier landings.
765:
536:
643:
In 2009 and 2010, NASA conducted a pair of drop tests to study the survivability of helicopter crashes. Using an
106:
to a target altitude for release. Low-altitude drop tests may be conducted by releasing the test vehicle from a
543:
in order to test the capsule's parachute systems prior to the start of manned testing of the Apollo spacecraft.
1402:
1067:
690:
380:
to commit to an unpowered landing design, which would save weight and increase the orbiter's payload capacity.
1009:
299:. Built in 1955, the B-52 was only the 10th to come off the assembly line, and was used by the Air Force for
490:
559:
In 2011 and 2012, NASA conducted a series of short drop tests on the survivability of water landings in its
493:. The Dream Chaser successfully completed the free-flight and passed the drop test on November 11 over the
92:
1306:
1165:
1209:
1187:
572:
539:
for use in drop testing. NASA conducted a series of tests in 1964 which involved dropping BP-19A from a
520:
landing systems. These tests are typically carried out uncrewed prior to any human spaceflight testing.
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424:
405:
288:
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475:
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272:
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734:
1407:
1060:
Back Down to Earth: The
Development of Space Policy for NASA During the Jimmy Carter Administration
712:
432:
417:
393:
388:
216:
140:
26:
223:
were also drop tested, from altitudes of up to 45,000 feet (14,000 m), in order to study its
576:
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280:
53:
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782:
498:
483:
373:
807:
987:
644:
377:
346:
340:
204:
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42:
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99:
testing, or other theoretical design characteristics of an aircraft or spacecraft's design.
331:
carried numerous experimental vehicles including the HL-10, X-24A, X-24B, X-38, and X-43A.
303:
before turning it over to NASA. Flying with NASA tail number 008, the plane was nicknamed
1275:
8:
1036:
517:
453:
296:
192:
159:
129:
560:
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speed of 17 mph (27 km/h), well below the designed maximum touchdown speed.
1063:
761:
565:
510:
369:
350:
228:
111:
648:
628:
551:
180:
76:
966:"A Brief History of Balls 8, the Famous B-52 that Served NASA for Almost 50 Years"
920:
857:
107:
72:
691:"NASA Fact Sheet - NASA's Gantry: Past, Present and Future Asset to Exploration"
102:
High-altitude drop tests may be conducted by carrying the test vehicle aboard a
91:
of a planned or crash landing. This allows the vehicle's designers to validate
1084:"Astronaut-Transporting 'Dream Chaser' Spacecraft Preps for First Test Flights"
594:
In
September 2011, Boeing conducted a series of drop tests, carried out in the
579:
316:
258:
239:
150:
1396:
830:"Lockheed Martin F-35 Navy Jet Confirms Carrier-Landing Strength Predictions"
595:
513:
494:
412:
372:
conditions. The X-24B successfully made two unpowered precision landings at
365:
88:
61:
21:
479:
469:
243:
224:
669:"SNC building test schedule for Dream Chaser – Dryden Drop Tests upcoming"
315:
received significant modifications in order to carry the X-15. A special
632:
327:
for drop tests until it was retired in 2004. During its 50-year career,
300:
292:
208:
103:
96:
80:
1254:"Orion PTV preparing for drop test on Wednesday – EFT-1 Orion progress"
619:
599:
486:
428:
238:
Some experimental aircraft designed for airborne launches, such as the
49:
555:
Orion test article after release from C-130 and separation from pallet
383:
1142:
1114:
607:
220:
212:
176:
68:
38:
1030:
988:"X-24B Precision Landings Proved That Shuttle Could Land Unpowered"
268:
264:
232:
188:
184:
64:
of the aircraft's rockets after release from its carrier aircraft.
45:
603:
360:
349:
in the 1970s, engineers debated whether to design the orbiter to
311:
87:
of the test vehicle, to test its landing systems, or to evaluate
79:
descent to a landing site. Drop tests may be used to verify the
133:
development and testing of carrier-based aircraft; in 2010, the
624:
611:
179:
aircraft have been drop tested or drop launched. Many powered
355:
284:
155:
145:
334:
1138:"Restored Apollo Test Capsule to Land at Science Center"
364:
at an altitude of 45,000 feet (14,000 m) above the
37:
is a method of testing the in-flight characteristics of
934:
932:
117:
67:
In the case of unpowered aircraft, the test vehicle
1276:"Orion spacecraft's parachutes tested over Arizona"
122:
1329:"Boeing's Space Capsule Undergoes First Drop Test"
1299:"Space capsule tests aim to ensure safe landings"
929:
1394:
1110:"Private Space Plane Poised for Big Test Flight"
215:were specifically designed to be drop launched.
452:in free flight directly in front of the SCA's
231:capabilities, and deployment of its steerable
1057:
1031:NASA - Dryden Flight Research Center (1977).
1370:
1368:
1224:
399:
804:"JSF simulated carrier landing successful"
1365:
1343:
504:
497:. The unmanned vehicle made a landing at
263:Early experimental aircraft, such as the
29:being released during airborne drop test.
1256:. NASASpaceflight.com. February 26, 2012
1166:"Testing NASA's Next Deep Space Vehicle"
550:
523:
382:
166:
139:
20:
783:"Hellcats were built to take a beating"
410:In 1977, a series of drop tests of the
335:X-24B role in Space Shuttle development
1395:
907:
892:
844:
715:. Naval History Blog. January 12, 2011
354:conducted unpowered drop tests of the
780:
755:
638:
249:
16:Method of testing aircraft/spacecraft
1296:
1290:
1232:"Future Space Flight: Orion Testing"
1351:"Chopper Drop Tests New Technology"
1303:Boeing Defense Space & Security
478:plans to conduct drop tests of its
13:
1188:"Orion Continues to Make a Splash"
1058:Damohn, Ph.D., Mark (March 2001).
1024:
899:"Fact Sheet First Generation X-1."
874:"Fact Sheets - HL-10 Lifting Body"
148:research vehicle is released from
135:Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning II
14:
1419:
1210:"Orion Drop Test - Jan. 06, 2012"
914:"Fact Sheet Bell X-2 Starbuster."
589:
118:Aircraft and lifting-body testing
1376:"Chopper Crash Test a Smash Hit"
1331:. Popular Science. April 4, 2012
1033:"Shuttle Enterprise Free Flight"
781:Graff, Cory (December 6, 2012).
602:, to validate the design of the
546:
123:Carrier landing simulation tests
1321:
1297:Memi, Ed (September 12, 2011).
1268:
1246:
1202:
1180:
1158:
1130:
1102:
1076:
1051:
1002:
980:
958:
866:
463:
423:These drop tests, known as the
271:, were carried aboard modified
822:
806:. July 8, 2010. Archived from
796:
774:
760:. Zenith Imprint. p. 39.
749:
727:
705:
683:
661:
1:
940:"NASA's Mothership Factsheet"
655:
491:Dryden Flight Research Center
926:. Retrieved: March 26, 2013.
904:. Retrieved: March 26, 2013.
863:. Retrieved: March 26, 2013.
279:bombers. In the 1950s, the
7:
713:"First Test of Angled Deck"
443:While free-flight tests of
10:
1424:
1062:. iUniverse. p. 139.
876:. NASA.gov. Archived from
756:Graff, Cory (April 2009).
532:built BP-19A, an uncrewed
467:
406:Approach and Landing Tests
403:
338:
256:
1010:"X-24B Precision Landing"
476:Sierra Nevada Corporation
427:program, used a modified
425:Approach and Landing Test
345:During the design of the
1190:. NASA. December 2, 2011
990:. NASA.gov. July 1, 2011
856:January 7, 2022, at the
509:Drop tests of prototype
433:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
400:Space Shuttle Enterprise
394:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
227:and handling qualities,
75:after its release in an
56:, may be referred to as
924:NASA Dryden Fact Sheets
919:March 15, 2017, at the
902:NASA Dryden Fact Sheets
861:NASA Dryden Fact Sheets
530:North American Aviation
291:bomber to be used as a
281:United States Air Force
81:aerodynamic performance
54:rocket-powered aircraft
1035:. NASA. Archived from
556:
505:Crewed capsule testing
499:Edwards Air Force Base
396:
374:Edwards Air Force Base
163:
93:computer flight models
30:
1403:Aerospace engineering
1309:on September 24, 2011
1168:. NASA. July 22, 2011
554:
537:Apollo command module
524:Apollo command module
386:
378:Space Shuttle program
347:Space Shuttle orbiter
341:Martin Marietta X-24B
295:for the experimental
205:Orbital Sciences X-34
197:Martin Marietta X-24A
167:Experimental aircraft
143:
24:
880:on December 18, 2021
737:. globalsecurity.org
671:. December 10, 2012
370:atmospheric reentry
193:North American X-15
130:Grumman F6F Hellcat
1353:. December 8, 2009
1118:. January 30, 2013
1090:. February 4, 2013
758:F6F Hellcat at War
735:"Fighter Aircraft"
649:crash test dummies
639:Helicopter testing
557:
397:
392:being released by
164:
31:
1012:. August 23, 2010
946:on March 18, 2022
810:on April 10, 2013
612:airbag cushioning
541:C-133 Cargomaster
435:or SCA, to carry
229:autonomous flight
219:of the unpowered
1415:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1378:. March 11, 2010
1372:
1363:
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1360:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
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1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1305:. Archived from
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
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1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
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1243:
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1073:
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1046:
1044:
1039:on March 7, 2013
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1021:
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1006:
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995:
984:
978:
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975:
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968:. August 7, 2011
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942:. Archived from
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635:jettison tests.
415:
183:, including the
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1412:
1408:Product testing
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1278:. March 4, 2012
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1146:. March 6, 2012
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921:Wayback Machine
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858:Wayback Machine
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832:. June 23, 2010
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431:, known as the
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85:flight dynamics
17:
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767:978-1616732660
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591:
590:Boeing CST-100
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506:
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468:Main article:
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404:Main article:
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339:Main article:
336:
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301:flight testing
259:Balls 8 (B-52)
257:Main article:
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240:Northrop HL-10
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1313:September 18,
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598:of southeast
597:
596:Mojave Desert
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583:
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547:Orion capsule
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495:Mojave Desert
492:
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474:In mid-2013,
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58:drop launches
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
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19:
1380:. Retrieved
1355:. Retrieved
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
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1148:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1004:
992:. Retrieved
982:
970:. Retrieved
960:
948:. Retrieved
944:the original
923:
909:
901:
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882:. Retrieved
878:the original
868:
860:
846:
834:. Retrieved
824:
812:. Retrieved
808:the original
798:
786:. Retrieved
776:
757:
751:
739:. Retrieved
729:
717:. Retrieved
707:
695:. Retrieved
685:
673:. Retrieved
663:
642:
629:drogue chute
617:
593:
584:
570:
558:
527:
508:
480:Dream Chaser
473:
470:Dream Chaser
464:Dream Chaser
457:
449:
444:
442:
436:
418:
409:
387:
359:
344:
328:
324:
320:
310:
309:
304:
262:
250:
244:lifting body
237:
173:experimental
170:
149:
126:
101:
66:
57:
43:experimental
34:
32:
27:test article
18:
633:heat shield
580:cargo plane
534:boilerplate
246:in flight.
225:aerodynamic
209:Boeing X-40
97:wind tunnel
60:due to the
1397:Categories
1069:1475908458
693:. NASA.gov
656:References
620:helicopter
606:capsule's
600:California
487:spaceplane
484:commercial
482:prototype
458:Enterprise
450:Enterprise
445:Enterprise
437:Enterprise
429:Boeing 747
419:Enterprise
389:Enterprise
293:mothership
253:mothership
213:NASA X-43A
104:mothership
50:spacecraft
1382:March 25,
1357:March 25,
1335:March 25,
1282:March 25,
1260:March 25,
1238:March 25,
1216:March 25,
1194:March 25,
1172:March 25,
1150:March 25,
1143:Space.com
1122:March 25,
1115:Space.com
1094:March 25,
1043:March 25,
1016:March 23,
994:March 25,
972:March 26,
950:March 26,
884:March 30,
836:March 27,
814:March 27,
788:March 27,
741:March 27,
719:March 27,
697:March 30,
675:March 31,
608:parachute
528:In 1963,
283:provided
221:NASA X-38
177:prototype
171:Numerous
77:unpowered
39:prototype
35:drop test
917:Archived
854:Archived
454:tail fin
233:parafoil
189:Bell X-2
185:Bell X-1
181:X-planes
46:aircraft
851:"X-38."
625:airbags
604:CST-100
518:reentry
361:Balls 8
329:Balls 8
325:Balls 8
321:Balls 8
312:Balls 8
305:Balls 8
287:with a
251:Balls 8
151:Balls 8
1234:. NASA
1212:. NASA
1066:
764:
645:MD 500
566:gantry
511:crewed
211:, and
112:gantry
73:glides
62:launch
25:Orion
1088:Wired
577:C-130
561:Orion
416:
356:X-24B
351:glide
317:pylon
201:X-24B
108:crane
69:falls
1384:2013
1359:2013
1337:2013
1315:2011
1284:2013
1262:2013
1240:2013
1218:2013
1196:2013
1174:2013
1152:2013
1124:2013
1096:2013
1064:ISBN
1045:2013
1018:2013
996:2013
974:2013
952:2013
886:2013
838:2013
816:2013
790:2013
762:ISBN
743:2013
721:2013
699:2013
677:2013
631:and
610:and
573:C-17
297:X-15
289:B-52
285:NASA
277:B-50
275:and
273:B-29
267:and
199:and
175:and
160:B-52
156:NASA
146:X-38
144:The
83:and
48:and
575:or
269:X-2
265:X-1
158:'s
110:or
71:or
41:or
1399::
1367:^
1301:.
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1086:.
931:^
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