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404:) and passing tanks were given two coats of cellulose dope followed by two coats of aluminium paint. (British paper drop tanks can be distinguished from outwardly similar metal tanks by colour, paper tanks were silver in appearance, while metal tanks were grey.) Some 13,000 papier-mâché tanks were made and used by the RAF, the vast majority during the war, conserving a considerable amount of metal. Very few examples survive due to their expendable nature, low intrinsic value and the fact that they are not inherently robust. While probably a nuisance for those under the flight path when the empty tanks were released, they were lightweight and comparatively fragile. Though they were likely to cause nothing but anxiety, the German authorities went so far as to distribute leaflets explaining that drop tanks were not bombs.
139:
461:
424:"paper tanks are absolutely unfeasible and will not do the job for which they are intended". Since by the time the experts made that pronouncement 8th Air Force fighters had already used more than 15,000 paper tanks without a failure, the criticism was not taken seriously. It may explain why the most often-used fuel tanks for single-engined American fighters operating in Northern Europe were the 280-litre (75 US gal) capacity all-metal tank (made from two halves of formed aluminium with a prominent horizontal seam running along the tank's midline). Another common metal drop tank was the 570-to-620-litre (150 to 165 US gal) model used by P-51s, P-47s and P-38s.
147:
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272:. They insisted formations of heavy bombers with multiple machine-gun positions would be self-defending, and that long-range escort fighters would be unnecessary, or even impossible to design. They were also concerned that long-range medium bombers might compete for resources. For all these reasons, official policy in the United States held that drop tanks should not be developed or encouraged. In the face of such entrenched attitudes in 1941 airmen such as
785:
226:, the 300-litre tank, available in at least four construction formats — including at least one impregnated paper material, single-use version — and varying only slightly in appearance, became the standard volume for most drop tanks in Luftwaffe service, with a rarely used 900-litre (200 imp gal; 240 US gal), fin-stabilized large capacity drop tank used with some marks of the
22:
296:
155:
378:
Since the glue would slowly dissolve from the solvent effects of the fuel (sometimes developing leaks within a few hours of being loaded with fuel) these were strictly a single-use item, used in typically chilly
Northern European conditions, filled immediately before takeoff, jettisoned in the event
241:, weight, and to increase maneuverability. Modern external tanks may be retained in combat, to be dropped in an emergency. The Allies commonly used them to allow fighters increased range and patrol time over continental Europe. The RAF used such external fuel tanks in 1942, during the transit of
383:
tanks were assembled from three main components, the nose cone, tail cone and the body, each shaped over wooden forms, the center section created by wrapping layers of the impregnated paper around a cylinder, the end caps hand-laminated with petal-shaped pieces sometimes called
87:
318:
fighters, so that they could fly with and defend the strategic bombers for extended periods. But the paper experiments did not satisfy
American planners, and Eaker's inflexible bomber defense strategy was holding back the fighters, so he was replaced with Major General
419:
US paper tanks were developed by Col. Bob Shafer and Col. Cass Hough, who spent many hours developing a 420-litre (110 US gal) paper tank, then getting them into series production at
Bowater-Lloyd's of London, only to be told by experts at
339:. The P-38 could also carry two 1,100 to 1,200 litres (300 to 330 US gal) drop tanks for its longest sorties. This teardrop-shaped tank design was 4.0 m (13 ft) long and 90 cm (3 ft) in diameter at its widest point.
292:'s aircraft. (For this mission, each fighter carried one drop tank of approximately 570 to 620 litres (150 to 165 US gal), and a larger one of approximately 1,100 to 1,200 litres or 300 to 330 US gallons).
114:. Some of the drop tank's fuel is used to overcome the added drag and weight of the tank. Drag in this sense varies with the square of the aircraft's speed. The use of drop tanks also reduces the number of external
395:
baffles were installed, pipes and fittings were attached and the interiors coated with fuel-resistant lacquer and the three pieces were bonded together in press. Once the tank had cured, it was pressure tested to
126:. Usually the fuel in the drop tanks is consumed first, and only when all the fuel in the drop tanks has been used, the fuel selector is switched to the airplane's internal tanks. Some modern combat aircraft use
488:
first attempted to convert a 640-litre (168 US gal) P-51 Mustang belly tank, before switching to the larger 1,150-litre (305 US gal) P-38 Lightning tank. Even now, lakesters compete at the
347:
480:
of
California to set new land speed records. War surplus drop tanks (aka belly tanks) were plentiful, aerodynamically neutral and it did not take long to convert one into a car, dubbed a
130:(CFTs) instead of or in addition to conventional external fuel tanks. CFTs produce less drag and do not take up external hardpoints but some versions can only be removed on the ground.
452:, the first operational bomber capable of Mach 2 flight, had no bomb bay: it carried a single nuclear weapon plus fuel in a combination bomb/fuel pod underneath the fuselage.
440:
68 mm (2.7 in) rockets and 250 litres (66 US gal) of fuel behind into one single aerodynamically shaped pod for mounting on combat aircraft such as the
327:
freedom to engage the enemy far ahead, and implemented metal drop tanks in 1944 for
American fighters. External drop tanks turned the Thunderbolt from a short-range
257:
fighter included endurance with drop tanks of two hours at full power, or six to eight hours at cruising speed. Drop tanks were commonly used with the Zero, even on
335:, enabling it to accompany bombers from the British Isles into Germany and made it possible for heavy bomber formations to undertake daylight raids under escort by
509:
371:
Faced by wartime metal shortages and a need to extend the range of fighter craft, the
British came up with drop tanks made of glue-impregnated
375:, which had excellent tolerance characteristics for extreme heat and cold necessary for operation on an aircraft as well as being waterproof.
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203:
began using external fuel tanks with the introduction of a 300-litre (66 imp gal; 79 US gal) light alloy model for the
102:
The primary disadvantage with drop tanks is that they impose a drag penalty on the aircraft. External fuel tanks will also increase the
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420-litre (110 US gal) paper drop tanks, destined for USAAF and RAF use, being manufactured at a
British factory (1944)
284:. It was only with drop tanks supplying 1,700 litres (450 US gal) of extra fuel per fighter that P-38s could carry out
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to carry additional fuel for long-range escort flights without requiring a dramatically larger, heavier, less maneuverable
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The first drop tanks were designed to be discarded when empty or in the event of combat or emergency to reduce
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420-litre (110 US gal) paper, and 280-litre (75 US gal) metal drop tanks displayed at the
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69:. A drop tank is expendable and often capable of being jettisoned. External tanks are commonplace on modern
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Aircraft
Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events, Volume II: 1946-2006
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193:, began carrying an external underside drop tank to provide fuel for extended range in 1937 and during
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experimented with
British hardened paper drop tanks for the purpose of extending range for his
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is a special hybrid drop tank and rocket pack; it combines a rocket launcher in front with 19
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worked quietly to get drop tank technology added to
American fighters, beginning with the
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of an aborted mission and only being required for the outbound portion of a flight. Such
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542:(5th printing. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. pp. 173–177.
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So-Cal Speed Shop: The Fast Tale of the California Racers Who Made Hot Rod History
77:
ones, although the latter are less likely to be discarded except in an emergency.
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The Dragon's Teeth?: The Creation of United States Air Power for World War II
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593:. Vol. L. Air Force Historical Foundation. 2003. pp. 33–34.
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The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway
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A standard 300 liter capacity drop tank of the German WWII Luftwaffe
122:, reduces the weapon-carrying capacity and increases the aircraft's
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drop tank being moved across the flight deck of an aircraft carrier
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691:"Necessity is the Mother of Invention: Paper Drop Tanks of WWII"
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fighter also used this type of drop tank, starting with the
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170:'s history, drop tanks were first used on 5 March, 1923.
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with the rarely-used, fin-stabilized 900-liter drop tanks
539:
Winning the next war: Innovation and the modern military
154:
142:
Bulgarian Heinkel He-51B, with drop tank under fuselage
253:
design specification for what came to be the Japanese
222:
variant introduced in August 1940. Fitted also to the
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728:
464:The 1951 Beatty belly tank lakester on display at
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484:. According to GM historians, Bill Burke of the
303:with 75-US-gallon (280 L) metal drop tanks
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661:Man And Machine: The Best of Stephan Wilkinson
415:, an aviation museum in the Netherlands (2012)
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810:
930:
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359:Paper droptanks stockpiled for use by the
729:Christensen, Mark; Thacker, Tony (2005).
657:
342:
264:American bomber theorists (the so-called
261:(CAP). The Zero entered service in 1940.
735:. MotorBooks International. p. 66.
459:
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354:
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173:The drop tank was later used during the
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20:
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712:Morgan, Len (January 1998). "Vectors".
16:External tanks used to carry extra fuel
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510:Selfridge ANGB: Home of the Drop Tank
230:heavy fighter and other twin-engined
13:
718:. Hachette Filipacchi. p. 93.
391:Before final assembly wooden anti-
268:) wanted to create vast fleets of
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569:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
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783:
529:
61:) is used to describe auxiliary
1881:Aircraft fuel system components
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1840:In-flight entertainment system
1537:Horizontal situation indicator
693:. Warbird News. 13 August 2013
651:
624:
610:. Potomac Books. p. 308.
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583:
556:
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503:
207:, a long-range version of the
1:
536:Rosen, Stephen Peter (1994).
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331:into a long-range escort and
1820:Environmental control system
664:. Globe Pequot. p. 97.
563:Kelsey, Benjamin S. (1982).
337:North American P-51 Mustangs
7:
658:Wilkinson, Stephan (2005).
634:The Lockheed P-38 Lightning
446:English Electric Lightnings
80:
10:
1902:
1497:Course deviation indicator
1188:Electro-hydraulic actuator
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73:and occasionally found in
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1728:Conventional landing gear
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637:. Widewing Publications.
631:Bodie, Warren M. (1991).
316:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
288:, the downing of Admiral
91:Drop tank storage aboard
1512:Flight management system
525:. Naval Institute Press.
1815:Emergency oxygen system
1577:Turn and slip indicator
1372:Leading-edge droop flap
1342:Drag-reducing aerospike
1317:Adaptive compliant wing
1312:Active Aeroelastic Wing
604:Polmar, Norman (2008).
333:air superiority fighter
282:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
1855:Passenger service unit
1656:Self-sealing fuel tank
1552:Multi-function display
850:Self-sealing fuel tank
757:"2003 So-Cal Lakester"
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343:Paper-based drop tanks
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251:Imperial Japanese Navy
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99:
65:externally carried by
38:
1835:Ice protection system
1753:Tricycle landing gear
1743:Landing gear extender
960:Aft pressure bulkhead
792:at Wikimedia Commons
491:Bonneville Salt Flats
466:the Henry Ford Museum
463:
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243:Supermarine Spitfires
214:, in early 1940. The
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1800:Auxiliary power unit
1208:Flight control modes
897:Aircraft fuel system
472:After World War II,
450:Convair B-58 Hustler
442:Dassault Mirage IIIs
329:interceptor aircraft
228:Messerschmitt Bf 110
216:Messerschmitt Bf 109
128:conformal fuel tanks
1779:Escape crew capsule
1686:War emergency power
1557:Pitot–static system
1402:Variable-sweep wing
1110:Vertical stabilizer
876:Conformal fuel tank
826:Aircraft fuel tanks
521:Lundstrom, John B.
361:359th Fighter Group
286:Operation Vengeance
255:Mitsubishi A6M Zero
106:, thereby reducing
1487:Attitude indicator
1467:Airspeed indicator
1462:Aircraft periscope
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413:Luchtoorlogsmuseum
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274:Benjamin S. Kelsey
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1795:Aircraft lavatory
1532:Heading indicator
1477:Annunciator panel
1457:Air data computer
1367:Leading-edge cuff
905:
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788:Media related to
591:Air Power History
486:So-Cal Speed Shop
259:combat air patrol
234:combat aircraft.
224:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
175:Spanish Civil War
104:moment of inertia
71:military aircraft
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1850:Navigation light
1830:Hydraulic system
1805:Bleed air system
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278:Oliver P. Echols
179:fighter aircraft
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158:A Bf 110 of 9./
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187:Mitsubishi A5M
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308:8th Air Force
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270:heavy bombers
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166:According to
161:
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112:air maneuvers
109:
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51:external tank
48:
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36:
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28:
23:
19:
1810:Deicing boot
1738:Landing gear
1681:Townend ring
1671:Thrust lever
1646:NACA cowling
1615:
1611:Autothrottle
1603:fuel systems
1601:devices and
1392:Stall strips
1362:Krueger flap
1332:Channel wing
1278:Wing warping
1268:Stick shaker
1263:Stick pusher
1183:Dual control
1168:Centre stick
1035:Leading edge
1005:Flying wires
965:Cabane strut
880:
782:
765:. Retrieved
763:. 2016-04-22
760:
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724:
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695:. Retrieved
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633:
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531:
522:
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471:
434:Matra JL-100
431:
428:Post-war use
422:Wright Field
418:
412:
390:
381:papier-mâché
377:
370:
312:Ira C. Eaker
306:
301:P-51 Mustang
266:Bomber Mafia
263:
236:
231:
208:
198:
195:World War II
172:
165:
101:
94:
84:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
18:
1758:Tundra tire
1641:Intake ramp
1572:Transponder
1357:Gurney flap
1298:Aerodynamic
1213:Fly-by-wire
1095:Triple tail
855:Tokyo tanks
474:hot rodders
373:kraft paper
212:dive bomber
31:US gal
1875:Categories
1748:Oleo strut
1636:Inlet cone
1631:Gascolator
1597:Propulsion
1587:Yaw string
1582:Variometer
1438:instrument
1417:Wing fence
1352:Gouge flap
1327:Blown flap
1283:Yaw damper
1258:Stabilator
1243:Side-stick
1178:Dive brake
1065:Stabilizer
1040:Lift strut
1030:Jury strut
840:Ferry tank
790:Drop tanks
767:2021-06-12
742:1610591852
671:1599216795
497:References
476:raced the
116:hardpoints
108:roll rates
63:fuel tanks
59:belly tank
29:(600
1723:Autobrake
1651:NACA duct
1626:Fuel tank
1616:Drop tank
1599:controls,
1482:Astrodome
1472:Altimeter
1337:Dog-tooth
1302:high-lift
1253:Spoileron
1238:Servo tab
1218:Gust lock
1173:Deceleron
1158:Autopilot
1115:Wing root
1100:Twin tail
1085:Tailplane
1020:Hardpoint
990:Empennage
953:structure
881:Drop tank
478:dry lakes
323:who gave
232:Luftwaffe
220:Bf 109E-7
200:Luftwaffe
177:to allow
93:USS
55:wing tank
47:drop tank
1691:Wet wing
1666:Throttle
1412:Vortilon
1273:Trim tab
1203:Flaperon
1193:Elevator
1148:Airbrake
1120:Wing tip
1045:Longeron
1015:Fuselage
951:Airframe
939:Aircraft
860:Wet wing
697:6 August
482:lakester
400:(6
396:41
310:General
183:fuselage
81:Overview
75:civilian
67:aircraft
43:aviation
25:A 2,300-
1701:Landing
1492:Compass
1440:systems
1432:Avionic
1422:Winglet
1305:devices
1248:Spoiler
1143:Aileron
1125:Wingbox
1050:Nacelle
1000:Fairing
943:systems
468:in 2012
134:History
120:weapons
1436:flight
1397:Strake
1228:Rudder
1198:Elevon
1163:Canard
1105:V-tail
1080:T-tail
1010:Former
970:Canopy
739:
715:Flying
668:
641:
614:
573:
546:
448:. The
367:, 1944
249:. The
205:Ju 87R
197:, the
1621:FADEC
1507:EICAS
1382:Slats
1223:HOTAS
1075:Strut
393:slosh
386:gores
247:Malta
209:Stuka
160:ZG 26
27:litre
1703:and
1567:TCAS
1547:ISIS
1502:EFIS
1447:ACAS
1434:and
1387:Slot
1347:Flap
1300:and
1288:Yoke
1060:Spar
985:Dope
737:ISBN
699:2016
666:ISBN
639:ISBN
612:ISBN
571:ISBN
544:ISBN
444:and
438:SNEB
432:The
276:and
239:drag
110:for
45:, a
1542:INS
1522:GPS
1377:LEX
1055:Rib
402:psi
398:kPa
245:to
185:.
57:or
41:In
1877::
759:.
680:^
493:.
388:.
363:,
299:A
53:,
33:)
931:e
924:t
917:v
818:e
811:t
804:v
770:.
745:.
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49:(
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