Alcoholism - Knowledge

1209:'s 2004–2005 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health, the rate of past-year alcohol dependence or misuse among persons aged 12 or older varied by level of alcohol use: 44.7% of past month heavy drinkers, 18.5% binge drinkers, 3.8% past month non-binge drinkers, and 1.3% of those who did not drink alcohol in the past month met the criteria for alcohol dependence or misuse in the past year. Males had higher rates than females for all measures of drinking in the past month: any alcohol use (57.5% vs. 45%), binge drinking (30.8% vs. 15.1%), and heavy alcohol use (10.5% vs. 3.3%), and males were twice as likely as females to have met the criteria for alcohol dependence or misuse in the past year (10.5% vs. 5.1%). However, because females generally weigh less than males, have more fat and less water in their bodies, and metabolize less alcohol in their esophagus and stomach, they are likely to develop higher blood alcohol levels per drink. Women may also be more vulnerable to liver disease. 2049:, while useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, if used long-term can cause a worse outcome in alcoholism. Alcoholics on chronic benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines. This class of drugs is commonly prescribed to alcoholics for insomnia or anxiety management. Initiating prescriptions of benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapsed after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be withdrawn rapidly, as severe anxiety and panic may develop, which are known risk factors for alcohol use disorder relapse. Taper regimes of 6–12 months have been found to be the most successful, with reduced intensity of withdrawal. 2101:, a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid function. A 2008 review of the effectiveness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, however as of 2008, data was insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first-line agent for alcohol dependence. A 2010 review found that topiramate may be superior to existing alcohol pharmacotherapeutic options. Topiramate effectively reduces craving and alcohol withdrawal severity as well as improving quality-of-life-ratings. 916: 75: 1023: 2311: 2197: 1889: 1118: 1129: 2393: 2441:

were recognized as causing social problems even thousands of years ago. However, the defining of habitual drunkenness as it was then known as and its adverse consequences were not well established medically until the 18th century. In 1647 a Greek monk named Agapios was the first to document that chronic alcohol misuse was associated with toxicity to the nervous system and body which resulted in a range of medical disorders such as seizures, paralysis, and internal bleeding. In the 1910s and 1920s, the effects of alcohol misuse and chronic drunkenness boosted membership of the

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that have a high gross domestic product, there is heightened drinking compared to other Asian countries, but it is nowhere near as high as it is in other countries like the United States. It is also inversely seen, with countries that have very low gross domestic product showing high alcohol consumption. In a study done on Korean immigrants in Canada, they reported alcohol was typically an integral part of their meal but is the only time solo drinking should occur. They also generally believe alcohol is necessary at any social event, as it helps conversations start.

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use despite often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and developmental factors (e.g., stage of brain maturity)." Alcoholism has a higher prevalence among men, though, in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased. Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50–60% genetically determined, leaving 40–50% for environmental influences. Most alcoholics develop alcoholism during adolescence or young adulthood.

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their alcohol intake, followed up with life training and/or social support to help them resist a return to alcohol use. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this kind of treatment is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. Much of the treatment community for alcoholism supports an abstinence-based

1014:. Kindling also results in the intensification of psychological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. There are decision tools and questionnaires that help guide physicians in evaluating alcohol withdrawal. For example, the CIWA-Ar objectifies alcohol withdrawal symptoms in order to guide therapy decisions which allows for an efficient interview while at the same time retaining clinical usefulness, validity, and reliability, ensuring proper care for withdrawal patients, who can be in danger of death. 1031: 2493:, mental health problems, an inability to live independently and an increased risk of criminal behaviour, all of which can cause emotional stress for parents and caregivers. Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol misuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from 1–6% of a country's GDP. One Australian estimate pegged alcohol's social costs at 24% of all drug misuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol's share was 41%. One study quantified the cost to the UK of 895:, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of children of people with alcohol use disorders. For this reason, children of people with alcohol use disorders can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. They may develop shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism and, as a result of this, may develop self-image problems, which can lead to depression. 14413: 13224: 11814: 1974:

chronic alcoholics drinking moderately again, but a 1982 follow-up showed that 95% of subjects were not able to maintain drinking in moderation over the long term. Another study was a long-term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men which concluded that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence." Internet based measures appear to be useful at least in the short term.

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National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" defined according to the above criteria also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met the criteria. An inference drawn from this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.

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turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know has alcohol use disorder. In contrast, reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are having a medical condition, to display their drinking publicly, and to drink in groups. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is someone with an alcohol use disorder.

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of relapse) and 36% were fully recovered – made up of 18% low-risk drinkers plus 18% abstainers. In contrast, however, the results of a long-term (60-year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men indicated that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence....return-to-controlled drinking, as reported in short-term studies, is often a mirage."

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drinking (colloquially known as "blackouts"), personality changes associated with drinking, denial or the making of excuses for drinking, the refusal to admit excessive drinking, dysfunction or other problems at work or school, the loss of interest in personal appearance or hygiene, marital and economic problems, and the complaint of poor health, with loss of appetite, respiratory infections, or increased anxiety.

2020:. Naltrexone is used to decrease cravings for alcohol and encourage abstinence. Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins, which in turn release dopamine and activate the reward pathways; hence in the body Naltrexone reduces the pleasurable effects from consuming alcohol. Evidence supports a reduced risk of relapse among alcohol-dependent persons and a decrease in excessive drinking. 1880:

acute comorbid conditions can be treated as inpatients. Direct treatment can be followed by a treatment program for alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorder to attempt to reduce the risk of relapse. Experiences following alcohol withdrawal, such as depressed mood and anxiety, can take weeks or months to abate while other symptoms persist longer due to persisting neuroadaptations.

1609:– "Alcohol dependence is a disorder of regulation of alcohol use arising from repeated or continuous use of alcohol. The characteristic feature is a strong internal drive to use alcohol. ... The features of dependence are usually evident over a period of at least 12 months but the diagnosis may be made if alcohol use is continuous (daily or almost daily) for at least 1 month." 606:, which may also result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year. Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States. Long-term alcohol misuse can cause a number of physical symptoms, including 1010:

withdrawal episodes are more likely to develop seizures and experience more severe anxiety during withdrawal from alcohol than alcohol-dependent individuals without a history of past alcohol withdrawal episodes. The kindling effect leads to persistent functional changes in brain neural circuits as well as to

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Treatments are varied because there are multiple perspectives of alcoholism. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments from, for instance, those who approach the condition as one of social choice. Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue

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Increasing the age at which alcohol can be purchased, and banning or restricting alcohol beverage advertising are common methods to reduce alcohol use among adolescents and young adults in particular. Another common method of alcoholism prevention is taxation of alcohol products – increasing price of

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as heavy drinkers. Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America. Alcohol consumption is relatively similar between many European cultures, the United States, and Australia. In Asian countries

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Within the medical and scientific communities, there is a broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and states that "drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and

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Definitions are similar to that of the DSM-IV. The World Health Organization uses the term "alcohol dependence syndrome" rather than alcoholism. The concept of "harmful use" (as opposed to "abuse") was introduced in 1992's ICD-10 to minimize underreporting of damage in the absence of dependence. The

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are used. Talbot (1989) observes that alcoholism in the classical disease model follows a progressive course: if people continue to drink, their condition will worsen. This will lead to harmful consequences in their lives, physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially. Johnson (1980) proposed that

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degeneration due to the neurotoxic effects increases impulsive behaviour, which may contribute to the development, persistence and severity of alcohol use disorders. There is evidence that with abstinence, there is a reversal of at least some of the alcohol induced central nervous system damage. The

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At the current stage of research, evidence supporting the clinical use of anticonvulsants to treat alcohol dependence is insufficient. Results are conditioned by heterogeneity and by the low number and quality of studies comparing anticonvulsants versus other medications. The uncertainty associated

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H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B,

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in many countries in North America and the Nordic countries, nationwide bans on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages that generally remained in place until the late 1920s or early 1930s; these policies resulted in the decline of death rates from cirrhosis and

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Alcohol has a long history of use and misuse throughout recorded history. Biblical, Egyptian and Babylonian sources record the history of abuse and dependence on alcohol. In some ancient cultures alcohol was worshiped and in others, its misuse was condemned. Excessive alcohol misuse and drunkenness

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after one year, some met the criteria for low-risk drinking, even though only 26% of the group received any treatment, with the breakdown as follows: 25% were found to be still dependent, 27% were in partial remission (some symptoms persist), 12% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases chances

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also might enhance treatment for individuals showing limited therapeutic response to a benzodiazepine. Individuals who are only at risk of mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms can be treated as outpatients. Individuals at risk of a severe withdrawal syndrome as well as those who have significant or

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as the amount of alcohol leading to a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08, which, for most adults, would be reached by consuming five drinks for men or four for women over a two-hour period. According to the NIAAA, men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds

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A complex combination of genetic and environmental factors influences the risk of the development of alcoholism. Genes that influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism, as can a family history of alcoholism. There is compelling evidence that alcohol use at an early age

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on alcohol, which makes it hard for an individual to control their consumption. The physical dependency caused by alcohol can lead to an affected individual having a very strong urge to drink alcohol. These characteristics play a role in decreasing the ability to stop drinking of an individual with

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The new article will say that, 10 years later, four of the 20 had died from alcohol-related causes. Eight others were still drinking excessively, six were abstinent but in most cases after multiple hospitalizations, and one was drinking moderately. The alcohol dependence of that last case was also

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and seizures rarely occur after 1-week post cessation of alcohol. The acute withdrawal phase can be defined as lasting between one and three weeks. In the period of 3–6 weeks following cessation, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance are common. Similar post-acute withdrawal symptoms

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Nevertheless, once Prohibition became the law of the land, many citizens decided to obey it. Referendum results in the immediate post-Volstead period showed widespread support, and the Supreme Court quickly fended off challenges to the new law. Death rates from cirrhosis and alcoholism, alcoholic

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The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society; for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs due to injuries due to drunkenness and organ damage from long-term use, and secondary treatment costs, such as the

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are supported by tentative evidence in people with certain genetic patterns. Evidence for ondansetron is stronger in people who have recently started to abuse alcohol. Topiramate is a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose. Review articles characterize topiramate as

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Attitudes and social stereotypes can create barriers to the detection and treatment of alcohol use disorder. This is more of a barrier for women than men. Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they have a medical condition, to hide their drinking, and to drink alone. This pattern, in

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The development of alcoholism is attributed to both environment and genetics equally. The use of alcohol to self-medicate stress or anxiety can turn into alcoholism. Someone with a parent or sibling with an alcohol use disorder is three to four times more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder

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A follow-up study, using the same subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001–2002, examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004–2005. The study found abstinence from alcohol was the most stable form of remission for recovering alcoholics. There was also a 1973 study showing

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also occurs in people with alcohol use disorders whereby each subsequent withdrawal syndrome is more severe than the previous withdrawal episode; this is due to neuroadaptations which occur as a result of periods of abstinence followed by re-exposure to alcohol. Individuals who have had multiple

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occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that remit with alcohol abstinence ("substance-induced"), and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence ("independent" episodes). Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression.

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that can be attributed to alcohol misuse. There is no single definition for this idea, and people may identify their own lowest points in terms of lost jobs, lost relationships, health problems, legal problems, or other consequences of alcohol misuse. The concept is promoted by 12-step recovery

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There are genetic variations that affect the risk for alcoholism. Some of these variations are more common in individuals with ancestry from certain areas; for example, Africa, East Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The variants with strongest effect are in genes that encode the main enzymes of

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Moderate drinking amongst people with alcohol dependence—often termed 'controlled drinking'—has been subject to significant controversy. Indeed, much of the skepticism toward the viability of moderate drinking goals stems from historical ideas about 'alcoholism', now replaced with 'alcohol use

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estimates that as of 2016 there are about 380 million people with alcoholism worldwide (5.1% of the population over 15 years of age), with it being most common among males and young adults. Geographically, it is least common in Africa (1.1% of the population) and has the highest rates in

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per week or 4 drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than 7 standard drinks per week or 3 drinks per day. It defines a standard drink as one 12-ounce bottle of beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits. Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the

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Warning signs of alcoholism include the consumption of increasing amounts of alcohol and frequent intoxication, preoccupation with drinking to the exclusion of other activities, promises to quit drinking and failure to keep those promises, the inability to remember what was said or done while

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is also associated with a general increase in the risk of drug dependency. Lack of peer and family support is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism developing. Genetics and adolescence are associated with an increased sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of chronic alcohol misuse.

418:(AA). A 2020 scientific review found that clinical interventions encouraging increased participation in AA (AA/twelve step facilitation (AA/TSF))—resulted in higher abstinence rates over other clinical interventions, and most studies in the review found that AA/TSF led to lower health costs. 378:

and anxiety, as well as alcohol's inexpensive cost and easy accessibility, increase the risk. People may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal. After a person stops drinking alcohol, they may experience a low level of withdrawal lasting for months. Medically,

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Manualized Twelve Step Facilitation (TSF) interventions (i.e. therapy which encourages active, long-term Alcoholics Anonymous participation) for Alcohol Use Disorder lead to higher abstinence rates, compared to other clinical interventions and to wait-list control groups.

2485:(13%). Beyond the financial costs that alcohol consumption imposes, there are also significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends. For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to an incurable and damaging condition known as 735:

deficits; the ability to understand humor is also impaired in people who misuse alcohol. Psychiatric disorders are common in people with alcohol use disorders, with as many as 25% also having severe psychiatric disturbances. The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms are

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psychosis hospital admissions, and drunkenness arrests all declined steeply during the latter years of the 1910s, when both the cultural and the legal climate were increasingly inhospitable to drink, and in the early years after National Prohibition went into effect.

2376:. This is believed to be due to alcohol causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry, as well as social isolation. Suicide is also common in adolescent alcohol abusers. Research in 2000 found that 25% of suicides in adolescents were related to alcohol abuse. 8446:

manualized therapy – interventions that are performed according to specific guidelines for administration, maximizing the probability of therapy being conducted consistently across settings, therapists, and clients. Also called manual-assisted therapy; manual-based

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Morse RM, Flavin DK (August 1992). "The definition of alcoholism. The Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism".

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Serious social problems arise from alcohol use disorder; these dilemmas are caused by the pathological changes in the brain and the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol misuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences, including

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increases the risk of traffic accidents. Alcoholism is also associated with increases in violent and non-violent crime. While alcoholism directly resulted in 139,000 deaths worldwide in 2013, in 2012 3.3 million deaths may be attributable globally to alcohol.

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also causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol. The allele ADH1B*3 is only found in some individuals of African descent and certain Native American tribes. African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have a reduced risk of developing alcoholism.

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educational campaigns in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol misuse have been recommended. Guidelines for parents to prevent alcohol misuse amongst adolescents, and for helping young people with mental health problems have also been suggested.

1542:, and an uncontrollable drive to drink. The term "alcoholism" was split into "alcohol abuse" and "alcohol dependence" in 1980's DSM-III, and in 1987's DSM-III-R behavioral symptoms were moved from "abuse" to "dependence". Some scholars suggested that 1924:

concluded that Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) probably achieves outcomes such as fewer drinks per drinking day, however evidence for such a conclusion comes from low to moderate certainty evidence "so should be regarded with caution". Others include

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can occur from sustained alcohol consumption. A wide range of immunologic defects can result and there may be a generalized skeletal fragility, in addition to a recognized tendency to accidental injury, resulting in a propensity for bone fractures.

463:. Binge drinking is the most common pattern of alcoholism. It has different definitions and one of this defines it as a pattern of drinking when a male has five or more drinks on an occasion or a female has at least four drinks on an occasion. 2289:

As of 2015 in the United States, about 17 million (7%) of adults and 0.7 million (2.8%) of those age 12 to 17 years of age are affected. About 12% of American adults have had an alcohol dependence problem at some time in their life.

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are sometimes used to encourage and support abstinence from alcohol, or to reduce alcohol consumption to levels that are not associated with adverse outcomes. Mutual-aid group-counseling is an approach used to facilitate relapse prevention.

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agonist, is under study for the treatment of alcoholism. According to a 2017 Cochrane Systematic Review, there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness or safety for the use of baclofen for withdrawal symptoms in alcoholism.

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can occur in the brain and the neurotoxic effects of ethanol appear to be associated with acetaldehyde induced DNA damages including DNA adducts and crosslinks. In addition to acetaldehyde, alcohol metabolism produces potentially genotoxic

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phase. By reducing excessive NMDA activity which occurs at the onset of alcohol withdrawal, acamprosate can reduce or prevent alcohol withdrawal related neurotoxicity. Acamprosate reduces the risk of relapse amongst alcohol-dependent

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Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do men, women also have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long-term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage and an

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the emotional progression of the addicted people's response to alcohol has four phases. The first two are considered "normal" drinking and the last two are viewed as "typical" alcoholic drinking. Johnson's four phases consist of:

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In the United States and Western Europe, 10–20% of men and 5–10% of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria for alcoholism. In England, the number of "dependent drinkers" was calculated as over 600,000 in 2019.

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Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bucholz KK, Nurnberger JI, Hesselbrock VM, Crowe RR, et al. (October 1997). "The life-time rates of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders in alcoholics and controls".

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The fourth stage can be detrimental with a risk for premature death. People in this phase now drink to feel normal, they block out the feelings of overwhelming guilt, remorse, anxiety, and shame they experience when

10536: 1232:. These genetic factors influence the rate at which alcohol and its initial metabolic product, acetaldehyde, are metabolized. They are found at different frequencies in people from different parts of the world. The 2640:"Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) interventions include extended counseling, adopting some of the techniques and principles of AA, as well as brief interventions designed to link individuals to community AA groups." 1469:

Seeking the mood swing. People will drink to regain that happy feeling in phase 1; the drinking will increase as more alcohol is required to achieve the same effect. Again at this stage, there are no significant

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Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and

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in most scientific contexts. A 2021 meta-analysis and systematic review of controlled drinking covering 22 studies concluded controlled drinking was a 'non-inferior' outcome to abstinence for many drinkers.

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The CAGE questionnaire has demonstrated a high effectiveness in detecting alcohol-related problems; however, it has limitations in people with less severe alcohol-related problems, white women and college

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Learning the mood swing. People are introduced to alcohol (in some cultures this can happen at a relatively young age), and they enjoy the happy feeling it produces. At this stage, there is no emotional

7433: 6919: 1697:, is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, it uses a simple set of questions – a high score earning a deeper investigation. The 7403: 7373: 2372:

in chronic alcoholics, which increases the longer a person drinks. Approximately 3–15% of alcoholics die by suicide, and research has found that over 50% of all suicides are associated with alcohol or

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and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most people with alcohol use disorders are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 US study by the

548:, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC of 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes 9892:"Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions" 1970:(NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency. 4024: 1426:

as "a primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking."

3554:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1717:(BAC). These tests do not differentiate people with alcohol use disorders from people without; however, long-term heavy drinking does have a few recognizable effects on the body, including: 5135:

Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, Pierson J, Trim R, Nurnberger JI, et al. (November 2007). "A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced versus independent depressions".

691:. The amount of alcohol that can be biologically processed and its effects differ between sexes. Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher 379:

alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness. Questionnaires are usually used to detect possible alcoholism. Further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis.

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At the third stage there are physical and social consequences such as hangovers, family problems, and work problems. People will continue to drink excessively, disregarding the problems.

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use of cannabis was associated with later problems with alcohol use. Alcohol use was associated with an increased probability of later use of tobacco and illegal drugs such as cannabis.

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behavior. An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly affect those surrounding him and lead to isolation from family and friends. This isolation can lead to

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with these results leaves to clinicians the need to balance the possible benefits/risks of treatment with anticonvulsants versus other medications as supported by evidence of efficacy.

9709:"Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder – A Randomized Clinical Trial" 2298:

had the highest death rate from alcohol in Europe in 2015 at 8.8 per 100,000 population. In the United States, 30% of people admitted to hospital have a problem related to alcohol.

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are regarded as consistent with large longitudinal population studies finding that the younger the age of drinking onset, the greater the prevalence of lifetime alcohol dependence.

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Alcoholism often reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years. The most common cause of death in alcoholics is from cardiovascular complications. There is a high rate of

2156:. Benzodiazepine use increases cravings for alcohol and the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers. Benzodiazepine dependency requires careful reduction in dosage to avoid 276:

despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The

313:, and heavy long-term alcohol use results in many negative health and social consequences. It can damage all the organ systems, but especially affects the brain, heart, liver, 6144: 3210: 1353:

Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word alcoholism, it is not a recognized diagnosis, and the use of the term alcoholism is discouraged due to its heavily

1597:– "A single episode of use of alcohol that has caused damage to a person's physical or mental health or has resulted in behaviour leading to harm to the health of others ..." 10540: 5514:

Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin".

871:, which can lead to financial problems. Drinking at inappropriate times and behavior caused by reduced judgment can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for 9868: 1265:

greatly reduces the rate at which acetaldehyde, the initial product of alcohol metabolism, is removed by conversion to acetate; it greatly reduces the risk for alcoholism.

8854:"Effectiveness and treatment moderators of internet interventions for adult problem drinking: An individual patient data meta-analysis of 19 randomised controlled trials" 7457:"Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Reduce Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Adolescents and Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 4072: 671:. Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as 6096:"Is cannabis use associated with an increased risk of onset and persistence of alcohol use disorders? A three-year prospective study among adults in the United States" 4454:

Blum LN, Nielsen NH, Riggs JA (September 1998). "Alcoholism and alcohol abuse among women: report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. American Medical Association".

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alcoholism. In 2005, alcohol dependence and misuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year, more than cancer and obesity.

10684:"Identifying 'Hitting Bottom' Among Individuals with Alcohol Problems: Development and Evaluation of the Noteworthy Aspects of Drinking Important to Recovery (NADIR)" 9225:

Kushner MG, Abrams K, Borchardt C (March 2000). "The relationship between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders: a review of major perspectives and findings".

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causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, and reduces risk for alcoholism; it is most common in individuals from East Asia and the Middle East. The

1206: 10511: 8411: 5741: 1603:– "A pattern of alcohol use that has caused damage to a person's physical or mental health or has resulted in behaviour leading to harm to the health of others ..." 127:

Drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems,

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and alcohol. Several large GWAS have found differences in the genetics of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence, although the two are to some degree related.

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is commonly used amongst laypeople, but the word is poorly defined. Despite the imprecision inherent in the term, there have been attempts to define how the word

9964: 9054: 3143: 3742:"A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: Past issues and future directions" 1828:

of conditions like anxiety temporarily, prevention of alcoholism may be attempted by reducing the severity or prevalence of stress and anxiety in individuals.

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Walter H, Gutierrez K, Ramskogler K, Hertling I, Dvorak A, Lesch OM (November 2003). "Gender-specific differences in alcoholism: implications for treatment".

4439:, 2000, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 3973:"Alcoholics Anonymous and 12-Step Facilitation Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Distillation of a 2020 Cochrane Review for Clinicians and Policy Makers" 1511: 1487: 1561:"A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by , occurring within a 12-month period ...." 13711: 13260: 11888: 11552: 2585: 496:

an alcohol use disorder. Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health, contributing to psychiatric disorders and increasing the risk of suicide. A

1685:(MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol-related offenses, 1388:(USDA) in 2005, defines "moderate use" as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage a day for women. The 12559: 8780: 8213:

Brotherton AL, Hamilton EP, Kloss HG, Hammond DA (2016). "Propofol for Treatment of Refractory Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Review of the Literature".

6993: 7285: 2497:

forms of alcohol misuse in 2001 as £18.5–20 billion. All economic costs in the United States in 2006 have been estimated at $ 223.5 billion.

1967: 1419: 1389: 1380:

Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use of alcohol refer to improper use of alcohol, which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker.

695:(BACs), since women generally have a lower weight and higher percentage of body fat and therefore a lower volume of distribution for alcohol than men. 1631:

Screening is recommended among those over the age of 18. Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly

12564: 11969: 11572: 4869:

Cosci F, Schruers KR, Abrams K, Griez EJ (June 2007). "Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a direct relationship".

4020: 3326: 2595: 1052: 10487: 8541:"Controlled drinking—non-abstinent versus abstinent treatment goals in alcohol use disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression" 10415: 10056: 5549: 2152:. Benzodiazepines may be used legally, if they are prescribed by doctors for anxiety problems or other mood disorders, or they may be purchased as 2038:

symptoms from alcohol use. The overall effect is discomfort when alcohol is ingested: an extremely rapid and long-lasting, uncomfortable hangover.

744:

disorders. Psychiatric symptoms usually initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal, but typically improve or disappear with continued abstinence.

12946: 12508: 9754: 8727:

Pendery ML, Maltzman IM, West LJ (July 1982). "Controlled drinking by alcoholics? New findings and a reevaluation of a major affirmative study".

2140:, with studies showing 10–20% of alcohol-dependent individuals had problems of dependence and/or misuse problems of benzodiazepine drugs such as 455:

The risk of alcohol dependence begins at low levels of drinking and increases directly with both the volume of alcohol consumed and a pattern of

9776:

Poulos CX, Zack M (November 2004). "Low-dose diazepam primes motivation for alcohol and alcohol-related semantic networks in problem drinkers".

9553:

Kenna G, Lomastro T, Schiesl A, Leggio L, Swift R (May 2009). "Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence".

938:, withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed. Alcohol's primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the 14390: 14154: 776:

Psychiatric disorders differ depending on gender. Women who have alcohol-use disorders often have a co-occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as

9681: 6802:"Genome-wide meta-analysis of problematic alcohol use in 435,563 individuals yields insights into biology and relationships with other traits" 4658: 2955:"Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions" 2702: 2172:

and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics. Alcohol itself is a sedative-hypnotic and is cross-tolerant with other sedative-hypnotics such as

10211: 8933:

Mason BJ, Heyser CJ (January 2010). "The neurobiology, clinical efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence".

6945: 3530: 2731: 11850: 2831: 10275: 10159: 9588:

Leggio L, Garbutt, JC, Addolorato, G (March 2010). "Effectiveness and safety of baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients".

13940: 13810: 9939: 8158:"Patient Outcomes Associated With Phenobarbital Use With or Without Benzodiazepines for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Systematic Review" 5677: 5218:

Karrol BR (2002). "Women and alcohol use disorders: a review of important knowledge and its implications for social work practitioners".

8635: 5465: 3250: 1809:

and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism.

14238: 13149: 12719: 10581: 7748:

Jones AW (2006). "Urine as a biological specimen for forensic analysis of alcohol and variability in the urine-to-blood relationship".

6239: 4432: 711:

problems are common; approximately 10% of all dementia cases are related to alcohol consumption, making it the second leading cause of

7891: 5426: 5275: 1982:

In the United States there are four approved medications for alcoholism: acamprosate, two methods of using naltrexone and disulfiram.

1875:

improves outcomes if benzodiazepine administration lacks the usual efficacy, and phenobarbital alone might be an effective treatment.

12701: 12051: 8337:

no experimental studies unequivocally demonstrated the effectiveness of AA or approaches for reducing alcohol dependence or problems

2180:. Dependence upon and withdrawal from sedative-hypnotics can be medically severe and, as with alcohol withdrawal, there is a risk of 1690: 832:

than women in the general population, which can lead to higher instances of psychiatric disorders and greater dependence on alcohol.

523: 8517: 7675: 3711: 3206: 1494:(ICD) for diagnostic (and other) purposes. The two manuals use similar but not identical nomenclature to classify alcohol problems. 13286: 13253: 12092: 7642: 7343: 2620: 1491: 821: 585: 10655: 10212:

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH News (18 January 2005).

8911: 8044:"Symptom-Triggered Therapy for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 7028: 4487: 4485: 1253:, however, have a significantly higher rate of alcoholism than average; risk factors such as cultural environmental effects (e.g. 727:

area of the brain. The social skills that are impaired by alcohol use disorder include impairments in perceiving facial emotions,

12689: 12208: 9860: 9124:

Soyka M, Rösner S (November 2008). "Opioid antagonists for pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence – a critical review".

2075: 1385: 1006: 915: 910: 6735:"KLB is associated with alcohol drinking, and its gene product β-Klotho is necessary for FGF21 regulation of alcohol preference" 1662:

Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?

14083: 12571: 4482: 1921: 1423: 576:, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties for drunk driving. 7656: 3043:

Testino G, Leone S, Borro P (December 2014). "Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption".

14179: 13607: 12672: 10808: 10451: 10388: 10308: 10269: 10242: 10213: 10184: 10153: 9997: 9197: 9170: 8026: 7972:

Crews F, He J, Hodge C (February 2007). "Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction".

7315: 7210: 7187: 6974: 6394: 6361: 6306: 6272: 6233: 5671: 5498: 5459: 5405: 5378: 5339: 5300: 5269: 5018: 4291: 4220: 4192: 4056: 3524: 3244: 3137: 2804: 1917: 1674: 950:

depression. With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol, these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number, resulting in

74: 10457: 10190: 9203: 7877: 6376:"Gender differences in alcohol use and alcohol dependence or abuse: 2004 or 2005." The NSDUH Report. Retrieved 22 June 2012. 5345: 5306: 4297: 2669: 14452: 12185: 10566: 8315:

Ferri M, Amato L, Davoli M (19 July 2006). "Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step programmes for alcohol dependence".

7425: 6911: 4958:, Huang FY, Davies M (October 2001). "Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes". 723:

are significantly impaired in people with alcoholism due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the

374:

themselves, but only a minority of them do. Environmental factors include social, cultural and behavioral influences. High

30:

This article is about chronic alcohol abuse that results in significant health problems. For alcohol abuse in general, see

10504: 8264:

Schmidt KJ, Doshi MR, Holzhausen JM, Natavio A, Cadiz M, Winegardner JE (2016). "Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal".

7395: 7365: 6200: 14226: 13246: 12906: 12831: 11765: 11237: 11094: 11009: 8407: 5782: 6471:"Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and use disorder in 274,424 individuals from multiple populations" 2070:

showing "encouraging", "promising", "efficacious", and "insufficient" results in the treatment of alcohol use disorders.

14232: 14147: 14114: 13961: 13410: 12804: 12630: 12242: 11904: 11627: 7201: 7199: 3483: 2567: 2157: 1938: 1749: 1441:"a term of long-standing use and variable meaning", and use of the term was disfavored by a 1979 WHO expert committee. 1250: 1022: 10013:

Vonghia L, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Bertini M, Gasbarrini G, Addolorato G (December 2008). "Acute alcohol intoxication".

9956: 3177: 1642:, named for its four questions, is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor's office. 13663: 13189: 13169: 12929: 12612: 9308:

Soyka M, Müller CA (August 2017). "Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism - an update on approved and off-label medications".

9085:"Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 9026: 5949:"Evidence for an interaction between age at first drink and genetic influences on DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms" 3124: 2310: 1702: 801: 7196: 5742:"Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar)" 2196: 13716: 12623: 12419: 11843: 11690: 11557: 10779: 8651:"Rates and correlates of relapse among individuals in remission from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: a 3-year follow-up" 7579: 4756:

Wetterling T, Junghanns K (December 2000). "Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence".

1305: 411: 362: 17: 1888: 1635:

in questionnaire form. Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use.

14174: 13673: 13582: 13565: 12799: 12279: 12232: 11770: 11760: 7701:"Detection of alcohol misusing patients in accident and emergency departments: the Paddington alcohol test (PAT)" 6298:

Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology

1682: 805: 797: 334: 165: 149: 11792: 536:(intense feelings of well-being and happiness), increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a 14067: 13722: 13316: 12444: 12262: 12066: 8678: 5861: 4933: 2566:, a psychoactive agent, has even shown promise in treating alcoholism. Alcohol had actually replaced peyote as 2459: 2055:

works in the same way as disulfiram; it has an advantage in that the occasional adverse effects of disulfiram,

793: 8770: 6997: 2465:

costs of rehabilitation facilities and detoxification centers. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for

14447: 14416: 14140: 13894: 11964: 11393: 7281: 6333: 2200: 1732: 1269: 7917:"The Effectiveness of Tax Policy Interventions for Reducing Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms" 4721:

Uekermann J, Daum I (May 2008). "Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction?".

1989:

may stabilise the brain chemistry that is altered due to alcohol dependence via antagonising the actions of

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Szlemko WJ, Wood JW, Thurman PJ (October 2006). "Native Americans and alcohol: past, present, and future".

6417:"Transancestral GWAS of alcohol dependence reveals common genetic underpinnings with psychiatric disorders" 2590: 476: 330: 83: 11154: 10480: 3298: 382:

Treatment of alcoholism may take several forms. Due to medical problems that can occur during withdrawal,

14107: 13971: 13900: 13888: 13546: 13300: 13227: 12579: 11893: 11836: 11220: 8433: 5693:"Chronic alcohol neuroadaptation and stress contribute to susceptibility for alcohol craving and relapse" 4449: 4447: 4445: 1868: 1686: 958:. When alcohol consumption is stopped too abruptly, the person's nervous system experiences uncontrolled 904: 692: 623: 529: 128: 10404: 10116:

Zuskin E, Jukić V, Lipozencić J, Matosić A, Mustajbegović J, Turcić N, et al. (December 2006). "".

10049: 280:(WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016. The term 13668: 13381: 13335: 13272: 13095: 13058: 12836: 12087: 11979: 11655: 11190: 10867:

Kim W (December 2009). "Drinking culture of elderly Korean immigrants in Canada: a focus group study".

6698:

Spillane NS, Smith GT (May 2007). "A theory of reservation-dwelling American Indian alcohol use risk".

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However, none of these blood tests for biological markers is as sensitive as screening questionnaires.

9708: 6415:

Walters RK, Polimanti R, Johnson EC, McClintick JN, Adams MJ, Adkins AE, et al. (December 2018).

4442: 1490:(DSM) is the most common diagnostic guide for substance use disorders, whereas most countries use the 590:

Having more than one drink a day for women or two drinks for men increases the risk of heart disease,

410:

are used to attempt to keep a person from returning to alcoholism. Among them is the abstinence based

14442: 13977: 13771: 12994: 12660: 12549: 12102: 12011: 11954: 11720: 11650: 11602: 11562: 11442: 11296: 9025:

Rösner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, Lehert P, Vecchi S, Soyka M (September 2010). Rösner S (ed.).

4906:"Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey" 2278: 2137: 2079: 1926: 1802: 1694: 868: 768: 741: 668: 659: 277: 11072: 10601: 2034:, a chemical the body produces when breaking down ethanol. Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many 14298: 13536: 13500: 13434: 13418: 13371: 13344: 13123: 11403: 11020: 8852:

Riper H, Hoogendoorn A, Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Boumparis N, Mira A, et al. (December 2018).

7138: 6616:"Health-related effects of genetic variations of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in African Americans" 6469:

Kranzler HR, Zhou H, Kember RL, Vickers Smith R, Justice AC, Damrauer S, et al. (April 2019).

5761: 4650: 3353:"Substance use, recovery, and linguistics: The impact of word choice on explicit and implicit bias" 326: 12525: 6949: 2698: 1546:

merges alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single new entry, named "alcohol-use disorder".

394:. These can be taken while admitted to a health care institution or individually. The medications 13956: 13588: 13442: 13174: 12979: 12916: 12814: 12789: 12061: 11705: 11695: 11673: 11087: 7332: 3506: 2727: 1725: 1698: 1318: 1284:, as highly associated with alcohol consumption. The protein β-Klotho is an essential element in 643: 136: 5947:

Agrawal A, Sartor CE, Lynskey MT, Grant JD, Pergadia ML, Grucza R, et al. (December 2009).

2827: 2796: 2790: 2120:-assisted psychotherapy is under study for the treatment of patients with alcohol use disorder. 14437: 14354: 14042: 14003: 13834: 13732: 13612: 13552: 13531: 13490: 13479: 13423: 13326: 13291: 12747: 12694: 12650: 12535: 12503: 12294: 12267: 11725: 11545: 11512: 11437: 11432: 11225: 10596: 10259: 10145:

American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders

10143: 5900:"Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review" 5756: 5002: 4994: 2615: 2510: 2486: 2474: 2009: 1858: 1738: 1258: 1117: 947: 753: 655: 635: 561: 537: 480: 383: 12936: 11049: 10973: 9931: 9160: 7455:

Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, et al. (November 2018).

5661: 5488: 5395: 4046: 3299:"The 'alcoholic other': Harmful drinkers resist problem recognition to manage identity threat" 3013:

Blondell RD (February 2005). "Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence".

2392: 634:, and can eventually be fatal. Other physical effects include an increased risk of developing 13737: 13521: 13460: 12540: 12124: 12119: 12023: 11985: 11878: 11787: 11715: 11700: 11612: 11210: 10298: 9682:"Does psilocybin change your brain? How the ingredient in magic mushrooms may ease addiction" 8597: 7157: 6956: 6351: 5613:"Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked?" 5543: 5449: 5368: 3233: 2600: 2580: 1963: 1781: 1714: 1285: 1277: 1241: 1233: 1128: 919: 728: 322: 10378: 10224: 9402:"Anticonvulsants for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol use disorders" 6223: 5818:"Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcoholism: resilience vs. risk" 4429: 3270: 1705:. It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time. 1681:. It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use. The 1589:

Episode of harmful use of alcohol, Harmful pattern of use of alcohol, or Alcohol dependence

14163: 13993: 13766: 13506: 13348: 13238: 13100: 13087: 13031: 12846: 12464: 12257: 12176: 12109: 12006: 11710: 11567: 11378: 11255: 11232: 11174: 11149: 11111: 10910:

French L (2008). "Psychoactive agents and Native American spirituality: Past and present".

10622: 8736: 7898: 6746: 6482: 5829: 5422: 5259: 2605: 2505: 2133: 1909: 1893: 1842: 1760:, which in turn is a sign of alcoholism. Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities including 1742: 1254: 1138:

World map colored by alcohol use disorders (15+), 12 month prevalence (%), data: WHO (2016)

1058: 651: 573: 557: 415: 240: 12809: 6192: 4321:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors" 4123: 4106: 3255:

The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems

2407: 8: 14376: 14344: 14195: 14026: 13911: 13855: 13845: 13688: 13599: 13453: 13448: 13340: 13311: 13179: 13053: 12794: 12779: 12729: 12434: 12424: 12203: 12133: 11921: 11634: 11517: 11467: 11462: 11452: 11447: 11398: 11164: 11060: 10998: 8509: 7915:

Elder R, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi T, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, et al. (2010).

7682: 7598:"The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies" 7339: 3704: 3516: 2470: 2442: 955: 880: 595: 591: 553: 492: 375: 244: 197: 107: 46: 9475: 9450: 8740: 8350: 8349:

Kelly JF, Humphreys K, Ferri M (11 March 2020). Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group (ed.).

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Zhou H, Sealock JM, Sanchez-Roige S, Clarke TK, Levey DF, Cheng Z, et al. (2020).

6782: 6769: 6734: 6680: 6632: 6615: 6591: 6574: 6547: 6530: 6503: 6470: 6441: 6416: 6120: 6095: 6071: 6046: 6022: 5997: 5973: 5948: 5924: 5899: 5853: 5770: 5717: 5692: 5637: 5612: 5588: 5235: 5160: 5117: 5105: 4781: 4698: 4681: 4623: 4598: 4517: 4353: 4320: 4280:

American Medical Association (2003). "Duodenal Ulcer". In Leiken JS, Lipsky MS (eds.).

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Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, Bobashev G, Thomas K, Wines R, et al. (May 2014).

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Das SK, Dhanya L, Vasudevan DM (2008). "Biomarkers of alcoholism: an updated review".

7134: 5052:"Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics" 4971: 4769: 3569: 1713:

There are reliable tests for the actual use of alcohol, one common test being that of

14334: 14246: 14200: 13883: 13471: 13269: 13041: 12911: 12774: 12752: 12655: 12530: 12474: 12252: 12191: 12181: 12153: 12129: 11775: 11617: 11144: 10931: 10884: 10841: 10804: 10761: 10713: 10614: 10447: 10384: 10355: 10304: 10265: 10238: 10180: 10149: 10125: 10090: 10030: 9993: 9913: 9842: 9793: 9789: 9750: 9738: 9724: 9662: 9644: 9605: 9570: 9527: 9519: 9480: 9431: 9382: 9325: 9283: 9242: 9193: 9166: 9141: 9106: 9046: 9007: 8950: 8885: 8826: 8822: 8752: 8670: 8666: 8619: 8614: 8582: 8570: 8562: 8490: 8388: 8370: 8328: 8289: 8281: 8238: 8230: 8195: 8177: 8130: 8122: 8081: 8063: 8022: 7989: 7954: 7936: 7835: 7808: 7765: 7761: 7730: 7619: 7554: 7550: 7519: 7478: 7321: 7311: 7263: 7183: 7117: 7113: 7081: 6970: 6893: 6839: 6821: 6774: 6715: 6672: 6637: 6596: 6552: 6508: 6446: 6390: 6357: 6302: 6268: 6229: 6167: 6163: 6125: 6111: 6076: 6027: 5978: 5964: 5929: 5845: 5774: 5722: 5708: 5667: 5642: 5628: 5580: 5531: 5527: 5494: 5455: 5401: 5374: 5335: 5296: 5265: 5195: 5152: 5109: 5073: 5032: 5024: 5014: 4975: 4925: 4921: 4886: 4851: 4847: 4816: 4773: 4738: 4734: 4703: 4628: 4579: 4544: 4509: 4471: 4412: 4385: 4358: 4340: 4287: 4262: 4216: 4188: 4163: 4128: 4052: 4002: 3953: 3904: 3855: 3820: 3771: 3686: 3659: 3624: 3583: 3520: 3479: 3467: 3423: 3382: 3368: 3318: 3240: 3133: 3101: 3052: 3022: 2984: 2930: 2884: 2800: 2518: 2490: 2177: 2052: 1796: 1757: 1632: 1218: 1076: 888: 852: 829: 724: 687:

can occur in individuals who chronically misuse alcohol and have a recent history of

569: 497: 491:

to alcohol – which means that an individual can consume more alcohol – and

488: 221: 205: 98: 11003: 10896: 10853: 10102: 9987: 9805: 9539: 9353:"Review: Pharmacogenetics of alcoholism treatment: Implications of ethnic diversity" 9337: 8962: 8838: 8631: 8301: 8250: 8142: 7820: 7777: 7310:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 490. 7234:"How should we revise diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders in the DSM-V?" 6684: 5592: 5239: 5164: 5121: 4785: 4403:

Testino G (2008). "Alcoholic diseases in hepato-gastroenterology: a point of view".

2513:

of motivation for behavior change. The first use of this slang phrase in the formal

1673:

Other tests are sometimes used for the detection of alcohol dependence, such as the

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questioned. Another subject, who could not be found, was reported gravely disabled.

8744: 8709: 8662: 8609: 8552: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8378: 8366: 8362: 8324: 8320: 8273: 8222: 8185: 8169: 8112: 8071: 8055: 8001: 7981: 7944: 7928: 7827: 7800: 7757: 7720: 7712: 7676:"The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; Guidelines for Use in Primary Care" 7660: 7609: 7546: 7509: 7468: 7253: 7245: 7109: 7071: 7063: 6883: 6875: 6829: 6813: 6786: 6764: 6754: 6707: 6664: 6627: 6586: 6542: 6498: 6490: 6436: 6428: 6159: 6115: 6107: 6066: 6058: 6017: 6009: 5968: 5960: 5919: 5911: 5837: 5766: 5712: 5704: 5632: 5624: 5572: 5523: 5227: 5187: 5144: 5101: 5063: 5006: 4967: 4917: 4878: 4843: 4808: 4765: 4730: 4693: 4618: 4610: 4575: 4571: 4521: 4501: 4463: 4348: 4332: 4252: 4155: 4118: 3992: 3984: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3847: 3810: 3802: 3761: 3753: 3651: 3614: 3573: 3565: 3512: 3459: 3413: 3372: 3364: 3310: 3091: 3087: 3083: 2974: 2966: 2920: 2874: 2866: 1994: 1281: 998: 979: 971: 817: 809: 777: 737: 540:

and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes

350: 338: 153: 145: 10699: 10217: 9321: 7873: 7207:"Diagnostic Criteria for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence – Alcohol Alert No. 30-1995" 7206: 5998:"Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Persistently Impacts Adult Neurobiology and Behavior" 5857: 4208: 3757: 1863:

Medical treatment for alcohol detoxification usually involves administration of a

1701:(PAT) was designed to screen for alcohol-related problems amongst those attending 824:(ADHD). Women with alcohol use disorder are more likely to experience physical or 14324: 14210: 13878: 13700: 13331: 13305: 13194: 12875: 12860: 12841: 12346: 12341: 12215: 11799: 11683: 11408: 11025: 10798: 10610: 10441: 10232: 10174: 9187: 8978:"Acamprosate: a prototypic neuromodulator in the treatment of alcohol dependence" 8870: 8016: 7932: 7831: 7177: 6964: 6733:

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Alcohol use disorders deaths per million persons in 2012

1308:, when not properly repaired, may have a key role in the 1092: 37:"Alcoholic" redirects here. For alcoholic beverages, see 12636:

Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

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5049: 4868: 3641: 2952: 9889: 7636: 7231: 6864:"DNA damage and neurotoxicity of chronic alcohol abuse" 6861: 6145:"Alcohol as a gateway drug: a study of US 12th graders" 3970: 3296: 1312:

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Alcoholismus chronicus, eller Chronisk alkoholssjukdom

2429:. That term now has a more specific meaning. The term 1257:) have been proposed to explain the higher rates. The 703:

Long-term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of

82:

A French temperance organisation poster depicting the

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2024:

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1677:, which is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the 1656:

Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?

1488:

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1051:

which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. These

353:

if stopped suddenly. These health effects can reduce

11889:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

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Alcohol harmful use, or Alcohol dependence syndrome

1087:; it is the third-most popular drink overall, after 922:. Reproduction of an etching by G. Cruikshank, 1847. 771:

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41:. For alcohol consumption by people in general, see 12560:

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To use wrongly or improperly; misuse: abuse alcohol

6047:"Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction" 4755: 4187:. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 40–45. 3921: 3872: 3739: 3346: 3344: 3069: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2123: 10172: 7790: 6862:Kruman II, Henderson GI, Bergeson SE (July 2012). 6654: 5897: 5876: 5480: 4534: 3642:Agarwal-Kozlowski K, Agarwal DP (April 2000). "". 3594: 3350: 3174:"World Population Prospects – Population Division" 1968:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1756:With regard to alcoholism, BAC is useful to judge 1420:National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence 1390:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 12565:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 11970:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 10681: 10486:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10383:. Vol. 2. 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For the chemical compound in general, see 13811:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder 10439: 9706: 9629:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9455:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9307: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9123: 9031:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8975: 8932: 8693: 8642: 8589: 8465:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8405: 8355:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7965: 7681:. World Health Organization. Archived from 7595: 7498:"Identifying and managing problem drinkers" 7489: 7098: 6948:. World Health Organization. Archived from 6850: 6613: 6607: 6563: 6524: 6522: 6215: 5684: 5206: 4644: 4642: 3788: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3265: 3263: 3239:. 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Risk is greater with 560:while unconscious) and 363:harm the child's health 131:occurring when stopping 14043:Amphetamine dependence 14004:Barbiturate dependence 13835:Green Tobacco Sickness 13733:Amotivational syndrome 13613:Alcoholic lung disease 13553:Alcoholic hallucinosis 13532:Alcoholic hallucinosis 13480:Alcoholic ketoacidosis 13424:Alcohol flush reaction 13292:Substance intoxication 12780:Alcohol rehabilitation 12748:Alcohol detoxification 12651:Field sobriety testing 12536:Health effects of wine 12504:International Beer Day 12268:Holiday heart syndrome 11726:Tobacco harm reduction 11546:Contingency management 11513:Alcohol detoxification 11226:Internet sex addiction 10748:10.1136/bmj.2.5455.184 10050:"Science of Addiction" 9825:Alcohol and Alcoholism 9102:10.1001/jama.2014.3628 7615:10.25011/cim.v30i1.447 7496:Kahan M (April 1996). 7021:"Young Adult Drinking" 6700:Psychological Bulletin 5220:Journal of Social Work 4468:10.1089/jwh.1998.7.861 4325:British Dental Journal 4111:Alcohol and Alcoholism 3989:10.1093/alcalc/agaa050 3977:Alcohol and Alcoholism 3644:Therapeutische Umschau 2859:Psychological Medicine 2616:Holiday heart syndrome 2511:transtheoretical model 2487:fetal alcohol syndrome 2475:interpersonal violence 2471:motor vehicle injuries 2447:prohibition of alcohol 2415:Historically the name 2412: 2404: 2365: 2274: 2266: 2176:, benzodiazepines and 2010:competitive antagonist 1896: 1859:Alcohol detoxification 1737:Moderate elevation of 1665: 1350: 1286:cell surface receptors 1259:aldehyde dehydrogenase 1043: 1027: 948:central nervous system 923: 754:organic brain syndrome 656:central nervous system 636:cardiovascular disease 574:drinking while driving 562:respiratory depression 484: 481:fetal alcohol syndrome 200:, anxiety, easy access 158:cirrhosis of the liver 13738:Cannabis use disorder 13461:Auto-brewery syndrome 13032:Disulfiram-like drugs 12572:Ritual use of alcohol 12541:Wine and food pairing 12526:Apéritif and digestif 12177:Adulterated moonshine 12024:Blood alcohol content 11986:Seeing pink elephants 11788:Motivational salience 11716:Stimulant maintenance 11701:Moderation Management 11613:Methadone maintenance 10652:TheFreeDictionary.com 9838:10.1093/alcalc/agg123 8467:(Systematic review). 7849:|...}} 7826:(Retracted, see 7750:Toxicological Reviews 7176:VandenBos GR (2006). 6475:Nature Communications 6014:10.1124/pr.115.012138 5289:Isralowitz R (2004). 5192:10.1176/ajp.140.6.711 5069:10.1176/ajp.154.7.948 4813:10.1176/ps.34.11.1022 4564:Revue Médicale Suisse 3511:(1 ed.). Wiley. 3464:10.1056/NEJMra1407298 2830:. 14 September 2011. 2730:. 14 September 2011. 2601:CRAFFT Screening Test 2581:Addictive personality 2410: 2395: 2313: 2272: 2199: 1964:Moderation Management 1891: 1795:Further information: 1782:respiratory alkalosis 1715:blood alcohol content 1709:Urine and blood tests 1644: 1558:Alcohol use disorder 1530:Alcohol dependence – 1430:has had an entry for 1337: 1278:transmembrane protein 1242:alcohol dehydrogenase 1234:alcohol dehydrogenase 1033: 1025: 918: 767:The co-occurrence of 475:Some of the possible 474: 390:medications, such as 347:increased cancer risk 14448:Substance dependence 14164:Alcoholics Anonymous 13994:Barbiturate overdose 13767:Cocaine intoxication 13507:Alcohol intoxication 13349:Substance dependence 13101:Alcohol in the Bible 13088:Religion and alcohol 13054:General anaesthetics 12847:Alcoholics Anonymous 12805:List of mixed drinks 12258:Alcohol intoxication 12173:Adulterated alcohol 11711:Responsible drug use 11568:Motivational therapy 11233:Video game addiction 10405:"Alcohol and health" 10261:Diseases of the Will 8508:Ashton M, Davies N. 7717:10.1136/emj.13.5.308 7663:on 6 September 2006. 7068:10.5888/pcd11.140329 6350:McFarland B (2009). 5328:Langdana FK (2009). 4883:10.4088/JCP.v68n0608 4599:"Alcohol metabolism" 4079:. 28 February 2024. 2606:Disulfiram-like drug 1920:is disputed. A 2020 1910:Alcoholics Anonymous 1894:Alcoholics Anonymous 1843:Alcoholics Anonymous 1458:alcohol use disorder 1276:, which encodes the 1224:alcohol metabolism, 652:head and neck cancer 416:Alcoholics Anonymous 298:alcohol use disorder 245:Twelve Step Programs 241:Alcoholics Anonymous 14377:Bill W. and Dr. Bob 14345:Hazelden Foundation 14240:The Little Red Book 14027:Stimulant psychosis 13912:Opioid use disorder 13856:Nicotine dependence 13846:Nicotine withdrawal 13689:Caffeine dependence 13449:Alcoholic hepatitis 13341:Physical dependence 13312:Neonatal withdrawal 13180:Gateway drug effect 12966:Low-alcohol drinks 12795:Non-alcoholic drink 12730:Temperance movement 12712:Alcohol prohibition 12435:Gilbert Paul Jordan 12425:Dionysian Mysteries 12209:on college campuses 12204:Alcohol advertising 11922:Public intoxication 11635:Twelve-step program 11518:Drug detoxification 11399:Physical dependence 10380:Substances of Abuse 10258:Valverde M (1998). 9555:Curr Drug Abuse Rev 8741:1982Sci...217..169P 8015:Gabbard GO (2001). 7904:on 23 January 2010. 6952:on 5 February 2013. 6806:Nature Neuroscience 6751:2016PNAS..11314372S 6745:(50): 14372–14377. 6487:2019NatCo..10.1499K 6421:Nature Neuroscience 6336:3 July 2014 at the 6197:European Beer Guide 5834:2006NYASA1094..193E 5660:Johnson BA (2011). 4758:European Psychiatry 3412:(Suppl 1): S111-5. 3303:Addictive Behaviors 3232:Littrell J (2014). 2517:appeared in a 1965 2502:hitting rock bottom 2454:Society and culture 2443:temperance movement 1049:expression of genes 966:, life-threatening 956:physical dependence 887:, or contribute to 596:atrial fibrillation 592:high blood pressure 558:inhalation of vomit 554:anterograde amnesia 552:, unconsciousness, 493:physical dependence 339:irregular heartbeat 154:irregular heartbeat 108:clinical psychology 47:Alcohol (chemistry) 14384:My Name Is Bill W. 14304:Rowland Hazard III 13841:Nicotine poisoning 13783:Cocaine dependence 13712:Cannabis arteritis 13572:Korsakoff syndrome 13472:Endocrine diseases 13012:Addiction medicine 12955:Get Your Sexy Back 12895:Alcohol limitation 12871:Sober living house 12837:Twelve-step groups 12770:Brief intervention 12763:Open-container law 12725:Neo-prohibitionism 12685:Legal drinking age 12491:Alcoholic beverage 12392:Alcohol inhalation 12307:Drinking in public 12285:Blackout Wednesday 12143:Beverage-specific 11860:Alcohol and health 11793:Incentive salience 11781:Inhibitory control 11756:Category:Addiction 11746:Addiction medicine 11541:Relapse prevention 11478:Tanning dependence 11036:External resources 10797:Stivers R (2000). 10543:on 18 January 2008 10377:Potter JV (2008). 10231:Peters UH (2007). 10220:on 18 August 2006. 9369:10.1111/ajad.12463 8776:The New York Times 8430:dictionary.apa.org 7156:Thombs DL (1999). 7027:(68). April 2006. 7010:Dietary Guidelines 6918:. September 2020. 6573:Ehlers CL (2007). 6295:Arnold JP (2005). 6261:Rudgley R (1993). 5916:10.1111/acer.13904 5490:Medical Toxicology 5394:Schadé JP (2006). 5367:Gifford M (2009). 5258:McCully C (2004). 4213:The Volume Library 3176:. United Nations. 2515:medical literature 2491:cognitive deficits 2413: 2405: 2381:alcohol dependence 2366: 2275: 2267: 2263: 9,122–25,165 2178:nonbenzodiazepines 1956:alcohol dependence 1935:Women for Sobriety 1897: 1778:metabolic acidosis 1679:CAGE questionnaire 1640:CAGE questionnaire 1607:Alcohol dependence 1521:Alcohol dependence 1454:alcohol dependence 1363:alcohol dependence 1351: 1097:fermented beverage 1085:alcoholic beverage 1047:may influence the 1044: 1028: 924: 899:Alcohol withdrawal 869:loss of employment 842:Drug-related crime 632:sexual dysfunction 624:alcoholic dementia 518:Short-term effects 485: 451:Signs and symptoms 303:alcohol dependence 263:3.3 million / 5.9% 116:addiction medicine 14425: 14424: 14335:Bill Wilson House 14201:Twelve Traditions 14130: 14129: 13884:Opioid withdrawal 13647: 13646: 13621: 13620: 13236: 13235: 13158: 13157: 13108:Islam and alcohol 13042:Calcium carbimide 12912:Alcohol education 12800:List of cocktails 12775:Designated driver 12753:Alcohol-free zone 12656:Hip flask defence 12590: 12589: 12531:Hangover remedies 12475:Whiskey Rebellion 12465:Six o'clock swill 12253:Austrian syndrome 12192:Surrogate alcohol 12182:Denatured alcohol 12154:Red wine headache 11826: 11825: 11776:Cognitive control 11734: 11733: 11618:Smoking cessation 11573:Physical exercise 11488: 11487: 11474:Non-drug stimuli 11373: 11372: 11217:Internet-related 11070: 11069: 10810:978-0-8264-1218-8 10694:(12): 1602–1615. 10648:"hit rock bottom" 10453:978-1-55766-283-5 10390:978-1-930327-46-7 10310:978-0-8018-8119-0 10297:Tracy SJ (2005). 10271:978-0-521-64469-3 10244:978-3-437-15061-6 10186:978-1-85433-290-5 10155:978-0-89042-385-1 9999:978-1-4473-1354-0 9963:. 18 March 2021. 9865:Our World in Data 9516:10.1345/aph.1L157 9316:(12): 1187–1199. 9199:978-0-7817-6998-3 9186:Gitlow S (2006). 9172:978-0-415-07215-1 8558:10.1111/add.15329 8227:10.1002/phar.1726 8162:Hospital Pharmacy 8028:978-0-88048-910-2 7467:(18): 1899–1909. 7317:978-0-89042-554-1 7189:978-1-59147-380-0 6976:978-0-618-70172-8 6427:(12): 1656–1669. 6396:978-0-89042-555-8 6363:978-1-4027-6694-7 6308:978-0-9662084-1-2 6274:978-0-7141-1736-2 6235:978-0-415-31121-2 6222:Nelson M (2005). 5910:(12): 2281–2297. 5788:on 10 August 2013 5673:978-1-4419-0337-2 5617:Addiction Biology 5500:978-0-7817-2845-4 5461:978-1-58562-276-4 5425:. Psych Central. 5407:978-1-60136-001-4 5380:978-0-313-35908-8 5341:978-0-387-77665-1 5302:978-1-57607-708-5 5271:978-1-84310-265-6 5020:978-0-306-47258-9 4293:978-0-8129-9100-0 4222:978-0-87197-208-8 4194:978-0-7637-1461-1 4148:Hospital Medicine 4058:978-81-86062-04-3 3526:978-1-4051-2433-1 3246:978-1-317-78314-5 3139:978-92-4-156563-9 2806:978-0-89042-554-1 2701:. November 2013. 2666:meshb.nlm.nih.gov 2379:Among those with 2257: 5,861–8,838 2251: 5,173–5,802 2239: 3,953–5,069 2233: 2,898–3,935 2221: 1,551–2,585 2134:drug dependencies 2053:Calcium carbimide 1949:Moderate drinking 1899:Various forms of 1797:Alcohol education 1758:alcohol tolerance 1615: 1614: 1213:Genetic variation 1103:Gender difference 1077:recreational drug 1035:William Hogarth's 889:domestic violence 853:domestic violence 830:domestic violence 818:impulse disorders 725:prefrontal cortex 707:problems. Severe 580:Long-term effects 570:alcohol poisoning 421:Many terms, some 384:alcohol cessation 267: 266: 222:Alcohol cessation 206:Diagnostic method 54:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 14460: 14443:Drinking culture 14415: 14414: 14360:Charles B. Towns 14350:The Oxford Group 14157: 14150: 14143: 14134: 14133: 14074:Toluene toxicity 13558:Delirium tremens 13454:Zieve's syndrome 13407: 13406: 13400: 13399: 13263: 13256: 13249: 13240: 13239: 13226: 13225: 13025:Chlordiazepoxide 12975:Low-alcohol beer 12619:Alcohol monopoly 12601: 12600: 12521:Drinking culture 12514:Women in brewing 12397:Vodka eyeballing 12364:Passive drinking 11875: 11874: 11853: 11846: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11816: 11815: 11503: 11502: 11384: 11383: 11309:G9a-like protein 11125: 11124: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11074: 11073: 10948: 10947: 10936: 10935: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10864: 10858: 10857: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10711: 10679: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10627: 10621:. Archived from 10604: 10586: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10516: 10509: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10485: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10420: 10409: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10353: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10228: 10222: 10221: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10170: 10164: 10163: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10054: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10010: 10004: 10003: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9953: 9944: 9943: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9911: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9840: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9736: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9660: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9504:Ann Pharmacother 9499: 9493: 9492: 9478: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9429: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9380: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9305: 9292: 9291: 9281: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9104: 9095:(18): 1889–900. 9080: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9005: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8883: 8873: 8864:(12): e1002714. 8849: 8843: 8842: 8806: 8797: 8796: 8790: 8788: 8779:. 28 June 1982. 8767: 8761: 8760: 8735:(4555): 169–75. 8724: 8718: 8717: 8702:Behavior Therapy 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8617: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8560: 8551:(8): 1973–1987. 8536: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8441: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8386: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8120: 8111:(7): 1005–1011. 8096: 8090: 8089: 8079: 8054:(6): 1018–1024. 8039: 8033: 8032: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7952: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7850: 7824: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7617: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7585:on 28 July 2011. 7584: 7578:. Archived from 7577: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7517: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7476: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7261: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7153: 7142: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7079: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6891: 6859: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6772: 6762: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6550: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6466: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6412: 6401: 6400: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6347: 6341: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6149: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6123: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6008:(4): 1074–1109. 5993: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5927: 5895: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5813: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5787: 5781:. Archived from 5764: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5720: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5608: 5597: 5596: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5539: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5487:Dart RC (2003). 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5255: 5244: 5243: 5215: 5204: 5203: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5100:(10): 1289–304. 5088: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5047: 5041: 5040: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4489: 4480: 4479: 4451: 4440: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4411:(82–83): 371–7. 4400: 4394: 4393: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4356: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073:"Binge Drinking" 4069: 4063: 4062: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3885:(CD012880): 15. 3870: 3864: 3863: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3622: 3607:Alcohol Research 3598: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3564:(9963): 117–71. 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3443: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3380: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3170: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3131: 3121: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3010: 2993: 2992: 2982: 2950: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2913:Alcohol Research 2904: 2893: 2892: 2882: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2811: 2810: 2787: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2658: 2641: 2638: 2568:Native Americans 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 1995:neurotransmitter 1497: 1496: 1392:(NIAAA) defines 1384:, issued by the 1344: 1341: 1304:Alcohol-induced 1251:Native Americans 1198: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1131: 1120: 999:delirium tremens 980:neurotransmitter 972:delirium tremens 881:marital conflict 810:bipolar disorder 778:major depression 654:. Damage to the 467:Long-term misuse 323:trouble sleeping 210:Questionnaires, 92: 89: 77: 57: 56: 21: 18:Drinking problem 14468: 14467: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14421: 14403: 14364: 14355:Stepping Stones 14325:Al-Anon/Alateen 14313: 14252: 14215: 14211:Serenity Prayer 14184: 14166: 14161: 14131: 14126: 14095: 14056: 14049: 14010: 13928: 13919: 13879:Opioid overdose 13862: 13818: 13789: 13750: 13695: 13643: 13617: 13594: 13523: 13516: 13493:system diseases 13492: 13485: 13466: 13429: 13389: 13361: 13355: 13332:Substance abuse 13275: 13267: 13237: 13232: 13214: 13195:Self-medication 13154: 13112: 13082: 13020:Benzodiazepines 13006: 12890: 12876:Sobering center 12861:Sober companion 12842:Al-Anon/Alateen 12734: 12706: 12596: 12586: 12479: 12408: 12348:In vino veritas 12342:Hair of the dog 12160: 12076:Adverse effects 12071: 12040: 11990: 11936: 11880: 11879:Alcohol-related 11870: 11862: 11857: 11827: 11822: 11804: 11800:Sober companion 11730: 11684:Reagent testing 11660: 11639: 11583: 11577: 11528: 11522: 11497: 11495: 11484: 11413: 11369: 11256:Transcriptional 11248: 11242: 11169: 11155:Methylphenidate 11150:Methamphetamine 11114: 11101: 11071: 11066: 11065: 11031: 11030: 10959: 10945: 10940: 10939: 10908: 10904: 10865: 10861: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10795: 10791: 10778: 10777: 10773: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10680: 10671: 10661: 10659: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10631: 10629: 10628:on 21 July 2018 10625: 10602:10.1.1.460.5582 10584: 10578: 10574: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10503: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10483: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10461: 10454: 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10407: 10403: 10402: 10398: 10391: 10375: 10371: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10295: 10291: 10281: 10279: 10272: 10256: 10252: 10245: 10229: 10225: 10210: 10206: 10196: 10194: 10187: 10171: 10167: 10156: 10142: 10141: 10137: 10114: 10110: 10071: 10067: 10059: 10052: 10046: 10042: 10011: 10007: 10000: 9984: 9980: 9970: 9968: 9955: 9954: 9947: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9817: 9813: 9774: 9770: 9760: 9758: 9719:(10): 953–962. 9713:JAMA Psychiatry 9705: 9701: 9691: 9689: 9678: 9674: 9635:(8): CD008502. 9621: 9617: 9586: 9582: 9551: 9547: 9510:(10): 1475–80. 9500: 9496: 9461:(2): CD008544. 9447: 9443: 9398: 9394: 9349: 9345: 9306: 9295: 9258: 9254: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9207: 9200: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9157: 9153: 9122: 9118: 9081: 9070: 9060: 9058: 9037:(9): CD004332. 9023: 9019: 8974: 8970: 8931: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8850: 8846: 8807: 8800: 8786: 8784: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8725: 8721: 8698: 8694: 8684: 8682: 8661:(12): 2036–45. 8647: 8643: 8594: 8590: 8537: 8533: 8523: 8521: 8514:findings.org.uk 8506: 8502: 8471:(3): CD012880. 8457: 8453: 8439: 8437: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8404: 8400: 8361:(3): CD012880. 8347: 8343: 8319:(3): CD005032. 8313: 8309: 8262: 8258: 8215:Pharmacotherapy 8211: 8207: 8154: 8150: 8097: 8093: 8040: 8036: 8029: 8013: 8009: 7970: 7966: 7913: 7909: 7901: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7870: 7866: 7852: 7844: 7842: 7825: 7789: 7785: 7746: 7742: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7635: 7631: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7535: 7531: 7494: 7490: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7437: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7318: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7174: 7167: 7154: 7145: 7133: 7129: 7097: 7093: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7003: 7001: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6961: 6957: 6942: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6860: 6851: 6798: 6794: 6731: 6727: 6696: 6692: 6653: 6649: 6612: 6608: 6571: 6564: 6527: 6520: 6467: 6458: 6413: 6404: 6397: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6338:Wayback Machine 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6092: 6088: 6043: 6039: 5994: 5990: 5959:(12): 2047–56. 5945: 5941: 5896: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5814: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5689: 5685: 5674: 5658: 5654: 5609: 5600: 5561: 5557: 5541: 5540: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5462: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5283: 5272: 5256: 5247: 5216: 5207: 5176: 5172: 5133: 5129: 5089: 5085: 5048: 5044: 5021: 4991: 4987: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4902: 4898: 4867: 4863: 4842:(1A): 41S–48S. 4832: 4828: 4797: 4793: 4754: 4750: 4719: 4715: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4640: 4595: 4591: 4560: 4556: 4533: 4529: 4490: 4483: 4452: 4443: 4437:Wayback Machine 4428: 4424: 4401: 4397: 4374: 4370: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4294: 4278: 4274: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4144: 4140: 4103: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3969: 3965: 3934:(3): CD012880. 3920: 3916: 3871: 3867: 3836: 3832: 3787: 3783: 3738: 3734: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3675: 3671: 3640: 3636: 3599: 3595: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3527: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3458:(22): 2109–13. 3444: 3435: 3398: 3394: 3349: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3295: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3247: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3113: 3082:(3): CD012880. 3068: 3064: 3041: 3034: 3011: 2996: 2951: 2942: 2905: 2896: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2807: 2789: 2788: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2576: 2545:stock character 2537:popular culture 2462: 2456: 2445:and led to the 2397:Adriaen Brouwer 2390: 2374:drug dependence 2364: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2215: 814–1,501 2212: 2210: 2206: 2194: 2130:drug addictions 2126: 2112: 2096: 2047:Benzodiazepines 1999:post-withdrawal 1980: 1951: 1922:Cochrane review 1886: 1861: 1855: 1834: 1826:self-medication 1799: 1793: 1711: 1629: 1620: 1618:Social barriers 1484: 1408: 1399:standard drinks 1342: 1332: 1327: 1302: 1221: 1215: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1197: 33.9–36.9 1194: 1193: 1191: 28.8–28.8 1188: 1187: 1185: 22.2–23.5 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 19.9–21.2 1174: 1173: 1171: 14.8–18.1 1168: 1167: 1165: 11.1–14.7 1162: 1161: 1159: 1157: 7.4–11.0 1154: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1073: 1020: 1012:gene expression 1007:kindling effect 943: 936:benzodiazepines 913: 907: 901: 844: 838: 701: 677:menstrual cycle 588: 582: 526: 520: 515: 506: 469: 453: 355:life expectancy 243:(AA) and other 228:, counselling, 226:benzodiazepines 224:typically with 90: 55: 50: 39:Alcoholic drink 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14466: 14456: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14398:Bill W. (2012) 14394: 14387: 14380: 14372: 14370: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14321: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14279:Sister Ignatia 14276: 14271: 14266: 14260: 14258: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14243: 14236: 14229: 14223: 14221: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14192: 14190: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14160: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14137: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14124: 14119: 14118: 14117: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14089:Inhalant abuse 14086: 14078: 14077: 14076: 14071: 14061: 14059: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14045: 14031: 14030: 14029: 14020: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14006: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13975: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13959: 13949:benzodiazepine 13945: 13944: 13943: 13934: 13932: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13898: 13892: 13886: 13881: 13872: 13870: 13864: 13863: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13850: 13849: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13828: 13826: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13808: 13799: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13769: 13760: 13758: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13741: 13735: 13727: 13726: 13725: 13720: 13714: 13705: 13703: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13657: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13641: 13639:Binge drinking 13636: 13629: 13627: 13623: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13604: 13602: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13592: 13586: 13580: 13574: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13555: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13528: 13526: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13497: 13495: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13476: 13474: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13464: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13451: 13439: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13427: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13404: 13397: 13391: 13390: 13388: 13387: 13386: 13385: 13376: 13375: 13374: 13365: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13353: 13352: 13351: 13338: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13314: 13303: 13298: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13276: 13266: 13265: 13258: 13251: 13243: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13230: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13210:French paradox 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13166: 13164: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13092: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13066:Sulfonic acids 13063: 13062: 13061: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13016: 13014: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13004: 13003: 13002: 13000:Standard drink 12997: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12964: 12962:Liquor license 12959: 12958: 12957: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12834: 12829: 12827:Temperance bar 12824: 12819: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12750: 12744: 12742: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12716: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12682: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12616: 12609: 12607: 12598: 12592: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12574: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12533: 12528: 12518: 12517: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12493: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12248:Binge drinking 12245: 12240: 12238:Alcohol powder 12235: 12230: 12228:Alcohol myopia 12225: 12224: 12223: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12201: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12189: 12179: 12170: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12150: 12141: 12136: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12036:Wine chemistry 12033: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12004: 12002:Beer chemistry 11998: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11946: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11897: 11891: 11885: 11883: 11872: 11864: 11863: 11856: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11833: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11676: 11670: 11668: 11666:Harm reduction 11662: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11647: 11645: 11644:Support groups 11641: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11625: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11587: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11543: 11532: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11520: 11515: 11509: 11507: 11506:Detoxification 11500: 11490: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11443:Benzodiazepine 11440: 11435: 11430: 11421: 11419: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11390: 11388: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11306: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11252: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11200: 11198:Palatable food 11195: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11179: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11131: 11129: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11100: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11077: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061:article/285913 11052: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11017: 11006: 10991: 10976: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10951:Classification 10944: 10943:External links 10941: 10938: 10937: 10902: 10859: 10816: 10809: 10789: 10771: 10723: 10669: 10639: 10572: 10554: 10528: 10496: 10471: 10452: 10432: 10396: 10389: 10369: 10316: 10309: 10289: 10270: 10250: 10243: 10223: 10204: 10185: 10165: 10154: 10135: 10108: 10065: 10040: 10005: 9998: 9978: 9945: 9923: 9882: 9852: 9811: 9768: 9699: 9672: 9615: 9580: 9545: 9494: 9441: 9412:(4): 293–311. 9392: 9363:(5): 516–525. 9343: 9293: 9272:(12): 1705–8. 9252: 9217: 9198: 9178: 9171: 9151: 9116: 9068: 9017: 8968: 8925: 8895: 8844: 8817:(8): 1043–51. 8798: 8762: 8719: 8692: 8641: 8588: 8531: 8500: 8451: 8417: 8398: 8341: 8307: 8272:(5): 389–401. 8256: 8221:(4): 433–442. 8205: 8168:(9): 607–616. 8148: 8091: 8034: 8027: 8007: 7964: 7927:(2): 217–229. 7907: 7883: 7864: 7783: 7740: 7691: 7688:on 2 May 2006. 7666: 7648: 7629: 7588: 7564: 7545:(14): 1905–7. 7529: 7488: 7447: 7417: 7387: 7357: 7331: 7316: 7299: 7273: 7224: 7195: 7188: 7165: 7143: 7127: 7091: 7042: 7012: 7000:on 1 July 2007 6985: 6975: 6955: 6933: 6903: 6874:(7): 740–747. 6849: 6812:(7): 809–818. 6792: 6725: 6706:(3): 395–418. 6690: 6647: 6606: 6562: 6518: 6456: 6402: 6395: 6378: 6369: 6362: 6342: 6321: 6307: 6287: 6273: 6253: 6234: 6214: 6184: 6135: 6086: 6037: 5988: 5939: 5875: 5828:(1): 193–201. 5799: 5762:10.1.1.489.341 5755:(11): 1353–7. 5732: 5683: 5672: 5652: 5598: 5555: 5506: 5499: 5479: 5460: 5440: 5413: 5406: 5386: 5379: 5359: 5340: 5320: 5301: 5281: 5270: 5245: 5205: 5170: 5127: 5083: 5042: 5019: 4985: 4947: 4916:(3): 197–206. 4896: 4861: 4826: 4807:(11): 1022–7. 4791: 4748: 4713: 4672: 4655:Eurekalert.org 4638: 4589: 4554: 4527: 4481: 4441: 4422: 4395: 4368: 4331:(9): 780–786. 4311: 4292: 4272: 4228: 4221: 4200: 4193: 4173: 4138: 4094: 4064: 4057: 4038: 4012: 3983:(6): 641–651. 3963: 3914: 3865: 3830: 3781: 3752:(6): 578–586. 3732: 3696: 3685:(7): 1529–32. 3669: 3634: 3613:(4): 495–505. 3593: 3544: 3525: 3497: 3433: 3392: 3340: 3286: 3259: 3245: 3224: 3191: 3160: 3138: 3111: 3062: 3045:Minerva Medica 3032: 3021:(3): 495–502. 2994: 2940: 2919:(4): 495–505. 2894: 2865:(5): 949–957. 2845: 2812: 2805: 2745: 2716: 2683: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2455: 2452: 2423:C. W. Hufeland 2389: 2386: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2304: 2284:Eastern Europe 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2193: 2190: 2125: 2122: 2110: 2095: 2092: 2084:antipsychotics 2072: 2071: 2060: 2057:hepatotoxicity 2050: 2040: 2039: 2025: 2003: 1979: 1976: 1950: 1947: 1931:SMART Recovery 1885: 1882: 1865:benzodiazepine 1857:Main article: 1854: 1851: 1847:harm-reduction 1839:zero tolerance 1833: 1830: 1818:evidence-based 1807:European Union 1792: 1789: 1766:hypomagnesemia 1754: 1753: 1746: 1735: 1729: 1710: 1707: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1534:combined with 1528: 1523: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1437:The WHO calls 1407: 1404: 1394:binge drinking 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1301: 1298: 1214: 1211: 1180: 1160: 1151: 3.7–7.3 1145: 0.0–3.6 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1072: 1069: 1019: 1016: 941: 903:Main article: 900: 897: 837: 836:Social effects 834: 826:sexual assault 786:panic disorder 762:Panic disorder 733:theory of mind 700: 697: 689:binge drinking 620:polyneuropathy 610:of the liver, 604:binge drinking 581: 578: 522:Main article: 519: 516: 514: 511: 505: 502: 498:depressed mood 468: 465: 461:binge drinking 452: 449: 408:support groups 388:benzodiazepine 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 253: 249: 248: 219: 215: 214: 208: 202: 201: 195: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 142:Mental illness 139: 133: 132: 125: 119: 118: 101: 95: 94: 79: 78: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 53: 43:Alcohol (drug) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14465: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14438:Alcohol abuse 14436: 14435: 14433: 14418: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14400: 14399: 14395: 14393: 14392: 14388: 14386: 14385: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14255: 14249: 14248: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14237: 14235: 14234: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14218: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14180:Effectiveness 14178: 14176: 14173: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14158: 14153: 14151: 14146: 14144: 14139: 14138: 14135: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14098: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14072: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14052: 14044: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13976: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13935: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13922: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13902: 13899: 13896: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13869: 13865: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13796: 13792: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13706: 13704: 13702: 13698: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13654: 13650: 13640: 13637: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13601: 13597: 13590: 13587: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13519: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13488: 13481: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13473: 13469: 13462: 13459: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13432: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13392: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13373: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13362:substance use 13358: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13333: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13325: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13296:Drug overdose 13293: 13290: 13289: 13288: 13285: 13284: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13264: 13259: 13257: 13252: 13250: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13229: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13185:Mood disorder 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13089: 13085: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13059:Nitrous oxide 13057: 13056: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13013: 13009: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12970:Fermented tea 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12866:Sober curious 12864: 12862: 12859: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12709: 12703: 12700: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12617: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12599: 12593: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12555:Ladies' night 12553: 12551: 12548: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12482: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12455:Rum Rebellion 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12402: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12387:Alcohol enema 12385: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12349: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12337:Flaming drink 12335: 12333: 12332:Dutch courage 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12317:Drunk walking 12315: 12313: 12312:Drunk dialing 12310: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12290:Drinking game 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12199:Alcohol abuse 12197: 12193: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12166:Social issues 12163: 12155: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12103:breast cancer 12101: 12100: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12031:Fusel alcohol 12029: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11900:Drunk driving 11898: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11854: 11849: 11847: 11842: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11831: 11819: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11679:Drug checking 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11663: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11525: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11491: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11416: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11326: 11324: 11323: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11245: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11104:Reinforcement 11098: 11093: 11091: 11086: 11084: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11034: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11018: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11007: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10958: 10953: 10949: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10918:(2): 155–63. 10917: 10913: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10875:(4): 339–53. 10874: 10870: 10863: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10832:(5): 425–33. 10831: 10827: 10820: 10812: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10793: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10727: 10719: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10595:(5): 516–24. 10594: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10513: 10506: 10500: 10489: 10482: 10475: 10459: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10436: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10400: 10392: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10373: 10366: 10361: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10336:(2): 233–43. 10335: 10331: 10327: 10320: 10312: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10293: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10254: 10246: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10208: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10169: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10139: 10131: 10127: 10124:(4): 413–26. 10123: 10119: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10069: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 10001: 9995: 9991: 9990: 9982: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9950: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9919: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9902:(7): 830–42. 9901: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9784:(7): 503–12. 9783: 9779: 9772: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9561:(2): 135–42. 9560: 9556: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9396: 9388: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9289: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9256: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9233:(2): 149–71. 9232: 9228: 9221: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9182: 9174: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9132:(3): 280–91. 9131: 9127: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8941:(1): 177–88. 8940: 8936: 8929: 8913: 8909: 8908:Alcohol Alert 8905: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8858:PLOS Medicine 8855: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8803: 8795: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8723: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8608:(3): 281–92. 8607: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8535: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8448: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7980:(2): 189–99. 7979: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7900: 7893: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7856: 7848: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7711:(5): 308–12. 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7581: 7574: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7244:(3): 561–75. 7243: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7172: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7108:(8): 1012–4. 7107: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7030: 7026: 7025:Alcohol Alert 7022: 7016: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6938: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6663:(4): 435–51. 6662: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6373: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6346: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6291: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6257: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6218: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6057:(3): 237–47. 6056: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6002:Pharmacol Rev 5999: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5703:(2): 149–71. 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5623:(2): 169–84. 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5571:(4): 329–35. 5570: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522:(2): 115–22. 5521: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5390: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5363: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5226:(3): 337–56. 5225: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5143:(6): 805–12. 5142: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5062:(7): 948–57. 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4966:(2): 233–41. 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877:(6): 874–80. 4876: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4729:(5): 726–35. 4728: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4692:(2): 125–33. 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4609:(4): 667–85. 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4462:(7): 861–71. 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4384:(3): 129–32. 4383: 4380:(in German). 4379: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4251:(3): 382–93. 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154:(3): 169–72. 4153: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4117:(4): 333–40. 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846:(4): 737–62. 3845: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650:(4): 179–84. 3649: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3291: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3051:(6): 447–66. 3050: 3046: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 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Alcoholic 679:, and early 665: 612:pancreatitis 589: 527: 507: 486: 460: 454: 444: 438: 434: 430: 420: 381: 372: 331:brain damage 308: 301: 297: 294:stigmatizing 289: 285: 281: 269: 268: 193:Risk factors 51: 14274:Jim Burwell 14035:amphetamine 13986:barbiturate 13125:Beer Street 13076:Homotaurine 13071:Acamprosate 12942:Dry January 12921:Monitoring 12822:Teetotalism 12815:Malt drinks 12605:Alcohol law 12377:Yard of ale 12322:Drunkorexia 12134:intolerance 11927:Rum-running 11527:Behavioral 11438:Barbiturate 11433:Amphetamine 11211:Pornography 11206:Intercourse 11140:Amphetamine 11106:disorders: 11045:MedlinePlus 10632:12 December 9761:7 September 9692:7 September 7035:18 February 7004:28 November 6585:(1): 14–7. 6541:(1): 22–7. 6481:(1): 1499. 5433:27 November 4087:28 February 3363:: 131–138. 3279:19 February 2529:Stereotypes 2481:(18%), and 2435:Magnus Huss 2356: 38–52 2350: 21–37 2344: 14–20 2245: 5,168 2227: 2,838 2168:as well as 2150:depressants 2063:Ondansetron 1987:Acamprosate 1978:Medications 1762:hypokalemia 1506:Definition 1482:DSM and ICD 1355:stigmatized 1343: 1905 849:child abuse 796:(PTSD), or 699:Psychiatric 673:anovulation 440:dipsomaniac 414:fellowship 396:acamprosate 309:Alcohol is 230:acamprosate 212:blood tests 91: 1915 65:Other names 14432:Categories 14330:Alcoholism 14284:Marty Mann 14247:Day by Day 14220:Literature 14016:Stimulants 13679:Caffeinism 13633:Alcoholism 13306:Withdrawal 13205:Town drunk 13037:Disulfiram 12985:Small beer 12951:Campaigns 12785:Drunk tank 12758:Dry campus 12668:Dry county 12450:Rum ration 12430:Dipsomania 12359:Pantsdrunk 12152:Red wine: 11942:Alcoholism 11932:Wine fraud 11751:Allen Carr 11591:Drug rehab 11582:Treatment 11498:management 11494:Treatment 11428:Alcoholism 11409:Withdrawal 11379:Dependence 11297:Epigenetic 11249:mechanisms 11182:Financial 11175:Behavioral 11112:dependence 10048:Volkow N. 8440:26 January 7508:: 661–71. 7135:Alcoholism 6926:6 December 6314:13 January 6280:13 January 6207:17 October 5792:25 October 4665:11 January 3309:: 107093. 2648:References 2553:xenophobia 2541:town drunk 2458:See also: 2431:alcoholism 2427:alcoholism 2418:dipsomania 2338: 7–13 2146:clonazepam 2118:Psilocybin 2099:Topiramate 2088:gabapentin 2067:topiramate 2028:Disulfiram 2014:endorphins 2006:Naltrexone 1849:approach. 1832:Management 1816:Credible, 1791:Prevention 1724:(enlarged 1540:withdrawal 1446:alcoholism 1439:alcoholism 1432:alcoholism 1416:alcoholism 1412:alcoholism 1406:Alcoholism 1371:alcoholism 1347:Emil Mayer 1330:Definition 1306:DNA damage 1300:DNA damage 1217:See also: 909:See also: 840:See also: 742:depression 584:See also: 412:mutual aid 404:addictions 400:disulfiram 286:alcoholism 282:alcoholism 270:Alcoholism 238:naltrexone 234:disulfiram 129:withdrawal 112:toxicology 104:Psychiatry 60:Alcoholism 14289:Carl Jung 14122:Chocolate 13524:disorders 13140:Dry state 13047:Cyanamide 12881:Sobrietol 12680:Last call 12646:DWI court 12499:Beer mile 12470:Speakeasy 12440:Gin Craze 12372:Beer bong 12327:Dry drunk 12300:Pregaming 12148:Potomania 12130:Tolerance 12120:Pregnancy 11995:Chemistry 11917:Nip joint 11912:Moonshine 11529:therapies 11418:Disorders 11120:Addiction 11108:addiction 11056:eMedicine 10932:143549807 10597:CiteSeerX 10547:3 January 10521:3 January 9751:251766399 9649:1469-493X 9524:1060-0280 9406:CNS Drugs 8811:Addiction 8708:: 49–72. 8602:Addiction 8583:226948754 8567:0965-2140 8545:Addiction 8375:1469-493X 8286:1542-6270 8235:1875-9114 8182:0018-5787 8127:1532-8171 8068:1525-1497 7941:0749-3797 7874:"Alcohol" 7855:retracted 7847:retracted 7440:16 August 7410:16 August 7380:16 August 7326:830807378 6826:1097-6256 6106:: 363–7. 5757:CiteSeerX 5094:Addiction 5029:0738-422X 4956:Kandel DB 4723:Addiction 4345:0007-0610 4209:"Biology" 3480:205116954 2332: 4–6 2326: 1–3 2320: 0–0 2306:Prognosis 2182:psychosis 2166:zopiclone 2078:(SSRIs), 2022:Nalmefene 1991:glutamate 1731:Elevated 1669:students. 1627:Screening 1536:tolerance 1410:The term 1325:Diagnosis 992:glutamate 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Other 968:seizures 944:receptor 928:sedative 877:tortious 861:burglary 773:comorbid 713:dementia 616:epilepsy 546:sedation 542:lethargy 534:euphoria 513:Physical 435:drunkard 427:informal 392:diazepam 327:dementia 315:pancreas 176:Duration 146:delirium 123:Symptoms 14318:Related 14294:Lois W. 14269:Dr. Bob 14264:Bill W. 14175:History 14100:Related 14057:solvent 13868:Opioids 13756:Cocaine 13549:(AWS): 13491:Nervous 13445:(ALD): 13395:Alcohol 13280:General 13163:Related 13117:History 12902:0-0-1-3 12597:control 12484:General 12460:Shebeen 12413:History 12083:Anxiety 12045:Effects 12019:Ethanol 11868:Alcohol 11458:Cocaine 11145:Cocaine 11135:Alcohol 11026:D000437 10757:1846501 10709:6107067 10662:16 July 10351:1470475 9875:5 March 9734:9403854 9658:6483686 9427:5759952 9378:5484746 9279:1232509 9003:2853976 8918:11 July 8881:6298657 8757:7089552 8737:Bibcode 8729:Science 8524:3 March 8486:7065341 8384:7065341 8191:5735736 8077:6544709 8002:6925448 7950:3735171 7735:8894853 7726:1342761 7559:6471323 7524:8653034 7515:2146411 7259:2701140 7122:1501306 7077:4241371 6889:3685494 6835:7485556 6787:4060021 6770:5167198 6747:Bibcode 6633:3860436 6592:3860438 6548:3860439 6504:6445072 6483:Bibcode 6442:6430207 6121:5028105 6072:2730661 6023:5050442 5974:2883563 5925:6286250 5830:Bibcode 5779:2597811 5718:3026093 5638:3268458 5536:2742726 5200:6846629 5114:9489046 5078:9210745 4930:8556968 4856:1346485 4821:6642446 4699:6668884 4624:3484320 4522:6972064 4476:9785312 4390:2988001 4354:9652141 4133:8879279 3998:8060988 3949:7065341 3900:7065341 3816:3712746 3767:6217805 3620:3860391 3579:4340604 3378:6330014 3097:7065341 2980:4631029 2926:3860391 2880:5340592 2543:" is a 2539:. The " 2533:fiction 2521:in the 2477:(18%), 2473:(27%), 2403:, 1620s 2388:History 2370:suicide 2296:Estonia 2286:(11%). 2170:opiates 2018:opioids 1500:Manual 1365:in the 1263:ALDH2*2 1261:allele 1246:ADH1B*3 1244:allele 1238:ADH1B*2 1236:allele 964:anxiety 960:synapse 885:divorce 865:assault 790:bulimia 782:anxiety 738:anxiety 729:prosody 431:tippler 274:alcohol 170:suicide 14257:People 14111:: SUD 14070:(SSDS) 13813:(HPPD) 13568:(FASD) 13319:(PAWS) 12937:FRAMES 12146:Beer: 12139:Weight 12115:Memory 12098:Cancer 11881:crimes 11468:Opioid 11424:Drugs 11350:HDAC10 11165:Opioid 11050:000944 11015:103780 10974:6C40.2 10930: 10895: 10887: 10852: 10844: 10807: 10764: 10754: 10716: 10706: 10617: 10599: 10464:1 July 10450: 10387: 10358: 10348: 10307: 10282:1 July 10268: 10241: 10197:1 July 10183: 10152: 10128: 10101: 10093: 10033: 9996: 9971:1 July 9961:GOV.UK 9916: 9845: 9804: 9796: 9749: 9741: 9731: 9665: 9655: 9647: 9608: 9573: 9538: 9530: 9522: 9483: 9473: 9434: 9424: 9385: 9375: 9336: 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13914:(OUD) 13903:(OIC) 13897:(OIE) 13891:(OIH) 13837:(GTS) 13774:(PCE) 13740:(CUD) 13719:(CHS) 13579:(PAN) 13560:(DTs) 13503:(ARD) 13482:(AKA) 13463:(ABS) 13426:(AFR) 13384:(CDI) 13200:Spins 12855:(ACA) 12849:(AA): 12615:(ALS) 12495:Beer 12273:Zapoy 12125:Sleep 12093:Brain 12088:Aging 11982:(HFA) 11896:(DUI) 11360:SIRT2 11355:SIRT1 11345:HDAC9 11340:HDAC5 11335:HDAC4 11329:HDAC3 11322:HDAC2 11315:HDAC1 11288:NF-κB 11283:GluR2 11268:c-Fos 11262:ΔFosB 10989:F10.2 10928:S2CID 10893:S2CID 10850:S2CID 10626:(PDF) 10585:(PDF) 10515:(PDF) 10508:(PDF) 10491:(PDF) 10484:(PDF) 10425:3 May 10419:(PDF) 10408:(PDF) 10099:S2CID 10060:(PDF) 10053:(PDF) 9802:S2CID 9747:S2CID 9536:S2CID 9334:S2CID 8959:S2CID 8835:S2CID 8628:S2CID 8579:S2CID 8298:S2CID 8247:S2CID 8139:S2CID 7998:S2CID 7902:(PDF) 7895:(PDF) 7851:with 7817:S2CID 7774:S2CID 7686:(PDF) 7679:(PDF) 7583:(PDF) 7576:(PDF) 6944:WHO. 6783:S2CID 6681:S2CID 6179:(PDF) 6148:(PDF) 5854:S2CID 5786:(PDF) 5745:(PDF) 5589:S2CID 5236:S2CID 5161:S2CID 5118:S2CID 4782:S2CID 4518:S2CID 3715:(PDF) 3708:(PDF) 3476:S2CID 3236:Abuse 3217:9 May 3147:(PDF) 3130:(PDF) 2838:9 May 2738:9 May 2709:9 May 2676:9 May 2628:Notes 2557:Irish 2086:, or 2008:is a 1752:(CDT) 1748:High 1577:ICD-9 1554:DSM-5 1544:DSM-5 1519:, or 1466:cost. 1456:, or 1359:DSM-5 1230:ALDH2 1226:ADH1B 1089:water 445:souse 423:slurs 333:, or 14080:SUD 14064:SID 14039:SUD 14023:SID 14000:SUD 13990:SID 13968:SUD 13953:SID 13937:SID 13908:SUD 13875:SID 13852:SUD 13831:SID 13802:SID 13779:SUD 13763:SID 13729:SUD 13708:SID 13685:SUD 13660:SID 13591:(WE) 13378:SID 13368:SUD 13127:and 12295:list 11496:and 11278:CREB 11273:Cdk5 11128:Drug 11110:and 11021:MeSH 11010:OMIM 10999:9-CM 10885:PMID 10842:PMID 10805:ISBN 10762:PMID 10714:PMID 10664:2022 10634:2017 10615:PMID 10549:2007 10523:2007 10466:2024 10448:ISBN 10427:2020 10385:ISBN 10356:PMID 10305:ISBN 10284:2024 10266:ISBN 10239:ISBN 10199:2024 10181:ISBN 10150:ISBN 10126:PMID 10091:PMID 10031:PMID 9994:ISBN 9973:2024 9914:PMID 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6358:ISBN 6330:Beer 6316:2012 6303:ISBN 6282:2012 6269:ISBN 6248:2010 6230:ISBN 6209:2006 6168:PMID 6126:PMID 6077:PMID 6028:PMID 5979:PMID 5930:PMID 5870:2024 5846:PMID 5826:1094 5794:2017 5775:PMID 5723:PMID 5668:ISBN 5643:PMID 5581:PMID 5550:link 5532:PMID 5495:ISBN 5474:2024 5456:ISBN 5435:2011 5402:ISBN 5375:ISBN 5354:2024 5336:ISBN 5315:2024 5297:ISBN 5266:ISBN 5196:PMID 5153:PMID 5110:PMID 5074:PMID 5033:PMID 5025:ISSN 5015:ISBN 4976:PMID 4942:2024 4926:PMID 4887:PMID 4852:PMID 4817:PMID 4774:PMID 4739:PMID 4704:PMID 4667:2012 4629:PMID 4580:PMID 4545:PMID 4510:PMID 4472:PMID 4413:PMID 4386:PMID 4359:PMID 4341:ISSN 4306:2024 4288:ISBN 4263:PMID 4217:ISBN 4189:ISBN 4164:PMID 4129:PMID 4089:2024 4053:ISBN 4033:2024 4003:PMID 3954:PMID 3905:PMID 3856:PMID 3821:PMID 3772:PMID 3723:2015 3687:PMID 3660:PMID 3625:PMID 3584:PMID 3539:2024 3521:ISBN 3492:2024 3468:PMID 3424:PMID 3383:PMID 3335:2024 3319:PMID 3281:2008 3241:ISBN 3219:2015 3186:2024 3155:2024 3134:ISBN 3102:PMID 3080:2020 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