Draft evasion - Knowledge

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easiness to be pleased was related to me by Mr. —, a tradesman of this city. He never attends the muster, but, to avoid the fine, sends some of his men, who answer to his name; the same man is not invariably his deputy on parade: in this, Mr. — suits his own convenience; sometimes the collecting clerk, sometimes one of the brewers, at others a drayman: and to finish this military pantomime, a firelock is often dispensed with, for the more convenient wartime weapon—a cudgel. Courts-martial have the power of mitigating the fine, on the assignment of a satisfactory cause of absence, and in cases of poverty. Upon legal exemptions I cannot convey certain information. During a period of three months in the late war, martial law existed, and no substitutes were received. Aliens were not called out.

638: 1099: 820: 1256: 2280:(rather than conscience or political conviction) was the dominant factor in determining who would fight in the war and who would evade their obligation to do so. Fallows writes of the shame he felt – and continued to feel – after he realized that his successful attempt at draft evasion (he brought his body weight below the minimum, and lied about his mental health), an attempt he prepared for with the help of sophisticated draft counselors and classmates at Harvard, meant that working-class kids from Boston would be going to Vietnam in his stead. He referred to this outcome as a matter of 1836: 960:(1941–1944, pitting Finland against the Soviet Union), and 32,186 cases of desertion were handled by the courts. There were numerous reasons for draft evasion and desertion during this period: fear or war-weariness, objection to the war as an offensive war, ideological objections or outright support for Communism. Finnish Communists were considered dangerous and could not serve, and were subject to "protective custody" – in practice, detention in a prison for the course of the war – because earlier attempts to conscript them had ended in disaster: one battalion called 1627: 1409: 1752:. Members of The Resistance publicly burned their draft cards or refused to register for the draft. Other members deposited their cards into boxes on selected dates and then mailed them to the government. They were then drafted, refused to be inducted, and fought their cases in the federal courts. These draft resisters hoped that their public civil disobedience would help to bring the war and the draft to an end. Many young men went to federal prison as part of this movement. According to Cortright, the draft resistance movement was the leading edge of the 2020:

draft dodger with sixties protest found in more recent work by Turow or Richler. In contrast to stereotypes, the draft dodger in these narratives is neither an unthinking follower of movement ideology nor a radical who attempts to convert others to his cause. ... have little interest in romantic love. Their libidinal hyperactivity accords with Marcuse's belief in the liberatory power of eros. They are far less worried about whether particular relationships will survive the flight to Canada than about the gratification of their immediate sexual urges.

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refusing to manipulate nationalistic and militaristic codes, voice a much more radical and comprehensive critique of the state’s war making plans. Invoking feminist, anti-militarist and pacifist ideologies, they openly challenge and criticize dominant militarist and Zionist discourses. While the majority of members of Yesh Gvul and Courage to Refuse choose selective refusal, negotiating conditions of their reserve duty, anti-militarist, pacifist, and feminist ideological stance of members of New Profile and Shministim leads them to absolutist refusal.

2212:"he aggregation of thousands upon thousands of ... 'petty' acts of resistance have dramatic economic and political effects. ... Poaching and squatting on a large scale can restructure the control of property. Peasant tax evasion on a large scale has brought about crises of appropriation that threaten the state. Massive desertion by serf or peasant conscripts has helped bring down more than one ancient regime. Under the appropriate conditions, the accumulation of petty acts can, rather like snowflakes on a steep mountainside, set off an avalanche". 1825: 42: 1061:, have been encouraging draft evasion (Geffen publicly said he would commit suicide if he were taken by the military). In 2007 the Israeli government initiated what some called a "shaming campaign", banning young entertainers from holding concerts and making television appearances if they failed to fulfill their military requirement. By 2008 over 3,000 high school students belonged to "Shministim" (Hebrew for twelfth graders), a group of young people claiming to be conscientiously opposed to military service. American actor 741: 1722: 576: 690: 831:. Canadians objected to conscription for diverse reasons: some thought it unnecessary, some did not identify with the British, and some felt it imposed unfair burdens on economically struggling segments of society. When the first draft class (single men between 20 and 34 years of age) was called up in 1917, nearly 281,000 of the approximately 404,000 men filed for exemptions. Throughout the war, some Canadians who feared conscription left for the United States or elsewhere. 1898: 1456: 843:. While the move was not unpopular outside French Canada, controversy arose because under the new law, conscripts were not compelled to serve outside Canada. They could choose simply to defend the country against invasion. By the middle of the war, many Canadians – not least of all, conscripts committed to overseas service – were referring to NRMA men pejoratively as "Zombies", that is, as dead-to-life or utterly useless. Following costly fighting in 2252: 1547: 1026: 1910: 975:(military skydivers). They lived in small groups, sometimes even in military-style dugouts constructed from logs, and often maintained a rotation to guard their camps. They received support from sympathizers who could buy from the black market; failing that, they stole provisions to feed themselves. The Finnish Army and police actively searched for them, and if discovered, a firefight often ensued. The 811:, "no single issue has divided Canadians so sharply" as the military draft. During both World Wars, political parties collapsed or were torn apart over the draft issue, and ethnicity seeped into the equation, with most French Canadians opposing conscription and a majority of English Canadians accepting it. During both wars, riots and draft evasion followed the passage of the draft laws. 2309:

corrosive effects of draft evasion on democracy and community. According to Christ, while many of these playwrights were sensitive to the moral dilemmas of war and the imperfections of Athenian democracy, most touted "the ethical imperative that a man should support his friends and community. In serving the community, the individual does ... what is right and honorable".

1212:, since the early 2000s, the country has been rocked by scandals involving celebrities who try to use their fame to evade the draft or receive special treatment from the military. South Koreans are reportedly so hostile to draft evasion that one South Korean commentator said that it is "almost like suicide" for celebrities to engage in it. 1361:, male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine. Despite the ban on leaving Ukraine, an estimated 600,000–850,000 Ukrainian men fled to Europe after the Russian invasion. The Polish government offered, and the Lithuanian government considered, the repatriation of Ukrainian men living in their countries to Ukraine. 2412:

Conscientious objector (CO) status does enable a recipient to avoid military service. However, COs who do not choose to perform non-combatant military service are generally required by their governments to perform civilian alternative service in the public or private sectors – typically conservation,

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also misled his draft board. In 1989, approximately two decades after the fact, Chase revealed on a television talk show that he avoided the Vietnam War by making several false claims to his draft board, including that he harbored homosexual tendencies. He added he was "not very proud" of having done

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It remains a matter of debate whether emigration to Canada and elsewhere during the Vietnam War was an effective, or even a genuine, war resistance strategy. Scholar Michael Foley argues that it was not only relatively ineffective, but that it served to siphon off disaffected young Americans from the

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from the US military was not on the list of crimes for which a person could be extradited under the extradition treaty between Canada and the US; however, desertion was a crime in Canada, and the Canadian military strongly opposed condoning it. In the end, the Canadian government maintained the right

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reported in 1970 that the number of resisters was "expanding at an alarming rate" and that the government was "almost powerless to apprehend and prosecute them". It is now known that, during the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders, and approximately 210,000

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Despite such circumstances, draft evasion was substantial. According to one scholar, nearly 11 percent of the draft-eligible population refused to register, or to report for induction; according to another, 12 percent of draftees either failed to report to their training camps or deserted from them.

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was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples and by prohibiting all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3

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broke out in 2011, many draft-age men began fleeing the country, sometimes paying thousands of dollars to be smuggled out. Others paid to have their names expunged from the draft rolls. Meanwhile, the government erected billboards exhorting young people to join the army – and set up road checkpoints

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was able to operate among draft evaders. Sixty-three death sentences were handed out to deserters; however, many of them were killed in military or police raids on their camps. Deserters captured near front lines would often be simply returned to the lines, but as the military situation deteriorated

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The LDS Church eventually agreed to cap the number of missionary deferments it sought for members in any one region. After Romney dropped out of Stanford University and was about to lose his student deferment, he decided to become a missionary; and the LDS Church in his home state of Michigan chose

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In order to minimize draft evasion, Tunisia began allowing young men to substitute "civilian" service (such as working on rural development projects) or "national" service (such as working as civil servants) for military service. But that has not helped: the defense minister reported that, in 2017,

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Young people have engaged in a wide variety of draft evasion practices around the world, some of which date back thousands of years. This section aims to delineate a representative sampling of draft evasion practices and support activities as identified by scholars and journalists. Examples of many

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of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to comply with the military draft laws of one's nation. Illegal draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries, in which at least one party of such conflict has enforced conscription. Such

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Some draft evaders returned to the U.S. from Canada after the 1977 pardon, but according to sociologist John Hagan, about half of them stayed on. This young and mostly educated population expanded Canada's arts and academic scenes, and helped push Canadian politics further to the left, though some

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Those who went abroad faced imprisonment or forced military service if they returned home. In September 1974, President Gerald Ford offered an amnesty program for draft dodgers that required them to work in alternative service occupations for periods of six to 24 months. In 1977, one day after his

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of US Vietnam War emigrants either before or after they arrived in Canada. In addition to the counseling groups (and at least formally separate from them) was a Toronto-based political organization, the Union of American Exiles, better known as "Amex." It sought to speak for American draft evaders

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Every male inhabitant can be called out, from the age of 18 to 45, on actual military duty. During a state of peace, there are seven musters annually: the fine for non-attendance is, each time, five dollars. Commanding officers have discretionary power to receive substitutes. An instance of their

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magazine, a "huge number" of Ukrainians refused to serve. Luhn gives three reasons for this. One was fear of death. Another was that some young Ukrainians were opposed to war in general. A third was that some were unwilling to take up arms against those whom they perceived to be their countrymen.

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The analysis of these interviews demonstrated that, in their appeal to Israeli public, members of Yesh Gvul and Courage to Refuse utilized symbolic meanings and codes derived from dominant militarist and nationalist discourses. In contrast, draft-resisters, members of New Profile and Shministim,

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It is to be expected that the draft dodgers denounce the state as an oppressive bureaucracy, using the vernacular of the time to rail against "the machine" and "the system." What is more surprising is their general resistance to mass movements, a sentiment that contradicts the association of the

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became the first South Korean to be granted asylum specifically because he evaded the South Korean draft. His asylum claim was granted by France. " Korea, it is ... difficult to find a job for anyone who has not completed their national service," Lee was reported to have said. "Refusing to serve

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19th-century Belgium was one of the few places where most citizens accepted the practice of legally buying one's way out of the military draft, sometimes referred to as the practice of "purchasable military commutation". Even so, some Belgian politicians denounced it as a system that appeared to

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One type of draft avoidance consists of attempts to follow the letter and spirit of the draft laws in order to obtain a legally valid draft deferment or exemption. Sometimes these deferments and exemptions are prompted by political considerations. Another type consists of attempts to circumvent,

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saw at least some kinds of draft evasion as a positive expression of democracy. By contrast, historian and classical studies scholar Mathew R. Christ says that, in ancient democratic Athens, where draft evasion was ongoing, many of the popular tragic playwrights were deeply concerned about the

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Another issue is how best to understand young people's responses to a military call-up. According to historian Charles DeBenedetti, some Vietnam War opponents chose to evaluate people's responses to the war largely in terms of their willingness to take personal responsibility to resist evil, a

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status – even though as Sanders acknowledged to the reporter, he was not religious. (Sanders was opposed to the Vietnam War. At the time, however, CO status was granted entirely on the basis of religious opposition to all war.) Sanders's CO status was denied. Nevertheless, a "lengthy series of

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In Canada, many American Vietnam War evaders received pre-emigration counseling and post-emigration assistance from locally based groups. Typically these consisted of American emigrants and Canadian supporters. The largest were the Montreal Council to Aid War Resisters, the Toronto Anti-Draft

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One issue is the effectiveness of the various kinds of draft evasion practices with regard to ending a military draft or stopping a war. Historian Michael S. Foley sees many draft evasion practices as merely personally beneficial. In his view, only public anti-draft activity, consciously and

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Yet by the middle of the decade of the 2000s, draft evasion (including outright draft refusal) and desertion had reached all-time highs. Fully 5% of young men and 3% of young women were supposedly failing their pre-military psychological tests, both all-time highs. Some popular entertainers,

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fulfilled a campaign promise by offering pardons to anyone who had evaded the draft and requested one. It antagonized critics on both sides, with the right complaining that those pardoned paid no penalty and the left complaining that requesting a pardon required the admission of a crime.

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Young men from poorer circumstances sometimes simply avoid showing up for the draft and attempt to function without a military ID card. Besides facing limited employment prospects, these men are vulnerable to being forced into service through periodic army sweeps of poor neighborhoods.

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The number of men who actively sought to evade the World War II draft in Canada is not known. Granatstein says the evasion was "widespread". In addition, in 1944 alone approximately 60,000 draftees were serving only as NRMA men, committed to border defense but not to fighting abroad.

502:. Although draft resistance is discussed below as a form of "draft evasion", draft resisters and scholars of draft resistance reject the categorization of resistance as a form of evasion or avoidance. Draft resisters argue that they seek to confront, not evade or avoid, the draft. 781:

Draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries. Laws against certain draft evasion practices go back at least as far as the ancient Greeks. Examples of draft evasion can be found in many nations over many time periods:

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that, while punishment would be canceled, military service would still be required. "Now the war is practically at its end, which means enlisting is no longer such a fearful situation", he said. "We expect we'll have very large numbers taking advantage of the amnesty".

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Young men from the middle-to-upper classes "usually" evade the Colombian draft. They do so by obtaining college or medical deferments, or by paying bribes for a "military ID card" certifying they have served – a card that is often requested by potential employers.

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As US troop strength in Vietnam increased, some young men sought to evade the draft by pro-actively enlisting in military forces that were unlikely to see combat in Vietnam. For example, conscription scholars Lawrence Baskir and William Strauss say that the

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In January 2023, Kazakhstan announced they were tightening visa rules, a move that is expected to make it more difficult for Russians to remain in the country. Kazakhstan said it would extradite Russians wanted for evading mobilization. In early 2023, the

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Though the presence of U.S. draft evaders and deserters in Canada was initially controversial, the Canadian government eventually chose to welcome them. Draft evasion was not a criminal offense under Canadian law. The issue of deserters was more complex.

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In 2015, responding to perceived threats from pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine, the Ukrainian military instituted a compulsory draft for males between 20 and 27 years of age. However, according to independent journalist Alec Luhn, writing in

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As of 2020, deliberate draft evasion is a rare phenomenon, since absence from a drafting event, in most cases, leads to an immediate search warrant. Evaders are taken by police officers to the draft board, or to the regional military office.

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The number of draft resisters was also significant. According to Cortright, "Distinct from the millions who the draft were the many thousands who resisted the conscription system and actively opposed the war". The head of US President

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A significant amount of draft evasion took place in the South, in part because many impoverished Southerners lacked documentation and in part because many Southerners recalled the "horrible carnage" of the Civil War. In 2017, historian

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hearings, an FBI investigation and numerous postponements and delays" took him to age 26 at which point he was no longer eligible for the draft. In a 2015 book critical of Sanders, journalist Harry Jaffe revisited that portion of the

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may have served that purpose for some, though they also point out that Coast Guardsmen had to maintain readiness for combat in Vietnam, and that some Coast Guardsmen eventually served and were killed there. Similarly, the Vietnam-era

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According to historian David Williams, by 1864 the Southern draft had become virtually unenforceable. Some believe that draft evasion in the South, where manpower was scarcer than in the North, contributed to the Confederate defeat.

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sociologist Yulia Zemilinskaya has interviewed members of New Profile and Shministim, along with members of two groups of Israeli soldiers and reservists who have expressed an unwillingness to engage in missions they disapprove of –

1428:– and both drafts were often evaded. In the North, evaders were most numerous among poor Irish immigrants. In the South, evaders were most numerous in hill country and in certain other parts of Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia. 1516:, and many of their applications were rejected. Some COs chose to serve as noncombatants in the military, others chose jail, and a third group – taking a position in between – chose to enter a specially organized domestic 918:

have also claimed that Eritrea's draft policies are fueling the migration. Most leave for Europe or neighboring countries; in 2015, Eritreans were the fourth largest group illicitly crossing the Mediterranean for Europe.

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The Ukrainian military itself has stated that, during a partial call-up in 2014, over 85,000 men failed to report to their draft offices, and nearly 10,000 of those were eventually declared to be illegal draft evaders.

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Syria requires men over 18 to serve in the army for two years (except for college graduates, who need serve only 18 months). Draft evasion carries stiff punishments, including fines and years of imprisonment. After the

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has noted that, during the Vietnam War, student deferments themselves helped preserve class privilege: " Johnson generously deferred U.S. college students from the draft to avoid alienating the American middle class".

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Canadian historian Jessica Squires emphasizes that the number of U.S. draft evaders coming to Canada was "only a fraction" of those who resisted the Vietnam War. According to a 1978 book by former members of President

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Tunisia has had a draft since gaining its independence in 1956. Most males are required to submit documents to local officials at age 18 and to begin service two years later. However, according to the Lebanon-based

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manipulate, or surreptitiously violate the substance or spirit of the draft laws in order to obtain a deferment or exemption. Nearly all attempts at draft avoidance are private and unpublicized. Examples include:

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from 2017 to 2021, graduated from college in the spring of 1968, and became eligible for military service. Trump however, due to a personal friend of his father's, a medical doctor, was granted a diagnosis of

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a one-time levy of approximately 17,000 NRMA men was sent to fight abroad. Many NRMA men deserted after the levy rather than fight abroad. One brigade of NRMA men declared itself on "strike" after the levy.

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It is illegal for Eritreans to leave the country without government permission. Nevertheless, in the mid-2010s around 2,000 Eritreans were leaving every month, "primarily to avoid the draft", according to

5697: 4854: 2243:, although speaking more theoretically, makes a similar point, arguing that the accumulation of thousands upon thousands of "petty" and obscure acts of private resistance can trigger political change. 2105:, and urinated and defecated in his pants before his physical, in order to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War. In a 1990 interview with a large Detroit newspaper, Nugent made similar statements. 1797:) before being jailed for publicly shredding his draft card and returning it to his draft board. Harris in particular expresses serious second thoughts about aspects of the movement he was part of. 1276:

Observers have identified several motives among the Syrian draft evaders. One is fear of dying in that country's civil war. Others include obeying parental wishes and disgust with the government of

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There has always been a military draft in Israel. It is universal for all non-Arab Israeli citizens, men and women alike, and can legally be evaded only on physical or psychological grounds or by

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was one of the biggest stars on the South Korean rock scene until 2002, when he chose to evade the draft and become a U.S. citizen. South Korea subsequently deported him and banned him for life.

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reportedly held similar views. By contrast, authors John Hagan and Roger N. Williams recognize the American emigrants as "war resisters" in the subtitles of their books about the emigrants, and

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was seen by some as an avenue for avoiding combat in Vietnam, although that too was less than foolproof: about 15,000 National Guardsmen were sent to Vietnam before the war began winding down.

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In Russia, all men aged 18 through 30 are subject to the military draft, continuing the Soviet practice. According to a report from the European Parliamentary Research Service, an organ of the

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and passionately argued against it. (It should be added that Fallows indicates that he might have felt differently about his behavior had he chosen public draft resistance, jail, or exile.)

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to war; as a result, 669 mostly religiously motivated South Koreans were said to be in jail for draft evasion in 2013. Only 723 draft evaders were said to be in jail worldwide at that time.

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Draft evasion that involves overt lawbreaking or that communicates conscious or organized resistance to government policy is sometimes referred to as draft resistance. Examples include:

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and deserters in Canada. For example, it lobbied and campaigned for universal, unconditional amnesty, and hosted an international conference in 1974 opposing anything short of that.

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Draft counseling groups were another source of support for potential draft evaders. Many such groups were active during the war. Some were connected to national groups, such as the

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Canadians, including some principled nationalists, found their presence or impact troubling. American draft evaders who left for Canada and became prominent there include author

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There are many draft evasion practices. Those that manage to adhere to or circumvent the law, and those that do not involve taking a public stand, are sometimes referred to as

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Alongside the draft counseling groups, a substantial draft resistance movement emerged. Students for a Democratic Society sought to play a major role in it, as did the

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In January 1916, during World War I, the British government passed a military conscription bill. By July of that year, 30% of draftees had failed to report for service.

3110:. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Books, p. 49 (reporting on a British grocer who was refused a financial exemption, and was given a two-month "extension" instead). 1855:

cited estimates by four scholars, including Jones, ranging from a floor of 30,000 to a ceiling of 100,000, depending in part on who is being counted as a draft evader.

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Eritrea instituted a military draft in 1995. Three years later, it became open-ended; everyone under 50 can be enlisted for an indefinite period of time. According to

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Tough, David. "A Better Truth: The Democratic Legacy of Resistance to Conscription, 1917–1921". In Campbell, Lara; Dawson, Michael; Gidney, Catherine, eds. (2015),

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The number of Vietnam-era draft evaders leaving for Canada is hotly contested; an entire book, by scholar Joseph Jones, has been written on that subject. In 2017,

1384:(1818) British author Henry Bradshaw Fearon, who visited the young United States on a fact-finding mission to inform Britons considering emigration, described the 4246: 1297:, has argued that Syrian draft evaders motivated by a refusal to participate in violations of international law should be given refugee status by other nations. 1041:, although the Israeli Supreme Court ruled to reject the latter exception in June 2024. The draft has become part of the fabric of Israeli society: according to 4455:, online. Retrieved 18 October 2018. Identical article appeared in the print edition as "Syria Offers Amnesty to Army Deserters" (10 October 2018), p. A4. 210: 4513: 7533: 6926: 1412:

Parody of Confederate troops forcing a pro-Union Southerner (left foreground) and other reluctant Southerners to comply with the Confederate draft, c. 1862.

7508: 1281: 206: 6162: 5029:. New York: Oliver Layton Press. Originally New York: Grove Press, 1967. The book focuses on the United States in the 1960s. Neither edition has an ISBN. 7362: 5494:. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 272 n.12 (citing scholars John Hagan, David D. Harvey, Joseph Jones, and David S. Surrey). 7448: 4377: 2356: 6570:

magazine, vol. 6, no. 2 (issue no. 47), pp. 11–78. Account of the political organization created by U.S. draft evaders in Canada. Reproduced at

4349: 2015:(1978). All these books portray their protagonists' views, motives, activities, and relationships in detail. Adams says they contain some surprises: 3684: 2659:

Kasinsky, Renée G. (2006). "Fugitives from Injustice: Vietnam War Draft Dodgers and Deserters in British Columbia". In Evans, Sterling, ed. (2006).

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In October 2018, the Syrian government announced an amnesty for draft evaders. However, an officer with Syria's "Reconciliation Ministry" told the

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Declining to report for one's draft-related physical examination, or for military induction or call-up, in nations where these are required by law.

6152:, online article (see under the sub-head "Nugent Says He Soiled Himself To Avoid Vietnam Among Other Bizarre Anecdotes"). Retrieved 27 July 2018. 2137: 1317: 3986: 3661: 625:, where lotteries determine the order of call to military service; or not being in a certain age group, where age determines the order of call. 4060: 2699:

The blurring of this distinction annoys former draft resisters who today find themselves stressing the difference whenever they talk about it.

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report revealed that the Soviet elite routinely bribed its sons' way out of deployment to Afghanistan, or out of military service altogether.

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Domínguez, Jorge I. "The Cuban Armed Forces, the Party and Society in Wsartime and During Rectification". In Gillespie, Rihard, ed. (1990).

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Two academic literary critics have written at length about autobiographical novels by draft evaders who went to Canada – Rachel Adams in the

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and others in the San Francisco Bay Area in March 1967, and quickly spread nationally. The insignia of the organization was the Greek letter

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For decades after the Vietnam War ended, prominent Americans were being accused of having manipulated the draft system to their advantage.

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were formally accused of draft violations; however, only 8,750 were convicted and only 3,250 were jailed. Some draft eligible men publicly

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contended that public awareness of tens of thousands of young Americans leaving for Canada would – and eventually did – help end the war.

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to capture draft evaders. By 2016, an estimated 70,000 draft evaders had left Syria, and others remained undetected within its borders.

7513: 3043:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 154–155 (citing 19th century Belgium and France, as well as America during the Civil War). 1864:

to prosecute these deserters, but in practice left them alone and instructed border guards not to ask questions relating to the issue.

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towards the end of the war, punishments were harsher: 61 of the death sentences given were in 1944, mostly in June and July during the

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Draft registration office near Moscow. In the mid-2010s, half of all eligible Russians called up were reported to be evading service.

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allowed for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college and graduate students. According to

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of these practices and activities can be found in the section on draft evasion in the nations of the world, further down this page.

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Other young men sought to evade the draft by avoiding or resisting any military commitment. In this they were bolstered by certain

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Canada employed a military draft during World Wars I and II, and some Canadians chose to evade it. According to Canadian historian

386: 971:(forest-dwelling Pine Cone Guard, mentioned above) was a diverse group including draft evaders, deserters, Communists, and Soviet 7621: 7550: 6145: 5762: 2127:. In a 2011 book critical of Limbaugh, journalist John K. Wilson accused Limbaugh making "hyperbolic attacks on foreign policy". 3849:. Työväen historian ja perinteen tutkimuksen seura, Helsinki 2011, 357 s. Finnish-language website. Retrieved 10 February 2018. 3339: 1573:

Significant draft avoidance was taking place even before the US became heavily involved in the Vietnam War. The large cohort of

7596: 7148: 7062: 1124: 1007:– was abolished in 1870. One scholar refers to the permissible buy-out as a "bastard form of equality" that bore traces of the 451: 4817:

We Have Just Begun to Not Fight: An Oral History of Conscientious Objectors in the Civilian Public Service During World War II

4286: 3076: 7249: 6816: 6518: 6494: 6443: 6422: 6355: 6241: 6217: 6196: 6126: 5859: 5792: 5722: 5609:

Magazine or newspaper articles that touched on the effectiveness of one or more of Canada's draft counseling groups include:

5549: 5524: 5499: 5475: 5413: 5392: 5362: 5317: 5222: 5191: 5167: 5129: 5075: 5051: 4897: 4863: 4824: 4789: 4761: 4736: 4708: 4670: 4642: 4621: 4110: 4021: 3972: 3948: 3924: 3867: 3795: 3769: 3745: 3724: 3639: 3618: 3581: 3548: 3524: 3503: 3475: 3450: 3429: 3399: 3374: 3325: 3301: 3277: 3256: 3223: 3202: 3172: 3115: 3048: 3017: 2996: 2959: 2935: 2911: 2872: 2843: 2810: 2789: 2752: 2723: 2668: 2595: 2555: 2513: 2469: 1749: 2239:

is more generous in his assessment of the effectiveness of the entire gamut of draft evasion practices. Political scientist

1951: 1914: 7711: 7677: 7601: 7454: 7406: 4192: 1785:), Miller was the first Vietnam War refuser to publicly burn his draft card (and later became partner to spiritual teacher 1431:

Resistance to the draft was sometimes violent. In the North, nearly 100 draft enrollment officers were injured in attacks.

6708:– annotated guide to texts and websites from the 1960s to the present. Compiled by scholar Joseph Jones, mentioned above. 4142: 1718:; others were ad hoc campus or community groups. Many specially trained individuals worked as counselors for such groups. 291: 6673:– provides information to U.S. citizens who do not wish to register or otherwise cooperate with the draft. Sponsored by 3841: 2175:

article, emphasizing that by the time Sanders's "numerous hearings" had run their course he was "too old to be drafted".

2080: 1607: 840: 6683: 6368: 6091: 1127:, in the mid-2010s fully half of the 150,000 young men called up each year were thought to be evading the draft. During 7631: 7611: 7197: 7093: 6739: 4237: 1992: 1868:

Programme, and the Vancouver Committee to Aid American War Objectors. Journalists often noted their effectiveness. The

1711: 1225:

ran a headline claiming that South Korea had the "most draft dodgers in prison". The article, by veteran correspondent

391: 146: 141: 4570:

Sketches of America: A Narrative of a Journey of Five Thousand Miles Through the Eastern and Western States of America

941:

During World War II, there was no legal way to avoid the draft, and failure to obey was treated as insubordination or

637: 7701: 7459: 7123: 6781: 6257: 5881: 4498: 2692: 1790: 1715: 1494:

concluded that a greater percentage of American men evaded the draft during World War I than during the Vietnam War.

1370: 1049:, Israel is a place where military service is seen not just as a duty but a "certificate of entry into active life". 981: 396: 41: 6385: 1781:(2014). Harris was an anti-draft organizer who went to jail for his beliefs (and was briefly married to folk singer 7538: 7528: 7143: 6702:– historical site for Draft Resistance Seattle, example of the locally based U.S. anti-draft groups mentioned above 6311: 5906:

These points have been made in a series of academic journal articles by Canadian social historian David Churchill:

5850:

Satin, Mark (2017). "Afterword: Bringing Draft Dodgers to Canada in the 1960s". In Satin, Mark (2017, orig. 1968).

2140:(LDS Church) – Romney's church – became embroiled in controversy for deferring large numbers of its young members." 1654: 1541: 1452:

million inducted into the military services, with little of the overt resistance that characterized the Civil War.

1190:

resumed deportations of Russians who had fled Russia due to mobilization and political persecution. Kazakhstan and

628:

Not being able to afford armor or other equipment, in polities where conscripts were required to provide their own.

151: 1695:. It espoused such methods as arriving at the draft board in diapers. Another text pertinent to draft-age men was 7787: 6911: 6906: 6634:, new afterword by Satin ("Bringing Draft Dodgers to Canada in the 1960s: The Reality Behind the Romance"). 2017. 2715: 2615: 1947: 1902: 844: 336: 306: 1084:. Despite commonalities, she found a difference between the draft refusers and the military selective-refusers: 670:

Becoming pregnant primarily in order to evade the draft, in nations where women who are not mothers are drafted.

655:

Claiming a medical or psychological problem, if the purported problem is feigned, overstated, or self-inflicted.

7486: 6826: 6776: 6557:

The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War

6347: 6057: 5248: 4268: 2182: 1620: 827:

Conscription had been a dividing force in Canadian politics during World War I, and those divisions led to the

6651: 1589:

of the 27 million men eligible for the draft during the Vietnam War were deferred, exempted, or disqualified.

658:

Finding a doctor who would certify a healthy draft-age person as medically unfit, either willingly or for pay.

652:

Obtaining a student deferment, if the student wishes to attend or remain in school largely to avoid the draft.

401: 296: 7626: 7501: 7088: 6052: 5931:

Churchill, David S. (June 2012). "Draft Resistance, Lefr Nationalism, and the Politics of Anti-Imperialism".

4382: 1818: 1448: 1421: 1337: 1221: 351: 17: 6579:

Masculinisation, Militarisation, and the End Conscription Campaign: War Resistance in Apartheid South Africa

6533:

Christ (2006), cited above, pp. 65–87 ("Conscription and Draft Evasion through a Tragic Lens" section).

5969:

McGill (2017), cited above, pp. 172–181 ("The Alternative America in Draft-Dodger Novels" sub-chapter).

5612:

Cowan, Edward (11 February 1968). "Expatriate Draft Evaders Prepare Manual on How to Immigrate to Canada".

5449:, issue no. 85, pp. 219–223. Published in French and English by Association Française d'Études Canadiennes, 4493: 4327: 4287:"The White House told Russians to flee here instead of fighting Ukraine. Then the U.S. tried to deport them" 1817:'s China and found refuge there. Draft evader Ken Kiask spent eight years traveling continuously across the 1681:": "I said, 'I wanna kill! Kill! Eat dead burnt bodies!' and the Sergeant said, 'You're our boy'!" The book 7232: 7153: 7133: 6916: 6836: 6821: 6786: 5341: 4168:"'Hopeless Situation': Thousands Of Russians Flee To Neighboring Countries To Avoid Putin's Military Draft" 2906:. New York: Bantam, rev. ed., pp. 291–292 (beginning of "Varieties of Antiwar Experience" section). 1558: 1294: 356: 63: 5910: 1098: 480:

evasion is generally considered to be a criminal offense, and laws against it go back thousands of years.

7761: 7751: 7576: 7400: 7118: 6801: 6571: 4919: 4480: 3391: 2661:

The Borderlands of the American and Canadian West: Essays on Regional History of the Forty-ninth Parallel

2383: 2272:

urged its readers to make their draft decision with Nuremberg in mind. By contrast, prominent journalist

1683: 1642: 1358: 1203: 1140: 1117: 1020: 856: 828: 371: 286: 281: 5987:

Beelaert, Amy M. (November 1993). "Voices of Our Times: I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam War Objector".

5921: 2074: 7747: 7644: 7491: 7469: 7168: 7128: 6846: 6766: 6696:– official site of the government agency that registers young male U.S. citizens for the military draft 5933: 4753: 4728: 4446: 3665: 3536: 2682: 2352: 2324: 1578: 1417: 976: 877: 444: 331: 181: 4218:"As masses flee Russia to avoid conscription, European neighbours grapple with whether to let them in" 2834:(1977). "What Did You Do in the Class War, Daddy?" In Robbins, Mary Susannah, ed. (2007, orig. 1999). 7771: 7741: 7543: 7496: 7464: 7158: 7103: 6149: 5006: 2950:; Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. "The Secularization of Conscience". In Moskos and Chanbers II, eds., 2342: 2318: 1983: 1963: 1615: 1432: 1167: 745: 361: 176: 171: 5450: 4037: 3811: 3141: 7670: 7419: 7352: 7222: 7202: 7185: 6841: 6714:– based in Britain. Monitors conscription and conscientious objection in nations around the world. 6630:. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, "A List" reprint edition. New introduction by Canadian historian 4354: 4217: 3313: 1760: 1741: 1238: 1072: 926:

says that, as a result, pregnancies among single women – once a taboo in Eritrea – have increased.

5243: 4095: 3987:"Israel's high court orders the army to draft ultra-Orthodox men, rattling Netanyahu's government" 2070: 602:

Claiming a medical or psychological problem, if the purported health issue is genuine and serious.

7412: 7098: 6901: 6831: 6506: 1725: 1517: 1333: 1187: 495:, although in certain contexts that term has also been used non-judgmentally or as an honorific. 424: 406: 301: 261: 256: 246: 241: 231: 7808: 7781: 7389: 7383: 7212: 7113: 6796: 6732: 5541: 5487: 2361: 2333:– provided information and counseling to U.S. war resisters and draft evaders from 1948 to 2011 2167: 1988: 1852: 1509: 1230: 593: 381: 376: 366: 346: 341: 326: 321: 316: 271: 266: 251: 221: 196: 191: 73: 4532:"'Blatantly illegal': Zelenskyy admin under fire for denying services to Ukrainian men abroad" 3445:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, pp. 56–57 ("Insurrection" section). 2502:

Talking Conflict: The Loaded Language of Genocide, Political Violence, Terrorism, and Warfatre

1759:

After the war, some of the draft evaders who stayed in the U.S. wrote memoirs. These included

1728:

and "The Resistance" helped organize Stop the Draft Week in Oakland, California, October 1967.

819: 7357: 7207: 6972: 5885: 5782: 5313: 5270: 3498:. Oakville, Ontario: Rock's Mills Press (orig. Toronto: Oxford University Press), p. v. 2386:- Overview of resistance by Israelis to participate in mandatory military service for the IDF 2380:– A number of Christian denominations historically and presently opposed to war and the draft 1873: 1848: 1831:(left), director of the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme, counseling American draft evaders, 1967 1678: 1475: 1113: 852: 753:

Organizing or participating in a peaceful street assembly or demonstration against the draft.

719: 649:

Obtaining conscientious objector status by professing insincere religious or ethical beliefs.

437: 236: 201: 5911:

An Ambiguous Welcome: Vietnam Draft Resistance, the Canadian State, and Cold War Containment

5162:. New York: Vintage Books / Random House, "Resistance 1965–1968" section, pp. 311–316. 2235:

collectively engaged in, is relevant to stopping a draft or a war. By contrast, sociologist

1835: 1320:, the Tunisian draft has long been poorly enforced and draft evasion has long been rampant. 725:

Traveling or emigrating to another country, rather than submitting to induction or to trial.

673:

Having someone exert personal influence on an officer in charge of the conscription process.

7227: 7138: 6699: 6674: 6659: 6069: 5337: 5306:

Joseph, Paul (April 2015). "Resister: A Story of Peace and Prison During the Vietnam War".

4332: 2281: 2265: 2226:

The phenomenon of draft evasion has raised several major issues among scholars and others.

2065:, by 2006 politicians whom opponents had accused of improperly avoiding the draft included 1733: 1263:. By 2016, 70,000 draft evaders had fled Syria, while others remained undetected inside it. 1255: 1208: 1003:

In France, the right of all draftees to purchase military exemption – introduced after the

622: 612:

Claiming economic hardship, if the hardship is genuine and the law recognizes such a claim.

276: 216: 186: 6329:

Banks (5 October 2015), cited above, third section, 9th paragraph. Retrieved 27 July 2018.

4551:"Poland and Lithuania pledge to help Kyiv repatriate Ukrainians subject to military draft" 2863:(1998). "Why I Joined the Resistance". In Robbins, Mary Susannah, ed. (2007, orig. 1999). 618:

Purchasing exemptions from military service, in nations where such payments are permitted.

599:

Claiming a student deferment, when one is in school primarily in order to study and learn.

8: 7727: 7663: 7586: 7560: 7300: 7285: 7280: 7270: 7237: 7027: 7022: 6960: 6375:, p. A1. Print edition has a different date and headline. Retrieved 17 January 2018. 5043: 4781: 4591: 4336:(English-language version of Seoul-based South Korean newspaper). Retrieved 29 June 2019. 2061: 1881: 1408: 498:

Practices that involve lawbreaking or taking a public stand are sometimes referred to as

118: 83: 78: 5698:

Review: Mark Satin's Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada Is Just as Timely as Ever

3340:"Desperate Russian Shoots Recruitment Officer Instead of Signing up to Fight in Ukraine" 2646:, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 417–425 ("The Things They Wrote" section). Reproduced at the 2639: 964:

assembled from detained Communists suffered a large-scale defection to the Soviet side.

728:

Going to jail, rather than submitting to induction or to alternative government service.

7707: 7346: 7320: 7275: 7108: 7067: 6987: 6140: 6074: 6022: 5922:

American Expatriates and the Building of Alternative Social Space in Toronto, 1965–1977

5767: 5614: 4986: 4662: 4367:

Eun-jee (16 January 2013), cited above, quoting South Korean columnist Jeong Deok-hyun.

4061:

Between Militarism and Pacifism: Conscientious Objection and Draft Resistance in Israel

3517:

Worth Fighting For: Canada's Tradition of War Resistance from 1812 to the War on Terror

1794: 1603: 1598: 1425: 1243: 991:

immediately demanded an amnesty for draft evaders, and they were not further punished.

911: 873: 848: 718:

Living "underground" (e.g., living with false identification papers) and working at an

88: 68: 7591: 4305:"Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to Share Data with Moscow on Anti-War Russians, Conscripts" 3880: 2024:

Later memoirs by Vietnam-era draft evaders who went to Canada include Donald Simons's

1626: 902:, "release can depend on the arbitrary whim of a commander, and usually takes years". 876:. There is an obligatory military draft for all young men. Nevertheless, according to 615:

Holding a job in what the government considers to be an essential civilian occupation.

161: 7606: 6992: 6771: 6748: 6725: 6514: 6490: 6439: 6418: 6351: 6237: 6213: 6192: 6122: 5855: 5788: 5718: 5641: 5545: 5520: 5495: 5471: 5425: 5409: 5388: 5358: 5308: 5218: 5187: 5163: 5125: 5071: 5047: 4893: 4859: 4820: 4785: 4757: 4732: 4704: 4666: 4638: 4617: 4451: 4269:"Living In Fear Of The Draft, Russian Emigres In Kazakhstan Have No Plans To Go Home" 4118: 4017: 3968: 3944: 3920: 3863: 3858:

Julkunen, Martti. "Taistelutahto ristipaineissa". In Vehviläinen, Olli, ed. (1982).

3791: 3765: 3741: 3720: 3635: 3614: 3577: 3544: 3520: 3499: 3471: 3446: 3425: 3395: 3370: 3321: 3297: 3273: 3252: 3219: 3198: 3168: 3111: 3044: 3013: 2992: 2955: 2931: 2907: 2868: 2839: 2806: 2785: 2748: 2719: 2688: 2664: 2591: 2579: 2551: 2509: 2465: 2029: 1824: 1302: 1148: 1004: 988: 808: 769: 6664: 5355:

Building Sanctuary: The Movement to Support Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, 1965–73

3967:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 133–135. 3919:. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, an imprint of University of Nebraska Press, pp. 68–69. 3388:

We Won't Go!: The Truth on Military Recruiters and the Draft – a Guide to Resistance

933:

reported that Eritrea was considering altering some of its military draft policies.

103: 7767: 7757: 7737: 7616: 7340: 7295: 7173: 6967: 6950: 6886: 6866: 6861: 6806: 6690:– English-language website of New Profile, Israeli anti-draft group mentioned above 6286: 6262: 6118: 6017: 5179: 5155: 5010: 4990: 1975: 1646: 1532:, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, generated 80,000 cases of alleged draft evasion. 1269: 1260: 1179: 957: 113: 108: 6667:– provides information on the Israeli anti-draft group Shministim, mentioned above 4514:"Thirty men have died trying to leave Ukraine to avoid fighting since war started" 1008: 740: 6876: 6687: 6290: 6253: 6229: 6004: 5989: 5693: 5653: 5289:(September 2005). "Felon for Peace: The Memoir of a Vietnam-Era Draft Resister". 5022: 4684:

Take Slackers Into Army; Many at Camp Dix Welcome Induction Into Military Service

4067: 3845: 3289: 3081: 2984: 2980: 2145: 2113:

that. Several politically charged books subsequently discussed Chase's behavior.

2102: 1765: 1688: 1582: 1277: 1128: 1108: 580: 6711: 6574:

website. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Article originally November–December 1977.

6563: 6002:

Peters, Pamela J. (April 1992). "I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam War Objector",

3560:

Dennis (2017), cited in "Draft evasion practices" section above, pp. 31, 46, 47.

3247:(1967). "A Time to Say No". In Robbins, Mary Susannah, ed. (2007, orig. 1999). 1721: 7721: 7697: 7425: 7244: 7007: 6977: 6881: 6871: 6856: 6811: 6752: 6037: 5639:

Rosenthal, Harry F. (2 June 1968). "Canada Increasingly Draft Dodgers' Haven".

5467: 5333: 5210: 5206: 4849: 4583: 3689: 3244: 2947: 2923: 2860: 2740: 2620: 2377: 2288: 2240: 2218: 2157: 1959: 1943: 1658: 1634: 1479: 1459: 1385: 1345: 1164: 1038: 930: 915: 6717: 6346:, p. 54. This book was published in December 2015, two months before the 6163:

Review / Television; Late-Night Chitchat Additions: Pat Sajak and Arsenio Hall

5513:

Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540–2015

4701:

Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen

4238:"Kazakhstan tightens visa rules, setting limits for Russians fleeing war duty" 3838: 2712:

Conscription: A World Survey: Compulsory Military Service and Resistance To It

709:

Declining to register for the draft, in nations where that is required by law.

7802: 7777: 7372: 7290: 7217: 7192: 6997: 6680: 6343: 6307: 6258:

Mormon Church Obtained Vietnam Draft Deferrals for Romney, Other Missionaries

5680:

Adams, James (20 October 2007). "'The Big Guys Keep Being Surprised by Us.'"

5660: 5648: 5516: 4773: 4122: 4009: 3738:

Käpykaartiin? 1941–1944: sotilaskarkuruus Suomen armeijassa jatkosodan aikana

3147: 2831: 2273: 2256: 2202:

issued a pardon giving unconditional amnesty to Vietnam war draft resisters.

2117: 1696: 1662: 1594: 1508:

According to scholar Anna Wittmann, about 72,000 young Americans applied for

1491: 1388:—although he did not name it—as he found it in New York City in August 1817: 1324:

only 506 young men turned up out of an eligibility pool of more than 31,000.

1213: 1081: 1046: 898: 606: 538: 4855:

They Marched Into Sunlight: War and Peace, Vietnam and America, October 1967

3197:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 6–7, 39, 49, 78. 956:

Approximately 1,500 men failed to show up for the draft at the start of the

7717: 7325: 7163: 7017: 6955: 6921: 6891: 6316: 6110: 6087: 5665: 5623: 5286: 5002: 4419: 3827:" (13 February 2013). Finnish-language website. Retrieved 10 February 2018. 3036: 2647: 2389: 2365: 2277: 2199: 2178: 2162: 2056: 2037: 1978:. Other draft evaders from the Vietnam era remain in Sweden and elsewhere. 1955: 1923: 1890: 1704: 1674: 1574: 1513: 1483: 693: 661:

Falsely claiming to be homosexual, where the military excludes homosexuals.

642: 505:

Draft evasion has been a significant phenomenon in nations as different as

472: 123: 33: 6705: 3814:" (11 October 2015). Finnish-language website. Retrieved 10 February 2018. 2339:– discusses military desertion generally and in several individual nations 2190:

in his heels. The diagnosis allowed Trump to receive a medical deferment.

1677:

lampooned the paradox of seeking a deferment by acting crazy in his song "

759:

Deliberately disrupting a military draft agency's processes or procedures.

7335: 7072: 7037: 7002: 6982: 6896: 6631: 6482: 6282: 5632: 3467: 3294:

Jailed for Peace: The History of American Draft Law Violators, 1658 –1985

2899: 2777: 2301: 2236: 2150: 2131: 2109: 1967: 1806: 1802: 1567: 1551: 1467: 1435:

lasted several days and resulted in up to 120 deaths and 2,000 injuries.

1287: 1226: 1160: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1033:

is one of several Israeli entertainers who have encouraged draft evasion.

1030: 584: 526: 98: 6621:

Avoidance and Evasion of Military Service: An American History 1626-1973

6614:

Jailed for Peace: The History of American Draft Law Violators, 1658–1985

6212:. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 80 ("Limbaugh at War" section). 3893:

Duxbury (1999), p. 154 (discussing scholar Nuria Sales de Bohigas).

3825:

Hitleriä vastaan sodittiin Suomessa hajanaisesti. Ajankohtainen Kakkonen

3422:

The Catonsville Nine: A Story of Faith and Resistance in the Vietnam Era

3318:

I Shoulda Been Home Yesterday: 20 Months in Jail for Not Killing Anybody

1809:

mentions Mexico, scholar Anna Wittmann mentions Britain, and journalist

1455: 1219:

Some South Korean draft evaders have been sentenced to prison. In 2014,

7367: 7179: 7057: 7042: 7032: 6851: 6267: 5684:(Toronto), p. R6 (statting that "close to 100,000" had been sold). 5621:

Dunford, Gary (3 February 1968). "Toronto's Anti-Draft Office Jammed".

5122:

A Cultural History of the Radical Sixties in the San Francisco Bay Area

5063: 3574:

Zombie Army: The Canadian Army and Conscription in the Second World War

2989:

Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation

2584:

American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

2305: 2251: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2000: 1935: 1927: 1828: 1814: 1529: 1191: 1182:

announced they will not offer refuge to Russians fleeing mobilization.

1152: 1131:'s presidency, the service duration was reduced from two years to one. 488: 47: 4472: 2838:. London and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 159–164. 2392:– discusses variety of types of war refusers, including draft refusers 2153:

noted that Romney's father had been governor of Michigan at the time.

1897: 872:

Colombia maintains a large and well-funded military, often focused on

7305: 6791: 6655: 6513:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 261 (on Hayden). 5312:, vol. 40, issue no. 2, pp. 272–276. A joint publication of the 5239: 2867:. London and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 111–119. 2346: 2336: 2187: 1971: 1909: 1860: 1782: 1666: 1650: 1630: 1077: 1069:, was started by Israeli peace activists to encourage draft refusal. 942: 689: 575: 6586:

Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance during the Vietnam War

6511:

Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago

6489:. New York: Harper Perennial "classics" ed., pp. 485–486, 605. 6210:

The Most Dangerous Man in America: Rush Limbaugh's Assault on Reason

5957:

Hagan (2001), cited above, p. 186 (quoting Baskir and Strauss).

4193:"Russia's neighbors see surge of migrants as men flee Putin's draft" 3216:

The Fishing Creek Confederacy: A Story of Civil War Draft Resistance

3195:

Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War

2684:

Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War

2047: 664:

Claiming economic hardship, if the purported hardship is overstated.

7394: 7047: 6369:

Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet

5464:

Contending Statistics: The Numbers for U.S. War Resisters in Canada

4042: 4033: 3824: 2587: 2505: 1810: 1786: 1692: 1546: 1374: 1156: 1062: 839:

Canada introduced an innovative kind of draft law in 1940 with the

596:

status on the basis of sincerely held religious or ethical beliefs.

506: 476: 5519:, 4th ed., p. 214 ("Draft-Age Americans in Canada" section). 3965:

A Handbook of Military Conscription and Composition the World Over

3941:

The New Foreign Policy: Complex Interventions, Competing Interests

2952:

The New Conscientious Objection: From Sacred to Secular Resistance

2687:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 6. 1377:. Each time the draft has been met with at least some resistance. 3251:. London and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 120. 1876:, sold nearly 100,000 copies, and one sociologist found that the 1471: 1171: 1025: 677: 534: 510: 6593:

Hell No, We Won't Go: Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War

6559:. Lincoln, NE: Bison Books / University of Nebraska Press. 2010. 6320:, online; third section, 10th paragraph. Retrieved 27 July 2018. 6189:

Hell No, We Won't Go: Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War

6035:

Ware, Randall (1 May 1994). "A Grey Memoir of a Colorful Time".

5357:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 174. 4918:

Cortright (2005), cited above, p. 165 (quoting task force chair

4572:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. pp. 48–49. 4447:

Syria's Assad Grants Amnesty to Army Deserters and Draft Dodgers

3367:

The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863

1905:

was one of several draft evaders who became prominent in Canada.

1872:, published jointly by the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme and the 1194:

agreed to share personal data of Russians fleeing mobilization.

1106:

According to London-based journalist Elisabeth Braw, writing in

772:

that treats draft resistance as a vital and integral part of it.

7315: 7265: 7012: 6942: 4892:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 164–165. 3788:

Maan alla: Vakoilua, vastarintaa ja urkintaa Suomessa 1941–1944

2782:

All American Boys: Draft Dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War

2371: 1670: 1175: 972: 667:

Deliberately failing one's military-related intelligence tests.

522: 518: 514: 6670: 4378:

Another South Korean Superlative: Most Draft Dodgers in Prison

4073:

Central European Journal of International and Security Studies

3943:, 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 101. 3881:"Kutsunnat alkavat tänään - näin käy, jos ei ilmesty paikalle" 3685:"Eritrea May Alter Army Draft That Forced Thousands to Europe" 3077:

Russians Dodge a Bullet: How Young Russian Men Avoid the Draft

2640:'Going to Canada': The Politics and Poetics of Northern Exodus 7052: 6438:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, pp. 127–128. 4838:

The Draft and You: A Handbook on the Selective Service System

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731:

Shooting and/or killing draft officers and civil authorities.

609:, when one is truly so and the military excludes homosexuals. 530: 5854:. House of Anansi Press, "A List" reprint ed, p. 129. 3917:

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to give him one of that state's missionary deferments. In a

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Organizing or participating in a riot against the draft.

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Publicly encouraging, aiding, or abetting draft evaders.

471:(American English) is any successful attempt to elude a 6607:

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2321:– opposed conscription in Australia during World War I 1707:, in which a four-year-old boy is drafted by mistake. 1373:

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6417:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 192. 5095:, 10th ed., p. 6. Booklet of 100 pages, no ISBN. 4703:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 43–53. 2784:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, pp. 70–74. 1163:

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Mothers are usually excused from the Eritrean draft.

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Attention has also been paid to independent Senator

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reportedly took extreme measures to avoid the draft.

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wrote a column supporting the group. Another group,

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(2006). 5332:Polner, Murray (18 May 2014). " 4699:Capozzola, Christopher (2008). 4693: 4676: 4627: 4606: 4576: 4568:Fearon, Henry Bradshaw (1818). 4561: 4542: 4524: 4506: 4486: 4389: 4370: 4361: 4297: 4279: 4273:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4260: 4228: 4191:Hagstrom, Anders (2022-09-27). 4184: 4165: 4159: 4135: 4102: 4088: 4079: 4027: 4003: 3978: 3887: 3873: 3830: 3624: 3587: 3554: 3530: 3509: 3456: 3435: 3414: 3405: 3380: 3338:Ladden-Hall, Dan (2022-09-26). 3331: 3307: 3283: 3238: 3235:Christ (2006), pp. 59, 62. 3229: 3208: 3162: 3100: 3002: 2974: 2965: 2941: 2917: 2795: 2435:"draft meaning - Google Search" 2246: 1993:McGill-Queen's University Press 1633:(1940–1976) was one of several 834: 6827:List of pacifist organisations 6348:Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2016 6058:University of British Columbia 5880:Satin, Mark (14 June 2017). " 5249:The New York Times Book Review 4836:Rothenberg, Leslie S. (1968). 4549:Shaun Walker (26 April 2024). 4494:"Desperate to avoid the draft" 4376:Kirk, Donald (8 April 2014). " 4109:Higgins, Andrew (2022-10-05). 3985:Goldenberg, Tia (2024-06-25). 3420:Peters, Shawn Francis (2012). 3320:. New York: Delacorte / Dell. 2674: 2653: 2427: 2183:President of the United States 2149:article from 2007, journalist 1535: 1197: 1139:In September 2022, during the 814: 487:. Draft evaders are sometimes 13: 1: 6700:Vietnam War: Draft Resistance 6671:National Resistance Committee 6434:DeBenedetti, Charles (1990). 5993:, vol. 82, no. 7, p. 84. 5909:Churchill, David S. (2004). " 5841:Kasinsky (1976), p. 104. 5823:Williams (1971), cited above. 5344:. Retrieved 2 February 2018. 4383:The Christian Science Monitor 3611:Canada and the Two World Wars 3462:Arnaoutoglou, Ilias (1998). 2926:; Lynd, Alice, eds. (1995). 2638:Adams, Rachel (Fall 2005). 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Folksinger 1466:In the United States during 1397: 64:Alternative civilian service 7: 7401:The whole world is watching 7169:Peace & Love (festival) 7119:Imagine Piano Peace Project 6712:War Resisters International 6652:How To Beat the Draft Board 6572:Vancouver Community Network 6119:Kensington Publishing Corp. 5589:The New York Times Magazine 5536:Kasinsky, Renée G. (1976). 5027:1001 Ways to Beat the Draft 5007:Alice's Restaurant Massacre 4723:Keene, Jennifer D. (2006). 4481:Carnegie Middle East Center 3441:Dennis, Patrick M. (2017). 3392:International Action Center 3268:Williams, Roger N. (1971). 3193:Foley, Michael S. (2003). 3108:Sunderland in the Great War 2312: 2011:(1972) and Daniel Peters's 1922:larger struggle. Activists 1821:before returning to the US 1777:(2005), and Bruce Dancis's 1684:1001 Ways to Beat the Draft 1359:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1318:Carnegie Middle East Center 1141:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1118:Central Intelligence Agency 1021:Refusal to serve in the IDF 867: 857:Conscription Crisis of 1944 829:Conscription Crisis of 1917 748:broke out in New York City. 10: 7825: 7524:2011 intervention in Libya 7144:List of places named Peace 7129:International Day of Peace 6847:Peace and conflict studies 6767:Anti-nuclear organizations 6641:New York: Liveright. 1970. 6591:Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon. 6340:Why Bernie Sanders Matters 6092:Murtha and the Mudslingers 5934:Canadian Historical Review 5871:Satin (2017), p. 135. 5832:Hagan (2001), cited above. 5217:. Boston: Beacon Press. 5120:Ashbolt, Anthony (2013). 5025:; Bashlow, Robert (1968). 4754:Cambridge University Press 4729:Greenwood Publishing Group 3666:Public Radio International 2681:Foley, Michael S. (2003). 2500:Wittmann, Anna M. (2016). 2353:No-Conscription Fellowship 2325:Canada and the Vietnam War 2193: 1901:Vancouver city councillor 1539: 1401: 1331: 1327: 1310: 1242:(Hong Kong), in June 2013 1204:mandatory military service 1018: 936: 891: 878:Public Radio International 794: 785: 696:refused induction in 1967. 7693: 7640: 7569: 7434: 7258: 7159:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 7154:Mother's Day Proclamation 7104:Dances of Universal Peace 7081: 6935: 6917:The Women's Peace Crusade 6759: 6637:Williams, Roger Neville. 6232:; Hellman, Scott (2012). 6150:Media Matters for America 5591:, pp. 25 and 94–105. 5578:Retrieved 14 August 2012. 5511:Knowles, Valerie (2016). 5432:(Toronto), pp. 1, 2. 5353:Squires, Jessica (2013). 4888:Cortright, David (2008). 4748:Ross, William G. (2017). 3862:. Porvoo, Finland: WSOY. 3790:. Helsinki: Love Kirjat. 2644:Yale Journal of Criticism 2413:health, or cultural work. 2343:End Conscription Campaign 2319:Australian Freedom League 2264:standard prompted by the 2055:According to a column by 1984:Yale Journal of Criticism 1966:, television personality 1014: 998: 989:Allied Control Commission 802: 7420:Violence begets violence 7353:Non-aggression principle 7223:The Non-Violence Project 7203:Promoting Enduring Peace 7186:Promoting Enduring Peace 6842:Pacifist Socialist Party 6694:Selective Service System 6413:Scott, James C. (1990). 6266:, web exclusive, now at 6208:Wilson, John K. (2011). 5734:Hagan (2001), pp. 80–81. 4612:Williams, David (2008). 4355:South China Morning Post 3786:Rislakki, Jukka (1986). 3630:Jaskoski, Maiah (2013). 3008:Palmer, Brandon (2013). 2396: 2136:During the Vietnam War, 2009:Dropping Out in 3/4 Time 1889:inauguration, President 1604:burned their draft cards 1250: 1239:South China Morning Post 1073:University of Manchester 633:By circumventing the law 7685: 7514:Military action in Iran 7149:Monuments and memorials 7099:Concert Yutel for Peace 6902:React, Include, Recycle 6832:List of peace activists 6797:Conscientious objectors 5038:Feiffer, Jules (1989). 4584:"Southern 'Volunteers'" 3736:Kulomaa, Jukka (1995). 3715:Tasala, Markku (2000) 3142:"Miserable and Useless" 2304:and political activist 1769:(1982), David Miller's 1691:, a member of the band 1518:Civilian Public Service 1334:Mobilization in Ukraine 1295:VU University Amsterdam 1231:conscientious objection 977:Finnish Communist Party 545:Draft evasion practices 7435:Opposition to specific 7390:Swords to ploughshares 7384:Soldiers are murderers 6777:Anti-war organizations 6338:Jaffe, Harry (2015). 5462:Jones, Joseph (2005). 5451:Institut des Amériques 4657:Virden, Jenel (2008). 4637:New York: Free Press. 3860:Jatkosodan kujanjuoksu 3836:Selin, Sakari (2011). 3139:C.L. (10 March 2014). 2504:. Santa Barbara, CA: 2362:No Conscription League 2260: 2217:— Political scientist 2214: 2168:conscientious objector 2088: 2022: 1950:, gay rights advocate 1918: 1906: 1844: 1832: 1773:(2001), Jerry Elmer's 1729: 1638: 1599:all-volunteer military 1563: 1555: 1510:conscientious objector 1478:, activists including 1463: 1413: 1395: 1369:The United States has 1264: 1202:South Korea maintains 1103: 1091: 1039:strictly Orthodox Jews 1034: 824: 749: 697: 645: 621:Not being chosen in a 594:conscientious objector 588: 571:By adhering to the law 554: 74:Conscientious objector 7437:wars or their aspects 7358:Nonviolent resistance 7208:Show of Peace Concert 6973:Anti-nuclear movement 5886:House of Anansi Press 5540:. New Brunswick, NJ: 5406:Draft-Dodging Odyssey 5314:Peace History Society 5271:Berkeley Daily Planet 5266:Stranger than Fiction 4985:Ochs, Phil (1965). " 3939:Neack, Laura (2014). 3572:Byers, David (2017). 2586:. Santa Barbara, CA: 2254: 2210: 2116:Radio talk show host 2083: 2017: 1912: 1900: 1874:House of Anansi Press 1849:University of Toronto 1839:Tattered copy of the 1838: 1827: 1750:electrical resistance 1724: 1629: 1597:'s task force on the 1561: 1549: 1476:Espionage Act of 1917 1458: 1411: 1390: 1258: 1101: 1086: 1028: 949:(Pine Cone Guard) or 822: 743: 692: 640: 578: 552: 133:By historical country 46:1780 caricature of a 7519:Sri Lankan Civil War 7413:Turn the other cheek 7228:University for Peace 7139:List of peace prizes 6675:War Resisters League 6660:Wikimedia Foundation 6509:(1994, orig. 1987). 6485:(2005, orig. 1980). 6310:(5 October 2015). " 5926:Urban History Review 5713:Hagan, John (2001). 5338:History News Network 5066:(2017, orig. 1968). 4782:Simon & Schuster 4473:Draft Dodging Nation 4333:Korea JoongAng Daily 2902:(1993, orig. 1987). 2743:(1997, orig. 1983). 2590:, pp. 545–546. 2282:class discrimination 2101:stated that he took 1913:Gay rights advocate 1734:War Resisters League 1420:(the North) and the 1209:Korea JoongAng Daily 1188:Biden administration 1053:including rock star 704:Actions by resisters 579:US Secretary of War 465:Conscription evasion 416:By geographical area 387:United Arab Emirates 7561:Nuclear disarmament 7544:in Russian Far East 7301:Department of Peace 7286:Counter-recruitment 7281:Conflict resolution 7271:Central Park be-ins 7259:Slogans and tactics 7238:Japanese Peace Bell 7028:Non-interventionism 7023:Modern-war pacifism 6961:Christian anarchism 6658:, a project of the 6121:, pp. 47–48. 6096:The Washington Post 6090:(17 January 2006)." 6053:Canadian Literature 5990:The English Journal 5696:(26 August 2017). " 5636:, pp. 34, 150. 5466:. Morrisville, NC: 5404:Kiask, Ken (2015). 5044:Fantagraphics Books 4592:Library of Congress 4243:The Washington Post 2985:Strauss, William A. 2981:Baskir, Lawrence M. 2198:In 1977, President 2108:Actor and comedian 2062:The Washington Post 1687:was co-authored by 1512:(CO) status during 1382:Sketches of America 1206:. According to the 1135:Invasion of Ukraine 1094:Russia/Soviet Union 912:Human rights groups 587:draft lottery, 1917 119:Penal military unit 84:Counter-recruitment 79:Conscription crisis 7455:American Civil War 7347:Make love, not war 7321:Economic sanctions 7276:Civil disobedience 7109:Festival for Peace 7082:Media and cultural 7068:Testimony of peace 6988:Christian pacifism 6686:2018-02-23 at the 6677:, mentioned above. 6619:Peterson, Carl L. 6584:Foley, Michael S. 6392:. January 22, 1977 6390:The New York Times 6373:The New York Times 6285:(20 July 2007). " 6256:(24 June 2007). " 6167:The New York Times 6141:Detroit Free Press 6075:The Globe and Mail 6023:The Globe and Mail 5768:The New York Times 5702:The Globe and Mail 5682:The Globe and Mail 5615:The New York Times 5430:The Globe and Mail 5383:Wong, Jan (1997). 5309:Peace & Change 4688:The New York Times 4663:Palgrave Macmillan 4502:. 4 February 2024. 4293:. August 17, 2023. 4115:The New York Times 4066:2017-12-02 at the 4036:(no date given). " 3844:2007-12-20 at the 2948:Moskos, Charles C. 2745:Vietnam: A History 2580:Tucker, Spencer C. 2276:is convinced that 2266:Nuremberg doctrine 2261: 2089: 1919: 1907: 1845: 1833: 1795:Cornell University 1756:in 1967 and 1968. 1730: 1705:later a short film 1679:Alice's Restaurant 1649:", a 1965 song by 1639: 1608:Justice Department 1564: 1556: 1504:World War II draft 1464: 1426:American Civil War 1414: 1282:Thomas Spijkerboer 1265: 1259:Aleppo during the 1168:mobilization order 1104: 1035: 929:A 2018 article in 874:counter-insurgency 825: 750: 698: 646: 589: 555: 89:Draft-card burning 69:Civil conscription 7796: 7795: 7653: 7652: 7556:Military taxation 7426:War tax resisters 6993:Deterrence theory 6772:Anti-war movement 6612:Kohn, Stephen M. 6605:Kasinsky, Renee. 6555:Bernstein, Iver. 6519:978-0-674-19725-1 6495:978-0-06-083865-2 6444:978-0-8156-0245-3 6423:978-0-300-05669-3 6356:978-1-68245-017-8 6242:978-0-06-212327-5 6218:978-0-312-61214-6 6197:978-0-670-83935-3 6127:978-0-8065-3073-4 6018:Macfarlane, David 5860:978-1-4870-0289-3 5794:978-0-19-507190-0 5723:978-0-674-00471-9 5669:, pp. 42–45. 5657:, pp. 34–36. 5642:Los Angeles Times 5550:978-0-87855-113-2 5542:Transaction Books 5525:978-1-4597-3285-8 5500:978-0-7735-5159-6 5476:978-0-9737641-0-9 5414:978-1-5087-5169-4 5393:978-0-385-48232-5 5363:978-0-7748-2524-5 5244:A Protégé's Story 5242:(13 June 1982). " 5223:978-0-8070-0542-2 5192:978-0-674-44726-4 5180:Carson, Clayborne 5168:978-0-394-71965-8 5156:Sale, Kirkpatrick 5130:978-1-84893-232-6 5076:978-1-4870-0289-3 5052:978-1-56097-001-9 4898:978-0-521-67000-5 4864:978-0-7432-6104-3 4825:978-0-8057-9134-1 4790:978-1-4767-0590-3 4762:978-1-107-09464-2 4737:978-0-313-33181-7 4709:978-0-19-533549-1 4671:978-0-333-72661-7 4643:978-0-02-905820-6 4622:978-1-59558-108-2 4452:Los Angeles Times 4291:Los Angeles Times 4147:www.aljazeera.com 4022:978-1-59051-210-4 3973:978-0-7391-6751-9 3949:978-1-4422-2007-2 3925:978-1-59797-234-5 3868:978-951-0-11164-2 3796:978-951-835-099-9 3770:978-951-20-7772-4 3746:978-951-37-1754-4 3725:978-951-749-341-3 3640:978-1-4214-0907-8 3619:978-1-55263-509-4 3582:978-0-7748-3052-2 3549:978-0-7710-6514-9 3525:978-1-77113-179-7 3504:978-1-77244-013-3 3476:978-0-415-14985-3 3451:978-0-7748-3597-8 3430:978-0-19-982785-5 3400:978-0-9747521-1-2 3375:978-0-8131-5182-3 3326:978-0-440-04156-6 3302:978-0-275-92776-9 3278:978-0-87140-533-3 3257:978-0-7425-5914-1 3224:978-0-8262-1988-6 3203:978-0-8078-5436-5 3173:978-0-671-77971-9 3116:978-1-78346-286-5 3049:978-0-19-925353-1 3018:978-0-295-99258-7 2997:978-0-394-41275-7 2960:978-0-19-507955-5 2936:978-1-57075-010-6 2912:978-0-553-37212-0 2873:978-0-7425-5914-1 2844:978-0-7425-5914-1 2811:978-0-7146-3390-9 2790:978-0-470-85104-3 2753:978-0-14-026547-7 2724:978-0-9500203-1-0 2669:978-0-8032-1826-0 2596:978-1-85109-677-0 2556:978-0-521-73034-1 2514:978-1-4408-3424-0 2470:978-1-4129-9077-6 2349:-era South Africa 2255:Harvard graduate 2030:George Fetherling 1952:Michael Hendricks 1915:Michael Hendricks 1754:anti-war movement 1303:Los Angeles Times 1236:According to the 1114:Soviet–Afghan War 1082:Courage to Refuse 1005:French Revolution 962:Pärmin pataljoona 770:anti-war movement 462: 461: 162:By modern country 16:(Redirected from 7816: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7480:list of protests 7341:Lesson of Munich 7296:Demilitarisation 7174:Peace journalism 6968:Anti-imperialism 6951:Anarcho-pacifism 6887:Peace psychology 6867:Peace conference 6862:Peace commission 6807:Culture of Peace 6742: 6735: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6577:Conway, Daniel. 6562:Colhoun, Jack. " 6543: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6522: 6504: 6498: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6432: 6426: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6382: 6376: 6365: 6359: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6305: 6294: 6280: 6271: 6263:The Boston Globe 6254:Kranish, Michael 6251: 6245: 6230:Kranish, Michael 6227: 6221: 6206: 6200: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6136: 6130: 6108: 6099: 6085: 6079: 6067: 6061: 6048: 6042: 6033: 6027: 6015: 6009: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5889: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5863: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5778: 5772: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5726: 5711: 5705: 5694:MacSkimming, Roy 5691: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5553: 5534: 5528: 5509: 5503: 5485: 5479: 5460: 5454: 5439: 5433: 5423: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5366: 5351: 5345: 5330: 5321: 5304: 5298: 5284: 5275: 5262: 5253: 5237: 5226: 5204: 5195: 5177: 5171: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5133: 5118: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5091:. Philadelphia: 5085: 5079: 5061: 5055: 5036: 5030: 5023:Kupferberg, Tuli 5020: 5014: 5000: 4994: 4987:Draft Dodger Rag 4983: 4977: 4974: 4965: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4886: 4867: 4847: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4793: 4771: 4765: 4746: 4740: 4721: 4712: 4697: 4691: 4680: 4674: 4655: 4646: 4631: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4538:. 25 April 2024. 4528: 4522: 4521: 4520:. 30 April 2024. 4510: 4504: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4469: 4456: 4443: 4424: 4415: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4346: 4337: 4324: 4313: 4312: 4309:The Moscow Times 4301: 4295: 4294: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4166:Ray, Siladitya. 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4098:. 21 April 2006. 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4057: 4051: 4031: 4025: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3961: 3952: 3937: 3928: 3913: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3784: 3773: 3758: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3680: 3669: 3658: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3607: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3570: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3534: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3492: 3479: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3384: 3378: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3311: 3305: 3290:Kohn, Stephen M. 3287: 3281: 3266: 3260: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3191: 3176: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3144: 3136: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3086: 3073: 3052: 3034: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2945: 2939: 2921: 2915: 2897: 2876: 2858: 2847: 2829: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2775: 2756: 2738: 2727: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2678: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2636: 2625: 2612: 2599: 2576: 2559: 2544: 2517: 2498: 2473: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2431: 2414: 2410: 2364:– co-founded by 2222: 2181:, who served as 2141: 2122: 2034:Travels by Night 1976:Jesse Winchester 1647:Draft Dodger Rag 1371:employed a draft 1292: 1289: 1270:Syrian Civil War 1261:Syrian Civil War 1180:Baltic countries 1165:Vladimir Putin’s 1159:became primary, 1145:left the country 958:Continuation War 953:(Forest Guard). 809:Jack Granatstein 746:anti-draft riots 685:Draft resistance 500:draft resistance 475:to serve in the 454: 447: 440: 114:National service 109:Military service 55:Related concepts 44: 30: 29: 21: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7689: 7684: 7654: 7649: 7636: 7565: 7509:Afghanistan War 7460:Second Boer War 7436: 7430: 7254: 7077: 6931: 6877:Peace education 6760:Peace advocates 6755: 6746: 6688:Wayback Machine 6648: 6552: 6550:Further reading 6547: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6505: 6501: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6433: 6429: 6412: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6366: 6362: 6342:. Regan Arts / 6337: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6306: 6297: 6281: 6274: 6252: 6248: 6234:The Real Romney 6228: 6224: 6207: 6203: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6160: 6156: 6137: 6133: 6109: 6102: 6086: 6082: 6068: 6064: 6049: 6045: 6034: 6030: 6016: 6012: 6005:Library Journal 6001: 5997: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5779: 5775: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5712: 5708: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5675: 5654:The Progressive 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5586: 5582: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5535: 5531: 5510: 5506: 5486: 5482: 5461: 5457: 5440: 5436: 5424: 5420: 5403: 5399: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5352: 5348: 5331: 5324: 5305: 5301: 5285: 5278: 5263: 5256: 5238: 5229: 5211:Lynd, Staughton 5207:Ferber, Michael 5205: 5198: 5178: 5174: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5136: 5119: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5086: 5082: 5062: 5058: 5037: 5033: 5021: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4984: 4980: 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musician 1775:Felon for Peace 1766:Dreams Die Hard 1689:Tuli Kupferberg 1659:ruptured spleen 1643:countercultural 1635:countercultural 1583:David Cortright 1544: 1538: 1526: 1500: 1445: 1406: 1400: 1367: 1340: 1330: 1313: 1284: 1278:Bashar al-Assad 1253: 1200: 1137: 1129:Dmitry Medvedev 1109:Foreign Affairs 1096: 1023: 1017: 1001: 939: 894: 870: 837: 817: 805: 797: 788: 779: 738: 706: 687: 635: 605:Claiming to be 573: 564: 562:Draft avoidance 547: 491:referred to as 485:draft avoidance 477:military forces 458: 429: 411: 337:the Philippines 307:the Netherlands 156: 128: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7822: 7812: 7811: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7775: 7765: 7755: 7745: 7735: 7725: 7715: 7705: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7622:United Kingdom 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 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6824: 6819: 6814: 6812:ECOPEACE Party 6809: 6804: 6802:Counterculture 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6753:peace movement 6745: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6678: 6668: 6662: 6647: 6646:External links 6644: 6643: 6642: 6635: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6560: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6535: 6523: 6499: 6475: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6427: 6403: 6377: 6360: 6331: 6322: 6308:Banks, Russell 6295: 6272: 6246: 6222: 6201: 6180: 6171: 6154: 6131: 6100: 6080: 6062: 6043: 6038:Ottawa Citizen 6028: 6026:, p. C20. 6010: 5995: 5980: 5971: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5929: 5918: 5899: 5890: 5882:Godfrey and Me 5873: 5864: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5793: 5773: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5706: 5686: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5661:Wakefield, Dan 5658: 5649:Schreiber, Jan 5646: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5602: 5593: 5580: 5563: 5554: 5544:, p. 61. 5529: 5504: 5488:McGill, Robert 5480: 5455: 5434: 5418: 5397: 5376: 5367: 5346: 5322: 5299: 5276: 5254: 5227: 5215:The Resistance 5196: 5172: 5148: 5134: 5106: 5097: 5080: 5056: 5031: 5015: 4995: 4978: 4966: 4957: 4945: 4936: 4924: 4911: 4902: 4868: 4842: 4829: 4808: 4794: 4774:Kazin, Michael 4766: 4756:, p. 28. 4741: 4731:, p. 37. 4713: 4692: 4675: 4665:, p. 35. 4647: 4626: 4605: 4575: 4560: 4541: 4523: 4505: 4485: 4457: 4425: 4401: 4388: 4369: 4360: 4338: 4314: 4296: 4278: 4259: 4227: 4208: 4183: 4158: 4134: 4101: 4087: 4078: 4052: 4038:The Shministim 4026: 4010:Cypel, Sylvain 4002: 3977: 3953: 3929: 3895: 3886: 3872: 3851: 3829: 3816: 3800: 3774: 3750: 3729: 3703: 3690:Bloomberg News 3670: 3644: 3623: 3595: 3586: 3562: 3553: 3529: 3508: 3480: 3455: 3434: 3413: 3404: 3379: 3355: 3330: 3306: 3282: 3261: 3237: 3228: 3207: 3177: 3161: 3120: 3099: 3087: 3053: 3022: 3001: 2973: 2964: 2940: 2916: 2877: 2848: 2832:Fallows, James 2815: 2794: 2757: 2728: 2703: 2693: 2673: 2652: 2626: 2621:Foreign Policy 2600: 2560: 2518: 2474: 2450: 2439:www.google.com 2425: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2378:Peace churches 2375: 2369: 2359: 2350: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2314: 2311: 2297: 2294: 2289:Stanley Karnow 2248: 2245: 2241:James C. Scott 2231: 2228: 2219:James C. Scott 2209: 2207: 2204: 2195: 2192: 2158:Bernie Sanders 2067:George W. Bush 2049: 2046: 1970:, film critic 1960:Keith Maillard 1944:William Gibson 1621:National Guard 1587:more than half 1540:Main article: 1537: 1534: 1525: 1522: 1502:Main article: 1499: 1496: 1480:Eugene V. Debs 1460:Eugene V. Debs 1444: 1441: 1399: 1396: 1386:New York Guard 1366: 1363: 1346:Foreign Policy 1329: 1326: 1312: 1309: 1252: 1249: 1199: 1196: 1136: 1133: 1095: 1092: 1045:senior editor 1019:Main article: 1016: 1013: 1000: 997: 938: 935: 931:Bloomberg News 916:United Nations 893: 890: 869: 866: 836: 833: 816: 813: 804: 801: 796: 793: 787: 784: 778: 775: 774: 773: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 737: 734: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720:unreported job 716: 713: 710: 705: 702: 686: 683: 682: 681: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 634: 631: 630: 629: 626: 619: 616: 613: 610: 603: 600: 597: 572: 569: 563: 560: 546: 543: 460: 459: 457: 456: 449: 442: 434: 431: 430: 428: 427: 421: 418: 417: 413: 412: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 392:United Kingdom 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 219: 214: 211:child soldiers 207:Congo-Kinshasa 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 165: 164: 158: 157: 155: 154: 149: 147:Russian Empire 144: 142:Ottoman Empire 138: 135: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 104:Levée en masse 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7821: 7810: 7809:Draft evasion 7807: 7806: 7804: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7627:United States 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:War on Terror 7485: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443:War of 1812 ( 7442: 7441: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7373:Peacebuilding 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7311:Draft evasion 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291:De-escalation 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Peace One Day 7191: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998:Direct action 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:Anarcho-punks 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:War resisters 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626:Satin, Mark. 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6598:Hagan, John. 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6539: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6507:Miller, James 6503: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6470: 6461: 6452: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344:Phaidon Press 6341: 6335: 6326: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6078:, p. D4. 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6047: 6041:, p. B3. 6040: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5991: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5964: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5894: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5647: 5645:, p. H9. 5644: 5643: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5627:, p. 25. 5626: 5625: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5576:Toronto Star. 5573: 5567: 5558: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5517:Dundurn Press 5514: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5287:Kehler, Randy 5283: 5281: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5003:Guthrie, Arlo 4999: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4973: 4971: 4961: 4952: 4950: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4915: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4364: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 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3221: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3150: 3149: 3148:The Economist 3143: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037:Duxbury, Neil 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2968: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2694:0-8078-2767-3 2690: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:James Fallows 2271: 2267: 2258: 2257:James Fallows 2253: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2230:Effectiveness 2227: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2206:Larger issues 2203: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2119: 2118:Rush Limbaugh 2114: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2042:Erratic North 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989:Robert McGill 1986: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962:, playwright 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946:, politician 1945: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1853:Robert McGill 1850: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:Jules Feiffer 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1595:Richard Nixon 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579:peace studies 1576: 1571: 1569: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1492:Michael Kazin 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1365:United States 1362: 1360: 1355: 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