80:(the upward-entailing context does not license such a polarity item). This approach explains many but not all typical cases of polarity item sensitivity. Subsequent attempts to describe the behavior of polarity items rely on a broader notion of
31:) propositional operator is one that constrains the meaning of an expression to a lower number or degree than would be possible without the expression. For example, "not," "nobody," "few people," "at most two boys." Conversely, an
164:
Giannakidou (2002) argues that
Strawson-DE allows not just the presupposition of the evaluated sentence but just any arbitrary proposition to count as relevant. This results in over-generalization that validates the use if
54:"John ran," but not conversely. But a downward-entailing context reverses this strength; for example, the proposition "At most two boys ran" entails that "At most two boys ran fast" but not the other way around.
57:
An upward-entailing operator preserves the relation of semantic strength among a set of expressions; for example "more than three ran fast" entails "more than three ran" but not the other way around.
35:
operator constrains the meaning of an expression to a higher number or degree, for example "more than one." A context that is neither downward nor upward entailing is
108:
This is not a downward-entailing context because the above proposition does not entail “Only John ate kale for breakfast” (John may have eaten spinach, for example).
115:
does not exhibit the classical DE pattern, it can be shown to be DE in a special way. He defines a notion of
Strawson-DE for expressions that come with
32:
259:
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CLS 38: Papers from the 38th Annual
Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, Parasession on Polarity and Negation
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278:"Licensing and sensitivity in polarity items: from downward entailment to nonveridicality"
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Von Fintel, Kai (1999). "NPI-Licensing, Strawson-Entailment, and
Context-Dependency".
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Ladusaw (1980) proposed that downward entailment is the property that licenses
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among expressions. An expression like "run fast" is semantically
68:" is downward entailing and admits the negative polarity item
561:
283:. In Maria Andronis; Anne Pycha; Keiko Yoshimura (eds.).
169:
in contexts where it is, in fact, ungrammatical, such as
327:
136:
Here, (2) is the intended presupposition. For example:
42:
A downward-entailing operator reverses the relation of
206:* Both students who saw anything reported to the Dean.
92:
Downward entailment does not explain the licensing of
203:* Each student who saw anything reported to the Dean.
997:
794:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
246:Polarity Sensitivity as Inherent Scope Relations
50:than the expression "run" since "John ran fast"
313:
149:Therefore, only John ate kale for breakfast.
275:
146:Only John ate any vegetables for breakfast.
104:Only John ate any vegetables for breakfast.
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258:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
157:is a Strawson-DE and therefore licenses
243:
111:Von Fintel (1999) claims that although
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119:. The reasoning scheme is as follows:
749:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
301:
662:Quantificational variability effect
329:Formal semantics (natural language)
13:
14:
1022:
96:in certain contexts such as with
143:Somebody ate kale for breakfast.
276:Giannakidou, Anastasia (2002).
744:Combinatory categorial grammar
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1:
522:Antecedent-contained deletion
237:
189:* It was John who talked to
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403:Syntax–semantics interface
222:Monotonicity of entailment
39:, such as "exactly five."
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895:Question under discussion
845:Conversational scoreboard
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622:Intersective modification
607:Homogeneity (linguistics)
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244:Ladusaw, William (1980).
132:Therefore, ] (P) is true.
950:Distributional semantics
945:Computational semantics
687:Subsective modification
491:Propositional attitudes
217:Entailment (pragmatics)
975:Philosophy of language
617:Inalienable possession
597:Free choice inferences
592:Faultless disagreement
363:Generalized quantifier
173:, preposed exhaustive
64:. Indeed, "Nobody saw
875:Plural quantification
769:Inquisitive semantics
734:Alternative semantics
860:Function application
667:Responsive predicate
657:Privative adjectives
269:Journal of Semantics
140:Kale is a vegetable.
940:Cognitive semantics
855:Existential closure
799:Situation semantics
702:Temperature paradox
672:Rising declaratives
637:Modal subordination
612:Hurford disjunction
572:Discourse relations
985:Semantics of logic
910:Strict conditional
885:Quantifier raising
850:Downward entailing
830:Autonomy of syntax
759:Generative grammar
739:Categorial grammar
677:Scalar implicature
582:Epistemic modality
557:De dicto and de re
25:downward entailing
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965:Logic translation
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920:Universal grinder
905:Squiggle operator
865:Meaning postulate
804:Supervaluationism
774:Intensional logic
754:Dynamic semantics
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547:Crossover effects
496:Tense–aspect–mood
476:Lexical semantics
196:* John talked to
126:] (P) is defined.
44:semantic strength
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970:Linguistics wars
900:Semantic parsing
789:Montague grammar
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567:Deontic modality
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248:. Garland, NY.
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271:(16): 97–148.
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915:Type shifter
890:Quantization
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840:Continuation
707:Veridicality
587:Exhaustivity
552:Cumulativity
471:Indexicality
451:Definiteness
446:Conditionals
373:Logical form
288:. Retrieved
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232:Veridicality
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37:non-monotone
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835:Context set
809:Type theory
692:Subtrigging
456:Disjunction
383:Proposition
88:Strawson-DE
1000:Categories
980:Pragmatics
632:Mirativity
398:Speech act
353:Entailment
348:Denotation
290:2011-12-15
238:References
18:linguistic
1006:Inference
784:Mereology
720:Formalism
602:Givenness
527:Cataphora
515:Phenomena
506:Vagueness
436:Ambiguity
388:Reference
368:Intension
358:Extension
254:cite book
21:semantics
933:See also
823:Concepts
697:Telicity
532:Coercion
486:Negation
481:Modality
431:Anaphora
211:See also
74:anything
70:anything
66:anything
48:stronger
1011:Grammar
441:Binding
198:anybody
191:anybody
52:entails
870:Monads
417:Topics
177:, and
171:clefts
153:Hence
562:De se
466:Focus
424:Areas
393:Scope
281:(PDF)
175:focus
123:P → Q
76:" is
260:link
183:both
179:each
155:only
113:only
98:only
23:, a
814:TTR
167:any
159:any
94:any
16:In
1002::
256:}}
252:{{
185::
161:.
100::
84:.
29:DE
321:e
314:t
307:v
293:.
262:)
200:.
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181:/
27:(
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