175:
163:
532:
2105:
151:
384:
459:
324:
815:
1674:
1418:
2558:
1119:
203:, a cleft constituent, and a complementizer, which introduces a relative clause that is attributed to the cleft phrase. It-clefts introduce two meanings parts: (1) a presupposition that the property in the clause following the complementiser holds of some entity; and (ii) an assertion that this property holds of the entity denoted by the cleft constituent.
1114:
Another mechanism is the use of the identificating structure, or relative pronouns, "el/la que", "el/la cual" as well as the neuters: "lo que" and "lo cual". This form of cleft construction highlights an importance between the entity and the number and gender of said entity that is uttered in a cleft
980:
There exist several constructions which play the role of cleft sentences. A very common resource is the adding of "es que" (time-dependent). Similar to
English cleft sentences, time-dependent cleft constructions in Spanish also share a temporal relationship between the verb of the relative clause and
186:
English is very rich in cleft constructions. Below are examples of some types of clefts found in
English, though the list is not exhaustive. See Lambrecht 2001 for a comprehensive survey, Collins 1991 for an in-depth analysis of it-clefts and wh-clefts in English, and Calude 2009 for an investigation
761:
The reason why information structure plays such an important role in the area of clefts is largely due to the fact that the organisation of information structure is tightly linked to the clefts' function as focusing tools used by speakers/writers to draw attention to salient parts of their message.
765:
While it may be reasonable to assume that the variable of a cleft (that is, the material encoded by cleft clauses) may be typically GIVEN and its value (expressed by the cleft constituent) is NEW, it is not always so. Sometimes, neither element contains new information, as is in some demonstrative
649:
The cleft clause debate gets more complex with it-clefts, where researchers struggle to even agree as to the type of clause that is involved: the traditionalists claim it to be a relative clause (Huddleston and Pullum 2002), while others reject this on the basis of a lack of noun phrase antecedent
614:
or empty element. The former analysis has come to be termed the "expletive" view, whereas the latter is referred to as the "extraposition" approach. Hedberg (2002) proposes a hybrid approach, combining ideas from both takes on the status of the cleft pronoun. She shows that it can have a range of
746:
Clefts have been described as "equative" (Halliday 1976), "stative" (Delin and
Oberlander 1995) and as "variable-value pairs", where the cleft constituent gives a variable expressed by the cleft clause (Herriman 2004, Declerck 1994, Halliday 1994). A major area of interest with regard to cleft
641:
Bresnan and
Grimshaw (1978) posit a different analysis. They suggest that the relative clause is headed (rather than headless), with wh-word being located outside the clause proper and functioning as its head. Miller (1996) also endorses this approach, citing cross-linguistic evidence that the
257:
etc. are used less frequently. Pseudo-clefts are tools for presenting and highlighting new information, serving as the building blocks of a coherent discourse progression, and a rhetorical toolkit to construct an authorial stance, being a grammatical resource for making evaluative meaning.
414:
Looking at existential sentences, in all languages, they are understood to belong to a grammatically distinct construction, which is utilized to express existential positions. Cleft-sentences in
English contain existential sentences that have a
565:, and so on). This makes it difficult to conduct cross-linguistic investigations of clefts since these elements do not exist in all other languages, which has led to a proposal for a revision of existing cleft taxonomy (see Calude 2009).
670:
Finally, the last element of a cleft is the cleft constituent, which typically corresponds to the focus. As mentioned earlier, the focused part of a cleft is typically a noun phrase, but may in fact, turn up to be just about anything:
774:(Calude 2009). Finally, in some constructions, it is the equation between cleft clause and cleft constituent that brings about the newsworthy information, rather than any of the elements of the cleft themselves (Lambrecht 2001).
307:
In
English, all-cleft sentences are related to pseudo-clefts in which they are constructed with the subject of the sentence embedded in the phrase and expressed with the verb "to be". Where pseudo-clefts begin with a wh-phrase
2021:), much more so than in English, and can be used in ways that would be ambiguous or ungrammatical in English: almost any element of a sentence can be clefted. This sometimes carries over into the local varieties of English (
362:
In
English, inferential clefts involve a subordinate clause that is embedded as a complement of the verb "to be", and the sentence begins with the subject "it". Oftentimes, an inferential cleft will include an adverb such as
747:
constructions involves their information structure. The concept of "information structure" relates to the type of information encoded in a particular utterance, that can be one of these three:
618:
Similarly controversial is the status of the subordinate clause, often termed the "cleft clause". While most would agree that the cleft clause in wh-clefts can be analysed as some kind of
2672:
Frequencies for the different relative clause types in the corpus are presented in Table 3.1, which shows that the prototypical pseudo-cleft with relative clause introduced by
2903:
375:
While they are analyzed in written text, data on inferential clefts are often found in spoken language and act as a subordinate clause of the subject they are inferring.
117:
Furthermore, one might also describe a cleft sentence as inverted. That is to say, it has its dependent clause in front of the main clause. So, rather than: Example:
757:
INFERRABLE information: information that the speaker/writer may expect the hearer/reader to be able to infer either from world knowledge, or from previous discourse
1665:. Japanese speakers have reported that there is an object gap preference in Japanese cleft constructions due to temporal structural ambiguities in subject clefts.
3393:
Theory and
Practice in English Studies. Proceedings from the Eighth Conference of British, American and Canadian Studies. Brno: Masarykova univerzita
568:
However, not all languages are so rich in cleft types as
English, and some employ other means for focusing specific constituents, such as
1657:
construction in
Japanese is frequently used to produce the equivalent of cleft sentences. In addition, a gap precedes its filler in both
622:(free or fused or headless), there is disagreement as to the exact nature of the relative. Traditionally, the wh-word in a cleft such as
547:
Traditional accounts of cleft structures classify these according to the elements involved following English-centric analyses (such as
276:
In English, an inverted pseudo-cleft consists of the identical structure to pseudoclefting, however, the two strings around the verb
2926:
2632:
807:
clefts. In addition, certain constructions with relative clauses have been referred to as "pseudo-cleft" constructions. See
803:
can occur in other contexts that express information-structural categories, but they are sometimes hard to distinguish from
225:, followed by the focused element that appears at the end of the sentence. The prototypical pseudo-cleft construction uses
2665:
1289:
Furthermore, one can also utilize "cuando" and "donde" when one wants to refer to "that" in a frame of time or place.
221:
In English, pseudo-clefts consist of an interrogative clause in the subject position, followed by a form of the verb
280:
are inverted. The focus element has been brought to the front of the sentence, and the clause is sentence final.
2676:
is statistically dominant, and that the fused-type is almost three times as common as the lexically-headed type.
791:
construction in Mandarin is used to produce the equivalent of cleft sentences. However, in traditional grammar,
3429:
Halliday, M.A.K. 1976. Some aspects of the thematic organization of the English clause. In Kress, G., editor,
1411:
Cleft sentences are the most natural way to answer a wh-question in French. For example, if one were to ask:
610:
in the case of English) is controversial, and some believe it to be referential, while others treat it as a
174:
455:
depends on the discourse of the entity or entities that refer to the novel information it is expressing.
3531:
3479:
Lambrecht, Knud. 2001. A framework for the analysis of cleft constructions. Linguistics, 39(3):463-516.
3466:
3255:
2576:
2317:. The remaining portions of the cleft sentences in (1) and (2) are noun phrases that contain headless
3391:
Dušková, L. 2005, From the Heritage of Vilém Mathesius and Jan Firbas: Syntax in the Service of FSP.
3202:"Processing of Japanese Cleft Constructions in Context: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials"
795:
clefts were seen as a construction with a function in reference to the construction as a whole. Both
754:
GIVEN information: information that the speaker/writer expects the hearer/reader may be familiar with
631:
36:
3151:
Plaza de la Ossa, Myriam (2008). "Efectos de concordancia en las oraciones escindidas del español".
1375:
In French, when a cleft is used to reply to a wh-question, it can either appear in a complete form:
559:
48:
3334:
751:
NEW information: things that the speaker/writer expects their hearer/reader might not already know
3434:
3174:
2104:
808:
615:
scopes (from semantically void to full reference) depending on the context in which it is used.
635:
3384:
and Oberlander, J. 1995. Syntactic constraints on discourse structure: the case of it-clefts.
2690:"What Still Needs to be Noted: Pseudo-Clefts in the Academic Discourse of Applied Linguistics"
3050:
531:
383:
2117:
90:
3454:
Herriman, J. 2004. Identifying relations: the semantic functions of wh-clefts in English.
8:
3536:
2125:
2121:
1118:
577:
40:
2867:
2787:
3229:
2768:
2724:
2689:
2547:
2329:
2006:
230:
2824:"'All I'm Saying Is…': The Correlation of Form and Function in Pseudo-cleft Sentences"
770:
and sometimes it is the cleft clause that contains the NEW part of the message, as in
431:
can be distinguished as a main verb, and may contain other intransitive verbs such as
3510:
3271:
3233:
3221:
3028:
2984:
2843:
2760:
2729:
2711:
2661:
2638:
2628:
2596:
2551:
2539:
1996:"Mother said it is the relative whom my grandmother nursed last year at the village."
1887:"Mother said it is the relative who nursed my grandmother last year at the village."
399:
It is not that he loves her. It's just that he has a way with her that is different.
162:
3419:
3267:
3213:
3123:
3024:
2974:
2964:
2918:
2835:
2719:
2701:
2588:
2529:
2030:
2022:
814:
55:
28:
24:
1986:
Kyonen sobo-ga <gap> inaka-de kaihoushita-nowa shinseki-da-to haha-ga it-ta.
3302:
3127:
2592:
2318:
2034:
2010:
1877:
Kyonen <gap> sobo-o inaka-de kaihoushita-nowa shinseki-da-to haha-ga it-ta.
619:
44:
32:
3088:
Chomsky 1977, Delin 1989, Delahunty 1982, Heggie 1988, Kiss 1998, Lambrecht 2001
423:
as a main verb, and an NP in the post-verbal complement position. To elaborate,
3111:
3012:
2562:
2026:
2014:
569:
3357:
Declerk, R. 1994. The taxonomy and interpretation of clefts and pseudoclefts.
3343:
1977. On wh-movement. In Culicover, P., Wasow, T., and Akmajian, A., editors,
3217:
2706:
2534:
2517:
458:
3525:
2988:
2957:
Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association
2847:
2764:
2715:
2642:
2600:
2543:
2018:
611:
3295:
Akmajian, A. 1970. On deriving cleft sentences from pseudo-cleft sentences.
3201:
2969:
2952:
584:(2009) by Cheng Luo presents a cross-linguistic discussion of cleftability.
323:
3340:
3319:
3225:
2922:
2733:
2325:
1673:
3496:
Miller, J. 1996. Clefts, particles and word order in languages of Europe.
3256:"Syntactic Metamorphosis: Clefts, Sluicing, and In-Situ Focus in Japanese"
1417:
2839:
150:
86:
650:(Quirk et al. 1985, Sornicola 1988, Miller 1999), as exemplified below:
97:, or else on the subordinate clause or some element of it. For example:
93:, and in some cases an adjectival or adverbial phrase). The focus is on
3381:
3371:
3305:
1972. A Look at Equations and Cleft Sentences. In Firchow, E., editor,
3079:
Akmajian 1970, Bolinger 1972, Edmonds 1976, Gundel 1977 and Borkin 1984
2772:
2748:
573:
3195:
3193:
3191:
2979:
2040:
The following examples from Scottish Gaelic are based on the sentence
427:
can be distinguished as an adverbial, pronoun, and subject. Likewise,
2823:
2622:
3188:
643:
242:
3322:
and Grimshaw, J. (1978). The Syntax of Free Relatives in English.
927:"Concerning Zhangsan, it is the case that he will come tomorrow."
552:
3472:
Kiss, K. 1998. Identificational focus versus information focus.
1364:" (It was in London that I was born), possible uncleft variants
665:
It was with great reluctance that Maria accepted the invitation.
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
537:
If he wants to be an actor it's because he wants to be famous."
1534:
Who is-PRS-3SG it-SG that 3.SG ate-3SG.PST a.M biscuit-NOM.SG?
596:
If he wants to be an actor it's because he wants to be famous.
3378:. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
3366:
Topics in the syntax and semantics of English cleft sentences
2561:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2557:
2496:(or: "What was the (thing that) was given to Juan by Pedro?")
3513:
1988. It -clefts and Wh-clefts: two awkward sentence types.
3503:
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J. 1985.
2995:
3451:. Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.
3175:"FRENCH CLEFT SENTENCES AND THE SYNTAX-PHONOLOGY INTERFACE"
2518:"Form variation of pronominal it-clefts in written English"
2309:(or: "The (one who) was given money to by Pedro was Juan.")
3200:
Sakamoto, Tsutomu; Tateyama, Yuki; Yano, Masataka (2014).
271:
3112:"The deconstruction of Chinese shì...de clefts revisited"
3097:
Huddleston and Pullum 2002 provide a comprehensive survey
2749:"On Deriving Cleft Sentences from Pseudo-Cleft Sentences"
1641:
It is-PRS.3SG Ella that 3SG ate-3SG.PST a.M cookie-NOM.SG
16:
Complex sentence that could be expressed in a simpler way
3055:
International Online Journal of Education & Teaching
2872:
International Online Journal of Education & Teaching
2792:
International Online Journal of Education & Teaching
2951:
Calude, Andreea S.; Delahunty, Gerald P. (2011-09-01).
3412:
Gundel, J. 1977. Where do clefts sentences come from?
2563:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3489:
Miller, J. 1999. Magnasyntax and syntactic analysis.
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2041:
660:
It was in September that he first found out about it.
3440:
Hedberg, N. 2000. The referential status of clefts.
3199:
655:
It was because he was ill that we decided to return.
3368:. Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington.
2307:"The (one to whom) Pedro had given money was Juan."
320:), all-clefts begin with the use of the word "all".
178:
Reversed Wh-Cleft/Inverted/Pseudo-Cleft sentence: "
2660:(1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 27–28.
1541:It would be answered with the following it-cleft:
58:, a cleft sentence can be constructed as follows:
47:, this focusing is often accompanied by a special
31:) that has a meaning that could be expressed by a
2516:Bevacqua, Luca; Scheffler, Tatjana (2020-01-01).
2515:
1679:"Watashi-tachi ga sagashite iru no wa Joey da." –
723:or slacking off at work that the boss reacted to.
502:There comes a stage when a player should move on.
122:We didn't meet her until we arrived at the hotel.
3523:
3409:. 4th ed. Boston etc. Thompson. p. 260-277.
3254:Hiraiwa, Ken; Ishihara, Shinichiro (June 2012).
3150:
2624:An introduction to syntactic analysis and theory
2313:In the examples in (1) and (2), the foci are in
1377:Matrix 'C'est XP' + relative clause 'que/qui YP'
526:And then there's a new house he wanted to build.
285:English reversed wh-cleft/inverted pseudo-cleft:
3505:A comprehensive grammar of the English language
3352:Cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions in English
3253:
2950:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2658:Cleft and Pseudo-Cleft Constructions in English
2410:(or: "Who was the (one who) bought the house?")
2321:. (NB: Tagalog does not have an overt copula.)
2208:"The (one who) bought the house was the woman."
1092:
1032:
634:of the relative clause, and to function as its
464:And then there's a new house he wanted to build
1989:{Last year} Grandma-NOM {} village-LOC nursed-
1880:{Last year} {} grandma-ACC village-LOC nursed-
1691:
1602:
1591:
1565:
1494:
1450:
1344:
1305:
1252:
1237:
1159:
1069:
1005:
3463:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
3400:A Transformational Approach to English Syntax
3309:, pages 96–114. Mouton de Gruyter, The Hague.
2091:("It's heard that Iain the music last night"
2079:("It's last night that Iain heard the music"
2067:("It's the music that Iain heard last night"
195:In English, it-clefts consist of the pronoun
2810:
2055:("It's Iain who heard the music last night"
1772:Watashitachi ga sagashite iru no wa Joey da.
1272:It.M that NEG want.PRS-1sg is.PRS-3sg go.INF
132:It wasn't until we arrived at the hotel that
2861:
2859:
2857:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2577:"The syntactic structure of English clefts"
3105:
3103:
3051:"A difficulty Analysis of Cleft Sentences"
2868:"A Difficulty Analysis of Cleft Sentences"
2788:"A Difficulty Analysis of Cleft Sentences"
2511:
2509:
2304:NOM Juan NOM gave.PASS GEN Pedro ACC money
1682:Adapted from Hiraiwa & Ishiwara (2012)
1028:
514:There was George Talbot and there was Ted.
488:There seemed to be nothing he couldn't do.
3491:Revue française de linguistique appliquée
3347:, pages 71–132. Academic Press, New York.
2978:
2968:
2901:
2723:
2705:
2533:
1222:
112:It was from John that she heard the news.
3172:
2854:
2746:
2687:
2607:
2103:
1892:Example of an object cleft construction:
1783:Example of a subject cleft construction:
1672:
1617:
1509:
1416:
1204:
1117:
813:
741:
530:
457:
382:
322:
216:
173:
161:
149:
3100:
3010:
2821:
2655:
2506:
2432:
2385:
2364:
2354:
2340:"what", as illustrated in (3) and (4).
2281:
2242:
2222:
2182:
2161:
2141:
1969:
1913:
1860:
1812:
1710:
1632:
1628:
1524:
1520:
1483:
1461:
1353:Is.PST-3sg in London where born.PST-1sg
272:Reversed wh-cleft/Inverted pseudo-cleft
3524:
2649:
1958:
1849:
1738:
971:"It was yesterday that Zhangsan came."
879:"It was yesterday that Zhangsan came."
809:Chinese grammar § Cleft sentences
734:because she was so lonely all the time
710:that Oxfam is launching this campaign.
3424:An introduction to functional grammar
3331:Cleft Constructions in Spoken English
3168:
3166:
3146:
3144:
3048:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2865:
2822:BONELLI, ELENA TOGNINI (1992-01-01).
2785:
2620:
2574:
2491:what NOM gave.PASS GEN Pedro DAT Juan
2453:
2443:
2263:
2253:
2046:, "Iain heard the music last night":
2000:
1993:relative-COP-COMP mother-NOM say-PAST
1932:
1884:relative-COP-COMP mother-NOM say-PAST
1823:
1728:
1561:
1446:
1248:
1233:
1170:
1155:
1024:
1001:
266:What Mary bought was a first edition.
168:What Mary bought was a first edition.
3461:Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G. 2002.
3206:Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
3109:
2688:Zhou, Hui; Chen, Ming (2021-05-28).
2374:
2171:
2088:’S ann a chuala Iain an ceòl a-raoir
2076:’S ann a-raoir a chuala Iain an ceòl
2005:The construction is frequent in the
1479:
601:
357:
35:. Clefts typically put a particular
2471:
2324:This construction is also used for
2093:e.g. as opposed to making the music
1778:"It's Joey whom we're looking for."
1775:We NOM look.for PRES C TOP Joey COP
1356:"It was in London that I was born."
1041:how is.PRS-3sg that go.PRS.PROG-2sg
542:
102:It's Joey (whom) we're looking for.
13:
3163:
3141:
2890:
2205:NOM woman NOM ACT.bought ACC house
2064:’S e an ceòl a chuala Iain a-raoir
2052:’S e Iain a chuala an ceòl a-raoir
1980:
1871:
1638:C’ est Ella qui a mangé un biscuit
1606:
1531:Qui est ce qui a mangé un biscuit?
1498:
1423:C'est Ella qui a mangé un biscuit.
1395:" (It's Jean whom I'm looking for)
1340:
1301:
1263:
1088:
1065:
777:
697:that Homer Simpson drank his beer.
297:Alice was who John was talking to.
14:
3548:
2828:Literary and Linguistic Computing
1188:He that go.PRS-3sg is.PRS-sg Juan
818:Mandarin Cleft sentence (ex.1): "
708:to address a far-reaching problem
199:, followed by a form of the verb
180:Alice was who John was talking to
166:Wh-Cleft/Pseudo-Cleft sentence: "
3486:. Wuhan University Press, China.
3449:The Syntax of Copular Structures
3376:Cleft constructions in discourse
3272:10.1111/j.1467-9612.2011.00164.x
2953:"Inferentials in spoken English"
2904:"The Inferential Reconstruction"
2556:
2405:who.NOM NOM ACT.bought ACC house
2108:Tagalog Cleft sentence (ex.1): "
1677:Japanese Cleft sentence (ex.1):
1659:subject cleft (SC) constructions
1101:Where is.PST-3sg that go.PST-2sg
642:wh-word functions as indefinite
630:, is understood to be the first
404:It was just that it was raining.
389:It was just that it was raining.
347:All he wanted to buy was a Fiat.
292:A Fiat is what he wanted to buy.
27:(one having a main clause and a
3431:System and Function in Language
3407:Language: Its Structure and Use
3247:
3110:Hole, Daniel (September 2011).
3091:
3082:
3073:
3042:
3011:Collins, Peter (October 1992).
2944:
2488:ang ibinigay ni Pedro kay Juan?
2332:used in the question is either
1663:object cleft (OC) constructions
1421:French Cleft sentence (ex.b): "
1122:Spanish Cleft sentence (ex.3):
624:What you need is a good holiday
606:The role of the cleft pronoun (
3426:. Arnold, London, 2nd Edition.
3013:"Cleft existential in English"
2779:
2740:
2681:
2656:Collins, Peter Craig (2002) .
2568:
2494:"What did Pedro give to Juan?"
2301:ang binigyan ni Pedro ng pera.
2110:Ang babae and bumili ng bahay.
1954:
1845:
1766:
1644:"It is Ella that ate a cookie"
1402:" (It's in Paris where I live)
1044:"How is it that you're going?"
899:
845:
409:
263:English wh-cleft/pseudo-cleft:
1:
3314:Problems in Form and Function
3288:
3049:Irgin, Pelin (October 2013).
2902:Delahunty, Gerald P. (1995).
2575:Reeve, Matthew (2011-01-01).
2069:e.g. as opposed to the speech
2043:"Chuala Iain an ceòl a-raoir"
1748:
1275:"What I don't want is to go."
736:that she decided to move out.
626:, pertaining to the relative
580:and so on (see Miller 1996).
387:Inferential Cleft sentence: "
187:of clefts in spoken English.
3507:. Longman, London, New York.
3128:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.07.004
3029:10.1016/0388-0001(92)90024-9
2593:10.1016/j.lingua.2010.05.004
2081:e.g. as opposed to last week
1104:"Where is it that you went?"
873:Zhangsan COP yesterday come-
870:Zhāngsān shì zuótiān lái-de.
535:If-Because Cleft sentence: "
329:All they want is a holiday."
302:
7:
3402:. Academic Press, New York.
2120:constructions in which the
1975:
1964:
1949:
1938:
1927:
1919:
1908:
1900:
1866:
1855:
1840:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1762:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1716:
1706:
1698:
1648:
1279:Possible uncleft variants:
820:Zhāngsān shì zuótiān lái-de
782:
352:All they want is a holiday.
190:
89:(although it can also be a
10:
3553:
3467:Cambridge University Press
2099:
1400:C'est à Paris que j'habite
975:
924:Zhangsan COP tomorrow come
921:Zhāngsān shì míngtiān lái.
772:And that's when I got sick
380:English inferential cleft:
211:It was John that Mary saw.
156:It was John that Mary saw.
3329:Calude, Andreea S. 2009.
3218:10.1007/s10936-014-9294-6
3173:Hamlaoui, Fatima (2007).
2866:Pelin, Irgin (Oct 2013).
2786:Irgin, Pelin (Oct 2013).
2747:Akmajian, Adrian (1970).
2707:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672349
2535:10.1515/lingvan-2019-0066
1692:
1393:C'est Jean que je cherche
1370:
1362:Fue en Londres donde nací
1350:Fue en Londres donde nací
3484:Cleftability in Language
3307:Studies for Einar Haugen
2500:
965:Zhangsan yesterday come-
962:Zhāngsān zuótiān lái-de.
582:Cleftability in Language
145:
3435:Oxford University Press
3405:Finegan, Edward. 2004.
2970:10.1075/prag.21.3.02cal
2694:Frontiers in Psychology
2408:"Who bought the house?"
2057:e.g. as opposed to Mary
1098:¿Adónde fue que fuiste?
507:English post-verbal NP
462:There-Cleft sentence: "
107:It's money that I love.
81:is a cleft pronoun and
3364:Delahunty, G.P. 1982.
2923:10.1075/prag.5.3.03del
2621:Sportiche, Dominique.
2124:element serves as the
2113:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2042:
1684:
1426:
1269:Lo que no quiero es ir
1191:"Who's going is John."
1127:
823:
539:
467:
392:
331:
183:
171:
159:
3335:VDM Verlag Dr. Müller
3316:. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.
3182:University of Toronto
2328:in Tagalog, when the
2107:
1676:
1420:
1379:or in a reduced one,
1121:
817:
742:Information structure
695:greedily and speedily
534:
483:There's nobody there.
461:
386:
327:All Cleft sentence: "
326:
217:Wh-cleft/Pseudo-cleft
177:
165:
153:
65:+ conjugated form of
3354:. Routledge, London.
2522:Linguistics Vanguard
2402:ang bumili ng bahay?
2202:ang bumili ng bahay.
2116:Cleft sentences are
768:That is what I think
676:Prepositional phrase
154:It-Cleft sentence: "
127:the cleft would be:
91:prepositional phrase
73:+ subordinate clause
1407:Example with Gloss:
1124:"El que va es Juan.
684:that he went there.
3500:, 18(1-2):111–125.
3350:Collins, P. 1991.
3324:Linguistic Inquiry
3297:Linguistic Inquiry
2840:10.1093/llc/7.1.30
2753:Linguistic Inquiry
2114:
2007:Goidelic languages
2001:Goidelic languages
1685:
1427:
1381:Matrix 'C'est XP'.
1128:
824:
799:, the copula, and
578:focusing particles
540:
468:
393:
332:
184:
172:
160:
3532:Sentences by type
3498:Language Sciences
3447:Heggie, L. 1988.
3433:, pages 174–188.
3398:Emonds, J. 1976.
3312:Borkin, A. 1984.
3122:(11): 1707–1733.
3017:Language Sciences
2634:978-1-118-47048-0
2128:of the sentence.
1693:私たちが探しているのはジョーイだ。
1537:Who ate a cookie?
1185:El que va es Juan
1038:¿Cómo es que vas?
702:Non-finite clause
602:Structural issues
358:Inferential cleft
245:equivalents like
208:English it-cleft:
3544:
3476:, 74(2):245–273.
3458:, 24(4):447–469.
3444:, 76(4):891–920.
3420:Halliday, M.A.K.
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3197:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3107:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3008:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2972:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:on 21 March 2020
2931:
2925:. Archived from
2908:
2899:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2819:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2709:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2537:
2513:
2473:
2455:
2445:
2434:
2387:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2319:relative clauses
2283:
2265:
2255:
2244:
2224:
2184:
2173:
2163:
2143:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2045:
2031:Scottish English
2023:Highland English
1992:
1982:
1971:
1960:
1956:
1945:
1939:kaihoushita-nowa
1934:
1915:
1883:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1836:
1830:kaihoushita-nowa
1825:
1814:
1768:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1712:
1695:
1694:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1567:
1563:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1463:
1452:
1448:
1346:
1342:
1307:
1303:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1239:
1235:
1224:
1206:
1172:
1161:
1157:
1094:
1090:
1071:
1067:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1007:
1003:
968:
958:
901:
876:
866:
847:
728:Adverbial clause
721:going home early
689:Adverbial phrase
543:If-because cleft
29:dependent clause
25:complex sentence
3552:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3361:, 9(1):183–220.
3291:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3198:
3189:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3149:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3009:
2996:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2855:
2820:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2784:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2686:
2682:
2668:
2654:
2650:
2635:
2619:
2608:
2573:
2569:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2475:
2465:
2457:
2447:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2397:
2389:
2379:
2368:
2358:
2345:
2311:
2308:
2293:
2285:
2275:
2267:
2257:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2194:
2186:
2176:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2133:
2102:
2035:Hiberno-English
2011:Scottish Gaelic
2003:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1973:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1925:
1917:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1816:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1714:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1621:
1610:
1595:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1554:
1539:
1529:
1513:
1502:
1487:
1473:
1465:
1454:
1439:
1431:
1373:
1366:Nací en Londres
1358:
1348:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1294:
1277:
1267:
1256:
1241:
1226:
1216:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1175:
1163:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1110:¿Adónde fuiste?
1106:
1096:
1081:
1073:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1017:
1009:
994:
986:
978:
973:
966:
960:
956:
949:
941:
933:
929:
919:
911:
903:
893:
885:
881:
874:
868:
864:
857:
849:
839:
831:
785:
780:
778:Other languages
744:
620:relative clause
604:
545:
412:
368:
360:
305:
274:
241:etc. and their
219:
193:
148:
45:spoken language
33:simple sentence
17:
12:
11:
5:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3482:Luo, C. 2009.
3480:
3477:
3470:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3427:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3338:
3337:, Saarbrücken.
3327:
3317:
3310:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3266:(2): 142–180.
3246:
3212:(3): 277–286.
3187:
3162:
3140:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3041:
3023:(4): 419–433.
2994:
2963:(3): 307–340.
2943:
2917:(3): 341–364.
2889:
2853:
2809:
2778:
2759:(2): 149–168.
2739:
2680:
2667:978-0203202463
2666:
2648:
2633:
2606:
2587:(2): 142–171.
2567:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2476:
2466:
2458:
2448:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2390:
2380:
2369:
2359:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2286:
2276:
2268:
2258:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2187:
2177:
2166:
2156:
2146:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2002:
1999:
1974:
1963:
1950:shinseki-da-to
1948:
1937:
1926:
1918:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1865:
1854:
1841:shinseki-da-to
1839:
1828:
1817:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1761:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1715:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1650:
1647:
1622:
1611:
1596:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1514:
1503:
1488:
1474:
1466:
1455:
1440:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1372:
1369:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1257:
1242:
1227:
1217:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1176:
1164:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1082:
1074:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1018:
1010:
995:
987:
984:
983:
977:
974:
950:
942:
934:
931:
930:
912:
904:
894:
886:
883:
882:
858:
850:
840:
832:
829:
828:
784:
781:
779:
776:
766:clefts, e.g.,
759:
758:
755:
752:
743:
740:
739:
738:
725:
712:
699:
686:
668:
667:
662:
657:
603:
600:
599:
598:
570:topicalization
544:
541:
529:
528:
516:
504:
491:
490:
485:
479:
478:
472:English dummy
453:post-verbal NP
419:as a subject,
411:
408:
407:
406:
401:
395:
394:
366:
359:
356:
355:
354:
349:
343:
342:
304:
301:
300:
299:
294:
288:
287:
273:
270:
269:
268:
229:, while other
218:
215:
214:
213:
192:
189:
147:
144:
143:
142:
125:
124:
115:
114:
109:
104:
75:
74:
21:cleft sentence
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3549:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3517:, 24:343–379.
3516:
3512:
3511:Sornicola, R.
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3493:, IV(2):7–20.
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:, 53:542–559.
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3388:, 33:456–500.
3387:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:Formal Syntax
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:, 1(149-168).
3298:
3294:
3293:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3104:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:Lowland Scots
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:From uncleft
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1008:
998:
993:
990:
982:
972:
969:
963:
959:
953:
948:
945:
940:
937:
928:
925:
922:
918:
915:
910:
907:
902:
897:
892:
889:
880:
877:
871:
867:
861:
856:
853:
848:
843:
838:
835:
827:
821:
816:
812:
811:for details.
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
775:
773:
769:
763:
756:
753:
750:
749:
748:
737:
735:
729:
726:
724:
722:
716:
713:
711:
709:
703:
700:
698:
696:
690:
687:
685:
683:
677:
674:
673:
672:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
651:
647:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:What you need
625:
621:
616:
613:
612:dummy pronoun
609:
597:
594:
592:
587:
586:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
561:
557:
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538:
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527:
524:
522:
517:
515:
512:
510:
505:
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477:
475:
470:
469:
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405:
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385:
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353:
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321:
319:
315:
311:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
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279:
267:
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261:
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256:
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248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
212:
209:
206:
205:
204:
202:
198:
188:
181:
176:
169:
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157:
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141:
137:
133:
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129:
128:
123:
120:
119:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:is usually a
84:
80:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
59:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3514:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3473:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3430:
3423:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3375:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3330:
3326:, 9:331–391.
3323:
3313:
3306:
3303:Bolinger, D.
3296:
3275:. Retrieved
3263:
3259:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3209:
3205:
3181:
3156:
3152:
3131:. Retrieved
3119:
3115:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3058:
3054:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3020:
3016:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2914:
2910:
2880:. Retrieved
2875:
2871:
2834:(1): 30–42.
2831:
2827:
2800:. Retrieved
2795:
2791:
2781:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2657:
2651:
2623:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2525:
2521:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2333:
2326:WH-questions
2323:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2170:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2039:
2004:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1978:
1967:
1952:
1941:
1930:
1922:
1911:
1903:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1869:
1858:
1843:
1832:
1821:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1719:
1709:
1701:
1699:Watashitachi
1681:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1655:X no wa (ga)
1654:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1518:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1285:Ir no quiero
1284:
1281:No quiero ir
1280:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1243:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1123:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1011:
999:
996:
991:
988:
981:the copula.
979:
970:
964:
961:
954:
951:
946:
943:
938:
935:
926:
923:
920:
916:
913:
908:
905:
898:
895:
890:
887:
878:
872:
869:
862:
859:
854:
851:
844:
841:
836:
833:
825:
819:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
786:
771:
767:
764:
760:
745:
733:
731:
727:
720:
719:It could be
718:
714:
707:
705:
701:
694:
692:
688:
681:
679:
675:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
640:
627:
623:
617:
607:
605:
595:
590:
588:
581:
567:
562:
555:
548:
546:
536:
525:
520:
518:
513:
508:
506:
501:
496:
494:
487:
482:
473:
471:
463:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
403:
398:
388:
379:
372:
364:
361:
351:
346:
337:
335:
328:
317:
313:
309:
306:
296:
291:
284:
277:
275:
265:
262:
254:
250:
246:
238:
234:
226:
222:
220:
210:
207:
200:
196:
194:
185:
179:
167:
155:
139:
135:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
94:
82:
78:
76:
70:
66:
62:
53:
20:
18:
3515:Linguistics
3469:, New York.
3386:Linguistics
3341:Chomsky, N.
3320:Bresnan, J.
1991:NOWA
1920:<gap>
1882:NOWA
1800:<gap>
632:constituent
425:dummy there
417:dummy there
410:There-cleft
140:we met her.
87:noun phrase
37:constituent
3537:Word order
3526:Categories
3289:References
3159:: 193–218.
2980:10289/8007
2911:Pragmatics
2700:: 672349.
1115:sentence.
826:Examples:
591:if-because
574:word order
560:quantifier
451:. Lastly,
49:intonation
3437:, Oxford.
3395:, 3:7-23.
3382:Delin, J.
3372:Delin, J.
3277:April 21,
3239:April 17,
3234:207201749
3133:April 17,
3065:April 17,
3034:April 16,
2989:1018-2101
2882:April 20,
2848:0268-1145
2802:April 20,
2765:0024-3892
2716:1664-1078
2643:861536792
2601:0024-3841
2552:230284069
2544:2199-174X
2336:"who" or
2126:predicate
1953:relative-
1904:Last year
1844:relative-
1795:Last year
1717:sagashite
967:DE
947:yesterday
875:DE
855:yesterday
576:changes,
303:All-cleft
3474:Language
3442:Language
3414:Language
3226:24652069
2936:13 April
2734:34122267
2439:ibinigay
2249:binigyan
1931:village-
1928:inaka-de
1912:Grandma-
1822:village-
1819:inaka-de
1811:grandma-
1720:look.for
1669:Example:
1649:Japanese
1519:biscuit-
1516:biscuit?
1386:Example:
939:Zhangsan
936:Zhāngsān
909:tomorrow
906:míngtiān
891:Zhangsan
888:Zhāngsān
837:Zhangsan
834:Zhāngsān
805:shì...de
793:shì...de
789:shì...de
783:Mandarin
644:deictics
589:English
549:wh-words
519:English
497:be there
495:English
336:English
243:pro-form
231:wh-words
191:It-cleft
3153:Dicenda
2773:4177550
2725:8194822
2377:.bought
2330:WH-word
2174:.bought
2122:focused
2100:Tagalog
1968:mother-
1965:haha-ga
1942:nursed-
1909:sobo-ga
1859:mother-
1856:haha-ga
1833:nursed-
1627:cookie-
1624:biscuit
1320:Londres
1084:fuiste?
1053:¿Adónde
976:Spanish
952:lái-de.
944:zuótiān
860:lái-de.
852:zuótiān
732:It was
693:It was
682:on foot
680:It was
553:pronoun
523:-cleft:
511:-cleft:
499:-cleft:
476:-cleft:
340:-cleft:
56:English
3422:1994.
3374:1989.
3359:Lingua
3260:Syntax
3232:
3224:
3116:Lingua
2987:
2846:
2771:
2763:
2732:
2722:
2714:
2664:
2641:
2631:
2599:
2581:Lingua
2550:
2542:
2392:bahay?
2371:bumili
2189:bahay.
2168:bumili
2118:copula
2017:, and
1976:it-ta.
1923:
1901:Kyonen
1867:it-ta.
1808:sobo-o
1803:
1792:Kyonen
1371:French
1323:London
1229:quiero
715:Gerund
706:It is
593:cleft:
558:, the
551:, the
447:, and
437:remain
369:simply
77:where
3230:S2CID
3184:: 11.
3178:(PDF)
2930:(PDF)
2907:(PDF)
2769:JSTOR
2548:S2CID
2528:(1).
2501:Notes
2478:Juan?
2463:Pedro
2460:Pedro
2442:gave.
2395:house
2291:money
2288:pera.
2273:Pedro
2270:Pedro
2252:gave.
2200:babae
2192:house
2153:woman
2149:babae
2015:Irish
1944:NOWA
1835:NOWA
1598:mangé
1490:mangé
1339:born.
1331:where
1328:donde
1232:want.
1056:Where
989:¿Cómo
955:come-
863:come-
521:there
509:there
474:there
449:stand
445:arise
441:exist
373:just.
314:where
255:place
247:thing
239:where
233:like
201:to be
146:Types
67:to be
43:. In
41:focus
39:into
23:is a
3456:Text
3279:2022
3241:2022
3222:PMID
3135:2022
3067:2022
3036:2022
2985:ISSN
2938:2022
2884:2022
2844:ISSN
2804:2022
2761:ISSN
2730:PMID
2712:ISSN
2674:what
2662:ISBN
2639:OCLC
2629:ISBN
2597:ISSN
2540:ISSN
2481:Juan
2444:PASS
2424:what
2400:Sino
2353:who.
2349:Sino
2334:sino
2315:bold
2299:Juan
2254:PASS
2234:Juan
2230:Juan
2019:Manx
1981:PAST
1979:say-
1959:COMP
1872:PAST
1870:say-
1850:COMP
1758:Joey
1755:Joey
1729:PRES
1661:and
1653:The
1601:ate-
1583:that
1575:Ella
1572:Ella
1493:ate-
1471:that
1336:nací
1214:that
1181:Juan
1178:Juan
1146:that
1079:that
1029:PROG
1020:vas?
1015:that
917:come
914:lái.
787:The
636:head
433:come
365:only
310:what
227:what
136:when
134:(or
3268:doi
3214:doi
3124:doi
3120:121
3061:(1)
3025:doi
2975:hdl
2965:doi
2919:doi
2878:(1)
2836:doi
2798:(1)
2720:PMC
2702:doi
2589:doi
2585:121
2530:doi
2486:Ano
2472:DAT
2468:kay
2454:GEN
2433:NOM
2429:ang
2420:Ano
2415:(4)
2386:ACC
2375:ACT
2365:NOM
2361:ang
2355:NOM
2344:(3)
2338:ano
2282:ACC
2264:GEN
2243:NOM
2239:ang
2223:NOM
2213:(2)
2197:Ang
2183:ACC
2172:ACT
2162:NOM
2158:ang
2142:NOM
2137:Ang
2132:(1)
2037:).
1970:NOM
1955:COP
1933:LOC
1914:NOM
1897:(3)
1861:NOM
1846:COP
1824:LOC
1813:ACC
1788:(2)
1767:COP
1763:da.
1749:TOP
1725:iru
1711:NOM
1688:(1)
1629:NOM
1607:PST
1603:3SG
1592:3SG
1580:qui
1566:3SG
1562:PRS
1560:is-
1557:est
1521:NOM
1499:PST
1495:3SG
1468:qui
1460:it-
1451:3SG
1447:PRS
1445:is-
1442:est
1437:Who
1434:Qui
1430:(1)
1414:a.
1345:1sg
1341:PST
1306:3sg
1302:PST
1300:Is.
1297:Fue
1293:(5)
1264:INF
1262:go.
1253:3sg
1249:PRS
1247:is.
1238:1sg
1234:PRS
1223:NEG
1211:que
1203:It.
1196:(4)
1173:-sg
1171:PRS
1169:is.
1160:3sg
1156:PRS
1154:go.
1143:que
1131:(3)
1093:2sg
1089:PST
1087:go.
1076:que
1070:3sg
1066:PST
1064:is.
1061:fue
1049:(2)
1033:2sg
1025:PRS
1023:go.
1012:que
1006:3sg
1002:PRS
1000:is.
992:how
985:(1)
957:DE
932:(3)
900:COP
896:shì
884:(2)
865:DE
846:COP
842:shì
830:(1)
797:shì
563:all
371:or
338:all
318:who
251:one
235:who
54:In
3528::
3465:.
3333:.
3264:15
3262:.
3258:.
3228:.
3220:.
3210:44
3208:.
3204:.
3190:^
3180:.
3165:^
3157:26
3155:.
3143:^
3118:.
3114:.
3102:^
3057:.
3053:.
3021:14
3019:.
3015:.
2997:^
2983:.
2973:.
2961:21
2959:.
2955:.
2913:.
2909:.
2892:^
2874:.
2870:.
2856:^
2842:.
2830:.
2826:.
2812:^
2794:.
2790:.
2767:.
2755:.
2751:.
2728:.
2718:.
2710:.
2698:12
2696:.
2692:.
2670:.
2637:.
2627:.
2609:^
2595:.
2583:.
2579:.
2546:.
2538:.
2524:.
2520:.
2508:^
2450:ni
2382:ng
2296:Si
2278:ng
2260:ni
2218:Si
2179:ng
2033:,
2029:,
2025:,
2013:,
1745:wa
1735:no
1707:ga
1702:We
1633:SG
1616:a.
1613:un
1552:It
1549:C’
1544:b.
1525:SG
1508:a.
1505:un
1484:SG
1462:SG
1457:ce
1315:in
1312:en
1283:,
1259:ir
1244:es
1219:no
1200:Lo
1166:es
1151:va
1138:He
1135:El
997:es
822:."
801:de
730::
717::
704::
691::
678::
646:.
638:.
608:it
572:,
556:it
466:."
443:,
439:,
435:,
429:be
421:be
316:,
312:,
278:be
253:,
249:,
237:,
223:be
197:it
182:."
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79:it
69:+
63:it
51:.
19:A
3281:.
3270::
3243:.
3216::
3137:.
3126::
3069:.
3059:1
3038:.
3027::
2991:.
2977::
2967::
2940:.
2921::
2915:5
2886:.
2876:1
2850:.
2838::
2832:7
2806:.
2796:1
2775:.
2757:1
2736:.
2704::
2645:.
2603:.
2591::
2565:.
2554:.
2532::
2526:6
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2095:)
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2071:)
2059:)
2009:(
1957:-
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1739:C
1631:.
1618:M
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1588:a
1564:.
1527:?
1523:.
1510:M
1497:.
1482:.
1480:3
1476:a
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1425:"
1398:"
1391:"
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1343:-
1304:-
1251:-
1236:-
1205:M
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1091:-
1068:-
1031:-
1027:.
1004:-
391:"
367:,
308:(
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95:X
83:X
71:X
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