670:
1161:("fruits" like actual fruit or animals grown there, and any rental income from her share), during her life. She can sell her unassigned or assigned dower rights, but could not sell them while they were still inchoate before her husband's death. Her dower lot is assigned to her by the husband's heirs who inherit the land, and it should be one-third of the husband's real property (by value, not by land area). If the widow disputes it, she or the heirs may file an action in court for
1072:, that is a particular interest in her husband's property, either a particular share, or a life interest in a particular part of the land, or an annuity. This was often part of an arrangement by which she gave up her property to her husband in exchange for her jointure, which would accordingly be greater than a third. Strictly dower was only available from land that her husband owned, but a life tenant under a settlement was often given power to appoint a
991:
1322:, where equality of birth between the spouses was considered an important principle among the reigning houses and high nobility. Morganatic marriage has not been and is not possible in jurisdictions that do not allow sufficient freedom of contracting, as it is an agreement containing that pre-emptive limitation to the inheritance and property rights of the wife and the children. Marriages have never been considered morganatic in any part of the
1723:
42:
1034:, as well as in England. The object of both ordinance and charter was to regulate the amount of the dower where this was not the subject of voluntary arrangement, dower by English law consisting of a wife's life estate in one-third of the lands of the husband "of which any issue which she might have had might by possibility have been heir".
1359:), the circumstances of the breakup become relevant. If the divorce is sought for cause (such as abuse, illness, impotence, or infidelity), the woman is generally considered to have the right to keep the mahr; however, if the divorce is not sought for a generally accepted cause, the husband may request its return.
1293:). When a marriage contract is made that the bride and the children of the marriage will not receive anything else (than the dower) from the bridegroom or from his inheritance or patrimony or from his clan, that sort of marriage was dubbed as "marriage with only the dower and no other inheritance", i.e.
1047:
was passed to impair the inviolability of dower by empowering husbands to cut off by deed or will their wives from dower. Wives married before the Act still had (in certain cases) to acknowledge the deed before a commissioner to bar their right to dower in property which their husband sold. This was
1001:
Dower payments evolved from the
Germanic custom of paying a bride price, which over centuries morphed into the bride gift. After the introduction of Christianity, the custom of dower persisted as a method of exacting from the husband at marriage a promise to endow his wife, a promise retained in form
931:
At common law, dower was of a very different nature. It was a legal declaration of a wife's right to property, while the husband lived, which he would manage; which would transfer to the wife's children when they were born; and which would secure her livelihood were she widowed. A dower at common law
892:
Usually, the wife was free from kin limitations to use (and bequeath) her dower to whatever and whomever she pleased. It may have become the property of her next marriage, been given to an ecclesiastical institution, or been inherited by her children from other relationships than that from which she
1237:
period, a man who became a monk and made his religious profession in
England was deemed civilly dead, "dead in law"; consequently his heirs inherited his land forthwith as though he had died a natural death. Assignment of dower in his hand would nevertheless be postponed until the natural death of
1042:
There is judicial authority of the year 1310 for the proposition that dower was favoured by law, and at a less remote period it was said to be with life and liberty one of three things which "the law favoreth". In
England in the late 18th century, it became common for men to hold land with a trust
1314:
Morganatic marriage contained an agreement that the wife and the children born of the marriage will not receive anything further than what was agreed in pre-nuptials, and in some cases may have been zero, or something nominal. Separate nobility titles were given to morganatic wives of dynasts of
862:
Dower is the gift given by the groom to the bride, customarily on the morning after the wedding, though all dowerings from the man to his fiancée, either during the betrothal period, or wedding, or afterwards, even as late as in the testamentary dowering, are understood as dowers if specifically
1348:. It is considered a gift which the bride has to agree on. The mahr can be any value as long as it is agreed upon by both parties. When the groom gives his bride the mahr, it becomes her property. While the mahr is usually in the form of cash, it may also be real estate or a business.
1344:: a man must pay mahr to his bride. It is the duty of the husband to pay as stated in the Qu'ran (Sura Al-Nisaa’ verses 4 and 20–24), although often his family may assist, and by agreement can be in promissory form, i.e. in the event the husband pronounces
1238:
such a man, for only by his wife's consent could a married man be legally professed in religion, and she was not allowed by her consent to exchange her husband for dower. After the
Reformation and the enactment of the English statute of 11 and 12
1076:
for his wife. The wife would retain her right to dower (if not barred by a settlement) even if her husband sold the property; however this right could also be barred by a fictitious court proceeding known as levying a fine. The widow of a
1315:
reigning houses, but it sometimes included no true property. This sort of dower was far from the original purpose of the bride receiving a settled property from the bridegroom's clan, in order to ensure her livelihood in widowhood.
699:, which was given over to a bride's family well in advance for arranging the marriage, but during the early Middle Ages, was given directly to the bride instead. However, in popular parlance, the term may be used for a
1250:
widow born in
England would be debarred of dower in land which her husband, he having been an Englishman of the same faith and becoming converted after marriage, should purchase, if she herself remained unconverted.
1067:
in fee by the husband during the marriage. However, in the early modern period, it was common for a wife to bar her right to dower in advance under a marriage settlement, under which she agreed to take instead a
866:
Dower was a property arrangement for marriage first used in early medieval German cultures, and the
Catholic Church drove its adoption into other countries, in order to improve the wife's security by this
1263:) was an important condition to marriages of dynasts of reigning houses and high nobility, the old matrimonial and contractual law provision of dowering was taken into a new use by institutionalizing the
935:
Dower by custom was an attempt to recognize the rules of dower customary at each manor and in each region. Customary dowers were also abolished in the 19th century, and replaced with uniform inheritance
859:
The bride received a right to certain property from the bridegroom or his family. It was intended to ensure her livelihood in widowhood, and it was to be kept separate and in the wife's possession.
1351:
The mahr is of assistance to a wife in times of financial need, such as a divorce or desertion by the husband. If the mahr is in promissory form then it becomes payable if the husband initiates a
1300:
Neither the bride nor any children of the marriage has any right on the groom's titles, rights, or entailed property. The children are considered legitimate on other counts and the prohibition of
932:
was not liable for the husband's debts — which became controversial after many tried to use it to shield their property from the collection of debts. The Dower Acts of 19th century abolished this.
1246:
widow was not held to be debarred of dower, for dower accruing by operation of law was deemed to be not within the prohibitions of the statute. By a curious disability of old
English law a
912:(where marriages used to take place). This was optional. Dower wasn't the same as bride price; rather, it was legal assignment of movable or fixed property that became the bride's property.
928:, was the dower given to the bride by the father of the bridegroom. This became obsolete long before it was formally abolished (in the United Kingdom, for example, by the Dower Act 1834).
978:
were brought on the part of the wife. So too in the special instance of a widow (herself poor and undowried) of a husband rich at the time of his death, an ordinance of the
Christian
885:, which was brought to the marriage by the bride and used by both spouses. This often meant that the woman's legal representative, usually a male relative, became guardian or
729:
is a widow (who may receive her dower). The term is especially used of a noble or royal widow who no longer occupies the position she held during the marriage. For example,
1117:
recognized a customary dower for widows, a holdover from old French law. This dower could be forfeited by women who took perpetual vows in certain religious orders.
1778:
1311:
excluding the spouse from property, though children are usually not affected by prenuptials, whereas they certainly were by morganatical marriage.
1485:
1267:. Marriage being morganatical prevents the passage of the husband's titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage.
656:
1259:
Some high-born persons have been prone to marry an ineligible spouse. Particularly in
European countries where the equal birth of spouses (
1355:. If it was previously paid, the wife is entitled to keep her mahr. However, if the woman initiates the divorce (in the procedure called
1449:
1771:
1319:
1141:
while the husband is still alive (wives co-sign their husbands' deeds for land in order to release their inchoate dower rights),
1733:
1468:
1764:
810:
Being for the widow and being accorded by law, dower differs essentially from a conventional marriage portion such as the
1936:
1507:
1375:'s most holy book, the dower is paid from the groom to the bride. The dower, if the husband lives in a city, is nineteen
746:
1463:
William
Blackstone (2009), The Commentaries of Sir William Blackstone, Knight, on the Laws, Constitution of England;
649:
2074:
730:
1053:
738:
673:
Dower agreement (Proikosymfono) before wedding at Kastoria, Greece, (1905). Source: Folkloric Museum of Kastoria
1589:
680:
is a provision accorded traditionally by a husband or his family, to a wife for her support should she become
1044:
982:
secured her the right to a part of her husband's property, of which no disposition of his could deprive her.
382:
642:
1376:
908:, was the closest to modern meaning of dower. It was the property secured by law, in bride's name at the
1623:
2021:
1787:
245:
195:
46:
1133:, has been "with some modifications everywhere adopted as part of the municipal jurisprudence of the
789:
623:
2307:
1574:
1217:—modified and augmented in Arkansas and Kentucky with other protections for surviving spouses like
1194:
573:
52:
2139:
389:
1181:
rights have been abolished by statute in most American states and territories, most recently in
970:
the gift was made by the husband to the wife. There was indeed in the Roman law what was termed
2036:
1239:
1234:
1060:, by which she and her husband formally remitted their right to the property to the purchaser.
2361:
2302:
2219:
1835:
1738:
1704:
1558:
1089:, an equivalent right to dower, but often (but not necessarily) a half, rather than a third.
878:
culture, such as Sweden, Germany, Normandy and successor states of the Langobardian kingdom.
568:
481:
272:
235:
24:
2093:
966:(dowry) of the Roman law, which was a gift on the part of the wife to the husband, while in
703:
in property settled by a husband on his wife at any time, not just at the wedding. The verb
2292:
2209:
2204:
1830:
1537:
1308:
1011:
476:
471:
258:
1372:
8:
2371:
2099:
1264:
776:
618:
254:
2366:
2244:
2169:
1502:
1222:
1003:
881:
The husband was legally prevented from using the wife's dower — as contrasted with her
872:
506:
436:
2335:
2297:
2239:
2031:
1883:
1825:
1464:
1439:
1352:
1345:
1186:
1101:, the part of the estate that cannot be denied to a surviving wife is referred to as
979:
753:
parlance. Such a dowager will receive the income from her dower property. (The term "
608:
578:
513:
240:
215:
70:
1383:) of pure gold, or, if the husband lives outside a city, the same amount in silver.
871:
benefit. The practice of dower was prevalent in those parts of Europe influenced by
2164:
2064:
1913:
1190:
1043:
that prevented their wives' acquiring dower. Accordingly, the English statute, the
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685:
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335:
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301:
31:
1552:
2134:
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1946:
1802:
1402:
1340:
The payment from the groom to the bride is a mandatory condition for all valid
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1218:
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276:
188:
1756:
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2016:
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362:
157:
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1746:
1157:
once the lot is determined. Then she can live on the dower lot or get its
1102:
974:, a gift from the family of the husband, but this was only required if the
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230:
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Property made over to the bride's family at the time of the wedding is a
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394:
325:
262:
110:
1622:, T. & J. W. Johnson & Co., Philadelphia (1867, 2nd Ed. 1883).
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2043:
1994:
1923:
1815:
1533:
1453:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 457.
1380:
1165:
and the court will determine and assign a dower lot to the widow. See
990:
922:. It was abolished in 1660, by the act which did away with old tenures.
563:
377:
286:
250:
225:
2069:
1125:
It was the law of dower unimpaired by statute which, according to the
2282:
2229:
2151:
2124:
2087:
1958:
1893:
1810:
1624:
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924018800619/cu31924018800619_djvu.txt
1098:
1086:
995:
901:
In English legal history, there were originally five kinds of dower:
818:
558:
491:
441:
367:
330:
306:
220:
171:
2224:
2059:
2026:
1903:
1860:
1845:
1840:
1726: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1202:
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486:
320:
291:
176:
166:
130:
74:
1318:
The practice of morganatic marriage was most common in historical
692:) by agreement at the time of the wedding, or as provided by law.
41:
2188:
2156:
2146:
2009:
1999:
1850:
1397:
1174:
1007:
967:
955:
951:
950:
Dower is thought to have been suggested by the bride price which
850:
811:
771:
725:
464:
446:
427:
409:
145:
115:
83:
2129:
2004:
1963:
1413:
1247:
1242:, prohibiting "papists" from inheriting or purchasing lands, a
1114:
1064:
1031:
1027:
1015:
839:
372:
140:
120:
103:
98:
93:
88:
1677:, Filmer Bros. Press, San Francisco, (1955–1959); non-repeal:
2317:
2270:
1989:
1865:
1356:
1341:
1274:
1170:
1022:(1215); but it seems to have already become customary law in
882:
832:
814:
762:
681:
591:
546:
451:
20:
1551:
1438:
2234:
1855:
1335:
1206:
1145:
after his death and before a dower lot is assigned to her,
496:
150:
1048:
simpler than the previous procedure, which had required a
760:
Property brought to the marriage by the bride is called a
1137:". In American law, a widow's dower estate has phases:
1037:
741:(though she was referred to by the more informal title "
1228:
1731:
1643:
Arkansas Code, §§ 28-11-305, 28-11-307 and 18-12-402.
889:
of the dower, to ensure that it was not squandered.
801:. This property does not pass to the bride herself.
16:
Assets reserved for a wife in case her husband dies
985:
1063:In English law, dower was one third of the lands
2353:
1588:Vahlsing, Joseph H.; Hudson, William E. (1972).
1255:Morganatic marriage: a post-medieval application
757:", in Chinese history, has a different meaning.)
1786:
1620:A Treatise on the Law of Dower, in Two Volumes
1587:
1081:was usually provided for by the custom of the
1772:
1590:"Inchoate Dower - An Idea Whose Time Is Past"
650:
1307:The practice of "only-doweried" is close to
863:intended for the maintenance of the widow.
1779:
1765:
1634:State of Michigan, Public Act 489 of 2016.
1549:
1018:(1214), and in the almost contemporaneous
657:
643:
1705:"Islams Women – Fiqh of Marriage – Dowry"
918:was a hereditary conveyance of tenure by
1432:
1430:
1010:. Dower is mentioned in an ordinance of
989:
668:
1002:even now in the marriage ritual of the
784:, and is recognized as a definition of
2354:
1362:
1197:being based mainly on French law. In
1038:England and other common law countries
749:was the Dowager Duchess of Halland in
695:The dower grew out of the practice of
1760:
1652:Kentucky Revised Statutes, § 381.135.
1436:
1427:
1751:The Knight, The Lady, and the Priest
1742:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1562:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1229:Relationship to religious profession
1508:Commentaries on the Laws of England
13:
1715:
1213:, a widow's dower remains a valid
14:
2383:
1736:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1550:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1543:
994:"Thy truth, then, be thy dower".
1732:Charles William Sloane (1913). "
1721:
1120:
1108:
40:
1697:
1684:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1612:
986:Establishment in Western Europe
688:on the bride (being given into
1581:
1566:
1527:
1514:
1495:
1474:
1457:
1437:Scott, Harold Spencer (1911).
1281:, refers to the dower (Latin:
1:
1681:, PL86-3, §§ 2 and 15 (1959).
1540:, London, 1905, Vol. III, 189
1420:
1045:Fines and Recoveries Act 1833
1486:Grand dictionnaire universel
962:, but contrasts it with the
958:. This bride price he terms
954:found to be usual among the
945:
7:
1788:Interpersonal relationships
1675:Revised Laws of Hawaii 1955
1661:Ohio Revised Code §2103.02.
1386:
1329:
1295:matrimonium ad morganaticum
1279:matrimonium ad morganaticam
1211:Territory of Palmyra Island
1185:in 2016. Dower was never "
1092:
715:In popular usage, the term
10:
2388:
2022:Queerplatonic relationship
1333:
940:
805:
29:
18:
2316:
2253:
2197:
2112:
2052:
1977:
1922:
1874:
1801:
1794:
906:Dower ad ostium ecclesiae
790:Oxford English Dictionary
896:
19:Not to be confused with
1450:Encyclopædia Britannica
1113:As of 1913, the law in
972:donatio propter nuptias
926:Dower ex assensu patris
998:
916:Dower de la plus belle
719:may be confused with:
674:
1937:Friends with benefits
1836:Same-sex relationship
1739:Catholic Encyclopedia
1618:Charles H. Scribner,
1559:Catholic Encyclopedia
1309:pre-nuptial contracts
1163:admeasurment of dower
1058:fictitious proceeding
1054:Court of Common Pleas
993:
672:
465:Emotions and feelings
30:For the surname, see
25:Dour (disambiguation)
2293:Relationship anarchy
1831:Domestic partnership
1679:Hawaii Admission Act
1594:Kentucky Law Journal
1489:, Paris, 1870, s.v.
1052:to be levied in the
1012:King Philip Augustus
770:has been used since
733:was technically the
2100:Romantic friendship
1363:In the Baháʼí Faith
1265:morganatic marriage
737:after the death of
619:Narcissistic parent
2245:Unconditional love
2094:Maîtresse-en-titre
2077:à la façon du pays
1707:. islamswomen.com.
1511:, II, 134, note p.
1223:community property
1149:(and if necessary
1004:Established Church
999:
780:) in the sense of
675:
437:marital separation
2349:
2348:
2336:Domestic violence
2108:
2107:
1884:Open relationship
1826:Significant other
1469:978-1-60442-719-6
1367:According to the
1167:Scribner on Dower
980:Emperor Justinian
709:is sometimes used
667:
666:
624:Power and control
348:
347:
344:
343:
216:Significant other
196:Mixed-orientation
56:
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1585:
1579:
1573:Commentaries on
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1541:
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1518:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1434:
1342:Muslim marriages
1143:unassigned dower
777:The Clerk's Tale
766:. But the word
659:
652:
645:
210:
209:
67:
66:
50:
44:
37:
36:
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2386:
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2381:
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2378:
2377:
2376:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2331:Dating violence
2312:
2303:Sexual activity
2249:
2193:
2104:
2048:
1973:
1952:One-night stand
1918:
1870:
1790:
1785:
1722:
1718:
1716:Further reading
1713:
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1544:
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1519:
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1496:
1479:
1475:
1471:; pages 105–111
1462:
1458:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1389:
1365:
1338:
1332:
1257:
1233:During the pre-
1231:
1131:Chancellor Kent
1123:
1111:
1095:
1040:
988:
948:
943:
899:
808:
755:Empress Dowager
747:Princess Lilian
731:Queen Elizabeth
663:
634:
633:
594:
584:
583:
569:Sexual activity
532:
524:
523:
467:
457:
456:
423:
415:
414:
358:
350:
349:
340:
316:
302:Mutual monogamy
183:
162:
64:
49:
45:
35:
32:Dower (surname)
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2088:Royal favorite
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2083:Royal mistress
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2046:
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1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:Sexual partner
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1683:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1611:
1580:
1565:
1542:
1526:
1513:
1494:
1473:
1456:
1445:Chisholm, Hugh
1425:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1403:Elective Share
1400:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1364:
1361:
1334:Main article:
1331:
1328:
1324:United Kingdom
1261:Ebenbürtigkeit
1256:
1253:
1244:Roman Catholic
1230:
1227:
1219:elective share
1215:estate in land
1191:Louisianan law
1139:inchoate dower
1122:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1094:
1091:
1039:
1036:
987:
984:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
933:
929:
923:
920:knight service
913:
898:
895:
807:
804:
803:
802:
793:
758:
665:
664:
662:
661:
654:
647:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
555:
554:
549:
544:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
511:
510:
509:
504:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
430:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
386:
385:
383:Bachelor's Day
375:
370:
365:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
280:
279:
269:
268:
267:
266:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
206:
205:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
192:
191:
189:Group marriage
182:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
161:
160:
155:
154:
153:
148:
137:
134:
133:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
107:
106:
101:
91:
86:
78:
77:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2384:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2308:Transgression
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Singles event
2182:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:Consequential
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Platonic love
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Casual dating
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Open marriage
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1728:public domain
1720:
1719:
1706:
1700:
1694:, Bk. II, 121
1693:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:"Dower"
1546:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:"Dower"
1433:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1379:(approx. 2.2
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:German states
1316:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:'s dower and
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:United States
1132:
1128:
1121:United States
1118:
1116:
1109:French Canada
1106:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
992:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
903:
902:
894:
893:received it.
890:
888:
884:
879:
877:
874:
870:
864:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
800:
799:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
764:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:dowager queen
732:
728:
727:
722:
721:
720:
718:
713:
712:
708:
707:
702:
701:life interest
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
640:
638:
637:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:
588:
587:
580:
577:
575:
574:Transgression
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
508:
507:Unconditional
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
461:
460:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
419:
418:
411:
408:
406:
405:Singles event
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
354:
353:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
278:
274:
271:
270:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
247:
246:Queerplatonic
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:Open marriage
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:Relationships
43:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
2362:Property law
2278:Gold digging
2265:
2092:
2076:
1985:Acquaintance
1978:Non-romantic
1969:Sugar dating
1899:Polyfidelity
1876:Non-monogamy
1821:Cohabitation
1750:
1747:Georges Duby
1737:
1699:
1691:
1690:Blackstone,
1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1619:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1597:
1593:
1583:
1575:American Law
1572:
1568:
1557:
1545:
1529:
1521:
1520:Blackstone,
1516:
1506:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1459:
1448:
1412:
1373:Baháʼí Faith
1366:
1350:
1339:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:morganaticum
1282:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1232:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1129:commentator
1124:
1112:
1103:jus relictae
1096:
1062:
1041:
1000:
975:
971:
963:
959:
949:
925:
915:
910:church porch
905:
900:
891:
880:
876:Scandinavian
868:
865:
861:
858:
853:
846:
842:
835:
828:
821:
809:
796:
785:
781:
775:
767:
761:
743:queen mother
724:
716:
714:
710:
705:
694:
677:
676:
541:
312:Polyfidelity
297:Non-monogamy
241:Life partner
231:Cohabitation
2341:Elder abuse
2326:Child abuse
2261:Bride price
2179:Meet market
2161:Separation
1909:Concubinage
1673:, § 319-1,
1393:Bride price
1381:troy ounces
1289:, Swedish:
1273:, from the
1240:William III
1235:Reformation
1020:Magna Carta
847:bruidsschat
798:bride price
697:bride price
537:Bride price
395:Meet market
326:Concubinage
111:Grandparent
2372:Family law
2356:Categories
2298:Repression
2288:Infidelity
2215:Compersion
2210:Attachment
2053:Historical
2044:Sycophancy
1995:Friendship
1942:Enjo kōsai
1924:Casual sex
1816:Girlfriend
1534:Year Books
1503:Blackstone
1421:References
1291:morgongåva
1287:Morgengabe
1285:, German:
1271:Morganatic
1195:civil code
1151:admeasured
1079:copyholder
869:additional
579:Repression
564:Infidelity
477:Attachment
378:Engagement
357:Activities
251:Friendship
226:Girlfriend
204:Partner(s)
2367:Widowhood
2283:Hypergamy
2254:Practices
2230:Limerence
2152:Annulment
2125:Courtship
2075:Marriage
1959:Courtesan
1894:Polyamory
1866:Widowhood
1811:Boyfriend
1538:Edward II
1304:applies.
1099:Scots law
1087:freebench
996:King Lear
946:Roman era
826:Byzantine
739:George VI
684:. It was
559:Hypergamy
531:Practices
519:Sexuality
492:Limerence
452:Widowhood
442:Annulment
368:Courtship
331:Courtesan
307:Polyamory
259:cross-sex
221:Boyfriend
172:Polyandry
2225:Jealousy
2220:Intimacy
2205:Affinity
2198:Emotions
2065:Seraglio
2060:Cicisbeo
2032:Familiar
2027:Stranger
2010:Siblings
1914:Mistress
1904:Polygamy
1861:Soulmate
1846:Marriage
1841:Monogamy
1803:Romantic
1692:op. cit.
1600:(3): 671
1578:, IV, 36
1522:op. cit.
1481:Larousse
1408:Jointure
1387:See also
1377:mithqáls
1330:In Islam
1209:and the
1203:Kentucky
1199:Arkansas
1187:received
1183:Michigan
1159:usufruct
1147:assigned
1127:American
1093:Scotland
1074:jointure
1070:jointure
1024:Normandy
887:executor
873:Germanic
845:, Dutch
751:heraldic
745:"), and
706:to dower
629:Stalking
609:Domestic
502:Platonic
487:Jealousy
482:Intimacy
472:Affinity
336:Mistress
321:Cicisbeo
292:Monogamy
273:Intimate
255:romantic
236:Same-sex
177:Polygyny
167:Polygamy
131:marriage
75:adoptive
2240:Passion
2189:Wedding
2170:Marital
2157:Divorce
2147:Breakup
2135:Romance
2120:Bonding
2070:Plaçage
2000:Kinship
1851:Husband
1753:(1981).
1730::
1491:Douaire
1447:(ed.).
1398:Curtesy
1353:divorce
1277:phrase
1189:" into
1179:curtesy
1175:widower
1008:England
968:Germany
956:Germans
952:Tacitus
941:History
854:Mitgift
833:Italian
812:English
806:Meaning
788:in the
772:Chaucer
726:dowager
686:settled
682:widowed
614:Elderly
552:service
514:Passion
447:Divorce
428:Breakup
422:Endings
410:Wedding
400:Romance
363:Bonding
253: (
146:Husband
116:Sibling
84:Kinship
71:Genetic
53:Outline
2140:Mating
2130:Dating
2113:Events
2005:Family
1964:Gigolo
1467:
1414:Wittum
1371:, the
1302:bigamy
1248:Jewish
1193:, its
1115:Quebec
1097:Under
1065:seised
1032:Naples
1030:, and
1028:Sicily
1016:France
851:German
840:French
817:(cf.
604:Dating
390:Mating
373:Dating
287:Casual
277:sexual
141:Spouse
121:Cousin
104:mother
99:father
94:Parent
89:Family
2318:Abuse
2271:Dowry
2266:Dower
2165:Legal
1990:Enemy
1795:Types
1734:Dower
1671:Dower
1604:3 May
1524:, 131
1443:. In
1357:khula
1346:talaq
1275:Latin
1171:widow
1169:. A
1155:dower
1085:with
1083:manor
936:laws.
897:Types
883:dowry
829:proíx
819:Roman
815:dowry
786:dower
782:dowry
768:dower
763:dowry
717:dower
690:trust
678:Dower
599:Child
592:Abuse
547:dowry
542:dower
433:Legal
63:Types
21:Dowry
2235:Love
1856:Wife
1606:2021
1501:See
1465:ISBN
1336:Mahr
1221:and
1207:Ohio
1056:, a
1050:fine
836:dote
497:Love
275:and
263:zone
151:Wife
1536:of
1177:'s
1014:of
1006:in
976:dos
964:dos
960:dos
856:).
843:dot
822:dos
129:By
73:or
23:or
2358::
1749:,
1598:60
1596:.
1592:.
1556:.
1505:,
1483:,
1429:^
1326:.
1297:.
1225:.
1205:,
1201:,
1153:)
1105:.
1026:,
849:,
838:,
831:,
824:,
723:A
261:/
257:/
1780:e
1773:t
1766:v
1608:.
792:.
774:(
711:.
658:e
651:t
644:v
435:/
265:)
55:)
51:(
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
