1557:
166:
2112:, to measure the velocity of detected objects. A radar beam is fired at a moving target — e.g. a motor car, as police use radar to detect speeding motorists — as it approaches or recedes from the radar source. Each successive radar wave has to travel farther to reach the car, before being reflected and re-detected near the source. As each wave has to move farther, the gap between each wave increases, increasing the wavelength. In some situations, the radar beam is fired at the moving car as it approaches, in which case each successive wave travels a lesser distance, decreasing the wavelength. In either situation, calculations from the Doppler effect accurately determine the car's speed. Moreover, the
1848:
1556:
1748:
4282:
1747:
1679:
1526:
66:
45:
4306:
4172:. Publisher: Abhandlungen der Königl. Böhm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (V. Folge, Bd. 2, S. 465–482) ; Prague: 1842 (Reissued 1903). Some sources mention 1843 as year of publication because in that year the article was published in the Proceedings of the Bohemian Society of Sciences. Doppler himself referred to the publication as "Prag 1842 bei Borrosch und André", because in 1842 he had a preliminary edition printed that he distributed independently.
1851:
1850:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1855:
2500:
2724:. Fast moving satellites can have a Doppler shift of dozens of kilohertz relative to a ground station. The speed, thus magnitude of Doppler effect, changes due to earth curvature. Dynamic Doppler compensation, where the frequency of a signal is changed progressively during transmission, is used so the satellite receives a constant frequency signal. After realizing that the Doppler shift had not been considered before launch of the
1678:
2342:
2214:
1853:
4225:
1525:
4258:
2286:(ADV) have been developed to measure velocities in a fluid flow. The LDV emits a light beam and the ADV emits an ultrasonic acoustic burst, and measure the Doppler shift in wavelengths of reflections from particles moving with the flow. The actual flow is computed as a function of the water velocity and phase. This technique allows non-intrusive flow measurements, at high precision and high frequency.
1975:
4294:
57:
2097:
4270:
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1334:
1757:. Since the source is moving faster than the sound waves it creates, it actually leads the advancing wavefront. The sound source will pass by a stationary observer before the observer hears the sound. As a result, an observer in front of the source will detect nothing and an observer behind the source will hear a lower frequency
3264:, 29 December 1848. According to Becker(pg. 109), this was never published, but recounted by M. Moigno(1850): "Répertoire d'optique moderne" (in French), vol 3. pp 1165–1203 and later in full by Fizeau, "Des effets du mouvement sur le ton des vibrations sonores et sur la longeur d'onde des rayons de lumière"; .
1811:
Assuming a stationary observer and a wave source moving towards the observer at (or exceeding) the speed of the wave, the
Doppler equation predicts an infinite (or negative) frequency as from the observer's perspective. Thus, the Doppler equation is inapplicable for such cases. If the wave is a sound
697:
decrease in the observed frequency as it gets closer to the observer, through equality when it is coming from a direction perpendicular to the relative motion (and was emitted at the point of closest approach; but when the wave is received, the source and observer will no longer be at their closest),
132:
When the source of the sound wave is moving towards the observer, each successive cycle of the wave is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous cycle. Hence, from the observer's perspective, the time between cycles is reduced, meaning the frequency is increased. Conversely,
1884:
In other words, if the siren approached the observer directly, the pitch would remain constant, at a higher than stationary pitch, until the vehicle hit him, and then immediately jump to a new lower pitch. Because the vehicle passes by the observer, the radial speed does not remain constant, but
698:
and a continued monotonic decrease as it recedes from the observer. When the observer is very close to the path of the object, the transition from high to low frequency is very abrupt. When the observer is far from the path of the object, the transition from high to low frequency is gradual.
2294:
Developed originally for velocity measurements in medical applications (blood flow), Ultrasonic
Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) can measure in real time complete velocity profile in almost any liquids containing particles in suspension such as dust, gas bubbles, emulsions. Flows can be pulsating,
3107:
Dynamic real-time path planning in robotics to aid the movement of robots in a sophisticated environment with moving obstacles often take help of
Doppler effect. Such applications are specially used for competitive robotics where the environment is constantly changing, such as robosoccer.
2234:
beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), and calculation of the
1852:
1158:
144:
of the observer and of the source are relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted. The total
Doppler effect in such cases may therefore result from motion of the source, motion of the observer, motion of the medium, or any combination thereof. For waves propagating in
3099:(LDV) is a non-contact instrument for measuring vibration. The laser beam from the LDV is directed at the surface of interest, and the vibration amplitude and frequency are extracted from the Doppler shift of the laser beam frequency due to the motion of the surface.
133:
if the source of the sound wave is moving away from the observer, each cycle of the wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous cycle, so the arrival time between successive cycles is increased, thus reducing the frequency.
1537:, and the wave-fronts propagate symmetrically away from the source at a constant speed c. The distance between wave-fronts is the wavelength. All observers will hear the same frequency, which will be equal to the actual frequency of the source where
2063:. It is sometimes claimed that this is not truly a Doppler effect but instead arises from the expansion of space. However, this picture can be misleading because the expansion of space is only a mathematical convention, corresponding to a choice of
1583:
is now slightly displaced to the right. As a result, the wave-fronts begin to bunch up on the right side (in front of) and spread further apart on the left side (behind) of the source. An observer in front of the source will hear a higher frequency
84:
2833:
1697:). The wave fronts in front of the source are now all bunched up at the same point. As a result, an observer in front of the source will detect nothing until the source arrives and an observer behind the source will hear a lower frequency
3087:, takes advantage of the Doppler effect by using an electric motor to rotate an acoustic horn around a loudspeaker, sending its sound in a circle. This results at the listener's ear in rapidly fluctuating frequencies of a keyboard note.
1517:
2025:. This effect typically happens on a very small scale; there would not be a noticeable difference in visible light to the unaided eye. The use of the Doppler effect in astronomy depends on knowledge of precise frequencies of
338:
600:
3022:
2229:
can, within certain limits, produce an accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the
Doppler effect. One of the limitations is that the
1132:
2628:
128:
sounding a horn approaches and recedes from an observer. Compared to the emitted frequency, the received frequency is higher during the approach, identical at the instant of passing by, and lower during the recession.
4168:
175:
3125:, which should lead to a Doppler shift that works in a direction opposite that of a conventional Doppler shift. The first experiment that detected this effect was conducted by Nigel Seddon and Trevor Bearpark in
2246:
Although "Doppler" has become synonymous with "velocity measurement" in medical imaging, in many cases it is not the frequency shift (Doppler shift) of the received signal that is measured, but the phase shift
199:
in 1848 (in France, the effect is sometimes called "effet
Doppler-Fizeau" but that name was not adopted by the rest of the world as Fizeau's discovery was six years after Doppler's proposal). In Britain,
82:
3120:
have speculated about the possibility of an inverse
Doppler effect. The size of the Doppler shift depends on the refractive index of the medium a wave is traveling through. Some materials are capable of
4050:
Agarwal, Saurabh; Gaurav, Ashish Kumar; Nirala, Mehul Kumar; Sinha, Sayan (2018). "Potential and
Sampling Based RRT Star for Real-Time Dynamic Motion Planning Accounting for Momentum in Cost Function".
2119:
Because the
Doppler shift affects the wave incident upon the target as well as the wave reflected back to the radar, the change in frequency observed by a radar due to a target moving at relative speed
1938:
879:
1329:{\displaystyle f=\left({\frac {1+{\frac {v_{\text{r}}}{c}}}{1+{\frac {v_{\text{s}}}{c}}}}\right)f_{0}=\left(1+{\frac {v_{\text{r}}}{c}}\right)\left({\frac {1}{1+{\frac {v_{\text{s}}}{c}}}}\right)f_{0}}
693:
If the source approaches the observer at an angle (but still with a constant speed), the observed frequency that is first heard is higher than the object's emitted frequency. Thereafter, there is a
2550:
2198:
1043:
933:
3952:
Otilia
Popescuy, Jason S. Harrisz and Dimitrie C. Popescuz, Designing the Communica- tion Sub-System for Nanosatellite CubeSat Missions: Operational and Implementation Perspectives, 2016, IEEE
83:
60:
An animation illustrating how the Doppler effect causes a car engine or siren to sound higher in pitch when it is approaching than when it is receding. The red circles represent sound waves.
1376:
2451:
2742:
2415:
2379:
212:
In classical physics, where the speeds of source and the receiver relative to the medium are lower than the speed of waves in the medium, the relationship between observed frequency
2889:
1447:
3069:
1415:
984:
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754:
801:
726:
493:
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417:
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257:
4102:
Shi, Xihang; Lin, Xiao; Kaminer, Ido; Gao, Fei; Yang, Zhaoju; Joannopoulos, John D.; Soljačić, Marin; Zhang, Baile (October 2018). "Superlight inverse Doppler effect".
262:
2141:
687:
525:
2929:
2491:
1958:
2937:
665:
633:
2909:
2471:
1442:
4169:Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels (About the coloured light of the binary stars and some other stars of the heavens)
1872:
will start out higher than its stationary pitch, slide down as it passes, and continue lower than its stationary pitch as it recedes from the observer. Astronomer
1826:
predicted the following effect in his classic book on sound: if the observer were moving from the (stationary) source at twice the speed of sound, a musical piece
2333:
1154:
1045:
is the opposite of the relative speed of the receiver with respect to the source: it is positive when the source and the receiver are moving towards each other.
774:
513:
437:
361:
230:
2056:, also known as Wolf 1106 and LHS 64, 78.2 light-years away). Positive radial speed means the star is receding from the Sun, negative that it is approaching.
191:
was higher than the emitted frequency when the sound source approached him, and lower than the emitted frequency when the sound source receded from him.
4028:
75:
3397:
Principles and Applications of Underwater Sound, Originally Issued as Summary Technical Report of Division 6, NDRC, Vol. 7, 1946, Reprinted...1968
1056:
4198:
2555:
1888:
2736:
in such a way that its transmissions traveled perpendicular to its direction of motion relative to Cassini, greatly reducing the Doppler shift.
2266:. Velocity measurement of blood flow in arteries and veins based on Doppler effect is an effective tool for diagnosis of vascular problems like
2049:
2053:
3341:
Kozyrev, Alexander B.; van der Weide, Daniel W. (2005). "Explanation of the Inverse Doppler Effect Observed in Nonlinear Transmission Lines".
3309:
2146:
3220:"Akustische Versuche auf der Niederländischen Eisenbahn, nebst gelegentlichen Bemerkungen zur Theorie des Hrn. Prof. Doppler (in German)"
3133:
in 2003. Later, the inverse Doppler effect was observed in some inhomogeneous materials, and predicted inside a Vavilov–Cherenkov cone.
4179:
Vol. XVIII No. 69, January 1959 (published by ICI London). Historical account of Doppler's original paper and subsequent developments.
4014:
4194:
2725:
1823:
820:
3485:
2116:, developed during World War II, relies upon Doppler radar to detonate explosives at the correct time, height, distance, etc.
4068:
3989:
3937:
3678:
3429:
519:
Note this relationship predicts that the frequency will decrease if either source or receiver is moving away from the other.
4336:
2506:
990:
887:
2243:
using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements.
3465:
3604:
1341:
165:
4341:
2074:
distinct from their cosmological recession speeds. If redshifts are used to determine distances in accordance with
4229:
2420:
522:
Equivalently, under the assumption that the source is either directly approaching or receding from the observer:
2631:
3571:
2384:
2348:
1566:
sound waves at a constant frequency in the same medium. However, now the sound source is moving with a speed
17:
3173:
2283:
2240:
2030:
3962:
Qingchong, Liu (1999). "Doppler measurement and compensation in mobile satellite communications systems".
3516:
1960:
is the angle between the object's forward velocity and the line of sight from the object to the observer.
3198:
3148:
1994:
1969:
2865:
439:
if the receiver is moving towards the source, subtracted if the receiver is moving away from the source;
4248:
3592:
3563:
3027:
2079:
3629:
1385:
947:
2637:
2279:
2259:
2067:. The most natural interpretation of the cosmological redshift is that it is indeed a Doppler shift.
3972:
3881:"Update on the safety and efficacy of commercial ultrasound contrast agents in cardiac applications"
2838:
731:
4326:
4040:
Arndt, D. (2015). On Channel Modelling for Land Mobile Satellite Reception (Doctoral dissertation).
3096:
2703:
1873:
515:
if the source is moving towards the receiver, added if the source is moving away from the receiver.
38:
2295:
oscillating, laminar or turbulent, stationary or transient. This technique is fully non-invasive.
779:
704:
471:
444:
395:
368:
235:
4331:
4022:
3310:"Improving Medical Imaging and Blood Flow Measurement by using a New Doppler Effect Relationship"
2828:{\displaystyle f_{\rm {D,dir}}={\frac {v_{\rm {mob}}}{\lambda _{\rm {c}}}}\cos \phi \cos \theta }
2721:
2715:
2255:
2208:
188:
2017:, respectively. This may be used to detect if an apparently single star is, in reality, a close
4084:
3967:
3844:
Davies, MJ; Newton, JD (2 July 2017). "Non-invasive imaging in cardiology for the generalist".
3143:
3664:
3455:
3419:
3395:
2123:
1885:
instead varies as a function of the angle between his line of sight and the siren's velocity:
672:
157:, only the difference in velocity between the observer and the source needs to be considered.
4240:
3193:
2914:
2476:
2064:
2037:
1943:
1753:
The sound source has now surpassed the speed of sound in the medium, and is traveling at 1.4
150:
4235:
640:
608:
4187:
4121:
3782:
3769:
Percival, Will; Samushia, Lado; Ross, Ashley; Shapiro, Charles; Raccanelli, Alvise (2011).
3734:
3350:
3231:
2894:
2695:
2689:
2456:
2022:
1512:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+{\frac {v_{\text{s}}}{c}}}}\approx 1-{\frac {v_{\text{s}}}{c}}}
1420:
196:
184:
120:, who described the phenomenon in 1842. A common example of Doppler shift is the change of
3284:
Report of the Eighteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
8:
4202:
3122:
2729:
2699:
756:
are small compared to the speed of the wave, the relationship between observed frequency
4125:
3786:
3738:
3354:
3235:
4351:
4286:
4145:
4111:
3995:
3905:
3880:
3819:
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3724:
3695:
3259:
2318:
1379:
1139:
759:
498:
422:
346:
215:
201:
154:
3715:
Bunn, E. F.; Hogg, D. W. (2009). "The kinematic origin of the cosmological redshift".
2060:
4281:
4149:
4137:
4064:
3985:
3964:
MILCOM 1999. IEEE Military Communications. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36341)
3933:
3910:
3861:
3800:
3674:
3610:
3600:
3567:
3560:
Unravelling Starlight: William and Margaret Huggins and the Rise of the New Astronomy
3493:
3461:
3425:
3366:
3168:
2041:
1869:
117:
3999:
1989:
of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to that of the Sun (left)
4262:
4129:
4056:
3977:
3900:
3892:
3853:
3790:
3754:
3742:
3546:
3358:
3321:
3239:
1986:
1830:
emitted by that source would be heard in correct tempo and pitch, but as if played
192:
183:
and some other stars of the heavens). The hypothesis was tested for sound waves by
3492:. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, Germany. Archived from
3362:
1812:
wave and the sound source is moving faster than the speed of sound, the resulting
333:{\displaystyle f=\left({\frac {c\pm v_{\text{r}}}{c\mp v_{\text{s}}}}\right)f_{0}}
4298:
4060:
3326:
3183:
3153:
3117:
2312:
2075:
2071:
595:{\displaystyle {\frac {f}{v_{wr}}}={\frac {f_{0}}{v_{ws}}}={\frac {1}{\lambda }}}
112:
in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. The
3857:
3645:
176:Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels
4346:
4310:
3981:
3588:
3130:
3080:
3017:{\displaystyle f_{\rm {D,sat}}={\frac {v_{\rm {rel,sat}}}{\lambda _{\rm {c}}}}}
2236:
2226:
2218:
2113:
4133:
2934:
The additional Doppler shift due to the satellite moving can be described as:
44:
4320:
4141:
4018:
3614:
3279:
3243:
3084:
2091:
2026:
1982:
1865:
121:
31:
2739:
Doppler shift of the direct path can be estimated by the following formula:
1127:{\displaystyle f=\left({\frac {c+v_{\text{r}}}{c+v_{\text{s}}}}\right)f_{0}}
4274:
3914:
3865:
3804:
3795:
3770:
3370:
3158:
2733:
2623:{\displaystyle f_{\rm {D,max}}={\frac {v_{\rm {mob}}}{\lambda _{\rm {c}}}}}
180:
3280:"On certain effects produced on sound by the rapid motion of the observer"
2018:
4055:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11307. pp. 209–221.
3896:
3628:
Strutt (Lord Rayleigh), John William (1896). MacMillan & Co (ed.).
3178:
3083:, most commonly associated with and predominantly used with the famous
2231:
1817:
1813:
49:
4305:
3746:
2499:
2263:
2254:
Velocity measurements of blood flow are also used in other fields of
2101:
2010:
1998:
1580:
1563:
1531:
Stationary sound source produces sound waves at a constant frequency
694:
392:
is the speed of the receiver relative to the medium. In the formula,
169:
Experiment by Buys Ballot (1845) depicted on a wall in Utrecht (2019)
105:
3767:
An excellent review of the topic in technical detail is given here:
3219:
4116:
3545:, Springer-Verlag, Wien 1992. Contains a facsimile edition with an
3188:
2630:
is the maximum Doppler shift due to the mobile station moving (see
2341:
2267:
2052:, also known as LHS 52, 81.7 light-years away) and −260 km/s (
2014:
1978:
141:
3729:
3700:
2213:
56:
3126:
125:
4224:
3163:
2104:, an application of Doppler radar, to catch speeding violators.
2021:, to measure the rotational speed of stars and galaxies, or to
2006:
146:
3393:
2311:
Possible Doppler shifts in dependence of the elevation angle (
1684:
Now the source is moving at the speed of sound in the medium (
1628:
and an observer behind the source will hear a lower frequency
27:
Frequency change of a wave for observer relative to its source
2307:
2109:
137:
2675:
is the additional Doppler shift due to the satellite moving.
2096:
2009:
are approaching or receding from us, resulting in so called
173:
Doppler first proposed this effect in 1842 in his treatise "
3768:
2002:
1974:
1933:{\displaystyle v_{\text{radial}}=v_{\text{s}}\cos(\theta )}
874:{\displaystyle f=\left(1+{\frac {\Delta v}{c}}\right)f_{0}}
109:
4269:
1880:
The reason the siren slides is because it doesn't hit you.
2045:
204:
made an experimental study of the Doppler effect (1848).
4049:
3669:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 306
2931:
is the driving direction with respect to the satellite.
4175:"Doppler and the Doppler effect", E. N. da C. Andrade,
3421:
Measuring Ocean Currents: Tools, Technologies, and Data
2493:
is the driving direction with respect to the satellite.
3627:
2732:
mission, the probe trajectory was altered to approach
4246:
3586:
3030:
2940:
2917:
2897:
2868:
2841:
2745:
2640:
2558:
2545:{\displaystyle f_{c}={\frac {c}{\lambda _{\rm {c}}}}}
2509:
2479:
2459:
2423:
2387:
2351:
2321:
2193:{\displaystyle \Delta f={\frac {2\Delta v}{c}}f_{0}.}
2149:
2126:
1946:
1891:
1579:. Since the source is moving, the centre of each new
1450:
1423:
1388:
1344:
1161:
1142:
1059:
1038:{\displaystyle \Delta v=-(v_{\text{r}}-v_{\text{s}})}
993:
950:
890:
823:
782:
762:
734:
707:
675:
643:
611:
528:
501:
474:
447:
425:
398:
371:
349:
265:
238:
218:
4236:
The Doppler effect - The Feynman Lectures on Physics
3694:
JA Peacock (2008). "A diatribe on expanding space".
3340:
3314:
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
2143:
is twice that from the same target emitting a wave:
3879:Appis, AW; Tracy, MJ; Feinstein, SB (1 June 2015).
3878:
3634:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Macmillan. p. 154.
928:{\displaystyle \Delta f={\frac {\Delta v}{c}}f_{0}}
468:is the speed of the source relative to the medium.
3063:
3016:
2923:
2903:
2883:
2854:
2827:
2667:
2622:
2544:
2485:
2465:
2445:
2409:
2373:
2327:
2192:
2135:
1952:
1932:
1511:
1436:
1409:
1370:
1328:
1148:
1126:
1037:
978:
927:
873:
795:
768:
748:
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681:
659:
627:
594:
507:
487:
460:
431:
411:
384:
355:
332:
251:
224:
3486:"Waves, motion and frequency: the Doppler effect"
2503:Doppler effect on the mobile channel. Variables:
4318:
4101:
363:is the propagation speed of waves in the medium;
195:discovered independently the same phenomenon on
3932:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
3775:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2289:
3597:Halliday & Resnick Fundamentals of Physics
1371:{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{\text{s}}}{c}}\ll 1}
136:For waves that propagate in a medium, such as
37:"Doppler" redirects here. For other uses, see
3927:
3277:
635:is the wave's speed relative to the receiver;
4006:
3843:
3771:"Review article: Redshift-space distortions"
3457:College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships
2911:is the elevation angle of the satellite and
2473:is the elevation angle of the satellite and
2108:The Doppler effect is used in some types of
3582:
3580:
3217:
2453:is the relative velocity of the satellite,
2446:{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{\text{rel,sat}}}
2217:Colour flow ultrasonography (Doppler) of a
2078:, then these peculiar motions give rise to
667:is the wave's speed relative to the source;
3693:
3449:
3447:
2709:
4115:
3971:
3961:
3904:
3794:
3728:
3699:
3514:
3325:
3111:
2345:Geometry for Doppler effects. Variables:
745:
4184:The fall and rise of the Doppler effect.
3714:
3662:
3577:
3508:
3479:
3477:
3453:
3307:
3090:
3071:is the relative speed of the satellite.
2720:Doppler also needs to be compensated in
2498:
2340:
2306:
2212:
2095:
1995:Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves
1973:
1846:
164:
55:
43:
3687:
3535:
3444:
3394:United States. Navy Department (1969).
2694:The Doppler shift can be exploited for
2683:
2410:{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{\text{Sat}}}
2381:is the velocity of the mobile station,
2374:{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}_{\text{mob}}}
187:in 1845. He confirmed that the sound's
14:
4319:
4192:
3928:Evans, D. H.; McDicken, W. N. (2000).
3666:Cosmology: The Science of the Universe
3517:"The Doppler Effect – Lesson 3, Waves"
3483:
3460:. Cengage Learning. pp. 421–424.
3417:
1997:such as light is of widespread use in
4012:
3474:
2059:Redshift is also used to measure the
1860:Sirens on passing emergency vehicles.
4186:Physics Today, v. 73, pgs. 31 - 35.
3846:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
3708:
2862:is the speed of the mobile station,
2273:
24:
4160:
4085:"Doppler shift is seen in reverse"
3818:Wolff, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian.
3558:Becker (2011). Barbara J. Becker,
3205:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3006:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2891:is the wavelength of the carrier,
2884:{\displaystyle \lambda _{\rm {c}}}
2875:
2799:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2612:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2534:
2417:is the velocity of the satellite,
2165:
2150:
2127:
994:
951:
903:
891:
844:
64:
25:
4363:
4217:
3966:. Vol. 1. pp. 316–320.
3817:
3424:. Elsevier Science. p. 164.
3256:Fizeau: "Acoustique et optique".
3064:{\displaystyle v_{\rm {rel,sat}}}
4304:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4223:
4013:Oberg, James (October 4, 2004).
3663:Harrison, Edward Robert (2000).
3543:The search for Christian Doppler
3308:Petrescu, Florian Ion T (2015).
3266:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2335:= 750 km). Fixed ground station.
1746:
1677:
1555:
1524:
1410:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+x}}}
979:{\displaystyle \Delta f=f-f_{0}}
179:" (On the coloured light of the
80:
4095:
4077:
4043:
4034:
4027:(offline as of 2006-10-14, see
3955:
3946:
3921:
3872:
3837:
3811:
3761:
3656:
3638:
3621:
3334:
3301:
3271:
2668:{\displaystyle f_{\rm {D,Sat}}}
1837:
1806:
52:caused by motion of the source.
4193:Adrian, Eleni (24 June 1995).
3552:
3411:
3387:
3250:
3211:
3116:Since 1968 scientists such as
2855:{\displaystyle v_{\text{mob}}}
2431:
2395:
2359:
2251:the received signal arrives).
2070:Distant galaxies also exhibit
2001:to measure the speed at which
1927:
1921:
1032:
1006:
749:{\displaystyle v_{\text{r}}\,}
13:
1:
4053:Neural Information Processing
3380:
3363:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.203902
3224:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
2298:
2100:U.S. Military Police using a
116:is named after the physicist
4061:10.1007/978-3-030-04239-4_19
3327:10.3844/ajeassp.2015.582.588
3278:Scott Russell, John (1848).
3174:Photoacoustic Doppler effect
2290:Velocity profile measurement
2284:acoustic Doppler velocimeter
2241:Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
1963:
1378:we can substitute using the
796:{\displaystyle f_{\text{0}}}
721:{\displaystyle v_{\text{s}}}
488:{\displaystyle v_{\text{s}}}
461:{\displaystyle v_{\text{s}}}
412:{\displaystyle v_{\text{r}}}
385:{\displaystyle v_{\text{r}}}
252:{\displaystyle f_{\text{0}}}
7:
4337:Radio frequency propagation
3858:10.12968/hmed.2017.78.7.392
3717:American Journal of Physics
3454:Giordano, Nicholas (2009).
3199:Relativistic Doppler effect
3149:Differential Doppler effect
3136:
3102:
1970:Relativistic Doppler effect
1876:explained the effect thus:
30:For the music project, see
10:
4370:
3982:10.1109/milcom.1999.822695
3885:Echo Research and Practice
3564:Cambridge University Press
2713:
2687:
2552:is the carrier frequency,
2206:
2202:
2089:
2080:redshift-space distortions
1967:
207:
160:
36:
29:
4134:10.1038/s41567-018-0209-6
2280:laser Doppler velocimeter
2260:obstetric ultrasonography
2061:expansion of the universe
1842:
1562:The same sound source is
816:
4029:Internet Archive version
3244:10.1002/andp.18451421102
3097:laser Doppler vibrometer
3074:
2278:Instruments such as the
2136:{\displaystyle \Delta v}
2085:
682:{\displaystyle \lambda }
39:Doppler (disambiguation)
4342:Radar signal processing
3599:(8th ed.). Wiley.
3562:, illustrated Edition,
3523:. The Physics Classroom
3515:Henderson, Tom (2017).
3490:Einstein Online, Vol. 5
3484:Possel, Markus (2017).
3343:Physical Review Letters
2924:{\displaystyle \theta }
2722:satellite communication
2716:Satellite communication
2710:Satellite communication
2486:{\displaystyle \theta }
2256:medical ultrasonography
2209:Doppler ultrasonography
1953:{\displaystyle \theta }
104:) is the change in the
4188:DOI: 10.1063/PT.3.4429
4025:on September 14, 2012.
3796:10.1098/rsta.2011.0370
3144:Bistatic Doppler shift
3112:Inverse Doppler effect
3065:
3018:
2925:
2905:
2885:
2856:
2829:
2676:
2669:
2624:
2546:
2494:
2487:
2467:
2447:
2411:
2375:
2336:
2329:
2222:
2194:
2137:
2105:
1990:
1954:
1934:
1882:
1861:
1513:
1438:
1411:
1372:
1330:
1150:
1128:
1039:
980:
929:
875:
797:
776:and emitted frequency
770:
750:
722:
683:
661:
660:{\displaystyle v_{ws}}
629:
628:{\displaystyle v_{wr}}
596:
509:
489:
462:
433:
413:
386:
357:
334:
253:
232:and emitted frequency
226:
170:
93:
69:
53:
3496:on September 14, 2017
3330:– via Proquest.
3260:Société Philomathique
3194:Laser Doppler imaging
3091:Vibration measurement
3066:
3019:
2926:
2906:
2904:{\displaystyle \phi }
2886:
2857:
2830:
2670:
2625:
2547:
2502:
2488:
2468:
2466:{\displaystyle \phi }
2448:
2412:
2376:
2344:
2330:
2310:
2216:
2195:
2138:
2099:
1977:
1955:
1935:
1878:
1859:
1514:
1439:
1437:{\displaystyle x^{2}}
1412:
1373:
1331:
1151:
1129:
1040:
981:
930:
876:
798:
771:
751:
723:
684:
662:
630:
597:
510:
490:
463:
434:
414:
387:
358:
335:
254:
227:
197:electromagnetic waves
168:
151:electromagnetic waves
149:, as is possible for
68:
59:
47:
4232:at Wikimedia Commons
4182:David Nolte (2020).
4166:Doppler, C. (1842).
3218:Buys Ballot (1845).
3028:
2938:
2915:
2895:
2866:
2839:
2743:
2696:satellite navigation
2690:Satellite navigation
2684:Satellite navigation
2638:
2556:
2507:
2477:
2457:
2421:
2385:
2349:
2319:
2221:– scanner and screen
2147:
2124:
2048:are +308 km/s (
2044:with respect to the
1944:
1889:
1448:
1421:
1386:
1342:
1159:
1140:
1057:
991:
948:
888:
821:
812:Change in frequency
780:
760:
732:
705:
673:
641:
609:
526:
499:
472:
445:
423:
396:
369:
347:
263:
236:
216:
4126:2018arXiv180512427S
3897:10.1530/ERP-15-0018
3787:2011RSPTA.369.5058P
3739:2009AmJPh..77..688B
3631:The Theory of Sound
3418:Joseph, A. (2013).
3355:2005PhRvL..94t3902K
3236:1845AnP...142..321B
3123:negative refraction
495:is subtracted from
155:gravitational waves
3930:Doppler Ultrasound
3061:
3014:
2921:
2901:
2881:
2852:
2825:
2677:
2665:
2620:
2542:
2495:
2483:
2463:
2443:
2407:
2371:
2337:
2325:
2223:
2190:
2133:
2106:
1991:
1950:
1930:
1862:
1509:
1444:and higher terms:
1434:
1407:
1368:
1326:
1146:
1124:
1051:
1035:
976:
925:
871:
809:Observed frequency
793:
766:
746:
718:
689:is the wavelength.
679:
657:
625:
592:
505:
485:
458:
429:
409:
382:
353:
330:
249:
222:
202:John Scott Russell
171:
94:
70:
54:
4228:Media related to
4110:(10): 1001–1005.
4070:978-3-030-04238-7
3991:978-0-7803-5538-5
3939:978-0-471-97001-9
3781:(1957): 5058–67.
3747:10.1119/1.3129103
3680:978-0-521-66148-5
3431:978-0-12-391428-6
3169:Fizeau experiment
3012:
2849:
2805:
2681:
2680:
2618:
2540:
2440:
2434:
2404:
2398:
2368:
2362:
2328:{\displaystyle h}
2315:: orbit altitude
2175:
2042:radial velocities
2023:detect exoplanets
1912:
1899:
1870:emergency vehicle
1857:
1507:
1501:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1405:
1360:
1354:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1269:
1263:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1196:
1190:
1149:{\displaystyle c}
1108:
1104:
1086:
1049:
1029:
1016:
939:
938:
913:
854:
803:is approximately
790:
769:{\displaystyle f}
742:
715:
590:
577:
547:
508:{\displaystyle c}
482:
455:
432:{\displaystyle c}
406:
379:
356:{\displaystyle c}
314:
310:
292:
246:
225:{\displaystyle f}
118:Christian Doppler
85:
16:(Redirected from
4359:
4309:
4308:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4227:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4201:. Archived from
4195:"Doppler Effect"
4154:
4153:
4119:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4091:. 10 March 2011.
4081:
4075:
4074:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4021:. Archived from
4010:
4004:
4003:
3975:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3824:radartutorial.eu
3815:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3732:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3584:
3575:
3574:, 9781107002296.
3556:
3550:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3521:Physics tutorial
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3391:
3375:
3374:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3215:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2303:
2302:
2274:Flow measurement
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2171:
2160:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
1987:optical spectrum
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1858:
1800:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1750:
1740:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1696:
1681:
1671:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1645:
1642:
1627:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1598:
1578:
1559:
1549:
1536:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1390:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1071:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1014:
985:
983:
982:
977:
975:
974:
934:
932:
931:
926:
924:
923:
914:
909:
901:
880:
878:
877:
872:
870:
869:
860:
856:
855:
850:
842:
806:
805:
802:
800:
799:
794:
792:
791:
788:
775:
773:
772:
767:
755:
753:
752:
747:
744:
743:
740:
727:
725:
724:
719:
717:
716:
713:
688:
686:
685:
680:
666:
664:
663:
658:
656:
655:
634:
632:
631:
626:
624:
623:
601:
599:
598:
593:
591:
583:
578:
576:
575:
563:
562:
553:
548:
546:
545:
530:
514:
512:
511:
506:
494:
492:
491:
486:
484:
483:
480:
467:
465:
464:
459:
457:
456:
453:
438:
436:
435:
430:
418:
416:
415:
410:
408:
407:
404:
391:
389:
388:
383:
381:
380:
377:
362:
360:
359:
354:
339:
337:
336:
331:
329:
328:
319:
315:
313:
312:
311:
308:
295:
294:
293:
290:
277:
258:
256:
255:
250:
248:
247:
244:
231:
229:
228:
223:
193:Hippolyte Fizeau
87:
86:
76:Passing car horn
67:
21:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4327:Doppler effects
4317:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4220:
4208:
4206:
4163:
4161:Further reading
4158:
4157:
4100:
4096:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4015:"Titan Calling"
4011:
4007:
3992:
3973:10.1.1.674.3987
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3926:
3922:
3877:
3873:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3816:
3812:
3766:
3762:
3713:
3709:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3661:
3657:
3646:"Doppler Shift"
3644:
3643:
3639:
3626:
3622:
3607:
3593:Halliday, David
3589:Resnick, Robert
3587:Walker, Jearl;
3585:
3578:
3557:
3553:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3452:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3339:
3335:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3272:
3255:
3251:
3230:(11): 321–351.
3216:
3212:
3208:
3206:Primary sources
3203:
3184:Rayleigh fading
3154:Doppler cooling
3139:
3118:Victor Veselago
3114:
3105:
3093:
3077:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2730:Cassini–Huygens
2718:
2712:
2692:
2686:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2437:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2292:
2276:
2211:
2205:
2181:
2177:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2094:
2088:
2072:peculiar motion
1972:
1966:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1663:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:truncating all
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:Taylor's series
1351:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1320:
1316:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
992:
989:
988:
970:
966:
949:
946:
945:
935:
919:
915:
902:
900:
889:
886:
885:
881:
865:
861:
843:
841:
834:
830:
822:
819:
818:
787:
783:
781:
778:
777:
761:
758:
757:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
674:
671:
670:
648:
644:
642:
639:
638:
616:
612:
610:
607:
606:
582:
568:
564:
558:
554:
552:
538:
534:
529:
527:
524:
523:
500:
497:
496:
479:
475:
473:
470:
469:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
424:
421:
420:
403:
399:
397:
394:
393:
376:
372:
370:
367:
366:
348:
345:
344:
324:
320:
307:
303:
296:
289:
285:
278:
276:
272:
264:
261:
260:
243:
239:
237:
234:
233:
217:
214:
213:
210:
163:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
81:
78:
71:
65:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4367:
4366:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Wave mechanics
4329:
4314:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4245:
4244:
4243:, ScienceWorld
4241:Doppler Effect
4238:
4233:
4230:Doppler effect
4219:
4218:External links
4216:
4215:
4214:
4205:on 12 May 2009
4190:
4180:
4173:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4104:Nature Physics
4094:
4076:
4069:
4042:
4033:
4005:
3990:
3954:
3945:
3938:
3920:
3871:
3852:(7): 392–398.
3836:
3820:"Radar Basics"
3810:
3760:
3723:(8): 688–694.
3707:
3686:
3679:
3655:
3650:astro.ucla.edu
3637:
3620:
3605:
3576:
3551:
3534:
3507:
3473:
3467:978-0534424718
3466:
3443:
3430:
3410:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3349:(20): 203902.
3333:
3320:(4): 582–588.
3300:
3270:
3268:, 19, 211–221.
3249:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:United Kingdom
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3092:
3089:
3081:Leslie speaker
3076:
3073:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2920:
2900:
2877:
2872:
2845:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2714:Main article:
2711:
2708:
2688:Main article:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2632:Doppler Spread
2614:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2496:
2482:
2462:
2433:
2430:
2397:
2394:
2361:
2358:
2338:
2324:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2275:
2272:
2237:cardiac output
2227:echocardiogram
2219:carotid artery
2207:Main article:
2204:
2201:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2132:
2129:
2114:proximity fuze
2090:Main article:
2087:
2084:
2040:, the largest
2027:discrete lines
1983:spectral lines
1968:Main article:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1624:
1617:
1571:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1530:
1523:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1431:
1427:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1350:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1145:
1136:we divide for
1121:
1117:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
986:
973:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
937:
936:
922:
918:
912:
908:
905:
899:
896:
893:
884:
882:
868:
864:
859:
853:
849:
846:
840:
837:
833:
829:
826:
817:
814:
813:
810:
786:
765:
738:
711:
701:If the speeds
691:
690:
678:
668:
654:
651:
647:
636:
622:
619:
615:
589:
586:
581:
574:
571:
567:
561:
557:
551:
544:
541:
537:
533:
517:
516:
504:
478:
451:
440:
428:
402:
375:
364:
352:
327:
323:
318:
306:
302:
299:
288:
284:
281:
275:
271:
268:
242:
221:
209:
206:
162:
159:
114:Doppler effect
98:Doppler effect
79:
74:
73:
72:
63:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4365:
4364:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4089:Physics World
4086:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4019:IEEE Spectrum
4016:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:(2): R55–62.
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3606:9781118233764
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3400:. p. 194
3399:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3085:Hammond organ
3082:
3072:
3046:
3032:
3001:
2985:
2971:
2965:
2950:
2942:
2932:
2918:
2898:
2870:
2843:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2794:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:Huygens probe
2723:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2607:
2589:
2583:
2568:
2560:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2480:
2460:
2428:
2392:
2356:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2130:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2092:Doppler radar
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1947:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:on a passing
1867:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:Lord Rayleigh
1821:
1819:
1815:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1429:
1425:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1382:expansion of
1381:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1143:
1134:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1003:
1000:
997:
987:
971:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
944:
943:
942:
920:
916:
910:
906:
897:
894:
883:
866:
862:
857:
851:
847:
838:
835:
831:
827:
824:
815:
811:
808:
807:
804:
784:
763:
736:
709:
699:
696:
676:
669:
652:
649:
645:
637:
620:
617:
613:
605:
604:
603:
587:
584:
579:
572:
569:
565:
559:
555:
549:
542:
539:
535:
531:
520:
502:
476:
449:
441:
426:
400:
373:
365:
350:
343:
342:
341:
325:
321:
316:
304:
300:
297:
286:
282:
279:
273:
269:
266:
259:is given by:
240:
219:
205:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
167:
158:
156:
152:
148:
143:
139:
134:
130:
127:
124:heard when a
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Doppler shift
99:
77:
58:
51:
46:
40:
33:
32:Dopplereffekt
19:
18:Doppler shift
4207:. Retrieved
4203:the original
4183:
4176:
4167:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4023:the original
4008:
3963:
3957:
3948:
3929:
3923:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3823:
3813:
3778:
3774:
3763:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3689:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3630:
3623:
3596:
3559:
3554:
3549:translation.
3542:
3537:
3527:September 4,
3525:. Retrieved
3520:
3510:
3500:September 4,
3498:. Retrieved
3494:the original
3489:
3456:
3435:. Retrieved
3420:
3413:
3402:. Retrieved
3396:
3389:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3292:. Retrieved
3287:
3283:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3252:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3159:Dopplergraph
3115:
3106:
3094:
3078:
2933:
2738:
2728:of the 2005
2719:
2693:
2293:
2277:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2224:
2118:
2107:
2076:Hubble's law
2069:
2058:
2054:Woolley 9722
2038:nearby stars
2035:
1992:
1883:
1879:
1863:
1838:Applications
1831:
1827:
1822:
1810:
1807:Consequences
1794:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1586:
1575:
1568:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1337:
1135:
1052:
940:
700:
692:
521:
518:
419:is added to
211:
181:binary stars
174:
172:
135:
131:
113:
101:
97:
95:
4287:Mathematics
2698:such as in
2282:(LDV), and
2065:coordinates
1874:John Dobson
185:Buys Ballot
140:waves, the
4321:Categories
4209:2008-07-13
4117:1805.12427
3572:110700229X
3541:Alec Eden
3437:2021-03-30
3404:2021-03-29
3381:References
3294:2008-07-08
3290:(7): 37–38
3179:Range rate
2299:Satellites
2258:, such as
2232:ultrasound
2050:BD-15°4041
2036:Among the
2033:of stars.
1828:previously
1818:sonic boom
1816:creates a
1814:shock wave
50:wavelength
48:Change of
4352:Acoustics
4263:Astronomy
4177:Endeavour
4150:125790662
4142:1745-2473
3968:CiteSeerX
3730:0808.1081
3701:0809.4573
3615:436030602
3258:Lecture,
3002:λ
2919:θ
2899:ϕ
2871:λ
2823:θ
2820:
2814:ϕ
2811:
2795:λ
2608:λ
2530:λ
2481:θ
2461:ϕ
2432:→
2396:→
2360:→
2264:neurology
2166:Δ
2151:Δ
2128:Δ
2102:radar gun
2011:blueshift
1999:astronomy
1964:Astronomy
1948:θ
1925:θ
1919:
1832:backwards
1581:wavefront
1564:radiating
1490:−
1484:≈
1363:≪
1020:−
1004:−
995:Δ
964:−
952:Δ
904:Δ
892:Δ
845:Δ
695:monotonic
677:λ
588:λ
301:∓
283:±
106:frequency
4299:Medicine
4000:12586746
3915:26693339
3866:28692375
3829:14 April
3805:22084293
3595:(2007).
3566:, 2011;
3371:16090248
3262:de Paris
3189:Redshift
3137:See also
3103:Robotics
2268:stenosis
2015:redshift
2007:galaxies
1979:Redshift
142:velocity
4311:Science
4249:Portals
4122:Bibcode
3906:4676450
3783:Bibcode
3755:1365918
3735:Bibcode
3547:English
3351:Bibcode
3232:Bibcode
3127:Bristol
2700:Transit
2439:rel,sat
2203:Medical
2031:spectra
2029:in the
1985:in the
1793:= 0.42
1785:
1764:
1725:
1704:
1664:= 0.59
1656:
1635:
1620:= 3.33
1612:
1591:
602:where
208:General
161:History
126:vehicle
4148:
4140:
4067:
3998:
3988:
3970:
3936:
3913:
3903:
3864:
3803:
3753:
3677:
3613:
3603:
3570:
3464:
3428:
3369:
3164:Fading
3024:where
2835:where
2634:) and
2019:binary
1940:where
1898:radial
1843:Sirens
1733:= 0.5
1574:= 0.7
1338:Since
1053:Given
941:where
340:where
147:vacuum
100:(also
4347:Sound
4275:Stars
4146:S2CID
4112:arXiv
3996:S2CID
3751:S2CID
3725:arXiv
3696:arXiv
3075:Audio
2734:Titan
2704:DORIS
2110:radar
2086:Radar
2003:stars
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1779:+ 1.4
1650:+ 0.7
1606:– 0.7
1050:Proof
189:pitch
138:sound
122:pitch
108:of a
4199:NCSA
4138:ISSN
4065:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3934:ISBN
3911:PMID
3862:PMID
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3502:2017
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3426:ISBN
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2262:and
2249:when
2005:and
1993:The
728:and
110:wave
96:The
4130:doi
4057:doi
3978:doi
3901:PMC
3893:doi
3854:doi
3791:doi
3779:369
3743:doi
3359:doi
3322:doi
3240:doi
3228:142
2848:mob
2817:cos
2808:cos
2706:.
2403:Sat
2367:mob
2313:LEO
2225:An
2046:Sun
2013:or
1981:of
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153:or
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3007:c
2995:t
2992:a
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2800:c
2788:b
2785:o
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2516:c
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2323:h
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2188:.
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1911:s
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