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1158:. In 1599, after killing 500 warriors and 300 women and children, he ordered the right foot be chopped off of all surviving 24 Acoma warriors. Males between the ages of 12 and 25 were also enslaved for 20 years, along with all of the females above the age of 12. When King Phillip of Spain heard the news from Acoma, Oñate was brought up on 30 charges of mismanagement and excessive cruelty. He was found guilty of cruelty, immorality, and false reporting and was exiled to Spain to live out the remainder of his life. 2014 marked the 400th anniversary of Juan de Oñate's exile from New Mexico. Despite his atrocities, Oñate is still celebrated today at the Española Valley Fiestas.
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617:, Oñate sentenced all men and women older than 12 to twenty years of forced "personal servitude". In addition, men older than 25 (24 individuals) were to have a foot amputated. According to recent research, there is no evidence of this happening and that, at most, the prisoners lost some toes. This latter theory makes sense, for losing toes rather than a whole foot left the prisoners useful as servants. In Onate's personal journal, he specifically refers to the punishment of the Acoma warriors as cutting off "las puntas del pie" (the points of the foot, the toes).
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1138:. Because of the controversy surrounding Oñate, two separate memorials and perspectives were created. Rivera and Sabo did a series of bronze statues of Oñate leading the first group of Spanish settlers into New Mexico titled "La Jornada," while Naranjo-Morse created an abstract land art from the desert itself of a large dirt spiral representing the Native American perspective titled "Numbe Whageh" (Tewa interpretation: Our Center Place). It is located at the
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1111:. It is unknown whether the statue will be returned to its place in the future, with a statement from Rio Arriba County Commission stating: "Rio Arriba County residents need to understand that a final policy decision has not been made about the Oñate statue other than its removal today to protect it from damage or destruction. The County Commission welcomes a respectful and civil discussion from its residents about the future of the Oñate statue."
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killed. After more than two hours of fighting, Oñate himself retired from the battlefield. The hostage Rayado chief
Caratax was freed by a raid on Oñate and Oñate freed several women captives, but he retained several boys at the request of the Spanish priests for instruction in the Catholic faith. The attack may have arisen from Oñate's kidnapping of Caratax and the women and children.
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The statue precipitated controversy due to Oñate being tried and convicted for many crimes including brutality against the Ácoma Pueblo tribe, and was protested by groups such as the Ácoma tribe during the development of the project as well as at the inauguration. To defuse some of the controversy,
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Near the river, Oñate's expedition party and their numerous
Escanjaque guides saw three or four hundred Rayados on a hill. The Rayados advanced, throwing dirt into the air as a sign that they were ready for war. Oñate quickly indicated that he did not wish to fight and made peace with this group of
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2,000,000 statue took nearly nine years to build and was kept in the sculptor's Mexico City warehouse. The statue was completed in early 2006, transported in pieces on flatbed trailers to El Paso during the summer, and installed in
October. The controversy over the statue prior to its installation
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The next day the Oñate expedition proceeded onward for another eight miles through heavily populated territory, although without seeing many
Rayados. At this point, the Spaniards' courage deserted them. There were obviously many Rayados nearby and soon Oñate's men were warned that the Rayados were
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Oñate had worried about the
Rayados hurting or attacking his expedition party, but it was instead the Escanjaques who repelled his men on their return to New Mexico. Oñate described a pitched battle with 1,500 Escanjaques, probably an exaggeration, but many Spaniards were wounded and many natives
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about twelve hundred houses, all established along the bank of another good-sized river which flowed into the large one .... the settlement of the
Rayados seemed typical of those seen by Coronado in Quivira in the 1540s. The homesteads were dispersed; the houses round, thatched with grass, large
857:—perhaps the real name of Quivira—in an area to the north. Thus, the Rayados were related culturally and linguistically to the Quivirans but not part of the same political entity. The Wichita at this time were not unified, but rather a large number of related tribes scattered over most of
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Hammond, George P., and
Agapito Rey, Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1953; Laylander, Don, "Geographies of Fact and Fantasy: Oñate on the Lower Colorado River, 1604–1605," Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 4, 2004,
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followed his predecessor's advice, and in the summer of 1596 delayed Oñate's expedition in order to review the terms of the original agreement, signed before the previous
Viceroy had left office. In March 1598, Oñate's expedition moved out and forded the
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in
January 1605, before returning along the same route to New Mexico. The evident purpose of the expedition was to locate a port by which New Mexico could be supplied, as an alternative to the laborious overland route from New Spain.
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heard the news of the massacre, and the punishments, Oñate was banished from New Mexico for his cruelty to the natives, and exiled from Mexico for five years, convicted by the
Spanish government of using "excessive force" against the
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assembling an army. Discretion seemed the better part of valor. Oñate estimated that three hundred Spanish soldiers would be needed to confront the Rayados, and he turned his soldiers around to return to New Mexico.
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533:, April 30, 1598, the exploration party assembled on the south bank of the Rio Grande. In an Ascension Day ceremony, Oñate led the party in prayer, as he claimed all of the territory across the river for the
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A memorial for Oñate was created for the New Mexico Cuarto Centenario (the 400th anniversary of Oñate's 1598 settlement). The memorial was meant to be a tri-cultural collaboration (Hispanic, Anglo, and
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relatives was her paternal grandfather, the royal physician Doctor Guadalupe de Salazar. Other family members became Christians in the 1390s, around 160 years before Oñate's birth. Her father was
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637:—and a retinue of 130 American Indian soldiers and servants. The expedition possessed 350 horses and mules. Oñate journeyed across the plains eastward from New Mexico in a renewed search for
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996:, he resigned his post and was tried and convicted of cruelty to both natives and colonists. He was banished from New Mexico for life and exiled from Mexico City for five years.
699:. He estimated the population at more than 5,000 living in 600 houses. The Escanjaques lived in round houses as large as 90 feet (27 m) in diameter and covered with tanned
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853:. However, they were probably not the same people Coronado met. Coronado found Quivira 120 miles north of Oñate's Rayados. The Rayados spoke of large settlements called
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Concerning areas that the explorers had not observed directly, they gave fantastic reports about races of human and areas said to be rich in gold, silver, and pearls.
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581:. The Ácoma themselves needed their stored food to survive the coming winter. The Ácoma resisted and 11 Spaniards were ambushed and killed, including Oñate's nephew,
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where the Rayado settlement was located. Archaeological evidence favors the Walnut River site. A minority view would be that the Escanjaque encampment was on the
664:. Leaving the river behind in a sandy area where his ox carts could not pass, he went across country, and the land became greener, with more water and groves of
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La Jornada and Numbe Whageh Form the Cuarto Centenario Memorial to Represent the Past and Present of Albuquerque: Two Memorials, Many Perspectives, One Monument
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dialect. We can be virtually certain that the Rayados were Caddoan Wichitas. Their grass houses, dispersed mode of settlement, a chief named Catarax (
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Vehik, Susan C. (1986). "Onate's Expedition to the Southern Plains: Routes, Destinations, and Implications for Late Prehistoric Cultural Adaptations".
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was also named after Juan de Oñate, but in 2021, the high school's name was changed to Organ Mountain High School. Juan de Oñate Elementary School in
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was a Wichita title for a chief), the description of their granaries, and their location all are in accord with Coronado's earlier description of the
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The path of Oñate's expedition and the identity of the Escanjaques and the Rayados are much debated. Most authorities believe his route led down the
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The agreement with Viceroy Velasco tasked Oñate with two goals; the better-known aim was to explore and colonize the unknown lands annexed into the
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490:(a traitor to the crown known to be in the region) as he already was transporting other criminals. His stated objective otherwise was to spread
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The expedition to the lower Colorado River was important as the only recorded European incursion into that region between the expeditions of
757:, a settlement on the eastern bank, one or two miles from the river. The settlement was deserted, the inhabitants having fled. It contained "
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who "served in the royal court of Spanish monarchs from the late 1300s to the mid-1500s." She was of Spanish ancestry and descended from
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In 1606, Oñate was recalled to Mexico City for a hearing regarding his conduct. After finishing plans for the founding of the town of
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enough to sleep ten persons each, and surrounded by large granaries to store the corn, beans, and squash they grew in their fields."
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continued indefinitely to the northwest, giving rise to a belief that was common in the 17th century that the western coasts of an
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Seen by Oñate below the Gila junction but subsequently reported upstream from there, in the area where Oñate had encountered the
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1585:. Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary: American Latino Heritage. National Park Service, US Department of the Interior.
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and Oklahoma, so it is not implausible that the Rayados and Escanjaques spoke the same language, but were nevertheless enemies.
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Valley, encountering numerous indigenous tribes in their homelands there. Oñate founded settlements in the province, now in the
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Deconstructing Eurocentric Tourism and Heritage Narratives in Mexican American Communities: Juan De Oñate as a West Texas Icon
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In 1614, Oñate was exiled from what is now New Mexico and charged with mismanagement and excessive cruelty, especially at the
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In response to a bid by Juan Bautista de Lomas y Colmenares, and subsequently rejected by the King, on September 21, 1595
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appointed him head of all mining inspectors in Spain. He died in Spain in 1626. He is sometimes referred to as "the Last
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Hawle, Marlin F. "European-contact and Southwestern Artifacts in the lower Walnut Focus Sites at Arkansas City Kansas",
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Rayados, who proved to be friendly and generous. Oñate liked the Rayados more than he did the Escanjaques. They were "
332:, in protest of the massacre, and significant controversy arose when a large equestrian statue of Oñate was erected in
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of the conquistador. In reaction to protests, two city council members retracted their support for the project. The
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884:. The party of about three dozen men set out from the Rio Grande valley in October 1604. They traveled by way of
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703:. They were hunters, according to Oñate, depending upon the buffalo for their subsistence and planting no crops.
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The Escanjaques guided Oñate to a large river a few miles away and he became the first European to describe the
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1420:"Piety and privilege collide in Juan de Oñate’s Jewish-converso lineage". by José Antonio Esquibel, Fall 2016,
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was named after Juan de Oñate and is currently the only public school in New Mexico carrying Oñate's namesake.
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Oñate granted land to colonists on the expedition, and empowered them to demand tribute from Native Americans.
556:, a captain of the expedition, chronicled Oñate's conquest of New Mexico's indigenous peoples in his epic poem
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workers at the direction of officials. Civic institutions will make the final decision on the statue's future.
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The county of Rio Arriba temporarily removed the statue on June 15, 2020, which followed wider efforts to
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In October 1598, a skirmish erupted when a squad of Oñate's men stopped to trade for food supplies at the
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Today, Oñate remains a controversial figure in New Mexican history: in 1998, the right foot was cut off
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When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846
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selected Oñate from two other candidates to organize the resources of the newly acquired territory.
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336:, in 2006. On June 15, 2020, the statue of Oñate in Alcalde, New Mexico was temporarily removed by
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Trujillo, Michael L. (2008). "Oñate's Foot: Remembering and Dismembering in Northern New Mexico".
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Plevin, Nancy (Jan 8, 1998). "Vandals maim bronze sculpture at visitors center near Espanola".
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Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá (1992). Miguel Encinias; Alfred Rodríguez; Joseph P. Sánchez (eds.).
1204:, 34-foot-tall (10 m) statue in a ceremony on April 21, 2007. Oñate is mounted atop his
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379:. Oñate's mother, Doña Catalina Salazar y de la Cadena, had among her ancestors Jewish-origin
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to the crown in New Spain; this move failed to stand after de Zúñiga reviewed the agreement.
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According to Houser, it is the largest and heaviest bronze equestrian statue in the world.
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In 2017, the statue's left foot was painted red and the words "Remember 1680" (year of the
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Oñate's last major expedition went to the west, from New Mexico to the lower valley of the
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With difficulty Oñate restrained the Escanjaques from looting the town and sent them home.
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region of central North America. The expedition party included 130 Spanish soldiers and 12
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Native groups observed living on the lower Colorado River, were, from north to south, the
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All summer, Oñate's expedition party followed the middle Rio Grande Valley to present-day
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Historia de la Nueva México, 1610 : a critical and annotated Spanish/English edition
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1360:"Controversy surrounding 'The Last Conquistador' statue in El Paso topic of documentary"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Moquis and Kastiilam: Hopis, Spaniards, and the Trauma of History, Volume I, 1540–1679
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Doña Teresa Confronts the Spanish Inquisition: A Seventeenth-Century New Mexican Drama
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Oñate is honored by some as an explorer but vilified by others for his cruelty to the
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six years earlier. They found an encampment of native people that Oñate called the
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the statue was renamed "The Equestrian". The statue was vandalized in June 2020.
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Who Was Juan De Oñate? A Look At The Conquistador's Violent Legacy In New Mexico
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The Last Conquistador : Juan de Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest
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Sheridan, Thomas E., ed. (2015). "Juan de Oñate's Colonization of New Mexico".
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Oñate’s Foot: Histories, Landscapes, and Contested Memories in the Southwest
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1341:"400 years later, Acoma protests Spanish cruelty – Timeline – Native Voices"
1900:"As a Sculpture Takes Shape in Mexico, Opposition Takes Shape in the U.S.,"
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The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oñate and the Settling of the Far Southwest
2160:"'The Equestrian' Don Juan de Oñate statue at El Paso airport vandalized"
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so good that in many places the grass was high enough to conceal a horse.
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610:. Oñate later returned to Spain to live out the remainder of his life.
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Texas Historical Marker for Don Juan de Oñate and El Paso del Río Norte
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16/17th-century Spanish conquistador and colonial governor in New Spain
2040:, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Winter 2011), pp. 44–72. Accessed May 5, 2019, from
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beginning in 1701. The explorers did not see evidence of prehistoric
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to the Colorado River, and descended that river to its mouth in the
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Cristóbal de Oñate who married María Gutiérrez del Castillo who had
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Kiva, Cross, and Crown: The Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540–1840
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probably led the Oñate party on the same route he had taken on the
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1932:"Statue's Stolen Foot Reflects Divisions Over Symbols of Conquest"
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1495:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 82–83.
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destroyed, a mandate carried out by Juan de Zaldívar's brother,
391:, on at least several branches of her family tree. Among these
1836:"Background | the Last Conquistador | POV | PBS"
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Kessell, John L. (1979). "Oñate's Disenchantment: 1595–1617".
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Authorities have speculated that the Escanjaques were Apache,
537:. Oñate's original terms would have made this land a separate
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506:, and renamed the pueblo there 'San Juan de los Caballeros'.
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798:, where he found the Escanjaque encampment, and then to the
725:" He found and tasted a fruit of good flavor, possibly the
1634:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 54.
1583:"San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge: San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico"
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399:, leader of several councils that governed New Spain while
2132:"The Equestrian | XII Travelers Memorial of the Southwest"
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New Mexico's Cuarto Centenario: History in Visual Dialogue
1794:"The Pawnee Indians". George E. Hyde 1951. New edition in
1665:"OPINION | An accurate accounting of the history of Oñate"
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were what was seen by sailing expeditions in the Pacific.
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Oñate's 1605 "signature graffiti" on Inscription Rock, in
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Caratax led Oñate and the Escanjaques across the river to
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In 1601, Oñate undertook a large expedition east to the
597:. An estimated 800–1,000 Ácoma died in the siege of the
1870:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991
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Pueblo Native American), with Reynaldo "Sonny" Rivera,
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with the Colorado, in a location later occupied by the
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María de Oñate who married Vicente de Zaldívar who had
1085:(until 2017 the Oñate Monument and Visitor Center) in
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and the Rayado village was on the site of present-day
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remove controversial statues across the United States
1439:, Frances Levine, 2016, University of Oklahoma Press
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1956:Writer, Molly Montgomery SUN Staff (15 June 2020).
1691:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916, 250–267
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El Palacio The Magazine of the Museum of New Mexico
920:, which must have arisen shortly afterwards in the
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1104:) were written with paint on the monument's base.
498:. Oñate is credited with founding the Province of
321:was destroyed. Around 800–1000 Ácoma were killed.
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1121:Statue of Juan de Oñate (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
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1212:declaration in his right hand. It is one of the
641:, the fabled "city of gold." As had the earlier
1689:Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542–1706
78: and the second or maternal family name is
2623:Colonial governors of Santa Fe de Nuevo México
1798:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1974.
1796:The Civilization of the American Indian Series
1530:. Translated by Joseph P. Sánchez. UNM Press.
1452:, University of Nebraska Press, 1991, p. 1083
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1426:http://www.elpalacio.org/2016/09/blood-oaths/
794:from Texas to Oklahoma, cross-country to the
313:, Oñate ordered a brutal retaliation against
2344:Diego Dionisio de Peñalosa Briceño y Berdugo
2190:concerning the 1998 attack on Oñate's statue
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1400:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 30.
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1083:Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Center
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2144:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2109:. New York: Milton: Routledge. p. 76.
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1718:Vehik, Susan C. "Wichita Culture History,"
451:Governorship and 1598 New Mexico expedition
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1886:September 22, 2017. Accessed May 7, 2019.
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1200:The City of El Paso unveiled the eighteen
999:Eventually Oñate went to Spain, where the
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613:Of the 500 or so survivors, at a trial at
286:. He led early Spanish expeditions to the
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2254:Cristóbal de Oñate (son of Juan de Oñate)
2012:. December 8, 2018. Accessed May 4, 2019.
1905:, January 17, 2002. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
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837:, or other tribes. Most likely they were
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633:priests—similar to the expedition of the
2633:Mexican people of Spanish-Jewish descent
1981:Writer, Amanda Martinez (15 June 2020).
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1610:. Stanford University Press. p. 53.
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1183:was the subject of the documentary film
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656:Oñate proceeded eastward, following the
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347:
2570:List of Mexican governors of New Mexico
2424:Jose Chacón Medina Salazar y Villaseñor
1742:"Yunque Yunque – New Mexico Ghost Town"
1606:Ramon A. Gutierrez (February 1, 1991).
1461:
1450:Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: G–O
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486:. His second goal was to capture Capt.
439:, Juan Pérez de Narriahondo y Castillo.
352:Coat of Arms of Juan de Oñate y Salazar
14:
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1980:
1955:
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403:was traveling to Honduras in 1525–26.
127:November 1598 – 18 April 1606
2678:Native American genocide perpetrators
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2105:Perez, Frank; Ortega, Carlos (2020).
1889:
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1214:tallest statues in the United States.
710:, a large city of their enemies, the
518:(Río del Norte) south of present-day
418:, and the great-granddaughter of the
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1880:Paying homage to Gallup’s north side
1307:Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies
1273:"Background | The Last Conquistador"
683:
635:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
408:Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma
195:Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma
29:
2130:The 12 Travelers of the Southwest.
2073:
2054:Matthew J. Martinez (August 2014).
1930:Romero, Simon (30 September 2017).
1662:
1377:Montgomery, Molly (June 15, 2020).
224:Explorer and governor of New Mexico
24:
2638:People from pre-statehood Oklahoma
2603:Spanish explorers of North America
1983:"Oñate statue taken down, for now"
1958:"County Takes Down Oñate Monument"
1379:"County Takes Down Oñate Monument"
1277:POV PBS | American Documentary Inc
1077:Equestrian statue of Juan de Oñate
742:" They showed deference to their
115:1st Spanish Governor of New Mexico
102:Equestrian statue of Juan de Oñate
25:
2689:
2489:Francisco Antonio Marín del Valle
2179:
1844:. 22 January 2008. Archived from
1358:Temple, Georgia (July 10, 2008).
1279:. 22 January 2008. Archived from
1115:1998 400th anniversary of arrival
1070:
927:They mistakenly thought that the
566:
2663:Spanish people of Basque descent
2628:Mexican people of Basque descent
2056:"Remembering 400 Years of Exile"
732:
706:The Escanjaques told Oñate that
645:in the 1540s, Oñate encountered
529:On the Catholic calendar day of
301:Oñate is notorious for the 1599
232:
34:
2574:List of governors of New Mexico
2279:Francisco Manuel de Silva Nieto
2238:Spanish governors of New Mexico
2152:
2123:
2098:
2084:
2047:
2027:
2015:
1999:
1974:
1949:
1923:
1908:
1873:
1860:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1788:
1761:
1748:
1734:
1725:
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1703:
1694:
1681:
1656:
1623:
1614:
1599:
1590:
1575:
1564:
1517:
1484:
1455:
1187:, presented in 2008 as part of
1146:2014 400th anniversary of exile
593:, in an offensive known as the
410:, who was the granddaughter of
216:Catalina Salazar y de la Cadena
2648:17th-century Spanish explorers
2618:16th-century Spanish explorers
2608:Explorers of the United States
2469:Enrique de Olavide y Michelena
2394:Domingo Gironza Petriz Cruzate
2384:Domingo Gironza Petriz Cruzate
2324:Hernando de Ugarte y la Concha
2299:Juan Flores de Sierra y Valdés
1430:
1389:
1370:
1351:
1333:
1240:Spanish missions in New Mexico
778:Oñate and his men returned to
740:united, peaceful, and settled.
476:New Kingdom of León y Castilla
446:, Nicolás de Zaldívar y Oñate.
343:
13:
1:
2499:Manuel de Portillo y Urrisola
2434:Felix Martínez de Torrelaguna
2284:Francisco de la Mora Ceballos
1782:10.1080/2052546.1986.11909314
1722:, Vol. 37, No. 141, 1992, 327
1663:Gilbert, Donald A. Chavez Y.
1255:
1026:
987:
2429:Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon
2339:Bernardo López de Mendizábal
2309:Alonso de Pacheco de Herédia
2173:La Calle de Cadena en Mexico
1758:, Vol. 45, No. 173, Aug 2000
1687:Bolton, Herbert Eugene, ed.
375:, a descendant of the noble
326:a statue of the conquistador
309:, including Oñate's nephew,
70:, the first or paternal
7:
2643:16th-century Mexican people
2534:Joaquín del Real Alencaster
2289:Francisco Martínez de Baeza
2080:POV – The Last Conquistador
1223:
1067:, is named Paseo de Oñate.
1047:Oñate Elementary School in
912:in 1540, and the visits of
558:Historia de la Nueva México
356:Oñate was born in 1550, at
266:; 1550–1626) was a Spanish
10:
2694:
2593:People from Zacatecas City
2509:Pedro Fermín de Mendinueta
2459:Juan Domingo de Bustamante
1632:New Mexico past and future
1630:Chavez, Thomas E. (2006).
1118:
1074:
875:El Morro National Monument
780:San Juan de los Caballeros
693:Umana and Leyba expedition
570:
509:In late 1595, the Viceroy
488:Francisco Leyva de Bonilla
364:(colonial México), to the
296:Southwestern United States
65:
2567:
2474:Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza
2464:Gervasio Cruzat y Góngora
2419:Francisco Cuervo y Valdés
2349:Tomé Dominguez de Mendoza
2319:Luis de Guzmán y Figueroa
2244:
2171:Porras Munoz, Guillermo,
1540:– via Google Books.
1364:Midland Reporter-Telegram
1010:
865:Colorado River expedition
660:into the modern state of
240:
228:
220:
208:
200:
190:
176:
150:
145:
141:
131:
120:
113:
109:
94:
87:
43:This article needs to be
2494:Mateo Antonio de Mendoza
2449:Antonio Valverde y Cosío
2439:Antonio Valverde y Cosío
2329:Juan de Samaniego y Xaca
2042:University of New Mexico
1319:10.1525/azt.2008.33.2.91
1161:
554:Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá
548:, where he engaged with
500:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
496:missions in Nuevo México
484:Viceroyalty of New Spain
431:They had two children:
280:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
137:Cristóbal de Oñate (son)
2613:Explorers of New Mexico
2454:Juan Estrada de Austria
2389:Pedro Reneros de Posada
2364:Juan de Medrano y Mesía
2334:Juan Manso de Contreras
2274:Felipe de Sotelo Osorio
1049:Albuquerque, New Mexico
1039:Paraje de Fra Cristobal
802:and its tributary, the
621:Great Plains expedition
414:, the conqueror of the
255:[ˈxwandeoˈɲate]
247:Juan de Oñate y Salazar
2673:Spanish mass murderers
2554:Pedro María de Allande
2404:Pedro Rodríguez Cubero
2374:Juan Francisco Treviño
2359:Fernando de Villanueva
2269:Juan Álvarez de Eulate
2264:Bernardino de Ceballos
1396:Simmons, Marc (1991).
1250:Gaspar Castaño de Sosa
1057:Las Cruces, New Mexico
1044:
914:Eusebio Francisco Kino
877:
770:Return to Nuevo México
601:Much later, when King
460:
406:Juan de Oñate married
353:
282:in the viceroyalty of
2598:Spanish conquistadors
2524:Fernando de la Concha
2519:Juan Bautista de Anza
2369:Juan Durán de Miranda
2354:Juan Durán de Miranda
2093:The Last Conquistador
1770:Plains Anthropologist
1756:Plains Anthropologist
1720:Plains Anthropologist
1468:National Park Service
1185:The Last Conquistador
1093:. A local filmmaker,
1034:
872:
808:Arkansas City, Kansas
458:
351:
104:, Alcalde, New Mexico
2504:Tomás Vélez Cachupín
2484:Tomás Vélez Cachupín
2314:Fernando de Argüello
2038:The Public Historian
1917:Santa Fe New Mexican
1848:on 25 September 2018
1466:. Washington, D.C.:
1283:on 25 September 2018
1172:John Sherrill Houser
1166:In 1997 the City of
1065:Española, New Mexico
933:Island of California
786:Contemporary studies
494:by establishing new
426:Moctezuma Xocoyotzin
181:Guadalcanal, Seville
1245:Colonial New Mexico
1197:television series.
1170:hired the sculptor
1087:Alcalde, New Mexico
1043:Rio Grande crossing
1035:Historic Marker at
906:Hernando de Alarcón
894:Bill Williams River
643:Coronado Expedition
603:Philip III of Spain
591:Vicente de Zaldívar
546:northern New Mexico
330:Alcalde, New Mexico
278:of the province of
2379:Antonio de Otermin
2200:2018-08-26 at the
2044:Digital Repository
1903:The New York Times
1669:www.abqjournal.com
1140:Albuquerque Museum
1136:Nora Naranjo Morse
1061:Gallup, New Mexico
1045:
929:Gulf of California
898:Gulf of California
878:
748:treating him well.
676:Quercus macrocarpa
461:
397:Gonzalo de Salazar
373:Cristóbal de Oñate
354:
213:Cristóbal de Oñate
2580:
2579:
2444:Juan Páez Hurtado
2414:Juan Páez Hurtado
2175:. pp. 1–46.
2116:978-0-367-13679-6
1898:Ginger Thompson.
1176:equestrian statue
1053:Oñate High School
719:tallgrass prairie
684:Escanjaque people
371:and silver baron
338:Rio Arriba County
276:colonial governor
244:
243:
64:
63:
18:Don Juan de Oñate
16:(Redirected from
2685:
2559:Facundo Melgares
2514:Francisco Trevre
2479:Joaquín Codallos
2259:Pedro de Peralta
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2058:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2010:Reveal (podcast)
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1816:
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1807:
1792:
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1785:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1738:
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1701:
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1521:
1515:
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1488:
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1481:
1459:
1453:
1448:L. Thrapp, Dan.
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
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1411:
1393:
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1337:
1331:
1330:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1269:
1206:Andalusian horse
940:Amacava (Mohave)
583:Juan de Zaldívar
511:Gaspar de Zúñiga
311:Juan de Zaldívar
274:, explorer, and
265:
264:
263:
257:
252:
236:
146:Personal details
134:
125:
99:
85:
84:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2563:
2529:Fernando Chacón
2409:Diego de Vargas
2399:Diego de Vargas
2304:Francisco Gomes
2240:
2235:
2202:Wayback Machine
2182:
2168:
2167:
2162:. 12 June 2020.
2158:
2157:
2153:
2137:
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2124:
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2103:
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2089:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2006:Monumental Lies
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1866:Simmons, Marc,
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1793:
1789:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1642:
1628:
1624:
1620:Simmons, p. 143
1619:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1596:Simmons, p. 145
1595:
1591:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1503:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1345:www.nlm.nih.gov
1339:
1338:
1334:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1226:
1164:
1148:
1123:
1117:
1079:
1073:
1029:
1013:
990:
867:
816:Wichita, Kansas
812:Ninnescah River
788:
772:
735:
686:
651:Texas Panhandle
623:
575:
569:
526:in late April.
469:Luís de Velasco
453:
416:Triple Alliance
346:
328:that stands in
259:
258:
250:
215:
163:
155:
132:
126:
121:
105:
90:
83:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Alberto Maynez
2546:
2541:
2539:Alberto Maynez
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
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2481:
2476:
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2180:External links
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1962:Rio Grande SUN
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1776:(111): 13–33.
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1230:Pueblo peoples
1225:
1222:
1208:and holds the
1163:
1160:
1152:Acoma massacre
1147:
1144:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1091:Acoma Massacre
1075:Main article:
1072:
1071:Alcalde statue
1069:
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882:Colorado River
866:
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792:Canadian River
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712:Rayado Indians
685:
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666:Black walnut (
658:Canadian River
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595:Ácoma Massacre
573:Acoma Massacre
571:Main article:
568:
567:Ácoma Massacre
565:
550:Pueblo Indians
535:Spanish Empire
452:
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448:
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381:New Christians
366:Spanish-Basque
345:
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334:El Paso, Texas
303:Acoma Massacre
292:Colorado River
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2062:on 2018-08-26
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268:conquistador
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2653:1552 births
1852:2 September
1731:Bolton, 264
1709:Bolton, 253
1700:Bolton, 257
1554:|work=
1287:2 September
975:Halyikwamai
922:Salton Sink
697:Escanjaques
539:viceroyalty
492:Catholicism
467:'s Viceroy
344:Early years
2587:Categories
2066:2015-07-10
1992:2020-06-17
1967:2020-06-15
1884:Gallup Sun
1674:2020-06-22
1537:0826313922
1256:References
1132:Betty Sabo
1095:Chris Eyre
1027:New Mexico
988:Later life
977:, and the
956:Gila River
952:confluence
892:, and the
631:Franciscan
516:Rio Grande
482:) and the
480:New Mexico
290:and Lower
221:Occupation
2668:Conversos
1987:Taos News
1941:3 October
1556:ignored (
1546:cite book
1327:160445622
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851:Quivirans
796:Salt Fork
674:bur oak (
531:Ascension
465:Philip II
387:, former
385:conversos
362:New Spain
358:Zacatecas
284:New Spain
272:New Spain
229:Signature
209:Parent(s)
166:Zacatecas
161:New Spain
123:In office
2198:Archived
2140:cite web
1825:309–324.
1650:70054191
1224:See also
994:Santa Fe
964:Alebdoma
662:Oklahoma
653:region.
393:converso
251:Spanish:
201:Children
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1210:La Toma
1168:El Paso
1081:In the
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971:Coguana
960:Quechan
954:of the
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839:Caddoan
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708:Etzanoa
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649:in the
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744:chief
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185:Spain
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2146:link
2111:ISBN
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