295:
930:
903:
347:
658:. Among the dead were three Haitian generals. On October 28, other Haitian armies attacked the frontier fort "El Invencible" and were repulsed after five hours of hard fighting. In a significant naval action between the Hispaniolan rivals, a Dominican squadron captured 3 small Haitian warships and 149 seamen off Puerto Plata on December 21. On January 1, 1846, Pierrot announced a new campaign. However, in February 27, when he ordered his troops to march against the Dominicans, the Haitian army mutinied, resulting in his overthrow. The war had become highly unpopular in Haiti, and Pierrot's successor was unable to organize another invasion.
2332:
30:
1012:, as a measure to reduce irregular migration from Haiti and smuggling. The idea is supported by the majority of the Dominican population. Dominican officials claim the wall will slow the illegal drug trade and reduce the chance of gang violence in Haiti from spreading to the Dominican Republic. The project is controversial, with claims that it will do little to reduce illegal migration, will encourage bribery of Dominican Republic soldiers, and will become a source of conflict. The wall is being built in Dominican Republic territory, allowing DR soldiers to patrol on both sides.
734:
2821:
1021:
534:
366:, who later declared himself Emperor, learned of a small French garrison stationed in Santo Domingo. French troops, led by Jean-Louis Ferrand, seized black children to be sold into slavery. This action infuriated Dessalines, who decided to invade Santo Domingo at the head of 21,000 soldiers in February 1805. He managed to reach the capital, but was unable to lay siege due to its protection by a large wall. Suddenly, he was notified of a French ship heading towards Haiti, which he believed was sent to attack the country, and immediately called off the siege.
2752:
385:. They entered the cities, killing everyone they encountered, setting houses on fire, and committing numerous atrocities on the Dominicans. From each city, later set ablaze by the Haitians, prisoners were rounded up by the army and forced to accompany them back to Haiti. The march back to Haiti was nightmarish for the prisoners, who were brutalized and abused at the hands of their captors. Once arrived, the prisoners were either massacred in the streets, or forced to work as slaves on plantations on the orders of Dessalines. This
49:
987:
the support of the
Dominican ministry of Sports, the president of the Dominican Baseball Federation (FEDOBE) was thankful and quoted saying "it allows our federation to fulfill the dream of helping Haiti in baseball." He has pledged to put the Haitian Baseball Federation in relation to the international organizations. Coaches will be sent to Haiti for technical courses, referees and scorers by the Dominican Baseball Federation, while the Haitian Federation will support the logistics in the training and training programs.
239:
2970:
1049:(NACLA), “A former director of the INDHRI stated that the Haitian State's requests to use water from the binational river for irrigation were rejected in 2013, 2015 and 2017.” The construction of the canal began in 2018. In April 2021, Dominican soldiers gained illegal entrance into Haiti to stop the construction. The Dominican government applied pressure with threats, and the work was stopped shortly before the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse. Then, in August 2023, a
2941:
3157:
60:
864:, prompting many Haitians to move to the DR seeking better opportunities, where they are often the subject of discrimination. In the mid-twentieth century, the economies of the two countries were comparable. Since that time, the Dominican economy has grown while the Haitian economy has diminished. The economic downturn in Haiti has been the result of factors such as internal power struggles, rapid population growth,
974:, countless Haitians fled across the border to escape the quake's effects. The Dominican government was one of the first to send teams to help distribute food and medicine to the victims and made it easier for Haitians to acquire visas to receive treatment in Dominican hospitals. Supplies were transported to Haiti through the Dominican Republic, and many injured Haitians have been treated in Dominican hospitals.
650:
and counterattacked on July 13, resulting in over 200 casualties on the
Haitian side, while the Dominican forces were able to repulse the attack without suffering any casualties. On July 22, the Haitian forces launched another attack on the Dominican stronghold at Fort Cachimán. The Haitians were repulsed after a battle that lasted three and a half hours, in which the Dominicans only suffered seven casualties.
799:. Spain spent over 33 million pesos on the war. This immense monetary cost, combined with the heavy human toll of the war, led Spain to finally withdraw its forces in 1865. The Dominicans who opposed the Spanish occupation suffered 4,000 dead, while the pro-Spanish militia under Santana suffered 10,000 casualties during the conflict. The military prowess displayed by the Dominican army during the
586:
978:
More and more discrimination has been attributed to the massive numbers of
Haitian refugees in the Dominican Republic. Over the past years tensions have risen, causing the International Organization for Migration to offer Haitians $ 50 each plus additional relocation assistance to return to Haiti. More than 1,500 have accepted that assistance and returned.
170:, also became independent from Spain in 1821 after more than 300 years of Spanish control. Thus since 1804 many wars, massacres, border disputes, and stand-offs have occurred between the two countries. Haiti would eventually become the poorest country in the region, while the Dominican Republic developed into one of the largest economies of
511:. The two regiments of Dominicans were among those used by Hérard to suppress the uprising. Dominican nationalists decided to take action with the leadership of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Ramón Matías Mella, and Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle-rancher from El Seibo who commanded a private army who worked on his estates.
444:, a mulatto who was seen as an ally promised his full support to the frontier governors. Boyer had also made a concession with the French, and agreed to pay France for the lost territory of Haiti. Boyer agreed to pay a sum of 150 million Francs (nearly twice what France had charged the United States for the much larger
654:
with the use of bayonets, a
Haitian cavalry charge. On September 27, 1845, Dominican Gen. Francisco Antonio Salcedo defeated a Haitian army at the battle of "Beler," a frontier fortification. Salcedo was supported by Adm. Juan Bautista Cambiaso's squadron of three schooners, which blockaded the Haitian port of
977:
Haitian refugees were also taken in and supported by many
Dominicans, though relations deteriorated as the refugees have remained in the Dominican Republic. This has led to reported concerns among some Dominicans that quake refugees contribute to rising crime, over-crowding, cholera and unemployment.
941:
Migration has been taking place since the 1920s, when
Haitian laborers were actively encouraged to come work in the thriving Dominican sugar industry. With modernization from the 1960s on, fewer workers were required, and other Dominican industries and services started employing more Haitian workers,
653:
On August 6, Pierrot ordered his army to invade the
Dominican Republic. More than 3,000 Haitian soldiers and less than 20 Dominican militias had been killed at this point. On September 17, 1845, the Dominicans defeated the Haitian vanguard near the frontier at Estrelleta where the Dominicans attacked
914:
is US$ 1,819 in Haiti and US$ 20,625 in
Dominican Republic. The divergence between the level of economic development between Haiti and the Dominican Republic makes their border the one with the highest contrast of all Western world borders and it is evident that the Dominican Republic has one of the
825:
The hostile relations between the two nations continued due to disputes over sections of the border, which was not finally delimited until 1929. A subsequent commission set about conducting on-the-ground demarcation, however there were continuing disputes over certain sections of the boundary. These
649:
carried out a military offensive in Haiti, capturing four enemy trenches and killing over 100 Haitian troops at the cost of only 2 killed. The
Dominicans captured two towns on the Plateau du Centre and established a bastion at Cachimán. Haitian President Jean-Louis Pierrot quickly mobilized his army
1044:
violates the 1929 Treaty of Peace, Friendship and
Arbitration between the Dominican Republic and Haiti. This stance is based on the non-consultative nature of the canal and the fact its plans involve a diversion of the binational river, which forms the entire northernmost part of the border between
773:
after eight hours of fighting which came down to hand-to-hand combat. Thousands of dead or dying were abandoned on the battlefield. Upon Soulouque's arrival in Port-au-Prince with the remaining remnants of his army, he faced vehement curses from women who had lost their sons, brothers, and husbands
744:
By late 1854, with Haiti still not recognizing Dominican independence and intent on its reconquest, the nations were at war again. In November, 2 Dominican ships captured a Haitian warship and bombarded two Haitian ports. In November 1855, Soulouque, having proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I of a
317:
saw in the unrest an opportunity to seize all, or part, of the western region of the island in an alliance with the rebellious slaves. The Spanish governor of Santo Domingo purchased the allegiance of mulatto and black rebel leaders and their personal armies. In July 1793, Spanish forces, including
250:
is due to the European struggle for control of the New World, when France and Spain began fighting for control of the island. They resolved their dispute in 1697 by splitting the island into two colonies. France established a lucrative plantation economy and imported nearly ten times as many slaves
986:
In 2016, the baseball federations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti agreed to develop and promote baseball in Haiti (especially at the border), on the basis that sport is a developmental element to foster peace, as well as strengthening friendship and mutual respect between the two peoples. With
937:
Some cross-border cooperation exists in areas such as health, business, and infrastructure. Many Haitians travel to the Dominican Republic to find seasonal or long-term work to send remittances to their families. Some of these Haitian workers, as well as Dominicans of Haitian descent have reported
633:
As a result of these successive Haitian defeats, Hérard was ousted on May 3, leading to the temporary suspension of Haitian military operations. Santana's forces captured Santo Domingo on July 12, where he was proclaimed the ruler of the Dominican Republic. Consequently, the rival Trinitarios were
451:
Eventually, the Boyer dictatorship became extremely unpopular throughout the island. The Dominican population grew increasingly impatient with Boyer's poor management and perceived incompetence, the suppression of Dominican culture, and the heavy taxation that was imposed on their side. The island
995:
In February 2023, construction was started on a border wall that will cover 164 kilometers (102 miles) of the 392-kilometer (244 miles) border with Haiti. The project includes 70 watchtowers and 41 access gates for patrolling containing fiber optics for communications, movement sensors, cameras,
945:
A large number of migrated Haitian workers have continued to live in the Dominican Republic over several generations. The two governments have been unable to agree upon a legal framework to address the nationality of these descendants, leaving around one million people of Haitian ancestry in the
298:
Map of the island of Hispaniola published by John Stockdale in 1800 showing the line of demarcation between French and Spanish portions of the island as defined in 1776. These divisions would later evolve into Haiti and the Dominican Republic as we know them today. Edwards further identifies the
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and leftist organizations who work on the Dominican border have both spoken out in favor of fair use of the Dajabón River water by both countries. They also denounced mining exploitation plans that consume and contaminate enormous amounts of water, set to take place in the same Dominican border
789:
in 1859 was defeated by the Dominican forces , but years of defensive warfare against Haitian irridentism left the Dominican economy in ruins. The constant threat of renewed Haitian invasion led Pedro Santana, with support from a faction of Dominicans, to reincorporate the Dominican Republic to
957:
to both Haiti's north and south coasts. Much of the frontier was very open until the 2020s, with regular crossings to markets on either side. It is possible to drive much of the line and one unfenced north–south highway actually straddles the border. In September 2023, the Dominican Republic
949:
Though migration from Haiti to the Dominican Republic is economically beneficial to both countries, it is one of the leading contributors to tension between the two countries as well; illegal immigration from Haiti resonates high dissonance with the Dominican people. It has led to anti-Haitian
794:
in 1861 as an overseas province with full representation in Madrid. Certain aspects of the Spanish administration led to a guerrilla war between Dominican nationalists and Spanish forces beginning in 1863, which resulted in 10,888 Spanish soldiers killed or wounded and another 30,000 dead from
138:
pirates began establishing bases on the western side of the island. Battles began during colonial times and developed into constant conflicts between the European powers. Eventually the island was divided in 1697, with Spain controlling the eastern side and France controlling the western side.
705:
between Haiti and Cuba in search of more prizes. However, the Dominican crews mutinied so Fagalde returned to the port of Santo Domingo. On November 8, Soulouque declared the Dominicans pirates, but possessing no naval force at that time he could do little else. Báez dispatched a second naval
818:
1642:
arose because of "scarce population and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch." (Hoetink,
842:
ordered an attack on Haitians living in the northern border regions of the Dominican Republic, mainly in Dajabón. The number of dead is still unknown, though it is now calculated between 20,000 and 30,000 making it the deadliest massacre in the history of the Caribbean region.
569:
could operate; and in this way, they restrained the march of the Haitians, who could not advance beyond Azua; and having then attempted to open a way through the passes of the Maniel, they were in every re-encounter driven back with loss. Meanwhile, in the northern region, the
420:
wielded little to no influence in the colony. Some wealthy cattle ranchers had become rulers, and sought to bring control and order in the southeast of the colony where the "law of machete" ruled the land. On November 9, 1821 the former Captain general in charge of the colony,
518:
in the city of Santo Domingo, and the following day the Haitian garrison surrendered. As these Haitian troops withdrew to the west side of the island, they pillaged, burned and massacred Dominican civilians. In retaliation, Dominican gunboats bombarded Haitian ports.
556:
defeated an outnumbering force of 10,000 troops of the Haitian Army led by General Souffrand. The Dominicans, killed over 1,000 Haitian soldiers while only suffering 2 dead and 3 wounded. After this victory, the Dominicans withdrew their headquarters to the
467:. In rural areas, the Haitian administration was usually too inefficient to enforce its own laws. It was in the city of Santo Domingo that the effects of the occupation were most acutely felt, and it was there that the movement for independence originated.
950:
feelings and mistrust of the Haitian people. Another problem with Haitian migration into Dominican Republic is that it blurs the line of citizenship. This factor of migration affects not only Dominican economy but its culture as well.
942:
often an inexpensive, less regulated labor source with fewer legal protections. Many Haitian women find work in Dominican households, and Haitian men at Dominican construction sites, often leading to the move of an entire family.
290:
There are many cultural differences between Haiti and Dominican Republic including language barriers, cultural practices, and more. This makes a dual linguistic heritage on Hispaniola. In 1697, Hispaniola had dual cultures.
665:
led 10,000 troops in an invasion of the Dominican Republic. The Haitians attacked the Dominican garrison at Las Matas. Dominican General (and presidential contender) Santana raised 800 soldiers and, with the help of several
436:
A group of Dominican politicians and military officers in the frontier region had expressed interest in uniting the entire island, while they sought power with military support from Haitian officials against their enemies.
262:
The population of Santo Domingo was approximately 125,000 in the year 1791. Of this number, 40,000 were white landowners, about 70,000 were mixed-race, and 15,000 were black slaves. This contrasted sharply with neighboring
150:
majority, while the French brought masses of African slaves to their side of the island. France imported nearly ten times as many slaves, creating a divergent population in their colony. These historical events led to
2120:
During the 1937 massacre ... anyone ... found incapable of pronouncing correctly ... became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty thousand....
765:, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 Haitians, with numerous others wounded and reported missing during their return to the capital. On January 27, 1856, some 8,000 Dominicans defeated 22,000 Haitians at the
749:
which he hoped to expand to include the Dominican Republic, invaded his neighbor again. But again the Dominicans proved to be superior soldiers, defeating Soulouque's army, which vastly outnumbered them.
321:
Although the Spanish and Dominican soldiers had been successful on the island during their battles against the French, such had not been the case in the European front, as Spain and Portugal lost the
938:
complaints of discrimination against them by the Dominican majority population. Other Haitians who would seek work, instead remain in Haiti, fearing discrimination on the other side of the border.
283:
In the 1790s, large-scale slave rebellions erupted in the French portion of the island, which led to the eventual removal of the French and the independence of Haiti in 1804. At Dessaline's order,
856:
Though relations since then have improved, the two countries remain deeply divided on demographic, political, racial, cultural and economic lines. Haiti's political situation is volatile, and the
287:
was perpetuated, which resulted in the ethnic cleansing of the remaining French population of Haiti. The eastern portion of the island was preparing itself for an eventual separation from Spain.
174:. In the 21st century, illegal Haitian immigration into the Dominican Republic ensure tensions remain high. Many Haitians migrate due to extreme poverty and political unrest in their country.
2740:
267:(Haiti), which had an enslaved population of approximately 860,000 slaves, representing 90% of the French colony's population, and accounting for nearly two fifths of the entire Atlantic
294:
2353:
2718:
496:. It was so named because its original nine members had organized themselves into cells of three. The cells went on to recruit as separate organizations, maintaining strict secrecy.
201:
natives of South America. The native Tainos suffered a steep population decline early on due to brutal enslavement, warfare, and intermixing with the Spanish colonizers. When the
259:
throughout the 18th century. The Spanish colonial administration invested more in infrastructure and institutions in Santo Domingo compared to the French administration in Haiti.
2068:
On October 2, 1937, [Raphael] Trujillo had ordered 20,000 Haitian cane workers executed, who were able to be identified as Haitian because they could not roll the 'R' in
389:
claimed the lives of nearly half of the inhabitants of the Spanish side of the island, including children, men, women, and elders of black, mixed, and white racial backgrounds.
2166:
2514:
879:
One large contributor to cultural dissonance is the language barrier, as Spanish is the primary language spoken in the eastern part of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) while
2733:
2377:
2586:
959:
887:
are spoken in the western part (Haiti). Race is another defining factor of Dominican–Haitian relations. The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73%
3186:
2896:
2892:
2272:
2234:
2188:
1140:
545:
was the first major armed encounter against Haiti in the war. A force of Dominican troops defeated an outnumbering force of the Haitian Army led by Hérard.
2929:
2726:
2398:
2412:
2748:
826:
were allocated via a treaty signed on 27 February 1935, with a final border treaty being signed on 9 March 1936. Despite this, the Dominican dictator
803:
forced Haiti to realize that the goal of conquering the Dominican Republic was unattainable, and it finally recognized Dominican independence in 1867.
429:
that were going on around him, finally decided to overthrow the Spanish government and declared independence from Spanish rule, this would usher in an
2545:
29:
2800:
217:
were imported from the 16th to 18th centuries. These Africans eventually intermixed with the Europeans, Mestizos, and Natives creating a triracial
3181:
91:. Relations have long been hostile due to substantial ethnic and cultural differences, historic conflicts, territorial disputes, and sharing the
2805:
2483:
2144:
329:. Frenchmen were to return to their side of the Pyrenees in Europe and Spanish Santo Domingo was to be ceded to France. This period called the
166:
became independent from France after a series of slave revolts in 1804. Afterwards the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, the predecessor of the
2345:
2907:
630:
off the coast of Azua on April 15, sinking all three enemy warships and killing all the Haitian sailors without losing any of their ships.
2756:
2572:
610:
1279:
1053:
and the Assembly of Communal Sections (ASEC) restarted construction. Hundreds of Haitians volunteered as workers and held mass vigils.
463:), which had arisen with the ranching economy, while the Haitian peasants also resented being forced to grow cash crops under Boyer's
142:
The distinction between the colonies was accentuated by differing settlement patterns. Spain developed a settler-based society with a
2174:
911:
2922:
2876:
2810:
1046:
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on their side of the island. Meanwhile in the eastern side of the island the Spanish promoted the migration of white settlers from
2850:
2845:
2790:
2770:
2871:
2840:
2835:
1402:
541:
Haitian Commander, Charles Rivière-Hérard, sent three columns totaling 30,000 men to try and stop the Dominican uprising. The
3191:
2795:
2780:
2691:
2097:
2045:
1479:
1429:
1317:
661:
However, Haiti had still not recognized the Dominican Republic. On March 9, 1849, Haiti's President (and soon-to-be Emperor)
3126:
3122:
2366:
1001:
946:
Dominican Republic effectively stateless, restricting their access to health care, education and employment opportunities.
1004:. Proposals for a wall came from several Dominican politicians, including Ramfis Trujillo, grandson of Dominican dictator
193:
the island of Hispaniola during his first voyage to the Americas in 1492. The original inhabitants of the island were the
2915:
1590:
1120:
1029:
351:
340:
3106:
2866:
2775:
2668:
1037:
924:
484:
227:
119:
2430:
693:. On November 4, the squadron bombarded the Haitian village of Anse-à-Pitres and disembarked a landing party, seizing
416:
Santo Domingo was regionally divided with many rival and competing provincial leaders. During this period in time the
3024:
2452:
1740:
1719:
1617:
857:
104:
1605:
152:
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493:
1498:
The French Colonial Question and the Disintegration of While Supremacy in the Colony of Saint Domingue, 1789–1792
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the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The canal was designed in 2011 by Cuban state company DINVAI. According to the
929:
753:
In the south, 4,500 Dominicans led by José M. Cabral defeated 12,000 Haitian troops on December 22, 1855, at the
422:
410:
2390:
413:, the colony's former administrator, as they proclaimed independence from the Spanish crown on 1 December 1821.
3050:
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of St. Domingue offered the principal market for Santo Domingo's exports of beef, hides, mahogany and tobacco.
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3029:
2311:
902:
638:
528:
409:
On 9 November 1821 the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo was overthrown by a group of rebels at the command of
2005:
Paulino, Edward (Fall 2013). "Bearing Witness to Genocide: The 1937 Haitian Massacre and Border of Lights".
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occurred in response to the construction of the Pittobert irrigation canal on the binational river known as
2600:
1387:
1103:
2092:. Perspectives on Latin America and the Caribbean. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 182.
872:. There is a lack of resources, and Haiti's population density exceeds its neighbor's by far. Despite the
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3014:
2984:
504:
103:
region. The living standards in the Dominican Republic are considerably higher than those in Haiti. The
3096:
3086:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3019:
2994:
2989:
2945:
1107:
542:
2969:
2216:
307:, the rich urban families linked to the colonial bureaucracy left the island, while most of the rural
118:
The island of Hispaniola was the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, the
3101:
3055:
3045:
2999:
2959:
865:
800:
727:
571:
404:
346:
2136:
3004:
1787:
2040:. Bread Loaf Anthology (1st ed.). Middlebury, Vermont: Middlebury College Press. p. 78.
591:
130:
controlled the entire island from the 1490s until the 17th century. Due to its strategic location
489:
363:
2632:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015
2573:"Rafael Trujillo's grandson Ramfis wants build a wall between Haiti and the Dominican Republic"
786:
766:
746:
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and commanded by Capt. Charles J. Fagalde, a Frenchman, appeared off the Haitian coast, taking
677:
In an attempt to forestall yet another Haitian invasion, in November 1849, Dominican President
674:
on April 21–22. The battle opened with a cannon barrage and devolved into hand-to-hand combat.
671:
615:
575:
2413:"Haitian nationals clash with Dominican civilians amidst a canal and their contentious border"
2085:
761:. The Dominicans achieved a subsequent victory over a Haitian contingent of 6,000 soldiers in
642:
2033:
1419:
1305:
971:
723:
386:
284:
1467:
1275:
452:
was hit with a severe economic crisis after being forced to pay a huge indemnity to France.
318:
former slaves, crossed the border and pushed back the disheveled French forces before them.
313:(cattle ranchers) remained, even though they lost their principal market. Nevertheless, the
3142:
1247:
996:
radars and drones. This $ 32 million project will be the second longest border wall in the
876:
sending missions since the 1990s, in order to maintain peace, terrible conditions persist.
596:
574:
was fought on March 30. Although heavily outnumbered, the Dominican troops, led by General
336:
187:
80:
1961:"A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic"
1198:
1020:
754:
737:
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launched a naval offensive against Haiti. A Dominican squadron composed of the brigantine
678:
8:
2820:
1365:
758:
533:
479:
359:
322:
910:
The Dominican economy is also over 1000% larger than the Haitian economy. The estimated
378:
2751:
2640:
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In Photos: Life at the Largest Border Crossing Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic
2014:
1980:
1496:
869:
579:
445:
304:
268:
167:
84:
53:
646:
2697:
2687:
2587:"Ciudadanos dominicanos quieren aportar para la construcción de verja en la frontera"
2288:
2280:
2250:
2242:
2111:
2103:
2093:
2059:
2051:
2041:
1984:
1791:
1736:
1715:
1613:
1582:
1555:
1475:
1425:
1331:
1323:
1313:
662:
500:
471:
441:
426:
1445:
1357:
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was fought on March 19, 1844. A force of some 2,200 Dominican troops led by General
1972:
1547:
1220:
1050:
861:
835:
812:
757:. On the same day another force of Dominicans defeated 6,000 Haitian troops at the
702:
515:
370:
147:
143:
108:
96:
1076:
1033:
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expedition against Haiti. On December 3, the squadron composed of the brigantines
2681:
2090:
Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective
1339:
1005:
880:
839:
831:
827:
272:
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in which tens of thousands of Haitians were forced across the border or killed.
271:
from 1785 to 1790. As restrictions on colonial trade were relaxed, the colonial
2519:
1574:
1072:
1054:
884:
791:
726:, bombarded and burned the town of Petit Rivière. The Dominicans also captured
701:, captured a schooner and sank some small craft. Fagalde wanted to sail up the
549:
508:
417:
331:
326:
264:
252:
218:
214:
206:
131:
127:
2701:
1976:
655:
604:
499:
In 1843, Haitian conspirators made a breakthrough as they overthrew President
398:
3175:
2346:"Generations of Haitian Descendents Made Stateless in the Dominican Republic"
2292:
2284:
2254:
2246:
2193:
2115:
1559:
1091:
1009:
954:
553:
382:
314:
256:
238:
232:
202:
171:
135:
2189:"The Dominican Republic and Haiti: one island, two nations, lots of trouble"
2063:
1586:
1535:
1335:
1141:"The Dominican Republic and Haiti: one island, two nations, lots of trouble"
953:
Travel across the border used to be quite easy, with daily bus service from
3161:
2550:
1551:
1224:
796:
774:
in the war. Nevertheless, he succeeded in securing for Haiti possession of
198:
190:
1343:
1310:
Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola
1215:
Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492".
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1610:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
1424:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 18–19, 23.
1080:
762:
690:
475:
456:
325:, and on July 22, 1795, the French Republic and Spanish crown signed the
210:
2018:
115:
and historical differences have contributed to long-standing conflicts.
1536:"Haitian-Dominican counterpoint: nation, state, and race in Hispaniola"
775:
558:
247:
92:
2601:"Dominican Republic and Haiti at the Crossroads of the Massacre River"
1173:
1095:
1059:
821:
Rafael Trujillo, president of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961
770:
2661:
Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola
1960:
698:
100:
1099:
335:, lasted until 1809 until being recaptured by the Dominican general
1733:
Raíces étnico-culturales y divisiones territoriales de nuestra isla
997:
585:
448:
in 1803) in exchange for the recognition of Haitians independence.
156:
112:
1647:
transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)
1201:. Central Intelligence Agency. 6 October 2021 – via CIA.gov.
868:, and trade embargoes. Today, Haiti is the poorest country in the
817:
730:
on the west coast of Haiti, which they plundered and set on fire.
2488:
2167:"Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Same Island, Different Worlds"
694:
667:
514:
On February 27, 1844, some 100 Dominicans seized the fortress of
362:
in Haiti by Dessaline's army, which ended in April of that year,
2711:
Liberty, Fraternity, Exile: Haiti and Jamaica after Emancipation
2107:
2055:
1327:
933:
Haitians at the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
562:
2515:"A 101-Mile Wall Goes Up to Block Haitians Pouring Over Border"
779:
566:
194:
1040:
alleges the construction of the Pittobert irrigation canal in
918:
459:
conflicted with the Dominican system of communal land tenure (
2940:
1474:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 7.
1041:
374:
163:
123:
88:
64:
2652:
Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia
1930:
1928:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1694:
1692:
522:
299:
Mountains of Cibao, where Columbus famously sought for gold.
2484:"Dominican Republic begins building border wall with Haiti"
2367:
Capital Coach Line bus from Port-au-Prince to Santo Domingo
242:
Main cities and towns of Hispaniola during the early 1600s.
205:
outlawed the enslavement of Natives in the island with the
2546:"Dominican Republic starts work on border wall with Haiti"
1849:
1847:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1925:
1810:
1689:
1170:"Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States"
2235:"Field Listing: Ethnic Groups § Dominican Republic"
2038:
Introspections: American Poets on One of Their Own Poems
1753:
1751:
1749:
2333:
IMF – PIB per cápita (PPA) República Dominicana / Haití
2137:"Why Haiti and the Dominican Republic Are So Different"
1901:
1876:
1874:
1844:
1827:
1468:"The Colony of Saint-Domingue on the Eve of Revolution"
1276:"The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic"
608:(3 guns), commanded by Juan Bautista Maggiolo, and the
1940:
1913:
1891:
1889:
1763:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1645:
The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology
641:
still waging, on June 17, 1845, Dominican troops from
1746:
1312:(1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. p. 13.
899:
black; while 95% of the Haitian population is black.
255:
to fight against further incursions in the colony of
225:, meaning "The Spanish (Island)". It was also called
159:
becoming culturally and ethnically different groups.
1871:
1859:
1603:
1573:
Horváth, Zoltán (21 June 2014). Raeside, Rob (ed.).
1470:. In Geggus, David Patrick; Fiering, Norman (eds.).
2482:Abiu, Ezequiel; Jorgic, Drazen (20 February 2022).
1886:
1650:
958:decided to close its border with Haiti following a
1236:
1234:
915:highest illegal migration issues in the Americas.
507:in charge. Hérard, faced a rebellion by blacks in
2391:"Driving the Seam of Hispaniola (Published 2014)"
1798:
1459:
3173:
1240:
851:
221:culture in Santo Domingo. The official name was
1786:
1231:
1065:
906:Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic capital city.
2543:
697:. The next day, the Dominican ships bombarded
578:, defeated Haitian Army troops led by General
3187:Bilateral relations of the Dominican Republic
2923:
2893:Diplomatic missions of the Dominican Republic
2734:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2130:
2128:
308:
285:a genocide against people of European descent
2424:
2422:
2077:
1604:Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999).
1299:
1297:
1210:
1208:
2757:Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic
2273:"Field Listing: Ethnic Groups § Haiti"
1566:
1411:
919:Haitian migration in the Dominican Republic
2930:
2916:
2741:
2727:
2629:
2481:
2337:
2303:
2151:
2125:
1934:
1821:
1698:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1350:
965:
806:
2679:
2428:
2419:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1757:
1294:
1205:
1193:
1191:
1164:
1162:
523:Dominican War of Independence (1844–1856)
373:raided through the interior towns in the
2544:Parkin Daniels, Joe (25 February 2022).
2083:
2025:
1597:
1494:
1400:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1047:North American Congress on Latin America
1028:The closure (and militarization) of the
1019:
928:
901:
816:
732:
584:
532:
345:
293:
246:The political division of the island of
237:
182:
2658:
2453:"Acuerdan fomentar el béisbol en Haití"
2388:
2036:. In Pack, Robert; Parini, Jay (eds.).
2004:
1946:
1919:
1907:
1853:
1838:
1769:
1683:
1671:
1593:from the original on 28 September 2015.
1572:
1519:
1508:
1446:"Dominican Republic – THE FIRST COLONY"
1417:
1358:"Dominican Republic – The first colony"
912:annual per capita economic output (PPP)
278:
3174:
2649:
2401:from the original on 28 December 2022.
2343:
2164:
2134:
1958:
1880:
1775:
1465:
1303:
1214:
1188:
1159:
1015:
873:
2911:
2722:
2708:
2667:
2642:Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors
2638:
2539:
2537:
2513:Balbi, Danielle (28 September 2022).
2512:
2508:
2506:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2450:
2356:from the original on 31 October 2015.
2344:Taylor, Erin B. (25 December 2013) .
2309:
2279:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2015.
2241:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2015.
2227:
2135:Silver, Alexandra (19 January 2010).
1895:
1865:
1804:
1282:from the original on 11 December 2015
1262:
1071:Dominican Republic has an embassy in
1062:(as the Pittobert irrigation canal).
834:violence in 1937, culminating in the
670:, routed the Haitian invaders at the
197:, an indigenous group related to the
162:During the start of the 19th century
2265:
2031:
2429:Childress, Sarah (31 August 2011).
2389:Alvarez, Julia (28 November 2014).
1965:Hispanic American Historical Review
1959:Turtis, Richard Lee (August 2002).
1472:The World of the Haitian Revolution
537:Dominican war with Haiti, 1844–1856
13:
3182:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
2534:
2503:
2470:
2310:Bello, Marisol (21 January 2010).
2147:from the original on 12 June 2015.
1404:idea del valor de la isla española
1401:Valverde, Antonio Sánchez (1862).
1273:
925:Haitians in the Dominican Republic
120:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
77:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
23:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
14:
3203:
1710:Caamaño Grullón, Claudio (2007).
1241:Maclean, Frances (January 2008).
1024:Embassy of Haiti in Santo Domingo
860:is ten times larger than that of
858:economy of the Dominican Republic
785:Another military invasion by the
360:genocide of the French population
105:economy of the Dominican Republic
3155:
2968:
2939:
2819:
2750:
2173:. Washington, DC. Archived from
2086:"The Era of Trujillo: 1930–1961"
830:subsequently launched a wave of
618:, defeated a Haitian brigantine
602:At sea, the Dominican schooners
503:, while placing another mulatto
111:. The migration of impoverished
58:
47:
28:
2645:. The Neale Publishing Company.
2639:Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907).
2593:
2579:
2565:
2451:Press, ed. (10 February 2016).
2444:
2405:
2382:
2371:
2360:
2326:
2209:
2181:
2072:, the Spanish word for parsley.
1998:
1952:
1725:
1704:
1633:
1528:
1488:
1438:
1394:
1121:Dominican Republic–Haiti border
1030:Dominican Republic-Haiti border
846:
645:, under the command of General
2622:
1522:Latin America's Wars: Volume 1
1466:Geggus, David Patrick (2009).
1380:
1217:The American Historical Review
1133:
990:
369:Along the way, Dessalines and
16:Bilateral diplomatic relations
1:
2165:Schaaf, Bryan (21 May 2009).
1714:. Tomo I. Mediabyte, pp. 10.
1606:"Dominican-Haitian Relations"
972:earthquake of 12 January 2010
852:Cultural and economic factors
639:Dominican War of Independence
529:Dominican War of Independence
494:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez
433:that was abolished by Haiti.
3192:Bilateral relations of Haiti
2630:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
1546:(7): 41-4210. 1 March 2004.
1126:
1066:Resident diplomatic missions
622:(4 guns) plus the schooners
392:
7:
2221:Encyclopedia of the Nations
1792:"Obras Oompletas Volumen 3"
1520:Scheina, Robert L. (2003).
1495:Herrmann, Molly M. (2005).
1388:"What Became of the Taíno?"
1368:; Federal Research Division
1243:"The Lost Fort of Columbus"
1114:
488:("The Trinity") along with
352:reconquest of Santo Domingo
341:reconquest of Santo Domingo
10:
3208:
2946:Foreign relations of Haiti
2709:Smith, Matthew J. (2014).
2680:Showalter, Dennis (2013).
2634:(4th ed.). McFarland.
2431:"DR to Haitians: get lost"
1712:Caamaño: Guerra Civil 1965
1108:Santiago de los Caballeros
1094:and consulates-general in
1075:and consulates-general in
922:
810:
565:, where their cavalry and
543:Battle of Fuente del Rodeo
526:
402:
396:
177:
3151:
3135:
3115:
3079:
3038:
2977:
2966:
2952:
2897:in the Dominican Republic
2885:
2859:
2828:
2817:
2763:
2671:(1845). "Los Haitianos".
1977:10.1215/00182168-82-3-589
1575:"Haiti: Historical Flags"
981:
866:environmental degradation
801:Dominican Restoration War
405:Unification of Hispaniola
303:With the outbreak of the
107:is ten times larger than
70:
57:
46:
36:
27:
1504:(MA thesis). p. 21.
1418:Coupeau, Steeve (2008).
1304:Wucker, Michele (1999).
1090:Haiti has an embassy in
1008:, and current president
425:, influenced by all the
2686:. London: Amber Books.
2683:Imperial Wars 1815-1914
2312:"Hispaniola comparison"
2084:Cambeira, Alan (1996).
966:2010 Haitian earthquake
807:Parsley Massacre (1937)
614:(5 guns), commanded by
364:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
122:established in 1493 by
83:between the nations of
3123:Diplomatic missions of
2650:Marley, David (2005).
1731:Romero, Santo (2008).
1552:10.5860/choice.41-4210
1104:Santa Cruz de Barahona
1025:
970:After the devastating
934:
907:
822:
767:Battle of Sabana Larga
741:
672:Battle of Las Carreras
616:Juan Bautista Cambiaso
599:
538:
505:Charles Rivière-Hérard
431:Ephemeral Independence
355:
309:
300:
243:
2299:on 19 September 2015.
2261:on 19 September 2015.
1540:Choice Reviews Online
1023:
932:
905:
820:
736:
724:Juan Alejandro Acosta
611:Separación Dominicana
592:Separación Dominicana
588:
561:, and the valleys of
536:
527:Further information:
423:José Núñez de Cáceres
411:José Núñez de Cáceres
403:Further information:
397:Further information:
349:
297:
241:
183:European colonization
3143:Foreign aid to Haiti
2659:Matibag, E. (2003).
2217:"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"
2007:Afro-Hispanic Review
1421:The History of Haiti
1248:Smithsonian Magazine
1225:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854
1038:Dominican government
960:water rights dispute
597:Battle of Tortuguero
337:Juan Sanchez Ramirez
279:Wars of Independence
188:Christopher Columbus
93:island of Hispaniola
81:diplomatic relations
3116:Diplomatic missions
2886:Diplomatic missions
2801:Trinidad and Tobago
2589:. 28 February 2021.
2350:The Huffington Post
2034:"Writing 'Parsley'"
2032:Dove, Rita (1997).
1788:José Gabriel García
1366:Library of Congress
1083:and a consulate in
1016:Dajabón river issue
759:Battle of Cambronal
634:ousted from power.
480:resistance movement
446:Louisiana territory
440:Haiti's president,
323:War of the Pyrenees
99:archipelago in the
24:
19:Bilateral relations
3010:Dominican Republic
2713:. UNC Press Books.
2415:. 9 November 2023.
2395:The New York Times
2277:The World Factbook
2239:The World Factbook
2177:on 4 January 2015.
1640:Terrenos comuneros
1579:Flags of the World
1026:
935:
908:
870:Western Hemisphere
823:
742:
714:and the schooners
600:
580:Jean-Louis Pierrot
572:Battle of Santiago
539:
490:Ramón Matías Mella
461:terrenos comuneros
387:genocidal invasion
356:
305:Haitian Revolution
301:
244:
168:Dominican Republic
85:Dominican Republic
54:Dominican Republic
22:
3169:
3168:
2905:
2904:
2693:978-1-78274-125-1
2669:Serra, José María
2099:978-0-7656-3305-7
2047:978-0-87451-773-6
1481:978-0-253-22017-2
1431:978-0-313-34089-5
1319:978-0-8090-9713-5
1274:Lancer, Jalisco.
755:Battle of Santomé
738:Battle of Santomé
722:and commanded by
679:Buenaventura Báez
663:Faustin Soulouque
576:José María Imbert
501:Jean-Pierre Boyer
472:Juan Pablo Duarte
457:redistribute land
442:Jean-Pierre Boyer
350:War ships in the
74:
73:
3199:
3162:Haiti portal
3160:
3159:
3158:
2972:
2944:
2943:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2823:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2705:
2676:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2635:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2295:. Archived from
2269:
2263:
2262:
2257:. Archived from
2231:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2171:Haiti Innovation
2162:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1524:. Potomac Books.
1517:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:. Archived from
1166:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1051:peasant movement
898:
894:
890:
875:
836:Parsley massacre
813:Parsley Massacre
703:Windward Passage
516:Puerta del Conde
379:Alexandre Petion
371:Henri Christophe
312:
97:Greater Antilles
62:
61:
51:
50:
32:
25:
21:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3131:
3111:
3075:
3034:
2973:
2964:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2906:
2901:
2881:
2855:
2824:
2815:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2717:
2694:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2542:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2511:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2163:
2152:
2133:
2126:
2100:
2082:
2078:
2048:
2030:
2026:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1935:Clodfelter 2017
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:, p. 1077.
1906:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:, p. 1075.
1852:
1845:
1841:, p. 1074.
1837:
1828:
1822:Clodfelter 2017
1820:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1785:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1747:
1730:
1726:
1709:
1705:
1699:Clodfelter 2017
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1651:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1602:
1598:
1571:
1567:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1362:Country Studies
1356:
1355:
1351:
1320:
1302:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1272:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1232:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1117:
1068:
1018:
1006:Rafael Trujillo
993:
984:
968:
927:
921:
896:
892:
891:mixed race, 16%
888:
854:
849:
840:Rafael Trujillo
828:Rafael Trujillo
815:
809:
787:Empire of Haiti
712:General Santana
647:Antonio Duvergé
531:
525:
407:
401:
395:
381:raided through
327:Treaty of Basel
281:
185:
180:
63:
59:
52:
48:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3167:
3166:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3107:United Kingdom
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
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2520:Bloomberg News
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2124:
2098:
2076:
2046:
2024:
2013:(2): 111–118.
1997:
1971:(3): 589–635.
1951:
1949:, p. 124.
1939:
1937:, p. 306.
1924:
1922:, p. 118.
1912:
1900:
1885:
1870:
1868:, p. 202.
1858:
1843:
1826:
1824:, p. 302.
1809:
1797:
1774:
1772:, p. 108.
1762:
1758:Showalter 2013
1745:
1724:
1703:
1701:, p. 301.
1688:
1686:, p. 113.
1676:
1649:
1632:
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1596:
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1527:
1507:
1487:
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1430:
1410:
1393:
1379:
1349:
1318:
1293:
1278:. AllEmpires.
1261:
1230:
1204:
1187:
1176:on 24 May 2007
1158:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1088:
1073:Port-au-Prince
1067:
1064:
1055:Jesuit priests
1017:
1014:
1002:US-Mexico wall
992:
989:
983:
980:
967:
964:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
895:white, and 11%
885:Haitian Creole
853:
850:
848:
845:
811:Main article:
808:
805:
747:Haitian empire
550:Battle of Azua
524:
521:
509:Port-au-Prince
474:, an educated
394:
391:
358:Following the
332:Era de Francia
280:
277:
265:Saint-Domingue
253:Canary Islands
215:Central Africa
209:, slaves from
207:Laws of Burgos
184:
181:
179:
176:
128:Spanish Empire
95:, part of the
72:
71:
68:
67:
56:
44:
43:
41:
38:
37:
34:
33:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3025:United States
3023:
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3006:
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2806:United States
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2699:
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2684:
2678:
2675:. No. 1.
2674:
2673:El Dominicano
2670:
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2212:
2197:. 14 May 2016
2196:
2195:
2194:The Economist
2190:
2184:
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2168:
2161:
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2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
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2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1898:, p. 81.
1897:
1892:
1890:
1883:, p. 99.
1882:
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1741:9789945162530
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1163:
1147:. 14 May 2016
1146:
1145:The Economist
1142:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
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1092:Santo Domingo
1089:
1086:
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1077:Anse-à-Pitres
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1010:Luis Abinader
1007:
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963:
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956:
955:Santo Domingo
951:
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721:
717:
713:
709:
708:27 de Febrero
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:and schooner
684:
683:27 de Febrero
680:
675:
673:
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583:
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568:
564:
560:
555:
554:Pedro Santana
551:
546:
544:
535:
530:
520:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:
485:La Trinitaria
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
447:
443:
438:
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418:Spanish crown
414:
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324:
319:
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315:Spanish crown
311:
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296:
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288:
286:
276:
274:
273:French elites
270:
266:
260:
258:
257:Santo Domingo
254:
249:
240:
236:
234:
233:Saint Dominic
230:
229:
228:Santo Domingo
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Spanish Crown
200:
196:
195:Native Tainos
192:
189:
175:
173:
172:Latin America
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
149:
145:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
109:that of Haiti
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
69:
66:
55:
45:
42:
40:
39:
35:
31:
26:
3153:
3009:
2785:
2710:
2682:
2672:
2660:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2581:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2551:The Guardian
2549:
2524:. Retrieved
2518:
2493:. Retrieved
2487:
2466:(in Spanish)
2457:. Retrieved
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2407:
2394:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2349:
2339:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2305:
2297:the original
2276:
2267:
2259:the original
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2192:
2183:
2175:the original
2170:
2140:
2119:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2037:
2027:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1968:
1964:
1954:
1947:Matibag 2003
1942:
1920:Matibag 2003
1915:
1908:Scheina 2003
1903:
1861:
1854:Scheina 2003
1839:Scheina 2003
1800:
1770:Matibag 2003
1765:
1732:
1727:
1711:
1706:
1684:Matibag 2003
1679:
1672:Scheina 2003
1644:
1639:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1578:
1568:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1497:
1490:
1471:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1440:
1420:
1413:
1403:
1396:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1309:
1284:. Retrieved
1252:. Retrieved
1246:
1216:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1149:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1058:province of
1027:
1000:, after the
994:
985:
976:
969:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
909:
878:
855:
847:Contemporary
832:anti-Haitian
824:
797:yellow fever
784:
752:
743:
740:illustration
720:Las Mercedes
719:
716:Constitución
715:
711:
707:
687:Constitución
686:
682:
676:
660:
652:
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
609:
603:
601:
590:
547:
540:
513:
498:
483:
478:, founded a
469:
464:
460:
455:Attempts to
454:
450:
439:
435:
430:
415:
408:
368:
357:
330:
320:
302:
289:
282:
261:
245:
226:
222:
186:
161:
141:
117:
76:
75:
2877:Switzerland
2663:. Springer.
2654:. ABC-CLIO.
2623:Works cited
2557:22 November
2526:22 November
2495:22 November
2314:. USA Today
2201:22 November
1881:Marley 2005
1625:24 December
1286:12 December
1219:: 854–865.
1180:27 February
1081:Ouanaminthe
991:Border wall
763:Ouanaminthe
656:Cap-Haïtien
624:Le signifie
605:Maria Chica
595:during the
476:nationalist
427:Revolutions
399:España Boba
269:slave trade
223:La Española
211:West Africa
3176:Categories
3051:Bangladesh
2702:1152285624
2610:5 December
1896:Smith 2014
1866:Léger 1907
1805:Serra 1845
1306:"Roosters"
1254:24 January
1151:8 November
776:Lascahobas
728:Dame-Marie
559:Ocoa River
465:Code Rural
248:Hispaniola
153:Dominicans
148:mixed-race
3030:Venezuela
2318:9 October
2293:644186015
2285:1553-8133
2255:644186015
2247:1553-8133
2116:605229117
1985:143872486
1560:0009-4978
1451:16 August
1127:Footnotes
1085:Belladère
699:Les Cayes
643:Las Matas
637:With the
628:La Mouche
589:Schooner
470:In 1838,
393:1821–1844
199:Amazonian
191:colonized
101:Caribbean
3136:See also
3127:in Haiti
2978:Americas
2764:Americas
2436:23 April
2399:Archived
2354:Archived
2145:Archived
2108:96-32355
2064:36842447
2056:97-19542
2019:24585148
1735:. Búho.
1591:Archived
1587:39626054
1336:40200381
1328:98-25785
1280:Archived
1115:See also
998:Americas
668:gunboats
377:, while
231:, after
157:Haitians
113:Haitians
79:are the
3092:Germany
3015:Jamaica
2985:Bahamas
2811:Uruguay
2489:Reuters
2455:. Metro
2070:perejil
1990:26 June
1372:19 June
1344:365453M
1199:"Haiti"
1096:Dajabón
1060:Dajabón
1034:Dajabón
771:Dajabón
620:Pandora
567:lancers
482:called
339:in the
310:hateros
178:History
132:British
3097:Poland
3087:France
3080:Europe
3071:Turkey
3066:Taiwan
3061:Israel
3020:Mexico
2995:Canada
2990:Brazil
2953:Africa
2860:Europe
2851:Turkey
2846:Taiwan
2791:Mexico
2771:Canada
2700:
2690:
2459:25 May
2291:
2283:
2253:
2245:
2114:
2106:
2096:
2062:
2054:
2044:
2017:
1983:
1739:
1718:
1616:
1585:
1558:
1478:
1428:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1316:
1100:Higüey
1036:. The
982:Sports
897:
893:
889:
881:French
780:Hinche
691:prizes
219:Creole
136:French
126:. The
3102:Spain
3056:India
3046:China
3000:Chile
2960:Benin
2872:Spain
2867:Italy
2841:India
2836:China
2786:Haiti
2776:Chile
2605:NACLA
2015:JSTOR
1981:S2CID
1502:(PDF)
1042:Haiti
862:Haiti
792:Spain
769:near
695:booty
375:Cibao
164:Haiti
144:white
124:Spain
89:Haiti
65:Haiti
3039:Asia
3005:Cuba
2829:Asia
2796:Peru
2781:Cuba
2698:OCLC
2688:ISBN
2612:2023
2559:2023
2528:2023
2497:2023
2461:2017
2438:2023
2320:2016
2289:OCLC
2281:ISSN
2251:OCLC
2243:ISSN
2203:2023
2141:Time
2112:OCLC
2104:LCCN
2094:ISBN
2060:OCLC
2052:LCCN
2042:ISBN
1992:2020
1737:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1627:2007
1614:ISBN
1583:OCLC
1556:ISSN
1476:ISBN
1453:2016
1426:ISBN
1374:2008
1332:OCLC
1324:LCCN
1314:ISBN
1288:2015
1256:2008
1182:2009
1153:2021
1106:and
1079:and
883:and
778:and
718:and
710:and
626:and
563:Baní
548:The
492:and
383:Azua
213:and
155:and
146:and
134:and
87:and
1973:doi
1548:doi
1221:doi
3178::
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2058:.
2050:.
2011:32
2009:.
1979:.
1969:82
1967:.
1963:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
