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1040:). Another theory is that pigeons have compass sense, which uses the position of the sun, along with an internal clock, to work out direction. However, studies have shown that if magnetic disruption or clock changes disrupt these senses, the pigeon can still manage to get home. The variability in the effects of manipulations to these sense of the pigeons indicates that there is more than one cue on which navigation is based and that map sense appears to rely on a comparison of available cues.
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geographic location. The second, "compass sense" is the bearing they need to fly from their new location to reach their home. Both of these senses, however, respond to a number of different cues in different situations. The most popular conception of how pigeons are able to do this is that they are able to sense the
1787:. The scarcity of the pure wild species is partly due to interbreeding with feral birds. Domestic pigeons can often be distinguished from feral pigeons because they usually have a metal or plastic band around one (sometimes both) legs which shows, by a number on it, that they are registered to an owner.
661:
gene controls the crested-feather mutation in domestic pigeons. Pigeons with two copies of the crest allele grow neck and head feathers that point towards the top of the head, unlike other feathers that point towards the tail. Additionally, bacterial growth analysis suggests that crested pigeons have
1790:
Feral pigeons bear striking genetic resemblance to homing pigeons, supporting the idea that most feral pigeons trace their origins to homing pigeons who did not find their way home, or were otherwise sired by homing pigeons. The huge numbers of birds released in pigeon races and loft owners breaking
1729:
to protect their pigeons. It is legal in some places though. In
American pigeon-related organizations, some enthusiasts have openly shared their experiences of killing hawks and falcons, although this is frowned upon by some fanciers. Some of the major clubs condone this practice. It is estimated
1031:
are able to return to the home loft if released at a location that they have never visited before and that may be up to 1,000 km (620 mi) away. This ability of a pigeon to return home from a foreign location necessitates two sorts of information. The first, called "map sense" is their
1668:
paintings. In
Project Sea Hunt, a US coast guard search and rescue project in the 1970s/1980s, pigeons were shown to be more effective than humans in spotting shipwreck victims at sea. Research in pigeons is widespread, encompassing shape and texture perception, exemplar and prototype memory,
1779:, feral pigeons demonstrate a wide variety of plumages, ranging from closely resembling wild rock doves, to patterns directly inherited from their domestic ancestors, though over time a population tends to homogenize and adopt a plumage that suits their environment, such as
577:
observed; ash-red is dominant over the other two base colors, while blue is dominant over brown. Recessive red is a unique color which is inherited differently from the three base ones; it is distinct from ash-red in that the bird always is a uniform chestnut color.
1200:
are conventions where pigeon fanciers and breeders meet to compete and trade their fancy pigeons. The various pigeon breeds dubbed "American show" were developed specifically by pigeon show frequenters pursuing a certain show standard determined by the
1757:. Eight illegal spring-loaded traps were found close to peregrine nests and at least one of the birds died. The steel traps are thought to have been set as part of a "concerted campaign" to kill as many of the birds as possible in the West Midlands.
285:. Pigeons were most likely domesticated in the Mediterranean at least 2000–5000 years ago, and may have been domesticated earlier as a food source. Research suggests that domestication of pigeons occurred as early as 10,000 years ago.
2669:
Vickrey, Anna I; Bruders, Rebecca; Kronenberg, Zev; Mackey, Emma; Bohlender, Ryan J; Maclary, Emily T; Maynez, Raquel; Osborne, Edward J; Johnson, Kevin P; Huff, Chad D; Yandell, Mark; Shapiro, Michael D (17 July 2018).
951:
Pigeons bred for meat are generally referred to as a meat or utility breed. The term "squab" can either refer to young birds or the meat harvested from them; these birds grow to a very large size in the nest before they
694:
that normally develops the wings is also active in the feet, causing both feather growth and larger leg bones. The cause of these changes is a change in the regulatory sequences of DNA that control the expression of the
1899:
Krautwald-Junghanns, Maria-Elisabeth; Zebisch, Ralph; Schmidt, Volker (2009). "Relevance and
Treatment of Coccidiosis in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) with Particular Emphasis on Toltrazuril".
841:, abundance of food in a domestic setting, and swift maturity (squabs fledge in about a month, and often have already bred and fledged a few clutches of their own before reaching a year in age) leads to swift
2311:
879:, pigeon lung is caused by the inhalation of the avian proteins found in feathers and dung. It can sometimes be combated by wearing a filtered mask. Other pigeon related pathogens causing lung disease are
818:); some breeds are bred into such debilitating forms that they may require human intervention to produce squabs successfully, which necessitates feeding their chicks with special squab formula or by
2721:
Irwin, M. R.; Cole, L. J.; Gordon, C. D. (1936), "Immunogenetic studies of species and of species hybrids in pigeons, and the separation of species-specific characters in backcross generations",
1005:
Pigeon in flight. Coupled with their honed sense of direction, the flight speed of a homing pigeon made them a reliable, sometimes the only, method of sending small objects over long distances.
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975:
Pigeon meat, both from squabs and from adult birds, are still a source of protein for people worldwide. Breeds of pigeons harvested for their meat during adulthood are collectively known as
722:
There is strong evidence that some divergences in appearance between the wild-type rock dove and domestic pigeons, such as checkered wing patterns and red/brown coloration, may be due to
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553:
species, domestic pigeons possess major variations in plumage; often two birds from the same clutch may be of different color. The domestic pigeon possesses 3 main colors; the wild-type
491:
of pigeons, but there is striking genetic homogeneity due to frequent interbreeding and human directed cross-breeding; pigeon fanciers often do not enforce breed standards, unlike with
956:
and are able to fly; during this stage of development they are often fattier and seen as being tastier than the fully-flighted adults. Squabs during this stage are valued as food; in
3533:
1951:
Stringham, Sydney A.; Mulroy, Elisabeth E.; Xing, Jinchuan; Record, David; Guernsey, Michael W.; Aldenhoven, Jaclyn T.; Osborne, Edward J.; Shapiro, Michael D. (February 2012).
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Pigeons are able to acquire orthographic processing skills, which form part of the ability to read, and basic numerical skills equivalent to those shown in primates.
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and an almost vertical stance, the
Duchess breed, which has as a prominent characteristic feet that are completely covered by a sort of fan of feathers, the
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are bred for the ability to hover above the loft for hours at a time. Their ability to hover for a long time shows the ability of the keeper to select for
2095:"Introduced predators and nest competitors shape distribution and breeding performance of seabirds: feral pigeons as a new threat – Biological Invasions"
1549:
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1159:
developed many exotic forms of pigeon through selective breeding. Perhaps the simplest form of display pigeon are those of white plumage, either truly
480:
1738:, and that 1,000–2,000 are killed in southern California annually. In June 2007, three Oregon men were indicted with misdemeanour violations of the
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As pigeonkeepers accrued more experience, they started selecting for increasingly more unusual features in their birds; features such as unusual
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in many parts of the world, though they have a positive impact on wild bird populations, serving as an important prey species for birds of prey.
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of domestics, exactly when, how many times, where and how they were domesticated, and how they spread, remains unknown. Their fragile bones and
3484:
674:; two squabs from the same brood descending from the same pair may have one bird develop a peak crest, and the other a wild-type smooth head.
573:, cockbirds possess the color genes from both parents, while hens only inherit their father's color and patterns. Additionally, there is some
4043:
3204:
Able, K.P.; Able, M.A. (1993). "Daytime calibration of magnetic orientation in a migratory bird requires a view of skylight polarization".
508:
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and water (which they independently foraged for) to enter breeding condition, and the rock formations they nested in would have made for
822:
them under another pair of pigeons. As they grow and become more mobile and alert, their parents transition them to their adult food of
2755:
Miller, Wilmer J. (1953). "The Time of
Appearance of Species-Specific Antigens of Columba guinea in the Embryos of Backcross Hybrids".
603:. T-check is the most dominant pattern, followed by check, barred, and the least dominant barless pattern. Additionally, the modifiers
703:
genes, rather than mutations in the genes themselves. Pigeon foot feathering has been speculated to use similar pathways as extinct
4017:
2203:
2899:"Process of Pigeon Fancier's Allergic Alveolitis.Current research activity into Pigeon Lung in Scotland: Epidemiological Studies"
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down their lofts and leaving the pigeons to fend for themselves may be a significant factor in the persistence of urban pigeons.
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2157:
2044:
2019:
445:
3115:
2816:"Convergent Evolution of Head Crests in Two Domesticated Columbids Is Associated with Different Missense Mutations in EphB2"
2519:"Convergent Evolution of Head Crests in Two Domesticated Columbids Is Associated with Different Missense Mutations in EphB2"
1874:
2093:
Rodríguez, Beneharo; Rodríguez, Airam; Siverio, Felipe; Martínez, Juan M.; Sacramento, Enrique; Acosta, Yarci (June 2022).
467:
pigeons may not exist anymore, or are nearly extinct. This frequent admixture further muddies the true origins of pigeons.
452:
began, and breeders there greatly expanded the variety of pigeons, importing birds from the Middle East and South Asia and
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and grains, and after fledging the chicks will follow their parents to the communal feeding ground; areas with plentiful
17:
2672:"Introgression of regulatory alleles and a missense coding mutation drive plumage pattern diversity in the rock pigeon"
682:
Pigeons with feathers growing on their hind feet have differently expressed genes: a hindlimb-development gene called
547:
wings and tail with dark, often black, barring. Due to millennia of selective breeding, including crossing with other
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3906:
3623:
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are a specialized type of pigeon bred for navigation and speed. Originally developed through selective breeding to
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which are bred to inflate their crops in an attempt to seduce the human judges like they would another pigeon.
367:
Despite the long history of pigeons, little is known about the specifics of their initial domestication. Which
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1515:
619:
the color of the bird's tail to its entire body, while dilute lightens the bird's overall color, as if were a
394:
4094:
3432:
Damian Scarf; Harlene Hayne; Michael
Colombo (2016). "Pigeons on par with primates in numerical competence".
2177:
1387:
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876:
1473:
1190:, or unusual behaviors are well represented in extant pigeon breeds. These birds are generally classed as
4104:
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3932:
570:
3373:
Damian Scarf; Karoline Boy; Anelisie Uber
Reinert; Jack Devine; Onur Güntürkün; Michael Colombo (2016).
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2815:
1707:. He would subsequently take on pigeon fancying himself, which would ultimately lead to another book;
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Because domestic and feral pigeons have extensively interbred with wild rock doves, genetically pure
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competitions. Unlike racers, these birds are not released far from their home lofts; breeds such as
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2600:
1557:
1465:
1229:
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1090:
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205:
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Viguier, C. (1882). "Le sens de l'orientation et ses organes chez les animaux et chez l'homme".
1543:
3972:
3807:
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3104:
Baker, R.R. (1984). Bird
Navigation: The Solution of a Mystery? London: Hodder & Stoughton.
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they were an easy and reliable source of protein, the birds requiring only reliable sources of
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Wiltschko, W.; Wiltschko, R. (2003). "Avian navigation: from historical to modern concepts".
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Many domestic birds have escaped or been released over the years, and have given rise to the
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512:
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1953:"Divergence, Convergence, and the Ancestry of Feral Populations in the Domestic Rock Pigeon"
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511:, and those with exaggerated wattles. Over the millennia of human interaction with pigeons,
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Vickrey, Anna I.; Domyan, Eric T.; Horvath, Martin P.; Shapiro, Michael D. (October 2015).
1964:
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as an easy source of food and as messengers. Around the 18th century, European interest in
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region of the United
Kingdom pigeon fanciers have been blamed for a trap campaign to kill
1701:
was famously requested to write a book on pigeons during the process of writing his book,
8:
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1205:. Fanciers compete against each other at exhibitions or shows and the different forms or
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partners, but in an open loft the birds choose their own mate. Both sexes of pigeons are
58:
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2337:
1968:
791:, and often defend them vigorously from nest predators, including their human keepers.
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1985:
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tablets mention the domestication of pigeons more than 5,000 years ago, as do
Egyptian
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75:
50:
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Domestic pigeons were selected to breed faster than their wild ancestors; a lack of a
409:
The earliest recorded mention of pigeons comes from Mesopotamia some 5,000 years ago.
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3449:
3414:
3333:
3153:
Hagstrum, Jonathan T. (September 2001). "Infrasound and the Avian Navigational Map".
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2015:
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Wild pigeons naturally somersault when evading aerial predators such as large-bodied
842:
426:
304:. Due to their homing ability, pigeons have been used to deliver messages, including
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2009:
1937:
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297:
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Wallraff, H.G. (1999). "The roles of the sun and the landscape in pigeon homing".
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Two very young pigeon chicks, perhaps a few hours old. Domestic pigeons hatch out
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2062:"Loved or loathed, feral pigeons as subjects in ecological and social research"
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1126:(over 320 km/h (200 mph)), being able to dodge this attack at the last second.
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are bred to enhance this ability; some birds have been recorded to be able to
772:
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3834:
3754:
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3319:
2542:
2140:
Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Shapiro, Michael D. (2014). "Pigeons: Domestication".
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A selection of domestic pigeon breeds and colors, the result of centuries of
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when begging for food. Initially, the squabs are fed by their parents with
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category-based and associative concepts, and many more unlisted here (see
483:
pigeon, showing one of the forms of feather crest that pigeons may possess
41:
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2986:
2078:
2061:
2011:
Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird
1251:
1216:
There are many fancy or ornamental breeds of pigeons: among them are the
1197:
1016:, members of this variety of pigeon are still being used in the sport of
1013:
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980:
938:
886:
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391:, which almost certainly do not cover the first stages of domestication.
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305:
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142:
132:
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Wiltschko, W.; Wiltschko, R. (1996). "Magnetic Orientation in Birds".
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1649:
commonly used in laboratory experiments relating to biology; often to
1140:
deliberately bred to a point where the rolling ability is debilitative
845:
of pigeons in the flock. This fact, and the number of pigeons lost in
830:
that a pigeon flock uses. Here the chicks gain their independence and
410:
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have been created, which differ in either plumage or body structure.
464:
380:
267:
166:
92:
3966:
3508:"Pigeon fanciers blamed for trap campaign to kill peregrine falcons"
979:. For commercial meat production a breed of large white pigeon, the
3989:
3792:
3078:
Kramer., Gustav (3 April 2008). "Experiments in bird orientation".
1688:
1171:
and are well represented in both ancient and contemporary culture.
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929:
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is less active than normal, and a forelimb-development gene called
544:
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398:
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a poor tool for their study. Thus most of what is known comes from
352:
112:
1721:
In the United States, some pigeon keepers illegally trap and kill
779:, and laying two eggs that are incubated for a little longer than
581:
Another important aspect of pigeon markings is the pattern on the
3742:
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1898:
1685:
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1164:
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3583:
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Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg
316:
birds released for one reason or another, are generally seen as
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on the ground and land on its feet, and some breeds are even
946:
760:
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488:
457:
434:
321:
313:
289:
3116:"Way-finding and landmarks: the multiple-bearing hypothesis"
2166:
3304:"Pigeons' discrimination of paintings by Monet and Picasso"
2516:
1722:
823:
710:, although in pigeons the foot feathering does not form an
122:
2901:. British Pigeon Fanciers Medical Research. Archived from
1716:
1103:
Pigeons are also kept by enthusiasts for the enjoyment of
865:
Pigeon breeders sometimes suffer from an ailment known as
487:
From a genetic perspective, there are two loose ancestral
3566:
2897:
Boyd, Gavin; Din Ismail; Philip Lynch; Charles McSharry.
1950:
620:
2927:
Von Middendorff, A. (1859). "Die Isepiptesen Rußlands".
2014:. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
737:
Domestic pigeons may be crossed with the ringneck dove (
3249:"Pigeon Navigation: Solved Problems and Open Questions"
2060:
Capoccia, Stella; Boyle, Callie; Darnell, Tedd (2018).
1710:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
933:
Two squabs in their nest. Sharing this trait with many
3301:
3352:"Pigeon Search and Rescue Project (Project Sea Hunt)"
3302:
Watanabe, S.; Sakamoto, J.; Wakita, M. (March 1995).
775:
do; settling in a safe, cool nook, building a flimsy
288:
Pigeons have held historical importance to humans as
3375:"Orthographic processing in pigeons (Columba livia)"
2059:
1742:
for killing birds of prey. Seven Californians and a
1730:
that almost 1,000 birds of prey have been killed in
1228:
with a fan of tail feathers like a peacock, and the
662:reduced bacterial-killing abilities due to reduced
3631:
3007:
2972:
1027:These breeds of domestic pigeons, especially when
495:. The first ancestral clade contains pigeons with
3287:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2948:Revne Philosophique de la France et de l'Étranger
1691:which are referred to as "white doves", have had
1660:Pigeons have been trained to distinguish between
743:) to create offspring, but the offspring are not
437:traveled with a coterie of thousands of pigeons.
433:tens of thousands at a time for ritual purposes.
4086:
3308:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
2842:"Bird lady of Haslet helps to elevate occasions"
3379:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2926:
2720:
1124:extreme speeds that some stooping falcons reach
2626:"Pigeon foot feather genes identified | UNews"
2139:
1908:(1). Association of Avian Veterinarians: 1–5.
853:, leads to exponential growth in free-living,
3617:
2844:. Star Telegram (15 Jun 2008). Archived from
983:, has been developed by selective breeding.
789:extremely protective of their eggs and young
670:the crest gene differently depending on its
3572:National Pigeon Association (Great Britain)
2649:
771:Domestic pigeons reproduce exactly as wild
585:, which exists in four variants; wild-type
331:
3624:
3610:
3113:
2865:
2863:
2312:"5 Animals the Mughal Emperor Akbar loved"
2234:"Did Ancient Egypt Have a Pigeon Problem?"
2176:Hester, Jessica Leigh (29 November 2021).
1036:with tiny magnetic tissues in their head (
40:
3408:
3398:
3327:
2872:"Darwin's Other Bird—The Domestic Pigeon"
2697:
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2550:
2077:
2039:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
1984:
860:
3589:Domestic Pigeons Explained (Pigeonpedia)
3584:The Canadian Pigeon Fanciers Association
3474:
3354:. United States Coast Guard. 28 May 2009
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2007:
1142:, being wholly unable to fly due to it.
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1000:
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638:
499:, tails, and manes; the second contains
474:
429:kept vast quantities of them, and would
393:
270:. The rock pigeon is the world's oldest
3077:
2945:
2860:
2650:Ottenburghs, Jente (12 December 2014).
2001:
1717:Illegal predator killing by enthusiasts
14:
4087:
2754:
2259:Kabir, M. Ashraful (18 October 2023).
2175:
1651:test medicines and chemical substances
1366:, one of the smallest breeds of pigeon
1099:Pigeons of different plumage in flight
937:, a domestic pigeon hen has a maximum
567:linked to the parent's sex chromosomes
3971:
3970:
3605:
3505:
2869:
2258:
2231:
1902:Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery
1679:
1220:, a variety of pigeon with prominent
1122:; they are naturally selected by the
766:blind, immobile, and covered in down.
4059:571396f1-43c3-4e68-b67a-751bd6121dda
3344:
3246:
2034:
1145:
531:to the rock dove, which possesses a
2028:
1202:
440:The domestic pigeon was brought to
24:
3597:, a game by the University of Utah
3534:"Goodview man finds racing pigeon"
3531:
3092:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01817.x
2870:Bodio, Stephen J. (15 July 2009).
2839:
2468:"The Secret of the Pigeon's Crest"
2261:"Social and Basic Sciences Review"
2204:"Secret World of Pigeons Timeline"
2142:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
1640:
1411:, one of the largest pigeon breeds
1213:to decide who has the best bird.
1084:
1043:Other potential cues used include
854:
677:
539:head and body with a green-purple
25:
4126:
3912:United States Army Pigeon Service
3907:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons
3567:National Pigeon Association (USA)
3560:
3475:Milstein, Michael (9 June 2007).
3247:Papi, Floriano (1 January 1986).
2232:Parks, Shoshi (25 January 2023).
1684:Domestic pigeons, especially the
1167:; these white birds were seen as
986:
3951:
3950:
3477:"Fight pits pigeon, hawk lovers"
2878:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2757:Journal of Physiological Zoology
1760:
1626:
1612:
1598:
1584:
1570:
1556:
1542:
1528:
1514:
1500:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1444:
1430:
1416:
1400:
1386:
1371:
1356:
1342:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1286:
1272:
1258:
1240:
1169:holy animals or heralds of peace
717:
351:
340:
79:
3888:Royal Pigeon Racing Association
3525:
3499:
3468:
3425:
3366:
3295:
3240:
3197:
3146:
3120:Journal of Experimental Biology
3114:Kamil, A.C.; Cheng, K. (2001).
3107:
3098:
3071:
3045:Journal of Experimental Biology
3036:
3001:
2975:Journal of Experimental Biology
2966:
2939:
2920:
2890:
2833:
2808:
2783:
2748:
2723:Journal of Experimental Zoology
2714:
2662:
2643:
2618:
2593:
2567:
2523:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2510:
2485:
2460:
2434:
2408:
2382:
2356:
2330:
2318:. The Heritage Lab. 3 July 2020
2304:
2278:
2252:
2225:
2196:
1775:pigeon. As a result of natural
1746:were also charged in the case.
1381:, another small breed of pigeon
755:
750:
324:. Feral pigeons are considered
3267:(inactive 12 September 2024).
3265:10.1080/00269786.1986.10736514
2769:10.1086/physzool.26.2.30154509
2178:"The Case for Pigeon-Watching"
2150:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2214
2086:
2053:
1944:
1892:
1867:
1801:
1020:and the ceremony of releasing
962:early agricultural communities
615:of the color; the spread gene
421:that were carved into ancient
13:
1:
1860:
1178:patterns and colors, various
1050:Nocturnal navigation by stars
832:integrate into pigeon society
565:. This variation in color is
3878:American Racing Pigeon Union
3506:Smith, Lewis (30 May 2008).
2292:. BirdNote. 23 February 2022
1875:"Columba livia Gmelin, 1789"
1056:Navigation by infrasound map
877:hypersensitivity pneumonitis
513:a multitude of pigeon breeds
7:
3253:Monitore Zoologico Italiano
2791:"Known Dove/Pigeon Hybrids"
1693:a long history in symbolism
1203:National Pigeon Association
1182:, foot feathering, altered
924:
518:
470:
10:
4131:
2111:10.1007/s10530-022-02746-1
1764:
1149:
1088:
1079:
1072:
990:
944:
917:
814:(or when human-raised, an
503:(the most diverse group),
266:that was derived from the
3979:
3946:
3925:
3870:
3775:
3700:
3667:
3644:
3175:10.1017/S037346330100145X
2008:Blechman, Andrew (2007).
1977:10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.045
1740:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1536:Garden or English Fantail
220:
213:
195:
188:
76:Scientific classification
74:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
3776:Relationship with humans
3320:10.1901/jeab.1995.63-165
2066:Journal of Urban Ecology
1794:
1704:On the Origin of Species
1236:Variety of fancy pigeons
1047:The use of a sun compass
808:a reference to their cry
634:
381:similarity to wild birds
332:History of domestication
268:rock dove or rock pigeon
3883:National Pigeon Service
3446:10.1126/science.1213357
3400:10.1073/pnas.1607870113
3057:10.1242/jeb.202.16.2121
2605:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2579:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2497:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2446:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2420:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2394:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2368:learn.genetics.utah.edu
2342:learn.genetics.utah.edu
1466:Voorburg Shield Cropper
1230:Voorburg Shield Cropper
1218:English carrier pigeons
1091:Flying/Sporting pigeons
1059:Polarised light compass
913:
902:Cryptococcus neoformans
806:, the latter two being
245:Columba livia domestica
199:Columba livia domestica
27:Small domesticated bird
3798:IP over Avian Carriers
3513:. London: Times Online
3022:10.1006/anbe.2003.2054
2743:10.1002/jez.1400730206
2144:. pp. 5944–5948.
2035:Levi, Wendell (1977).
1250:showing its extensive
1165:merely white-feathered
1100:
1034:Earth's magnetic field
1006:
942:
892:Histoplasma capsulatum
882:Chlamydophila psittaci
861:Pigeon related illness
816:appropriate substitute
783:. A pigeon keeper may
768:
666:activity. Pigeons may
648:
569:; as animals with the
484:
406:
320:, mainly due to their
3155:Journal of Navigation
3132:10.1242/jeb.204.1.103
2535:10.1093/molbev/msv140
1811:Middle-billed Tumbler
1807:Breeds depicted are:
1645:Domestic pigeons are
1098:
1004:
932:
763:
642:
527:pigeon is closest in
481:Pomeranian show crest
478:
397:
306:during the world wars
229:Columba livia rustica
4095:Domesticated animals
3894:British Homing World
3691:Sarcocystis calchasi
3685:Olfactory navigation
3577:28 July 2013 at the
2987:10.1242/jeb.199.1.29
2581:. University of Utah
2448:. University of Utah
2422:. University of Utah
2396:. University of Utah
2370:. University of Utah
2344:. University of Utah
2099:Biological Invasions
1067:olfactory navigation
970:attractive dwellings
740:Streptopelia risoria
571:ZW chromosome system
460:to create new ones.
181:C. l. domestica
3981:Domesticated pigeon
3938:Wild pigeon species
3808:Bird fancier's lung
3391:2016PNAS..11311272S
3385:(40): 11272–11276.
3218:1993Natur.364..523A
3167:2001JNav...54..377H
2735:1936JEZ....73..285I
2689:10.7554/eLife.34803
2286:"The Royal Pigeons"
1969:2012CBio...22..302S
1914:10.1647/2007-049R.1
1844:Long-billed Tumbler
1671:pigeon intelligence
1508:American Show Racer
1280:Lucerne Gold Collar
1266:Old Dutch Capuchine
1053:Visual landmark map
972:for early humans.
868:bird fancier's lung
647:with feathered feet
401:at Nymans Gardens,
59:Conservation status
18:Domesticated pigeon
4105:Domesticated birds
3933:Wild pigeon genera
2795:www.exoticdove.com
2079:10.1093/jue/juy024
1680:Relation to humans
1655:cognitive sciences
1522:Dutch Beauty Homer
1379:Portuguese tumbler
1364:Valencian Figurita
1101:
1065:stimuli (see also
1024:at social events.
1007:
943:
769:
649:
485:
446:European colonists
407:
51:selective breeding
4082:
4081:
4067:Open Tree of Life
3973:Taxon identifiers
3964:
3963:
3668:Life and behavior
3633:Pigeons and doves
3532:Porter, Cynthya.
3487:on 2 January 2008
3212:(6437): 523–525.
3126:(Pt 1): 103–113.
3051:(16): 2121–2126.
2876:allaboutbirds.org
2601:"Foot Feathering"
2529:(10): 2657–2664.
2316:theheritagelab.in
2159:978-1-4419-0426-3
2046:978-0-85390-013-9
2021:978-0-7022-3641-9
1755:peregrine falcons
1606:Birmingham Roller
1394:Old Dutch Tumbler
1146:Exhibition breeds
855:feral populations
849:or intentionally
843:population growth
794:Baby pigeons are
497:exaggerated crops
427:Ancient Egyptians
361:Flocks of pigeons
236:
235:
224:Columba domestica
69:
16:(Redirected from
4122:
4110:Domestic pigeons
4075:
4074:
4062:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3968:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3917:Up North Combine
3900:Show of the Year
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3540:. Archived from
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3483:. Archived from
3472:
3466:
3465:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3226:10.1038/364523a0
3201:
3195:
3194:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3010:Animal Behaviour
3005:
2999:
2998:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2820:academic.oup.com
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2265:Researchgate.net
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2238:atlasobscura.com
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2182:atlasobscura.com
2173:
2164:
2163:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2105:(6): 1561–1573.
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1854:
1817:Anatolian Turbit
1805:
1630:
1616:
1602:
1588:
1578:Danzig Highflyer
1574:
1560:
1550:American Fantail
1546:
1532:
1518:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1452:Silesian Cropper
1448:
1434:
1420:
1404:
1390:
1375:
1360:
1346:
1332:
1318:
1304:
1290:
1276:
1262:
1244:
1209:are judged to a
672:genetic heritage
389:written accounts
355:
344:
308:. Despite this,
201:
84:
83:
68:
44:
35:Domestic pigeon
32:
31:
21:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4100:Columba (genus)
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3942:
3921:
3866:
3771:
3733:Flying/Sporting
3696:
3663:
3640:
3630:
3579:Wayback Machine
3563:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3544:on 18 July 2011
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3473:
3469:
3430:
3426:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3300:
3296:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3245:
3241:
3202:
3198:
3151:
3147:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3076:
3072:
3041:
3037:
3006:
3002:
2981:(Pt 1): 29–38.
2971:
2967:
2944:
2940:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2848:on 2 April 2019
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2753:
2749:
2719:
2715:
2667:
2663:
2652:"Columbiformes"
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2472:www.science.org
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2364:"Recessive Red"
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2240:. Atlas Obscura
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2184:. Atlas Obscura
2174:
2167:
2160:
2138:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2091:
2087:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1957:Current Biology
1949:
1945:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1826:Antwerp Carrier
1806:
1802:
1797:
1769:
1763:
1719:
1682:
1647:model organisms
1643:
1641:Experimentation
1636:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1594:
1592:Oriental Roller
1589:
1580:
1575:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1533:
1524:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1480:Norwich Cropper
1477:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1157:Pigeon fanciers
1154:
1148:
1105:Flying/Sporting
1093:
1087:
1085:Flying/sporting
1082:
1077:
999:
991:Main articles:
989:
977:utility pigeons
949:
927:
922:
916:
863:
839:breeding season
785:select breeding
758:
753:
732:speckled pigeon
720:
680:
678:Foot feathering
637:
521:
473:
435:Akbar the Great
419:rock formations
365:
364:
363:
362:
358:
357:
356:
347:
346:
345:
334:
240:domestic pigeon
209:
203:
197:
184:
170:
78:
70:
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4063:
4053:
4040:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Pigeon whistle
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3569:
3562:
3561:External links
3559:
3556:
3555:
3524:
3498:
3467:
3440:(6063): 1664.
3424:
3365:
3343:
3314:(2): 165–174.
3294:
3259:(4): 471–517.
3239:
3196:
3161:(3): 377–391.
3145:
3106:
3097:
3086:(2): 265–285.
3070:
3035:
3016:(2): 257–272.
3000:
2965:
2938:
2919:
2908:on 8 July 2008
2889:
2859:
2840:Gorman, Kate.
2832:
2807:
2782:
2763:(2): 124–131.
2747:
2729:(2): 285–308,
2713:
2661:
2642:
2630:unews.utah.edu
2617:
2592:
2566:
2509:
2484:
2459:
2433:
2407:
2381:
2355:
2329:
2303:
2277:
2251:
2224:
2195:
2165:
2158:
2123:
2085:
2052:
2045:
2027:
2020:
2000:
1963:(4): 302–308.
1943:
1891:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:English Pouter
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1783:against black
1765:Main article:
1762:
1759:
1718:
1715:
1699:Charles Darwin
1681:
1678:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:Zagreb Tumbler
1632:
1625:
1623:
1620:Danish Tumbler
1618:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1564:Indian Fantail
1562:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1499:
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1469:
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1399:
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1377:
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1362:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1308:Old German Owl
1306:
1299:
1297:
1294:Oriental Frill
1292:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1150:Main article:
1147:
1144:
1132:roller pigeons
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1038:magnetoception
1014:carry messages
1010:Homing pigeons
988:
987:Homing pigeons
985:
945:Main article:
926:
923:
920:Pigeon keeping
915:
912:
908:cryptococcosis
897:histoplasmosis
895:(which causes
885:(which causes
862:
859:
757:
754:
752:
749:
728:cross-breeding
719:
716:
705:microraptorian
679:
676:
655:allele in the
645:Cropper pigeon
636:
633:
627:to reduce its
520:
517:
505:homing pigeons
472:
469:
360:
359:
350:
349:
348:
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
333:
330:
262:) is a pigeon
234:
233:
232:
231:
226:
218:
217:
211:
210:
204:
193:
192:
190:Trinomial name
186:
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150:
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140:
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72:
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57:
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46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4127:
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3890:
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3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:Organizations
3869:
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3788:Domestication
3786:
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3576:
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3568:
3565:
3564:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3511:(Online news)
3509:
3502:
3486:
3482:
3481:The Oregonian
3478:
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3459:
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2976:
2969:
2961:
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2923:
2906:(Web article)
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2900:
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2717:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2656:Avian Hybrids
2653:
2646:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2558:
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2528:
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2513:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2473:
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2463:
2447:
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2437:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2395:
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2369:
2365:
2359:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1880:. ITIS Report
1876:
1870:
1866:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1761:Feral pigeons
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:West Midlands
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:impressionist
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1596:
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1579:
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1540:
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1531:
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1517:
1512:
1509:
1503:
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1489:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1438:Holle Cropper
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:Ghent Cropper
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1322:Old Dutch Owl
1317:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1192:fancy pigeons
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1092:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:pigeon racing
1015:
1011:
1003:
998:
997:Pigeon racing
994:
993:Homing pigeon
984:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
940:
936:
931:
921:
911:
909:
906:which causes
905:
903:
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
869:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
762:
748:
746:
742:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:introgression
718:Hybridization
715:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
693:
692:
687:
686:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
659:
654:
646:
641:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
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584:
579:
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572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
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551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
479:A Spread Ash
477:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:fancy pigeons
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Pigeon Valley
404:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
385:fossil record
382:
378:
374:
370:
354:
343:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
283:hieroglyphics
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:Columba livia
247:
246:
241:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
219:
216:
212:
207:
202:
200:
194:
191:
187:
183:
182:
177:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:C. livia
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:Columbiformes
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
73:
67:Domesticated
64:
60:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3980:
3892:
3852:Release dove
3787:
3689:
3680:Intelligence
3653:
3594:
3546:. Retrieved
3542:the original
3537:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3485:the original
3470:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3346:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3283:cite journal
3256:
3252:
3242:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2931:. Série VI.
2928:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2875:
2850:. Retrieved
2846:the original
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2794:
2785:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2679:
2675:
2664:
2655:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2578:
2569:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2393:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2341:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:birdnote.org
2289:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2237:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2181:
2141:
2114:. Retrieved
2102:
2098:
2088:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2036:
2030:
2010:
2003:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1869:
1803:
1789:
1781:camouflaging
1770:
1767:Feral pigeon
1748:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1683:
1675:
1659:
1644:
1494:Pygmy pouter
1215:
1198:Pigeon shows
1196:
1173:
1155:
1152:Fancy pigeon
1117:
1102:
1042:
1026:
1008:
974:
950:
900:
890:
880:
875:. A form of
872:
866:
864:
836:
803:
799:
795:
793:
773:rock pigeons
770:
756:Reproduction
751:Life history
738:
736:
721:
700:
696:
689:
683:
681:
657:
650:
624:
616:
611:affects the
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
586:
583:wing coverts
580:
562:
558:
554:
549:
522:
486:
462:
442:the Americas
439:
408:
372:
366:
312:, which are
310:city pigeons
298:holy animals
287:
276:Mesopotamian
272:domesticated
258:
253:
250:
249:
244:
243:
239:
237:
228:
223:
198:
196:
180:
179:
175:Subspecies:
165:
153:
29:
4031:iNaturalist
3830:Clay pigeon
3815:Photography
3595:Pigeonetics
3538:Winona Post
2882:16 November
2585:30 November
2452:16 November
2426:16 November
2400:16 November
2374:16 November
2348:16 November
2322:30 November
2296:30 November
2244:30 November
2217:30 November
2188:30 November
1884:26 February
1823:Coburg Lark
1814:German Drum
1350:Chinese Owl
1336:English Owl
1252:iridescence
1022:white doves
981:King pigeon
939:clutch size
887:psittacosis
873:pigeon lung
533:gradienting
509:owl pigeons
403:West Sussex
4115:Subspecies
4089:Categories
3637:Columbidae
3358:12 January
2912:22 January
2270:18 October
2037:The Pigeon
1878:(Web data)
1861:References
1736:Washington
1409:Giant Runt
1188:proportion
1136:somersault
1075:War pigeon
1073:See also:
918:See also:
777:stick nest
629:saturation
613:expression
543:neck, and
541:iridescent
537:slate-grey
456:different
415:Cappadocia
377:progenitor
369:subspecies
302:messengers
264:subspecies
143:Columbidae
3726:Trumpeter
3704:and types
3675:Crop milk
3191:229557494
2543:1537-1719
2390:"Pattern"
1777:variation
1248:Archangel
1113:endurance
1063:Olfactory
958:neolithic
935:columbids
820:fostering
812:crop milk
800:squeakers
781:two weeks
730:with the
708:dinosaurs
653:recessive
575:dominance
525:wild-type
465:wild-type
431:sacrifice
423:dovecotes
405:, England
383:make the
322:droppings
279:cuneiform
259:domestica
161:Species:
99:Kingdom:
93:Eukaryota
3990:Wikidata
3956:Category
3840:Shooting
3803:Fancying
3793:Dovecote
3654:Domestic
3575:Archived
3462:33936018
3454:22194568
3419:27638211
3338:16812755
3187:ProQuest
3183:17357175
3140:11104714
3065:10409483
3030:53184279
2960:41071133
2954:: 1–36.
2935:: 1–143.
2777:87693174
2708:30014848
2561:26104009
2442:"Dilute"
2416:"Spread"
1995:22264611
1938:31939394
1930:19530399
1922:27670700
1829:Strasser
1653:, or in
1226:fantails
1211:standard
1109:tipplers
925:For food
851:released
699:and the
545:ash-grey
529:markings
519:Markings
501:tumblers
471:Genetics
399:Dovecote
375:was the
373:C. livia
326:invasive
215:Synonyms
139:Family:
113:Chordata
109:Phylum:
103:Animalia
89:Domain:
4023:9310871
3996:Q204179
3926:Related
3857:Symbols
3783:As food
3760:Utility
3748:Tumbler
3743:Tippler
3716:Fantail
3548:15 July
3517:20 June
3491:11 June
3434:Science
3410:5056114
3387:Bibcode
3329:1334394
3275:8067206
3234:4330244
3214:Bibcode
3163:Bibcode
2995:9317275
2852:25 June
2731:Bibcode
2699:6050045
2575:"Crest"
2552:4683366
2493:"Crest"
2338:"Color"
1986:3288640
1965:Bibcode
1847:Fantail
1841:Carrier
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