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Extensive archaeological studies began in the area in 1936 and continued in the 1960s. Beyond a rich collection of ancient and medieval artifacts and the ruins of various buildings and structures, unique remains of prehistoric animals and humans have been unearthed. Some of the animal bones were
731:
Gabunia, Leo; Vekua, Abesalom; Lordkipanidze, David; Swisher, Carl C.; Ferring, Reid; Justus, Antje; Nioradze, Medea; Tvalchrelidze, Merab; Antón, Susan C.; Bosinski, Gerhard; Jöris, Olaf; Lumley, Marie-A.-de; Majsuradze, Givi; Mouskhelishvili, Aleksander (2000).
720:
Garcia, T., FĂ©raud, G., FalguĂšres, C., de Lumley, H., Perrenoud, C., & Lordkipanidze, D. (2010). "Earliest human remains in
Eurasia: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Dmanisi hominid-bearing levels, Georgia". Quaternary Geochronology, 5(4), 443â451.
518:
Subsequently, four fossil skeletons were found, showing a species primitive in its skull and upper body but with relatively advanced spines and lower limbs. A 2017 study suggests they represent a stage soon after the transition from
912:
Rightmire, G. Philip; Ponce de Leon, Marcia; Lordkipanidze, David; Margvelashvilli, Ann; Zollikofer, Christophe (2017). "Skull 5 from
Dmanisi: Descriptive anatomy, comparative studies, and evolutionary significance".
551:
is in the middle of the controversy: many hominin fossils formerly thought to be different species may not have been separate species at all. Several early members of the genus Homo were possibly one evolving
371:. Located on the confluence of trading routes and cultural influences, Dmanisi was particularly important, growing into a major commercial center of medieval Georgia. The town was taken by the
775:; Huang, Weiwen; Wu, Yi; Qiu, Shifan; Yang, Shixia; Rao, Zhiguo; Hou, Yamei; Xie, Jiubing (2018-07-11). "Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago".
871:
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epoch. The discovery of primitive stone tools in 1984 led to increasing interest to the archaeological site. In 1991, a team of
Georgian scholars was joined by the
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which had diverse physical traits, discovered at
Dmanisi in the early 2010s, led to the hypothesis that many separate species in the genus
325:. It was the earliest known evidence of hominins outside Africa before stone tools dated to 2.1 million years were discovered in 2018 in
126:
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90:
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Ferring, R.; Oms, O.; Agusti, J.; Berna, F.; Nioradze, M.; Shelia, T.; Tappen, M.; Vekua, A.; Zhvania, D.; Lordkipanidze, D. (2011).
888:
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in 1486, Dmanisi never recovered and declined to a scarcely inhabited village by the 18th century. The castle was controlled by the
988:
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1921:
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734:"Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Setting, and Age"
499:, were found at Dmanisi between 1991 and 2005. At 1.8 million years old, they are now believed to be a subspecies of
3052:
1958:
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2100:
1914:
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Human habitation in the
Caucasus goes back to the remotest antiquity. The hominin remains discovered in 1991 by
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889:"Dmanisi Human: Skull from Georgia Implies All Early Homo Species were One | Anthropology | Sci-News.com"
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remains have been found at
Ortvale Kâlde (1973) and elsewhere in the Caucasus (36,000â50,000 years old).
547:
The
Dmanisi hominin remains are still making an impact on the paleontological community. As of 2014 the
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364:" was built there. The oldest written record of the town is in the 9th century as a possession of the
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identified by the
Georgian paleontologist A. Vekua with the teeth of the extinct rhino
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672:"Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma"
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Skull suggests three early human species were one: Nature News & Comment
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511:. These fossils represent the earliest known human presence in the
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512:
828:"Tools from China are oldest hint of human lineage outside Africa"
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laid waste to the town in the 14th century. Sacked again by the
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The area around the town of
Dmanisi has been settled since the
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540:(1.8 million years old) are the oldest found outside Africa.
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approximately 93 km southwest of the nationâs capital
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1038:
955:
658:
340:
were in fact a single lineage. Also known as Skull 5,
669:
770:
3775:
447:This species dates back presumably to the early
344:is the fifth skull to be discovered in Dmanisi.
869:New Fossil May Trim Branches of Human Evolution
676:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
265:
1922:
1024:
1936:
1929:
1915:
1031:
1017:
989:"A skull that rewrites the history of man"
714:
697:
687:
474:
3799:Buildings and structures in Kvemo Kartli
427:
419:
3794:Former populated places in the Caucasus
646:. National Statistics Office of Georgia
375:in the 1080s and by the Georgian kings
3789:Prehistoric sites in Georgia (country)
3776:
986:
825:
402:
3100:
2739:
2005:
1910:
1012:
966:
284:
3101:
893:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com
321:. The hominin site is dated to 1.8
13:
987:Connor, Steve (9 September 2009).
457:Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum
412:
14:
3815:
3053:Megalithic architectural elements
949:
3784:Cities and towns in Kvemo Kartli
2740:
1141:
1135:
721:doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2009.09.012
590:
578:
566:
164:
96:
89:
63:
56:
39:
3672:Evolutionary origin of religion
1052:Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
934:
925:
878:, Science Friday, Oct 18, 2013.
619:List of human evolution fossils
573:National Food Agency in Dmanisi
97:
64:
967:Foley, Jim (13 January 2009).
905:
881:
862:
819:
764:
724:
636:
505:and not a separate species of
277:
77:Location of Dmanisi in Georgia
45:Election administration office
1:
3285:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2815:British megalith architecture
1152:Autonomous Republic of Adjara
750:10.1126/science.288.5468.1019
629:
16:Town in Kvemo Kartli, Georgia
3280:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2820:Nordic megalith architecture
1841:Cities with local government
826:Barras, Colin (2018-07-11).
491:) fossils, originally named
205:1,250 m (4,100 ft)
7:
962:Doukhobor Genealogy Website
956:Dmanisi archaeological site
602:
383:between 1123 and 1125. The
10:
3820:
3428:British Isles and Brittany
3349:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1133:
1040:Cities, towns and townlets
915:Journal of Human Evolution
840:10.1038/d41586-018-05696-8
585:Dmanisi Pentecostal Church
559:
480:
406:
347:
3630:
3443:
3270:
3117:
3113:
3096:
2982:
2946:
2795:
2752:
2748:
2735:
2542:
2373:
2346:
2271:
2197:
2188:
2093:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1944:
1886:
1840:
1772:
1680:
1632:
1557:
1488:
1421:
1361:
1284:
1210:
1150:
1050:
789:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4
266:
251:
235:
222:
214:
209:
201:
189:
177:
157:
122:
50:
38:
31:
21:
356:. In the 6th century an
113:Show map of Kvemo Kartli
25:
3660:Evolutionary musicology
3063:Oldest extant buildings
2990:Archaeological features
2509:Prepared-core technique
960:Kalmakoff, Jonathan J.
689:10.1073/pnas.1106638108
644:"Population by regions"
432:Eastern part of Dmanisi
317:in the river valley of
3622:Unchambered long cairn
3470:Mound Builders culture
2803:Neolithic architecture
1938:Prehistoric technology
1490:Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
497:Homo erectus georgicus
483:Homo erectus georgicus
476:Homo erectus georgicus
433:
425:
417:
294:
110:Dmanisi (Kvemo Kartli)
3297:List of Stone Age art
2499:Microblade technology
2447:Langdale axe industry
2045:Ard / plough
481:Further information:
440:Dicerorhinus etruscus
431:
423:
416:
409:Dmanisi historic site
237: âą Summer (
142:41.33167°N 44.20361°E
3704:Prehistoric medicine
3699:Prehistoric counting
3682:Prehistoric religion
3677:Paleolithic religion
3655:Behavioral modernity
3012:Causewayed enclosure
2904:Abri de la Madeleine
2028:Neolithic Revolution
455:archaeologists from
3743:Prehistoric warfare
2489:Magdalenian culture
2452:Levallois technique
2383:Earliest toolmaking
1634:Racha-Lechkhumi and
973:TalkOrigins Archive
931:(Zatiashvili, 2008)
744:(5468): 1019â1025.
682:(26): 10432â10436.
609:Prehistoric Georgia
534:David Lordkipanidze
495:and now considered
403:Archaeological site
303:archaeological site
138: /
80:Show map of Georgia
3804:Tiflis Governorate
3694:Origin of language
3687:Spiritual drug use
3597:Rectangular dolmen
3499:Dartmoor kistvaens
3312:Carved stone balls
3024:Circular enclosure
2983:Other architecture
2926:Alp pile dwellings
2514:Solutrean industry
2425:Gravettian culture
2075:Secondary products
1559:Samtskhe-Javakheti
874:2015-09-24 at the
434:
426:
418:
397:House of Orbeliani
369:emirate of Tbilisi
358:Orthodox Christian
215: âą Total
147:41.33167; 44.20361
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3716:Prehistoric music
3665:music archaeology
3322:Cup and ring mark
3147:Clothing/textiles
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2534:Yubetsu technique
2519:Striking platform
2484:Lithic technology
2369:
2368:
2354:Game drive system
2273:Projectile points
2165:Mortar and pestle
1904:
1903:
1423:Mtskheta-Mtianeti
783:(7715): 608â612.
424:Centre of Dmanisi
377:David the Builder
360:cathedral named "
323:million years ago
286:[dmanisi]
255:
254:
3811:
3731:Divje Babe flute
3638:Archaeoastronomy
3381:Petrosomatoglyph
3115:
3114:
3098:
3097:
2947:Water management
2750:
2749:
2737:
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2640:Denticulate tool
2462:Lithic reduction
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2002:
1931:
1924:
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1268:Kveda Nasakirali
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597:Dmanisi Hospital
594:
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487:Early human (or
459:, and later the
354:Early Bronze Age
334:series of skulls
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3626:
3612:Stone box grave
3582:Megalithic tomb
3487:Cotswold-Severn
3439:
3344:Guardian stones
3272:Prehistoric art
3266:
3109:
3084:
3073:Timber trackway
2978:
2942:
2938:Wattle and daub
2791:
2770:Standing stones
2744:
2723:
2538:
2365:
2342:
2267:
2184:
2094:Food processing
2089:
2038:New World crops
2010:
1997:
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994:The Independent
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876:Wayback Machine
867:
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649:
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614:Human evolution
605:
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549:Dmanisi skull 5
485:
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411:
405:
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281:
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236:
231:(Georgian Time)
165:
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3648:lunar calendar
3645:
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3631:Other cultural
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3447:
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3438:
3437:
3435:Venus figurine
3432:
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3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Megalithic art
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3317:Cave paintings
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3276:
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3267:
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3119:Material goods
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2420:Fire hardening
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2410:Clovis culture
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2212:throwing stick
2204:
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2157:
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1383:Dedoplistsqaro
1380:
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950:External links
948:
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861:
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773:Dennell, Robin
763:
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713:
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493:Homo georgicus
478:
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407:Main article:
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3608:
3607:Simple dolmen
3605:
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3598:
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3593:
3592:Passage grave
3590:
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3538:Gallery grave
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3453:Burial mounds
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3413:Statue menhir
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3401:Stone carving
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3240:Sewing needle
3238:
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3068:Timber circle
3066:
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3018:
3017:Tor enclosure
3015:
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3010:
3006:
3005:fulacht fiadh
3003:
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2241:spear-thrower
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2128:Grinding slab
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2060:Domestication
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2055:Digging stick
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2033:Founder crops
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2017:
2013:
2009:
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1974:New Stone Age
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1636:Kvemo Svaneti
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1465:Stepantsminda
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1128:
1127:
1123:
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1120:
1116:
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1083:
1080:
1078:
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1068:
1065:
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1058:
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1053:
1049:
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1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1011:
996:
995:
990:
985:
974:
970:
969:"Skull D2700"
965:
963:
959:
957:
954:
953:
942:
937:
928:
920:
916:
908:
894:
890:
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865:
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849:
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837:
833:
829:
822:
814:
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806:
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798:
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790:
786:
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774:
771:Zhu, Zhaoyu;
767:
759:
755:
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747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
717:
709:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
664:1.85-1.78 Ma
661:
645:
639:
635:
625:
622:
620:
617:
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612:
610:
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593:
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581:
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477:
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471:researchers.
470:
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458:
454:
450:
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430:
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415:
410:
400:
398:
394:
390:
387:armies under
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
362:Dmanisi Sioni
359:
355:
345:
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335:
330:
328:
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296:
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162:
160:
156:
151:
123:Coordinates:
121:
92:
59:
49:
42:
37:
30:
20:
3548:wedge-shaped
3533:Funeral pyre
3526:Great dolmen
3482:Chamber tomb
3463:Round barrow
3418:Stone circle
3290:Blombos Cave
3218:Grooved ware
3142:Chalcolithic
3046:Thornborough
2964:Flush toilet
2899:Blombos Cave
2894:Rock shelter
2850:Quiggly hole
2742:Architecture
2717:illustration
2359:Buffalo jump
2180:Storage pits
2143:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
2133:Ground stone
1969:Subdivisions
1893:
1887:Capital city
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1781:
1774:Shida Kartli
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1689:
1682:Kvemo Kartli
1667:
1660:
1643:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1566:
1546:
1539:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1430:
1370:
1350:
1293:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1219:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1159:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1067:Akhali Atoni
1059:
998:. Retrieved
992:
976:. Retrieved
936:
927:
918:
914:
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:
883:
864:
831:
821:
780:
776:
766:
741:
737:
726:
716:
679:
675:
660:
648:. Retrieved
638:
624:Kvemo Kartli
546:
538:Kvemo Kartli
536:at Dmanisi,
531:
527:Homo erectus
526:
522:Homo Habilis
520:
517:
506:
502:Homo erectus
500:
496:
492:
486:
475:
446:
438:
435:
385:Turco-Mongol
373:Seljuk Turks
351:
337:
331:
307:Kvemo Kartli
257:
256:
184:Kvemo Kartli
3570:unchambered
3565:Long barrow
3555:Grave goods
3511:Court cairn
3506:Clava cairn
3458:Bowl barrow
3396:Rock cupule
3339:Golden hats
3332:Hill figure
3233:Unstan ware
3213:Cord-marked
3078:Sweet Track
3000:Burnt mound
2921:Stilt house
2909:Sibudu Cave
2702:Tally stick
2670:Quern-stone
2655:Hammerstone
2645:Fire plough
2616:Pesse canoe
2574:Bannerstone
2544:Other tools
2457:Lithic core
2405:Aurignacian
2293:Bare Island
2175:Quern-stone
1712:Tetritsqaro
1584:Ninotsminda
1574:Akhalkalaki
1568:Akhaltsikhe
1541:Chkhorotsqu
1535:Tsalenjikha
1233:Chokhatauri
1000:9 September
978:9 September
542:Neanderthal
449:Pleistocene
381:Demetrios I
291:Azerbaijani
145: /
3778:Categories
3709:trepanning
3602:Ring cairn
3560:Jar burial
3543:transepted
3475:U.S. sites
3376:Petroglyph
3302:Bird stone
3260:wine press
2933:Stone roof
2916:Roundhouse
2808:long house
2785:Stonehenge
2753:Ceremonial
2697:Stone tool
2524:Tool stone
2494:Metallurgy
2398:Mousterian
2375:Toolmaking
2313:Cumberland
2286:Transverse
2256:Schöningen
2148:Qesem cave
2116:Earth oven
2070:Irrigation
1981:Technology
1949:Prehistory
1799:Tskhinvali
1645:Ambrolauri
1595:Abastumani
1352:Kharagauli
1227:Lanchkhuti
1194:Ochkhamuri
1092:Tkvarcheli
1087:Ochamchire
898:2018-01-30
630:References
309:region of
282:pronounced
210:Population
133:44°12âČ13âłE
130:41°19âČ54âłN
3753:symbolism
3617:Tor cairn
3575:GrĂžnsalen
3516:Cremation
3408:Sculpture
3386:Pictogram
3371:Petroform
3191:amber use
3159:Cosmetics
2969:Reservoir
2954:Check dam
2884:Pueblitos
2879:Pit-house
2862:Longhouse
2796:Dwellings
2665:Microlith
2596:Bow drill
2591:Bone tool
2584:prismatic
2393:Acheulean
2308:Cresswell
2281:Arrowhead
2207:Boomerang
2123:Granaries
2085:Terracing
1964:Stone Age
1742:Khramhesi
1702:Gardabani
1616:Bakuriani
1451:Pasanauri
1444:Akhalgori
1408:Sighnaghi
1398:Lagodekhi
1346:Zestaponi
1336:Tsqaltubo
1321:Samtredia
1316:Sachkhere
1201:Shuakhevi
1119:Leselidze
1112:Gulripshi
1098:Bichvinta
856:188286436
848:0028-0836
797:0028-0836
444:in 1983.
393:Turkomans
329:, China.
327:Shangchen
319:Mashavera
273:romanized
224:Time zone
202:Elevation
3391:Rock art
3354:painting
3327:Geoglyph
3152:timeline
3132:Beadwork
2872:Mehrgarh
2867:Mudbrick
2775:megalith
2650:Fire-saw
2472:debitage
2467:analysis
2435:Hand axe
2415:Cupstone
1993:Glossary
1954:Timeline
1804:Khashuri
1763:Trialeti
1756:Tamarisi
1749:Manglisi
1717:Marneuli
1662:Lentekhi
1623:Tsagveri
1609:Aspindza
1520:Martvili
1479:Zhinvali
1432:Mtskheta
1403:Sagarejo
1388:Gurjaani
1306:Chiatura
1301:Baghdati
1247:Gomismta
1240:Bakhmaro
1221:Ozurgeti
1167:Kobuleti
1105:Gantiadi
921:: 50â79.
872:Archived
813:49670311
805:29995848
758:10807567
708:21646521
650:29 April
603:See also
513:Caucasus
442:etruscus
295:BaĆkeçid
262:Georgian
191:District
3748:Symbols
3359:pigment
3245:Weaving
3208:Cardium
3203:Pottery
3198:Mirrors
3186:Jewelry
3127:Baskets
3107:culture
2959:Cistern
2765:Pyramid
2707:Weapons
2685:Scraper
2675:Racloir
2635:Cleaver
2623:Chopper
2529:Uniface
2440:Grooves
2430:Hafting
2388:Oldowan
2347:Systems
2298:Cascade
2261:woomera
2251:harpoon
2224:history
2190:Hunting
2170:Pottery
2111:Cooking
2020:Farming
1986:history
1959:Outline
1895:Tbilisi
1877:Rustavi
1863:Kutaisi
1849:Tbilisi
1831:Kornisi
1735:Kazreti
1728:Bediani
1707:Dmanisi
1697:Bolnisi
1691:Rustavi
1656:Tsageri
1602:Adigeni
1579:Borjomi
1499:Zugdidi
1472:Tianeti
1438:Dusheti
1393:Kvareli
1378:Akhmeta
1363:Kakheti
1331:Tkibuli
1326:Terjola
1295:Kutaisi
1286:Imereti
1254:Laituri
1126:Miusera
1082:Gudauta
1061:Sukhumi
1044:Georgia
738:Science
699:3127884
560:Gallery
554:lineage
489:hominin
469:Spanish
348:History
315:Tbilisi
311:Georgia
305:in the
297:) is a
278:dmanisi
267:ááááááĄá
258:Dmanisi
196:Dmanisi
172:Georgia
159:Country
104:Dmanisi
71:Dmanisi
26:ááááááĄá
23:Dmanisi
3726:flutes
3521:Dolmen
3445:Burial
3255:winery
3228:Linear
3058:Midden
3036:Cursus
3029:Goseck
2889:Pueblo
2840:Dugout
2825:Burdei
2504:Mining
2328:Lamoka
2323:Folsom
2303:Clovis
2160:Metate
2138:Hearth
2106:Basket
2080:Sickle
1856:Batumi
1824:Surami
1794:Kareli
1722:Tsalka
1669:Kvaisa
1548:Mestia
1530:Senaki
1505:Abasha
1413:Tsnori
1372:Telavi
1261:Naruja
1173:Chakvi
1161:Batumi
854:
846:
832:Nature
811:
803:
795:
777:Nature
756:
706:
696:
666:95% CI
465:French
453:German
264::
179:Region
169:
3643:sites
3587:Mummy
3307:Cairn
3223:JĆmon
3174:shoes
3169:Hides
3041:Henge
2995:Broch
2857:Jacal
2712:Wheel
2660:Knife
2606:Canoe
2601:Burin
2579:Blade
2477:flake
2338:Plano
2246:baton
2236:Spear
2202:Arrow
2155:Manos
2008:Tools
1810:Agara
1789:Kaspi
1515:Khobi
1510:Jvari
1458:Sioni
1311:Khoni
1275:Ureki
1212:Guria
1187:Khulo
1072:Gagra
852:S2CID
809:S2CID
389:Timur
342:D4500
246:UTC+5
229:UTC+4
218:3,050
3736:gudi
3494:Cist
3423:list
3250:Wine
3179:Ătzi
3164:Glue
3137:Beds
3105:and
3103:Arts
2974:Well
2830:Cave
2760:Kiva
2690:side
2680:Rope
2628:tool
2562:bone
2552:Adze
2318:Eden
2231:Nets
2101:Fire
2065:Goad
2050:Celt
1870:Poti
1817:Java
1783:Gori
1589:Vale
1525:Poti
1341:Vani
1180:Keda
1077:Gali
1002:2009
980:2009
844:ISSN
801:PMID
793:ISSN
754:PMID
704:PMID
652:2024
508:Homo
467:and
461:U.S.
379:and
366:Arab
338:Homo
301:and
299:town
33:Town
2845:Hut
2780:row
2611:Oar
2569:Axe
2557:Awl
1651:Oni
1042:in
919:104
836:doi
785:doi
781:559
746:doi
742:288
694:PMC
684:doi
680:108
525:to
239:DST
3780::
991:.
971:.
917:.
891:.
850:.
842:.
834:.
830:.
807:.
799:.
791:.
779:.
752:.
740:.
736:.
702:.
692:.
678:.
674:.
668:.
556:.
529:.
515:.
463:,
399:.
332:A
293::
289:,
280:,
270:,
1930:e
1923:t
1916:v
1032:e
1025:t
1018:v
1004:.
982:.
901:.
858:.
838::
815:.
787::
760:.
748::
710:.
686::
654:.
275::
260:(
241:)
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