Roman imperial cult

4128:, firstly an agency of transformation, then of stability. Cult to Imperial deities was associated with commonplace public ceremonies, celebrations of extraordinary splendour and unnumbered acts of private and personal devotion. The political usefulness of such an institution implies neither mechanical insincerity nor lack of questioning about its meaning and propriety: an Empire-wide, unifying cult would necessarily be open to a multitude of personal interpretations but its significance to ordinary Romans is almost entirely lost in the critical interpretations of a small number of philosophically literate, skeptical or antagonistic Romans and Greeks, whether Christian or Hellene. The decline of prosperity, security and unity of Empire was clearly accompanied by loss of faith in Rome's traditional gods and – at least in the West – in Roman emperors. For some Romans, this was caused by the neglect of traditional religious practices. For others – equally Roman – breakdown of empire was God's judgment on faithless or heretical Christians and hardened pagans alike. 1806: 3291: 2620: 2100: 1304: 705: 48: 3825: 3138: 2384:, including his slaves, freedmen and clients. Pliny's descriptions of sacrifice to Domitian on the Capitol are consistent with the entirely unremarkable "private and informal" rites accorded to living emperors. Domitian was a traditionalist, severe and repressive but respected by the military and the general populace. He admired Augustus and may have sought to emulate him but made the same tactless error as Caligula in treating the Senate as clients and inferiors, rather than as the fictive equals required by Augustan ideology. His assassination was planned and implemented from within his court, and his name officially but rather unsystematically erased from inscriptions. 1462: 3611: 1971: 2248: 3890:. For imperial cult apologists, monotheists had no rational grounds for refusal, but imposition of cult was counter productive. Jews presented a special case. Long before the civil war, Judaism had been tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Graeco-Judaean rulers. It was brought to prominence and scrutiny after Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC. The following Jewish diaspora helped disperse early "Judaic" Christianity. Early Christians appear to have been regarded as a sub-sect of Judaism and as such were sporadically tolerated. 3040: 2306:. Vespasian could not validate his reign in the same way as the previous Julio-Claudian dynasty, who could trace their lineage back to the divine ancestry of Julius Caesar. Without the ability to trace their origins to any Roman deity, the new Flavian dynasty under Vespasian had to establish a new standard of policy in order to rule over a people predisposed to the divine imperial cult tradition. Vespasian was respected for his "restoration" of Roman tradition and the Augustan modesty of his reign. He dedicated state cult to 3928:(official Roman stamp) as a sign of the Beast. Some Christian thinkers perceived divine providence in the timing of Christ's birth, at the very beginning of the Empire that brought peace and laid paths for the spread of the Gospels; Rome's destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple was interpreted as divine punishment of the Jews for their refusal of the Christ. With the abatement of persecution Jerome could acknowledge Empire as a bulwark against evil but insist that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. 2915:, Pertinax and Claudius were omitted, presumably because Decius thought them unworthy of the honour. In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, he decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: sacrifice on Rome's behalf by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Only Jews were exempt from this obligation. The Decian edict required that refusal of sacrifice be tried and punished at 3711: 3487: 493: 2096:

willfully "insult or offend everyone who mattered", including the senior military officers who assassinated him. The histories of his reign highlight his wayward impiety. Perhaps not only his: in 40 AD the Senate decreed that the "emperor should sit on a high platform even in the very Senate house". Claudius (his successor and uncle) intervened to limit the damage to the imperial house and those who had conspired against it and had Caligula's public statues discreetly removed.

2461: 8582: 14435: 1667: 965: 14445: 551:, and ended by dedicating his victory to Jupiter Capitolinus. Some scholars have viewed the triumphator as impersonating or even becoming a king or a god (or both) for the day but the circumstances of triumphal award and subsequent rites also functioned to limit his status. Whatever his personal ambitions, his victory and his triumph alike served the Roman Senate, people, and gods and were recognised only through their consent. 1274:. The new Senate had also put up a statue of Caesar, with an inscription declaring him a demi-god, but he had it effaced, as not the claim he wished to make. Granted the same extension of rights to triumphal dress as Pompey had been given, Caesar took to wearing his triumphal head-wreath "wherever and whenever", excusing this as a cover for his baldness. He may also have publicly worn the red boots and the 2718: 2985:: the Empire was divided into Western and Eastern administrative blocs, each with an Augustus (senior emperor), helped by a Caesar (junior emperor) as Augustus-in-waiting. Provinces were divided and subdivided: their imperial bureaucracy became extraordinary in size, scope and attention to detail. Diocletian was a religious conservative. On his accession in AD 284, he held games in honour of the 4097:

Latin-Western Roman culture in which the deification of rulers was constitutionally alien, if not obnoxious. In this viewpoint, the essentially servile and "un-Roman" imperial cult was established at the expense of the traditional Roman ethics which had sustained the Republic. For Christians and secularists alike, the identification of mortal emperors with godhead represented the spiritual and

2372:) in imperial documents. However, there are no records of Domitian's personal use of the title, its use in official address or cult to him, its presence on his coinage or in the Arval Acts relating to his state cult. It occurs only in his later reign and was almost certainly initiated and used by his own procurators (who in the Claudian tradition were also his freedmen). Like any other 3877:. Livy (in the early to mid 1st century BC), and Lucan (in the 1st century AD) interpreted the crisis of the late Republic as a destructive phase which led to religious and constitutional renewal by Augustus and his restoration of peace, good fortune and well-being to the Roman people. Augustus was a messianic figure who personally and rationally instigated a "golden age" – the 4108:– find no distinct category of imperial cult within the religio-political life of Empire: the Romans themselves used no such enveloping term. Cult to living or dead emperors was inseparable from Imperial state religion, which was inextricably interwoven with Roman identity and whose beliefs and practices were founded within the ancient commonality of Rome's social and domestic 1357: 2341:, formerly paid by Jews for their Temple's upkeep but now re-routed to Jupiter Capitolinus as victor over them "and their God". Jews who paid the tax were exempt from the cult to imperial state deities. Those who offered it however were ostracised from their own communities. Vespasian appears to have approached his own impending cult with dry humour: according to 2739:: this gave full Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire. and was couched as a generous invitation to celebrate the "victory of the Roman people" in foiling Geta's "conspiracy". In reality, Caracalla was faced by an endemic shortfall of cash and recruits. His "gift" was a far from popular move, as most of its recipients were 2416:, but while he praises the emperor's modesty, Pliny does not disguise the precarious nature of this autocratic gift. Under Trajan's very capable civil and military leadership, the office of emperor was increasingly interpreted as an earthly viceregency of the divine order. He would prove an enduring model for Roman imperial virtues. 1682:. Considered as a whole, these provinces present the Empire's broadest and most complex syntheses of imperial and native cult, funded through private and public initiatives and ranging from the god-like honours due a living patron to what Harland (2003) interprets as privately funded communal mystery rites. The Greek cities of 3020:' (298) for renouncing his military oath. Legally, these were military insurrections and Diocletian's edict may have followed these and similar acts of conscience and faith. An unknown number of Christians appear to have suffered the extreme and exemplary punishments traditionally reserved for rebels and traitors. 801:, and therefore divine, after he drove the Persians out of Egypt; other nations received him as their traditional divine or quasi-divine ruler as he acquired them. In 324 BC, he sent word to the Greek cities that they should also make him a god; they did so, with marked indifference, which did not stop them from 1658:

responsibility and generosity; "his" Imperial revenue funded temples, amphitheatres, theatres, baths, festivals and government. This unitary principle laid the foundations for what is now known as "imperial cult", which would be expressed in many different forms and emphases throughout the multicultural Empire.

1127:, the first prince, on the coins, rather than their own. Eventually, like the Seleucids, they acquired an eponymous priest, and put themselves on the coinage; but they still were not called gods before their deaths. Pergamum was usually allied with Rome, and this may have influenced the eventual Roman practice. 4112:. Descriptions of cult to emperors as a tool of "Imperial propaganda" or the less pejorative "civil religion" emerge from modern political thought and are of doubtful value: in Republican Rome, cult could be given to state gods, personal gods, triumphal generals, magnates, benefactors, patrons and the ordinary 1624:(achievements) included his repair of 82 temples in 28 BC alone, the founding or repair of 14 others in Rome during his lifetime and the overhauling or foundation of civic amenities including a new road, water supplies, Senate house and theatres. Above all, his military pre-eminence had brought an enduring and 2846: 7356:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939. 256, reach essentially the same conclusions about the nature and purpose of the imperial cult, despite their opposing political alignments. Price, 13, note 31, refers to Demandt's analysis of Meyer's position, in A. Demandt, "Politische Aspekte im Alexander-bild der Neuzeit," 1166:. Such men also claimed a special relationship to the gods: Sulla's patron was Venus Felix, and at the height of his power, he added Felix to his own name; his opponent Marius believed he had a destiny, and that no ordinary man might kill him. Pompey also claimed Venus' personal favour, and built her a 3906:

is never made clear) but the statue was never installed. Philo does not challenge the imperial cult itself: he commends the god-like honours given Augustus as "the first and the greatest and the common benefactor" but Caligula shames the Imperial tradition by acting "like an Egyptian". However, Philo

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priesthood sacrificed to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays, accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt. On 3 January they consecrated the annual vows: sacrifice promised in

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cult. Claims that later emperors sought and obtained divine honours in Rome reflect their bad relationship with their senates: in Tertullian's day, it was still "a curse to name the emperor a god before his death". On the other hand, to judge from the domestic ubiquity of the emperor's image, private

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Diocletian's avowed conservatism almost certainly precludes a systematic design toward personal elevation as a "divine monarch". Rather, he formally elaborated imperial ceremony as a manifestation of the divine order of Empire and elevated emperorship as the supreme instrument of the divine will. The

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seemed to offer the possibility of a peaceful and well-prepared succession, its unity required the highest investiture of power and status in one man. An elaborate choreography of etiquette surrounded the approach to the imperial person and imperial progressions. The senior Augustus in particular was

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very seriously and is said to have enjoyed acting the god – or rather, several of them. However, his infamous and oft-cited impersonations of major deities may represent no more than his priesthood of their cults, a desire to shock and a penchant for triumphal dress or simply mental illness. Whatever

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Tiberius accepted his position and title as emperor with apparent reluctance. Though he proved a capable and efficient administrator, he could not match his predecessor's extraordinary energy and charisma. Roman historians described him as morose and mistrustful. With a self-deprecation that may have

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The nature and function of imperial cult remain contentious, not least because its Roman historians employed it equally as a topos for Imperial worth and Imperial hubris. It has been interpreted as an essentially foreign, Graeco-Eastern institution, imposed cautiously and with some difficulty upon a

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Jewish sources on emperors, polytheistic cult and the meaning of Empire are fraught with interpretive difficulties. In Caligula's reign, Jews resisted the placing of Caligula's statue in their Temple and pleaded that their offerings and prayers to Yahweh on his behalf amounted to compliance with his

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were first in line. It was an unwise move for his own posterity, as the grant or withholding of apotheosis remained an official judgment of Imperial worthiness, but the stripping of the temples of state gods caused far greater offense. Maximinus's actions more likely show need in extreme crisis than

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cult to the living emperor with his altar. The emperor's image, and its siting within the temple complex, focused attention on his person and attributes, and his position in the divine and human hierarchies. Expenditure on the physical expression of imperial cult was vast and was only curbed by the

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by the Senate, and his body was cremated in a sumptuous funeral; his soul was said to have ascended to the heavens, to join his adoptive father among the Olympians; his ashes were deposited in the Imperial Mausoleum, which tactfully identified him (and later, his descendants) by his Imperial names,

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Beard, 272-5: the very few accounts of a public slave (or other figure) who stands behind or near the triumphator to remind him that he "is but mortal" or prompts him to "look behind" are open to a variety of interpretations; moreover, they are post-Republican. Nevertheless, they imply a tradition

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to the Senate House, extinguished Vesta's sacred fire and vacated her temple. Even so, he accepted address as a living divinity, comparable to Hercules and Jupiter, by his overwhelmingly pagan Senate. After his death the sundered Eastern and Western halves of Empire followed increasingly divergent

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and latterly, endemic plague, rival provincial claimants fought for supremacy and failing this, set up their own provincial Empires. Most emperors seldom even saw Rome, and had only notional relationships with their senates. In the absence of coordinated Imperial military response, foreign peoples

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of the Roman people. Senatorial attitudes to him appear to have been largely negative. He was overthrown in a military coup, and his institutions of cult to his dead wife Poppaea and infant daughter Claudia Augusta were abandoned. Otherwise, he seems to have been a popular emperor, particularly in

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Ordinary citizens could circumvent the complex, hierarchic bureaucracy of the State, and appeal directly to the emperor, as if to a private citizen. The emperor's name and image were ubiquitous – on state coinage and on the streets, within and upon the temples of the gods, and particularly in the

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because of the weight she placed on her own divinity. Also, he had a new Senate to deal with. Most of the more resolute defenders of the Senate had joined with Pompey, and – one way or another – they were not sitting in the Senate. Caesar had replaced them with his own partisans, few of whom were

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It was not always easy to distinguish between heroic honors, veneration for a man's good spirit, worship of his patron deity, worship of the Fortune of a city he founded, and worship of the man himself. One might slide into another: In Egypt, there was a cult of Alexander as god and as founder of

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and her deification after death aroused scorn from later historians; after Caligula's death, her cult was simply allowed to fade. His reported extortion of priesthood fees from unwilling senators are marks of private cult and personal humiliations among the elite. Caligula's fatal offense was to

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was also used. The haruspex read the divine will in the sacrificial entrails. This was regarded as an ethnically Etruscan "outsider" practise, whose priesthood was separate from Rome's internal priestly hierarchy. The augur's interpretation of all these signs informed the magistrate's course of

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through prefects who included among others a charioteer, a locksmith, a barber, and a cook. At the very least, he appears to have been regarded as an unacceptably effete eccentric by the Senate and military alike. He was assassinated by the Praetorians at the age of 18, subjected to the fullest

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As Roman society evolved, so did cult to emperors: both proved remarkably resilient and adaptable. Until its confrontation by fully developed Christian orthodoxy, "imperial cult" needed no systematic or coherent theology. Its part in Rome's continued success was probably sufficient to justify,

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To pagan Romans a simple act of sacrifice, whether to ancestral gods under Decius or state gods under Diocletian, represented adherence to Roman tradition and loyalty to the pluralistic unity of the Empire. Refusal to adhere to the cult was treason. Christians, however, identified "Hellenistic

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Smallwood, 2–3, 4–6: the presence of practicing Jews in Rome is attested at least a century before this. The more overt and "characteristically Jewish" beliefs, rites and customs were butts of misinformed scorn and mockery. Legislation by Caesar recognised the synagogues in Rome as legitimate

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of the Senate and Augustan tradition, Severus overrode the customary preferment of senators to senior military office. He increased plebeian privilege in Rome, stationed a loyal garrison there and selected his own commanders. He paid personal attention to the provinces, as sources of revenue,

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were staunchly conservative and anti-monarchic. The aristocrats who held almost all Roman magistracies, and thereby occupied almost all of the Senate, acknowledged no human as their inherent superior. No citizen, living or dead, was officially regarded as divine, but the honors awarded by the

1327:", and to Caesar himself, as "unconquered god." He was accorded a house at public expense which was built like a temple; his image was paraded with those of the gods; his portrait was put on the coins (the first time a living man had appeared on Roman coinage). Early in 44 BC, he was called 3946:

it is contrary to the divine law... that we should overlook such quarrels and contentions, whereby the Highest Divinity may perhaps be roused not only against the human race but also against myself, to whose care he has by his celestial will committed the government of all earthly things.

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connection between living divinity and death. Octavian had to respect the overtures of his Eastern allies, acknowledge the nature and intent of Hellenic honours and formalise his own pre-eminence among any possible rivals: he must also avoid a potentially fatal identification in Rome as a

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Polybius, The Histories, 10.10.10: written circa 150 BC. The honorand is named as Aletes, who supposedly discovered the silver mines there. One of the hills of the city is named after him. Others are named after Aesculapius, Vulcan and Saturn. English version (Loeb) available from Thayer

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of Augustus were identified with every possible legal, religious and social institution of the city. Should "foreigners" or private citizens wish to honour him as something more, that was their prerogative, within moderation; his acknowledgment of their loyalty demonstrated his own moral

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of living emperors but his Imperial iconography and court ceremonial elevated him to superhuman status. Constantine's permission for a new cult temple to himself and his family in Umbria is extant: the cult "should not be polluted by the deception of any contagious superstition". At the

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cult, Caracalla literally identified his personal survival with the state and "his" citizens. Caracalla inherited the devotion of his father's soldiery but his new citizens were not inclined to celebrate and his attempts to court popularity in Commodan style seem to have misfired. In

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succumbed to the lures of self-indulgence, easy populism and rule by favourites. He described his reign as a "golden age", and himself as a new Romulus and "re-founder" of Rome, but was deeply antagonistic toward the Senate – he reversed the standard "Republican" imperial formula to

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of the Roman people), respected senatorial "Republican" values and repudiated Neronian practice by removing various festivals from the public calendars, which had (in Tacitus' unsparing assessment) become "foully sullied by the flattery of the times". He may have had the head of

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to Rome and into official imperial cult. In Syria, the cult of Elagabalus was popular and well established. In Rome, it was a foreign and (according to some ancient sources) disgusting Eastern novelty. In 220 AD, the priest Elagabalus replaced Jupiter with the god Elagabalus as

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sanctify and "explain" it to most Romans. Confronted with crisis in Empire, Constantine matched the Augustan achievement by absorbing Christian monotheism into the Imperial hierarchy. Cult to emperors was not so much abolished or abandoned as transformed out of recognition.

1388:, suitable for poetry, implying some association with the bright heavens. A statue of him was erected next to the statues of Rome's ancient kings: with this, he seemed set to make himself King of Rome, in the Hellenistic style, as soon as he came back from the expedition to 5623:

Mons Caelus had "ambiguous Etruscan connections" (Claudius had a historian's interest in Etruscan culture and language). It was also notorious for its brothels and meat-market. Claudius had a reputed liking for "low company", and butchers and prostitutes were classified as

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Drinkwater, in Bowman et al. (eds), 46: Under Gallienus, any remaining senatorial rights to military leadership were virtually at an end. The bitterness of the senatorial class towards him on this account almost certainly distorts their histories. See, for example,

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requested permission to worship Octavian as their "deliverer" or "saviour". This was by no means a novel request but it placed Octavian in a difficult position. He must satisfy popularist and traditionalist expectations and these could be notoriously incompatible.

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on his death (AD 518). The title appears to have been abandoned on grounds of its spiritual impropriety but the consecration of Eastern emperors continued: they held power through divine ordinance and their rule was the manifestation of sacred power on earth. The

3206:, on the other hand, the unexpected arrival of the divinised Claudius creates a problem for the Olympians, who have no idea who or what he is; and when they find out, they cannot think what to do with him. Seneca's sarcastic wit, an unacceptable impiety towards a 3270:, a practicable and universal Roman cult of deified emperors and others of the Imperial house must have hinged on the paradox that a mortal might, like the semi-divine "heroic" figures of Hercules, Aeneas and Romulus, possess or acquire sufficient measure of 7347:

Price, 13–17, includes historians of opposing political views among those who interpret the imperial cult as the domination of "a servile world" through politically driven "charade". Eduard Meyer, "Alexander der Grosse und die Absolute Monarchie", (1905) in

812:, offered sacrifices to Alexander, and made themselves gods even before they claimed to be kings; they put their own portraits on the coinage, whereas the Greeks had always reserved this for a god or for an emblem of the city. When the Athenians allied with 3777:. The duties of Imperial priests were both religious and magisterial: they included the provision of approved Imperial portraits, statues and sacrifice, the institution of regular calendrical cult and the inauguration of public works, Imperial games (state 4463:. Attested statuary of Roman magistrates in Rome may well have been largely commissioned by Greek allies, unaware of the potential for controversy aroused by public display of "Hellenised" images of the Roman military aristocracy. See Christopher Hallett, 1848:. Lugdunum set the type for official Western cult as a form of Roman-provincial identity, parcelled into the establishment of military-administrative centres. These were strategically located within the unstable, "barbarian" Western provinces of the new 945:, was so pleased, however, when the Cilicians built a temple to him that, when it was not finished at the end of Claudius' year in office, Claudius wrote Cicero to make sure it was done, and complaining that Cicero was not active enough in the matter. 7329:

24: "on seeing an image of the king in the square, one does not allege that there are two kings" (therefore veneration of the image venerates the original: the analogy is implicit in imperial cult but is not found in the Gospels. See also articles on

1614:): the patricians who still clung to the upper echelons of political, military and priestly power were gradually replaced from a vast, Empire-wide reserve of ambitious and talented equestrians. For the first time, senatorial status became heritable. 3113:

as "first among equals" recognised his exceptional powers, his capacity for self-restraint, and his pious respect for Republican traditions. "Good" emperors rejected offers of official cult as a living deity, and accepted the more modest honour of

5342:. In most cases this simply confirmed his possession of imperial power, acquired through dynastic inheritance or acclamation by the soldiers but its legality was Republican in form, "probably a continuation of the old Republican tradition, of the 2577:. Pertinax had risen through equestrian ranks by military talent and administrative efficiency to become senator, consul and finally and briefly emperor; he was murdered by his Praetorians for attempting to cap their pay. Pertinax was replaced by 1801:

emerged as direct creations of the imperial cult, which recruited existing local military, political and religious traditions to a Roman model. This required only the willingness of barbarian elites to "Romanise" themselves and their communities.

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With rare exceptions, the earliest institution of cult to emperors succeeded in providing a common focus of identity for Empire. It celebrated the charisma of Roman Imperial power and the meaning of Empire according to local interpretations of

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appears in the fairly narrow context of court panegyric and civil etiquette. It makes no appearance on the general coinage or statuary of the Tetrarchs, who are presented as impersonal, near-homogenous abstractions of imperial might and unity.

1158:, the rival leaders in Rome's first civil war, each founded cities, which they named after themselves; Sulla had annual games in his honor, at Rome itself, bearing his name; the unofficial worship of Marius is above. In the next generation, 980:

The Greeks did not consider the dead to be gods, but they did pay them homage and gave them sacrifices, using different rituals than those for the gods of Olympus. The Greeks called the extraordinary dead – founders of cities and the like –

7067:. Augustus maintained their status. Smallwood describes the preamble to events of 63 BC as the Hellenising of ruling Jewish dynasties, their claims to kingly messianism and their popular, traditionalist rejection in the Maccabaean revolt. 529:

state—crowns, garlands, statues, thrones, processions—were also suitable to the gods, and tinged with divinity; indeed, when the emperors were later given state worship, it was done by a decree of the Senate, phrased like any other honor.

3574:, in domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. As goddess of all hearths, including the ritual hearth of the State, Vesta connected the "public" and "private" duties of citizens. Her official cults were supervised by the 2495:

on two of three surviving inscriptions but was more closely associated with hero-cult, which allowed direct appeals for his intercession with "higher gods". Hadrian imposed the imperial cult to himself and Jupiter on Judaea following the

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Roman (and Greek) justifications of Rome's hegemony insisted on Rome's moral superiority over its allies and subject peoples. The same commentators deplored Empire for the demoralising effects of its "foreign" influences. See Sallust,

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Weinstock, 324 finds the evidence for the living Caesar's aspirations and divine status equivocal in some details, but Fishwick, vol 1, 1, 68–9, argues that acceptance of divine honours while living seems to herald some form of divine

1757:(Mars). These Eastern connections were made within Augustus' lifetime – Livia was not officially consecrated in Rome until some time after her death. Eastern imperial cult had a life of its own. Around 280, in the reign of the emperor 504:(509–27 BC) did not give worship to any historic figure, or any living man, although surrounded by divine and semi-divine monarchies. Rome's legendary kings had been its masters; with their removal, Republican Romans could identify 7035:, American Philological Association, 1931. Taylor understand the institution of Lares Augusti as the extension of Augustus' domus and its deities to Rome's neighbourhood cults. Lott acknowledges Taylor's view as generally accepted. 5329:, 1.9–10 for appraisals of compuAugustus' motives in his rise to power, his opaque complexity of character, evaluation of his success and the exchange of constitutional freedoms for peace and prosperity during and after his reign. 5178:

requested permission for cult to Augustus but this is one of only two known Western provincial initiatives to inaugurate the imperial cult – both were Iberian, and had long-standing ties with Rome. See also Tacitus, Annals, 1.78.

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The imperial cult was inseparable from that of Rome's official deities, whose cult was essential to Rome's survival and whose neglect was therefore treasonous. Traditional cult was a focus of Imperial revivalist legislation under

6105:. 77.9.4: (Loeb) – "When the emperor was enrolled in the family of Marcus, Auspex said: "I congratulate you, Caesar, upon finding a father," implying that up to that time he had been fatherless by reason of his obscure birth." 3883:– and was patron, priest and protege to a range of solar deities. The Imperial order was therefore not merely justified by appeals to the divine; it was represented as an innately natural, benevolent and divine institution. 3626:

Rome's citizen legionaries appear to have maintained their Marian traditions. They gave cult to Jupiter for the emperor's well-being and regular cult to State, local and personal divinities. Cult to the Imperial person and

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was the burial and the memorials which any respectable Greek family gave their dead, but paid for by their City in perpetuity. Most heroes were the figures of ancient legend, but some were historical: the Athenians revered

3816:, dedicated to the cult of the deceased, deified Augustus. This priestly office, and the connections between the Compitalia cults and the Imperial household, appear to have lasted for as long as the imperial cult itself. 5368:

of 69–70 AD. See Berger, A., Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, Philadelphia: (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society; New Series, Volume 43, Part 2, 1953, p551). Reprint, The Lawbook Exchange Ltd., 2002.

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offers the best evidence of imperial portraiture as a near-ubiquitous feature of private and public life. Though evidence for private emperor worship is as sparse in this era as in all others, Fronto's letters imply the

2213:. Fishwick remarks that "the malicious humour of the site can hardly have been lost by those in the know... the location of Claudius' temple in Britain (the occasion for his "pathetic triumph") may be more of the same". 1236:

in 69 BC, Julius Caesar spoke of her descent from the Roman kings, and implied his own; but he also reminded his audience she had been Marius' wife, and (by implication) that he was one of the few surviving Marians.

2929:(253–60) identified Christianity as the largest, most stubbornly self-interested of non-Roman cults, outlawed Christian assembly and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His son and co-Augustus 2123:) to the military. The Senate was forced to ratify the choice and accept the affront. Claudius adopted the cognomen Caesar, deified Augustus' wife, Livia, 13 years after her death and in 42 AD was granted the title 3354:

of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practice in imperial cult at this time, though lesser offerings of wine, cakes and incense were also given, especially in the later Imperial era. The

2068:'s rule exposed the legal and moral contradictions of the Augustan "Republic". To legalise his succession, the Senate was compelled to constitutionally define his role, but the rites and sacrifices to the living 3631:

was generally offered on Imperial accessions, anniversaries and renewal of annual vows: a bust of the ruling emperor was kept in the legionary insignia shrine for the purpose, attended by a designated military

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displayed his captives and spoils of war in the company of his troops; by law, all were unarmed. The triumphator rode in a chariot, bearing divine emblems, in a manner supposed to be inherited from the ancient

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briefly re-united the Western and Eastern halves of the Empire, officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He refused to restore

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to suppress unapproved oracles. Octavian's honorific title of Augustus indicated his achievements as expressions of divine will: where the impiety of the Late Republic had provoked heavenly disorder and wrath

4782:

Price, in Cannadine and Price, 71, 85: in particular Cicero's speech to the Senate some months after Caesar's death: "...couch, image, pediment, priest" refer to Caesar's divine honours while living. Cicero,

3394:) to adjourn and overturn the process of law, but were obliged to base their decision on the augur's observations and advice. For Cicero, this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Late Republic. 2581:, who had promised cash to the Praetorians and restoration of power to the Senate. Julianus began his reign with an ill-judged appeal to the memory of Commodus, a much resented attempt to bribe the populace 1224:, the chief priest of Rome, who fulfilled most of the religious duties of the ancient kings. He had spent his twenties in the divine monarchies of the eastern Mediterranean, and was intimately familiar with 2052:) memorialised "the providence of Tiberius Caesar Augustus, born for the eternity of the Roman name, upon the removal of that most pernicious enemy of the Roman people". In Crete, thanks were given to "the 4225:

that the triumphator, whatever his kingly appearance, temporary godlike status or divine associations, was publicly reminded of his mortal nature. There is no reason to assume this an innovation of Empire.

3773:), a personal quality associated with his divine ancestor and patron goddess Venus. Priests typically and respectfully identified their function by manifesting the appearance and other properties of their 2785:, but his foreign policy proved too cautious and placatory for the military. After little more than a year, he was murdered in a coup and replaced with an emperor of Syrian background and Severan descent, 3477:. His position was hereditary and dynastic, unlike the elected, time-limited offices of republican magistrates. His family – and especially his slaves and freedmen – owed a reciprocal duty of cult to his 5506:

and Philo offer Caligula as a suspiciously perfect example of how not to be emperor. The Senate remains a vague figure of superior values and morality, against which Caligula's offenses are meticulously

3321:

acknowledged personal commitment to the broader community and its values, which under Decius became a compulsory observance. Livy believed that military and civil disasters were the consequence of error

6924:

Beard et al, Vol. 1, 193–4: under Augustus' programme of "renewal" the Vestals had high status seating at games and theatres, and became priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia (wife of Augustus).

5814:

Gradel, 159-61: Suetonius' claims for Domitian's personal use of the title – or its use by his procurators at his behest – are unverified. He is clear that Domitian's freedmen were the first to use it.

2658:(brother) and thereby adopted Marcus Aurelius as his own ancestor through an act of filial piety. Severan coin images further re-enforced Severus' association with prestigious Antonine dynasts and the 2599:

emerged as a likely victor. The Senate soon voted for the death of Julianus, the deification of Pertinax and the elevation of Septimius as emperor. Only a year had passed since the death of Commodus.

2137:– Claudius' repeated refusals may have been interpreted as offensive to Senate, provincials and the imperial office itself. He further offended the traditional hierarchy by promoting his own trusted 2491:, and his identification – and sometimes misidentification by later scholarship – with the images and religious functions of Apollo, Dionysius/Bacchus, and later, Osiris. In Rome itself he was also 1253:

committed to the old Roman methods; some of them were not even from Italy. It was rumoured that Caesar intended a despotic removal of power and wealth from Rome eastwards, perhaps to Alexandria or

3266:

in imperial cult might simply reflect its origins as a pragmatic, respectful and somewhat evasive Imperial solution using broad terminology whose meanings varied according to context. For Beard

2129:(father of the country), but relations between emperor and Senate seem to have been irreparable. Claudius showed none of Caligula's excesses. He seems to have entirely refused a cult to his own 2174:

revolt of 60 AD. But cult to the living Claudius there is very unlikely: he had already refused Alexandrine cult honours as "vulgar" and impious and cult to living emperors was associated with

3384:

By ancient tradition, presiding magistrates sought divine opinion of proposed actions through an augur, who read the divine will through the observation of natural signs in the sacred space (

5226:

Fishwick vol 1, 1, 101 & vol 3, 1, 12–13: Fishwick determines the lower age limit at 25 years for these priesthoods. With minor exceptions, provincial priesthoods – whether described as

5751:

A dedication of the Colossus to the sun god is consistent with Neronian iconography – any resemblance to Nero would be appropriate to his imperial representation as the "second sun" of the

4116:– living or dead. Cult to mortals was not an alien practise: it acknowledged their power, status and their bestowal of benefits. The Augustan settlement appealed directly to the Republican 6695:

only very late in his reign. Whether it was official cult is uncertain, but it would have been offered and permitted, not claimed. Fishwick (2007) asserts that inscriptional references to

3342:

the previous year was paid, as long as the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time. If not, it could be withheld, as it was in the annual vow following the death of

672:

were both murdered by their opponents, their supporters "fell down" and offered daily sacrifice at the statues of the Gracchi "as though they were visiting the shrines of the gods". After

427:. The granting of apotheosis served religious, political and moral judgment on Imperial rulers and allowed living emperors to associate themselves with a well-regarded lineage of Imperial 5914:

Price, 68, who does not regard Antinous as receiving full cult honours of apotheosis in Rome itself. Both agree that Antinous was unlikely to have had official parity with other imperial

5660:

Claudius' Caelian temple was later rebuilt and some of it survives through incorporation in later building. Nero's cult may have been justified as a "revival" of Claudius' entitlement to

5069:

Harland, 2003, 91–103, finds among these examples a privately funded local, traditional Graeco-Asian civil association offering cult to Demeter and the emperor as a form of mystery cult:

1721:

by dedicating a month each (and presumably cult practise) to imperial family members, their ancestral deities and some of the major gods of the Romano-Greek pantheon. Coin evidence links

3241:

were therefore extremely cautious. Only much later, probably in consequence of the hyperinflation of honours to living emperors, could a living emperor be openly, formally addressed as

2274:

Nero's death saw the end of imperial tenure as a privilege of ancient Roman (patrician and senatorial) families. In a single chaotic year, power passed violently from one to another of

7200:

Jerome's interpretations of Imperial ceremonial are heavily reliant on Eusebius' polemical ecclesiastical-Imperial history. Price, 203 : limited preview available at Google Books

3791:

to authorised models. In effect, priests throughout the empire were responsible for re-creating, expounding and celebrating the extraordinary gifts, powers and charisma of emperors.

2435:), and Rome's imperial protection of Greek civilisation. Commemorative coinage shows him "raising up" provincial deities (thus elevating and "restoring" the provinces); he promoted 1678:

In the Eastern provinces, cultural precedent ensured a rapid and geographically widespread dissemination of cult, extending as far as the Augustan military settlement at modern-day

5943:

Vout, 111. His piety lay in his unrelenting yet personally modest plea to the Senate for the deification of his predecessor Hadrian: morally comparable with the filial devotion of

5901:– insists that Antinous died not through drowning, as Hadrian claimed, but as the emperor's willing sacrificial victim as part of a bid for immortality – though whose is not clear. 853:

claimed godhood as long as they lasted; they may have been influenced in this by the Persian and Egyptian traditions of divine kings – although the Ptolemies had separate cults in

623:) said that he had ascended to Heaven. A tradition arose in the centuries after his death that Africanus had been inspired by prophetic dreams, and was himself the son of Jupiter. 1449:. Antony's loyalty to his late patron did not extend to Caesar's heir: but in the last significant act of the long-drawn civil war, on 1 August 31 BC, Octavian defeated Antony at 1333:(father of the country); legal oaths were taken by his Genius; his birthday was made a public festival; the month Quinctilis was renamed July, in his honor (as June was named for 2669:

as a republican permission for the benefit of the Roman people, and apotheosis was a statement of senatorial powers. Where Vespasian had secured his position with appeals to the

2182:

is probably no more than a cruel literary judgment on his worth as emperor. Despite his evident respect for republican norms, he was not taken seriously by his own class, and in

1025:

The Greeks also honored founders of cities while they were still alive, like Hagnon. This could also be extended to men who did equally important things; during the period when

7027:

can be understood as August Lares – a joint honorific with unmistakable and flattering connections to the princeps himself, rather than the direct claim of princeps as patron:

2479:

would prove one of remarkable longevity and devotion, particularly in the Eastern provinces. Bithynia, as his birthplace, featured his image on coinage as late as the reign of

4051:, who died in 465 AD. Very little is known about him. His Imperium was not recognised by his Eastern counterpart and he may have been a puppet-emperor of the Germanic general 3958:; he also recognised the power of the new Christian priestly hierarchy in determining what was auspicious or orthodox. Though unbaptised, Constantine had triumphed under the 5765:

cosmology. Subsequent alterations or remodeling of a recognisable figure – assuming they happened at all – and rededication were standard responses to an original subject's

2992:. Where his predecessors had attempted the persuasion and coercion of recalcitrant sects, Diocletian launched a series of ferocious reactions known in Church history as the 6797:

action. The magistrate could repeat the sacrifice until favourable signs were seen, abandon the project or seek further consultation with colleagues of his augural college.

3907:

is clearly pro-Roman: a major feature of the First Jewish Revolt (AD 66) was the ending of Jewish sacrifices to Rome and the emperor and the defacement of imperial images.

6743:

Livy, 25.16.1–4 & 6.1.12: Livy wrote at a time of extreme civil strife, during the era of Rome's transformation from Republic to Principate. See also Rosenstein, 58–60

3835:

Greek philosophies had significant influence in the development of imperial cult. Stoic cosmologists saw history as an endless cycle of destruction and renewal, driven by

2453:, and arranged his apotheosis. Dio claims that Hadrian was held to ridicule for this emotional indulgence, particularly as he had delayed the apotheosis of his own sister 3363:

were offered the same kind of sacrifice as the state gods, but cult officials seem to have offered Christians the possibility of sacrifice to emperors as the lesser act.

5771:. On the other hand, the heads of some Imperial statues appear to have been recut or replaced as a matter of economy, rather than of legal or moral insult or effacement. 4087:

which served Imperial propaganda. It drew its power and effect, however, from both religious traditions deeply engrained in Roman culture, such as the veneration of the

3741:

as innate to its holder but separable from him as a focus of respect and cult, formally consistent with cult to the personification of ideas and ideals such as Fortune (

3190:; they must be nominated for the privilege. Their case was discussed by the Senate, then put to the vote. As long as the correct rituals and sacrifice were offered, the 1018:

liberated it from the Athenian Empire, and was fatally wounded in the process. The Amphipolitans buried him as a hero, declaring him the second founder of the city, and

2868:

impiety, as he had his wife deified on her death, but in a rare display of defiance the Senate deified his murdered predecessor, then openly rebelled. His replacement,

2764:' estimation, his embrace of Empire foundered on his grudging, parochial mindset. He was assassinated in 217 AD, with the possible collusion of his praetorian prefect 520:. The Romans worshipped several gods and demi-gods who had been human, and knew the theory that all the gods had originated as human beings, yet Republican traditions 6823:, Vol 1, 17–21: most magistracies ran for only a year. Priesthoods were for life, which offered evident advantages in maintaining a high public and political profile. 5391:

interprets Tiberius' repeated refusal of provincial cult as a shirking of his moral responsibilities to empire, and therefore a dishonour to his high office and Rome.

2539:(the people and senate of Rome). He increasingly identified himself with the demigod Hercules in statuary, temples and in the arena, where he liked to entertain as a 1488:'s popular support and cult had ended in his public and spectacular death in 82 BC, at the hands of his enemies in the Senate; likewise Caesar's murder now marked an 1084:

to Dionysus, who was present within Alexander (and therefore the celebrants saluted Alexander rather than the hearth and altar, as they would have done for a toast).

554:

In private life, however, tradition required that some human beings be treated as more or less divine; cult was due from familial inferiors to their superiors. Every

7023:

Lott, 81 – 106; for discussion of Lares Augusti see 107 – 117. Lott rejects the replacement of neighbourhood Lares with Augustus' own as politically indelicate. The

4212:

A summary of disparate viewpoints regarding the status of the triumphator (and thus the meaning of the Triumph) can be found in Versnel, 56–93: limited preview via

14747: 14596: 304: 7390:, whose god-like honours were occasioned by no merit other than his friendship and influence with Pompey: Tacitus, Annals, 6.8: cited and explicated in Gradel, 8. 3237:

was quite another matter and might be interpreted as no less than a statement of divine monarchy. Imperial responses to the first overtures of cult to the August

2903:, a traditionalist ex-consul and governor. After an accession of doubtful validity, Decius justified himself as rightful "restorer and saviour" of Empire and its 1323:, the games commemorating the founding of the city, were to be held the next day; they were rededicated to Caesar, as if he were founder. Statues were set up to " 7898:

Nixon, C.E.V., and Rodgers, Barbara S., In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyric Latini, University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton, 1995.

3618:

was gradually absorbed within Imperial solar monism: sol Invictus is to the left of picture. The plaque was commissioned by an evidently wealthy Imperial slave.

5836:

75.1–3: Pliny refers to the publication of the senatorial voice in proceedings: Trajan's respect for the Senate can only be good for the "dignity" of the state.

1244:, since 49 BC, he had returned to the Eastern Mediterranean, where he had been called god and savior, and been familiar with the Ptolemaic Egyptian monarchy of 8982: 5056:

at Najaran (in what is now south-west Saudi Arabia) was possibly later known as the "Kaaba of Najran": جواد علي, المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام (Jawad Ali,

1072:

as patrons; and Clearchus of Heraclea claimed to be "son of Zeus". Alexander claimed the patronage of Dionysus and other gods and heroes; he held a banquet at

692:, the nephew of the elder Marius, who was wildly popular in his own right, in large part for monetary reforms that eased an economic crisis in Rome during his 4006:, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult and actively fostered religious and cultural pluralism. His restored Augustan form of principate, with himself as 2781:

from equestrian to emperor, he respectfully sought senatorial approval for his "self-nomination". It was granted – the new emperor had a lawyer's approach to

2396:

as emperor. Nerva had long-standing family and consular connections with the Julio-Claudian and Flavian families but proved a dangerously mild and indecisive

1933:

attest (according to Potter) a deity who was simultaneously local and universal, rather than one whose local identity was subsumed or absorbed by an Imperial

15020: 9124: 2091:

in Rome or his replacement of state gods, and none for major deviations or innovations in his provincial cult. His reported sexual relations with his sister

5927:

Vout, 52–135, offers discussion on the nature, context and longevity of the Antinous cult, its function in Christian polemic against pagan cult, notably in

914:

was granted an interview by the Roman Senate, he prostrated himself and addressed them as "Saviour Gods", which would have been etiquette at his own court;

564:– the generative principle and guardian spirit – of his ancestors, which others might worship and by which his family and slaves took oaths; his wife had a 14843: 6667:

under Christian emperors: saints function as intercessors but some have also been demoted or quietly lapsed from their religious calendars. See Suetonius,

2483:(r. 211–217). His popular cult appears to have thrived well into the 4th century, when he became the "whipping boy of pagan worship" in Christian polemic. 4213: 830:, a contemporary of Alexander, wrote a fictitious history of the world, which showed Zeus and the other established gods of Greece as mortal men, who had 14858: 3218:

could be created, unmade, reinstated or simply forgotten. Augustus and Trajan appear to have remained the ideals for longer than any, and cult to "good"

5970: 4958:

signaled Octavian's divine status outright. Apparently, "Romulus" had also been considered and turned down: see Florus, 2, 34, 66 at Thayer's website –

4040:

or ceremony of arrival, which derived in greater part from the Triumph – was embedded within Roman culture, Church ceremony and the Gospels themselves.

2923:

was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict was allowed to expire and shortly after this, Decius himself died.

786:, and a private society at Athens, worshipped him even without this conquest; he himself set out his statue, dressed as a god, as the thirteenth of the 15057: 15040: 15035: 15005: 14648: 10877: 3539:, heritable property and honours of his adoptive father in addition to those obtained through his own birth gens and efforts. The exceptionally potent 15015: 14571: 10958: 3975:

Constantine united and re-founded the empire under an absolute head of state by divine dispensation and was honoured as the first Christian Imperial

3513:) was the essential spirit and generative power – depicted as a serpent or as a perennial youth, often winged – within an individual and their clan ( 2006:. After Augustus, the only new cults to Roman officials are those connected to the Imperial household. On his death, the Senate debated and passed a 953:

The Romans and the Greeks gave religious reverence to and for human beings in ways that did not make the recipients gods; these made the first Greek

7620:

The imperial cult and the development of church order: concepts and images of authority in paganism and early Christianity before the Age of Cyprian

2682:

was removed from the altar and confined to the temple along with the deified Augusti. Fishwick interprets the obligatory new rites as those due any

1345:, Caesar's adjutant, then consul. To be served by a flamen would rank Caesar not only as divine, but as an equal of Quirinus, Jupiter, and Mars. In 15045: 13388: 5888:

Hadrian's "Hellenic" emotionalism finds a culturally sympathetic echo in the Homeric Achilles' mourning for his friend Patroclus: see Vout, 52–135.

2082:

only through personal self-restraint and decorum. It became evident that Caligula had little of either. He seems to have taken the cult of his own

7787:

Harland, P., "Honours and Worship: Emperors, Imperial Cults and Associations at Ephesus (First to Third Centuries C.E.)", originally published in

889:

extended Roman influence to Greece proper, temples were built for him and cities placed his portrait on their coinage; he called himself godlike (

13237: 7087:(licensed religion) to Judaism in this and possibly any period is disputed by Rajack in: Tessa Rajack, "Was there a Roman Charter for the Jews?" 5551:, it would have imputed their clientage as his servants. He may have underestimated the complexity of the problems inherent in his own status as 4962:(accessed 27 July 2009). For most of Augustus' contemporaries, however, the name would have been a quite obscure and somewhat modest synonym for 1873:. Though not leading to senatorial status, and almost certainly an annually elected office (unlike the traditional lifetime priesthoods of Roman 1828:

The first known Western regional cults to Augustus were established with his permission around 19 BC in north-western ("Celtic") Spain and named

1228:. Caesar made use of these connections in his rise to power, but not more than his rivals would have, or more than his other advantages. When he 719:

When the Romans began to dominate large parts of the Greek world, Rome's senior representatives there were given the same divine honours as were

2749:

they remained, but now liable to pay taxes, serve in the legions and adopt the name of their "liberator". Where other emperors had employed the

2555:) who had once been mortal. Commodus may have intended declaring himself as a living god some time before his murder on the last day of 192 AD. 47: 16058: 14727: 14294: 9042: 8987: 6862:, including children, slaves and freedmen. In practice, the extreme form of this right was seldom exercised, and was eventually limited by law. 3954:

In this change of Imperial formula Constantine acknowledged his responsibility to an earthly realm whose discord and conflict might arouse the

680:, private citizens would offer food and drink to him alongside their household gods; he was called the third founder of Rome after Romulus and 3119:

cults to living emperors are as likely in Rome as elsewhere. As Gradel observes, no Roman was ever prosecuted for sacrificing to his emperor.

3043:

The near identical official images of the collegial Imperial Tetrarchs conceal Diocletian's seniority and the internal stresses of his empire.

3290: 3214:

Claudius as just a dead, ridiculous and possibly quite bad emperor. Though their images were sacrosanct and their rites definitively divine

1805: 15293: 14246: 11594: 7188: 4093:

of each individual and of the ancestral dead, and on forms of the Hellenistic ruler cult developed in the eastern provinces of the Empire.

297: 3535:

and a role in his household rites, obligations and honours upon those he adopted. As Caesar's adopted heir, Octavian stood to inherit the

2022:

been entirely genuine, he encouraged the cult to his father, and discouraged his own. After much wrangling, he allowed a single temple in

1268:, which epithet combined her aspects as his ancestress, the mother of the Roman people, and the goddess invoked in the philosophical poem 727:

to declare their allegiance to an outside power; such a cult committed the city to obey and respect the king as they obeyed and respected

398:

to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional: his Principate should therefore demonstrate

5995:

Dio's assessment is blunt but not entirely unsympathetic – Commodus was lazy, gullible and stupid. See Potter, 85-6: citing Cassius Dio,

3465:("the father of the family" or the "owner of the family estate"), his obligations to family and community and his priestly duties to his 3225:

The immense power of living emperors, on the other hand, was mediated through the encompassing agency of the state. Once acknowledged as

5378: 3074:. During the Tetrarchy, such titles were multiplied, but with no clear reflection of implicit divine seniority: in one case, the divine 2876:

on his death. A succession of short-lived soldier-emperors followed. Further development in imperial cult appears to have stalled until

2190:– the wild British might be more gullible. In reality, they proved resentful enough to rebel, though probably less against the Claudian 2038:

allowed increasing praetorian influence over the Imperial house, the Senate and through it, the state. In 31 AD, his praetorian prefect

1698:, ancient rivals, had two apiece until the early 3rd century AD, when Ephesus was allowed an additional temple, to the reigning Emperor 13282: 13209: 10402: 9503: 9067: 7802: 4249:

began as an acknowledgement by A.A. that N.N. had saved his life – as a god might – by crowning N.N. with the leaves of Jupiter's tree.

4055:. In the west, imperial authority was partly replaced by the spiritual supremacy and political influence of the Roman Catholic Church. 3812:

as a popular benefactor). Thereafter, the Lares Compitales were known as Lares Augusti. Tiberius created a specialised priesthood, the

2133:: but the offer of cult simultaneously acknowledged the high status of those empowered to grant it and the extraordinary status of the 7369:

See also Harland, P. A., "Honours and Worship: Emperors, Imperial Cults and Associations at Ephesus (First to Third Centuries C.E.)",

13082: 9481: 8731: 7792: 6993: 2423:'s Hispano-Roman origins and marked pro-Hellenism changed the focus of imperial cult. His standard coinage still identifies with the 222: 57: 13533: 4796:

Dio 43.45.3: Brutus and his party saw Caesar's "kingly" statue as confirmation of despotic intent which justified his assassination.

1638:. He seems to have managed all this within due process of law through a combination of personal brio, cheerfully veiled threats and 1260:

During the Civil War, he had declared Venus his patron goddess: he vowed to erect a temple for Venus Victrix if she granted him the

13373: 13247: 13232: 8143: 7654: 5362:, consistent with Byzantine conceptions of Imperial power as "kingship". The same association is precisely avoided under the early 4984: 3307: 3078:

of the Augustus is inferior to that of his Caesar. These divine associations may have followed a military precedent of emperors as

1618:

courts and offices of the civil and military administration. Oaths were sworn in his name, with his image as witness. His official

1544:(lit. peace of the gods) and re-founded Rome through "August augury". In 27 BC he was voted – and accepted – the elevated title of 601: 7386:(greek adulation or flattery) of benefactor-cult was set within the Graeco-Eastern context of the Roman civil war and referred to 5096: 3966:

as an adapted or re-interpreted legionary standard). He may have officially ended – or attempted to end – blood sacrifices to the

2032:

of the Senate in 26 AD; eleven cities had competed – with some vehemence and even violence – for the honour. His lack of personal

1240:

When, however, he defeated his rivals in 45 BC and assumed full personal control of the Roman state, he asserted more. During the

7068: 2970:(276–82) shows him in radiate solar crown, and his prolific variety of coin types include issues showing the temple of Venus and 2665:

Severus' reign represents a watershed in relations between Senate, emperors, and the military. Senatorial consent defined divine

2619: 1280:("painted", purple toga) usually reserved to a triumphing general for the day of his triumph; a costume also associated with the 907:

in the later Roman provinces, and a continuing link, whereas a Marcellus or Flamininus might only hold power for a couple years.

290: 6981: 6008:

On 1 January 193 AD, the legions unwittingly renewed their annual vows of loyalty to a dead Emperor: Potter, 92-6. see also Dio

3274:

to rise above their mortal condition and be in the company of the gods, yet remain mortal in the eyes of Roman traditionalists.

1006:' cult during the Peloponnesian War, Sophocles housed an image of Asclepius until a shrine could be built. The Athenian leader 5119: 4083:

The Roman imperial cult is sometimes considered a deviation from Rome's traditional Republican values, a religiously insincere

4062:

signed a document attesting his obedience to orthodox doctrine and practice. He is the last emperor known to be consecrated as

3386: 3313: 3180:

and other important domestic festivals. Their powers were limited; deceased mortals did not normally possess the divine power (

1045:; every Greek had an agathodaemon, and the Greek equivalent of a toast was offered to one's agathodaemon). Timoleon was called 942: 11162: 7421:, Bury edn, 1,75-7; Ferguson, CAH, VII (1928), 17; Eduard Meyer, "Alexander der Grosse und die Absolute Monarchie", (1905) in 5855: 5240:

beyond his term of office. Female cult divinities were served by priestesses, who may have been the wives of the cult priests.

5039: 4271: 3324: 2775:, and he arranged for the apotheosis of Caracalla. Aware of the impropriety of his unprecedented leap through the traditional 2058:

and foresight of Tiberius Caesar Augustus and the Senate" in foiling the conspiracy, but at his death the Senate and his heir

857:, as Pharaoh, and in the Greek. Not all Greek dynasties made the same claims; the descendants of Demetrius, who were kings of 394: 16068: 16012: 15769: 13393: 8116: 8102: 8081: 7997: 7917: 7903: 7893: 7812: 7754: 7599: 7582: 7074:, 120–143 for a very detailed account of Roman responses to Judaistic practice in Rome under Caesar and the early Principate. 6366: 3590:. His gift therefore tied his domestic cult to the sanctified Vestals and Rome's sacred hearth and symbolically extended his 3160: 3008:

and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military. A date of 302 is regarded as likely and

2966:(god and born ruler); he was murdered by his Praetorians. His immediate successors consolidated his achievements: coinage of 862: 572:

could call his patron "Jupiter on earth". The dead, collectively and individually, were gods of the underworld or afterlife (

411: 6676: 6567: 5932: 5093:

New documents illustrating early Christianity: Volume 9, A Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Published in 1986–87,

4384:

announced to him that the city had declared him a god, he told them that if they could make men into gods, they should make

3729:

appear to have been served by separate ceremonies and priesthoods. Emperors themselves could be priests of state gods, the

3105:

was promoted by its contemporary apologists as restorative and conservative rather than revolutionary. Official cult to the

15631: 15343: 14643: 13858: 10872: 7807:

Howgego, C., Heuchert, V., Burnett, A., (eds), Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces, Oxford University Press, 2005.

6378: 1833: 278: 126: 7091:

74, (1984) 107–23. Rajack finds no evidence for an early "charter": Josephus seems to have inferred a charter from local,

6643: 3027:, imperial honours distinguished both Augusti from their Caesares, and Diocletian (as senior Augustus) from his colleague 13976: 13257: 12853: 9418: 4700: 4339: 3662:

cults became very popular with the military and provided a basis for syncretic imperial cult which absorbed Mithras into

3547:

of Octavian (later Augustus) became a duty at public and private banquets, and from 12 BC, state oaths were sworn by the

2099: 1303: 9094: 6145:, which indicates their elevation to "August" status. "Caesar Augustus" is reserved for living emperors: See Gradel, 88. 3297:

as pontifex offers sacrifice to Jupiter Capitolinus in gratitude for victory. Once part of the Arch of Marcus Aurelius.

1584:(first among equals) offered a curb to the ambitions and rivalries that had led to the recent civil wars. As censor and 758:

in Greek history. There were similar instances of divine cult to humans in the same century, although some rulers, like

648:). This celebration, in Spain, featured a lavish banquet with local and imported delicacies, and a mechanical statue of 15616: 15184: 14481: 14186: 13916: 13798: 13252: 11832: 9766: 9443: 9305: 9035: 8999: 7263: 6952: 6593:

The apotheosed ("deified") Julius Caesar was "translated by the senate and people of Rome into the company of the gods

4654: 4644: 3420: 1894: 1532:

at the site of Caesar's cremation. Not only had he dutifully, legally and officially honoured his adoptive father as a

1407:'s funeral oration. Antony appealed to Caesar's divinity and vowed vengeance on his killers. A fervent popular cult to 704: 244: 217: 7313:(Mommsen) in: Scharf, R., Zu einigen daten der Kaiser Libius Severus und Maiorian, Heidelberg University (pdf), p182. 6663:

translates Claudius as "canonised... a saint in heaven". Holland's interpretation is consistent with the later use of

5106: 2364:. He remains a controversial figure, described as one of the very few emperors to scandalously style himself a living 1785:

in Republican Iberia "said to have been offered divine honours". In 74 BC, Roman citizens in Iberia burned incense to

937:

and himself, while the latter was proconsul, to avoid jealousy from other Romans; when Cicero himself was Governor of

901:, who was worshipped with Flamininus (their joint cult is attested in 195 BC); she would become a symbol of idealised 15606: 14236: 13057: 10287: 8067: 8046: 8025: 8011: 7970: 7948: 7931: 7883: 7865: 7840: 7826: 7782: 7768: 7729: 7715: 7701: 7676: 7662: 7645: 7631: 7613: 7568: 7554: 7532: 7139: 5374: 4959: 2585:

and the use of Praetorian force against them. In protest, a defiant urban crowd occupied the senatorial seats at the

1781:

and most fell outside the Graeco-Roman cultural ambit. There were exceptions: Polybius mentions a past benefactor of

1717:

and Cyprus offered cult honours to Augustus and the Empress Livia: the Cypriot calendar honoured the entire Augustan

1411:

followed. It was forcefully suppressed but the Senate soon succumbed to Caesarian pressure and confirmed Caesar as a

925:

Worship and temples appear to have been routinely offered by Greeks to their Roman governors, with varied reactions.

5682: 4832: 479:

adopted Christianity as Rome's state religion. Rome's traditional gods and imperial cult were officially abandoned.

14289: 11842: 9413: 6616:

Price, in Cannadine and Price, 82–102, for the changing roles of senate and emperors in the granting of apotheosis.

873:

The Roman magistrates who conquered the Greek world were fitted into this tradition; games were set up in honor of

6858:

held – in theory at least, and through ancient right – powers of life and death over every member of his extended

5280:

Mohamed Yacoub, Le musée du Bardo : Départements antiques, Tunis, Agence nationale du patrimoine, 1993, p.111

4431: 1991:

and recommended him to the Senate as a worthy successor, Augustus seems to have doubted the propriety of dynastic

1349:'s hostile account, the living Caesar's honours in Rome were already and unambiguously those of a full-blown god ( 16063: 16053: 14251: 14146: 13272: 13267: 13223: 12848: 11692: 10936: 9921: 8793: 7438:

Harland, 85, cites among others M. P. Nilsson, Greek Piety (Oxford 1948) 177–178, and early work by D. Fishwick,

5944: 2523:

cult of the living emperor as an official, domestic and personal practice, probably more common than cult to the

2353:

reigned for two successful years then died of natural causes. He was deified and replaced by his younger brother

1786: 542:

by his troops, the Senate would then choose whether to award him a triumph, a parade to the Capitol in which the

4468: 4185:

It is unclear whether the worship of Aeneas as Jupiter Indiges was an official (and thus, state sponsored) cult.

3543:

of living emperors expressed the will of the gods through Imperial actions. In 30 BC, libation-offerings to the

1423:) and in 42 BC, with the "full consent of the Senate and people of Rome", Caesar's young heir, his great-nephew 392:, and to maintain peace, security and prosperity throughout an ethnically diverse empire. The official offer of 16073: 15784: 15499: 15228: 14848: 14106: 13931: 13204: 12218: 12159: 12046: 11925: 11857: 10265: 9903: 9822: 7524: 6603: 6031:

while still living. Cassius Dio, in an otherwise detailed account, makes no mention of this. See Gradel, 160-1.

4443: 4243:

Gradel, p.46, citing Plautus – this is Plautus' addition to the Greek originals; Gradel also suggests that the

3824: 3143: 2153: 1002:

was the hero Dexion ("the Receiver") – not as a playwright, nor a general, but because when the Athenians took

12338: 12213: 7797:

Harland, P., "Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life: Associations in Roman Asia", originally published in

2545:

in the morning and a gladiator in the afternoon. In the last year of his life he was voted the official title

1014:

shortly before the Peloponnesian War; thirteen years later, while Hagnon was still alive, the Spartan general

467:. It therefore became a focus of theological and political debate during the ascendancy of Christianity under 16078: 15373: 15206: 14256: 13671: 13408: 13067: 12916: 12838: 12260: 11302: 10835: 9474: 9333: 9323: 9028: 7962: 7888:

Niehoff, Maren R., Philo on Jewish identity and culture, Mohr Siebeck, English trans GW/Coronet Books, 2001.

6357:

Potter, 241-3: see 242 for Decian "libellus" (certificate) of oath and sacrifice on papyrus, dated to 250 AD.

5931:, and its capacity to fascinate – and sometimes mislead – the modern imagination. Limited preview available: 3285: 2239:, taken as ominous because "divine honours are not paid to an emperor till he has ceased to live among men". 2224:

over the unfinished temple, indulged his sybaritic and artistic inclinations and allowed the cult of his own

2092: 1860: 1836:. Soon after, in either 12 BC or 10 BC, the first provincial imperial cult centre in the West was founded at 1793:. Otherwise, the West offered no native traditions of monarchic divinity or political parallels to the Greek 4058:

In the Eastern Empire, sworn adherence to Christian orthodoxy became a prerequisite of Imperial accession –

2863:(reigned 235–8 AD) sequestered the resources of state temples in Rome to pay his armies. The temples of the 1852:

and inaugurated by military commanders who were – in all but one instance – members of the imperial family.

496:

Venus and Mars sculpture group reworked to portray an Imperial couple (created 120–140 AD, reworked 170–175)

15611: 14314: 14116: 11324: 10054: 8136: 7722:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

7708:

The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire

3767:

of the emperor, Senate or Roman people; Julius Caesar had showed his affinity with the virtue of clemency (

3594:

to the state and its inhabitants. He also co-opted and promoted the traditional and predominantly plebeian

2945:), stabilised the Empire and its borders and established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the 1856: 1809: 1610:. He disbanded the remnants of the civil war armies to form new legions and a personal imperial guard (the 17: 12348: 6703:

in 12 BC, imply it as a property of the emperor, a "divinised abstraction", not identical with his person.

6173: 5996: 5517: 4002:, Rome's last non-Christian emperor, rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for a synthesis of 2631:, their younger son Caracalla (lower right of picture) and the obliterated image of his murdered co-heir, 1147:

were founded by boards of three men; but these new leaders held power by themselves, and often for years.

1135:

In the last decades of the Roman Republic, its leaders regularly assumed extra-constitutional powers. The

15308: 15252: 14324: 14036: 14031: 13803: 12321: 12282: 11837: 11751: 11319: 9671: 9142: 5338:

Well into the third century AD, the merit of each imperial candidate would be debated as basis for a new

5007:

53: Imperial themes, including the Imperial family, dominate Roman coin issues from Augustus to Claudius.

2831: 2412:

of 100 AD claims the visible restoration of senatorial authority and dignity throughout the empire under

1123:, were not gods, and supported a cult of Dionysus Cathegemon, as their ancestor; they put the picture of 12353: 12343: 4699:

Isaac, B., (2006), "The invention of racism in Classical antiquity", Princeton University Press, p. 304

4071:

and the veneration of the Imperial image continued to provide analogies for devotional representations (

3137: 626:

There are several cases of unofficial cult directed at men viewed as saviors, military or political. In

13097: 13042: 12738: 11478: 10985: 9666: 9608: 8664: 8638: 7546: 5150: 4010:, ended with his death in 363, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The Western emperor 3924:

represented Rome as the "Beast from the sea", Judaeo-Roman elites as the "Beast from the land" and the

2741: 2324: 1461: 991: 886: 420: 11066: 4034:

paths: nevertheless both were Roman and both had emperors. Imperial ceremonial – notably the Imperial

3328:) in augury, neglect of due and proper sacrifice and the impious proliferation of "foreign" cults and 2892:(suggestive of solar cult or a Hellenised form of imperial monarchy), with Rome's temple to Venus and 2235:

the Eastern provinces. Tacitus reports a senatorial proposal to dedicate a temple to Nero as a living

16007: 15413: 15194: 14996: 14702: 14349: 14138: 13996: 13448: 12331: 12110: 11741: 11371: 10916: 10048: 9800: 9637: 9592: 9388: 9313: 8798: 8633: 7875: 5364: 4917: 3334:. Religious law focused on the sacrificial requirements of particular deities on specific occasions. 2592: 2377: 2275: 1946: 1505:. Provincials who were also Roman citizens were not to worship the living emperor, but might worship 1485: 874: 854: 689: 569: 12449: 4388:

into gods; he would then believe that they could make him into one. Taylor, p. 12, citing Plutarch,

1115:

Finally, a man might, like Philip II, assume some prerogatives of godhood and not others. The first

611:

of their houses; they were used to represent their ghostly presence at family funerals. The mask of

15223: 15084: 14606: 13853: 13813: 13768: 13558: 13548: 13353: 13102: 12927: 12863: 12833: 12723: 12488: 12397: 12365: 12326: 12238: 11135: 10382: 10318: 9788: 9773: 9467: 9378: 9318: 8913: 8892: 8882: 8289: 8152: 7857: 7591: 4679: 2993: 2912: 2547: 1974: 1937:

or deity. Two temples are attested to Roma and the divus Augustus: one dedicated under Tiberius at

1762: 1265: 1218:. Sulla had cancelled this appointment; however, relatively early in his career, Caesar had become 938: 385: 106: 35: 10825: 1877:), priesthood in imperial provinces thus offered a provincial equivalent to the traditional Roman 15696: 14680: 14638: 14304: 14241: 14191: 14151: 14096: 13731: 13726: 13616: 13563: 13453: 13383: 13179: 12985: 12900: 12105: 12083: 11882: 11704: 11229: 10867: 10794: 10478: 9849: 9649: 9558: 9160: 9099: 8897: 8129: 7746: 7138:

Niehoff, 45–137: in particular, 75–81 and footnote 25. Limited preview available at Google Books

5180: 4712:

This statue showed him standing on the globe: the dedication is offered by Cassius Dio in Greek:

3972: 2735: 2515: 1926: 1620: 1427:, held ceremonial apotheosis for his adoptive father. In 40 BC Antony took up his appointment as 1101: 797:

who made the divinity of kings standard practice among the Greeks. The Egyptians accepted him as

660:

Gaius Urbinus, but were not acts of the state. Metellus liked all this, but his older and pious (

7977:

Imperatores Victi: Military Defeat and Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic.

6088:(accessed 18 August 2009). At the very least, the attribution confirms the later devaluation of 5003:., 4–6: coinage celebrating state deities conspicuously features the restorer of their temples. 3317:, from oaths of office, treaty and loyalty to business contracts and marriage. Participation in 2551:; the state cult to Hercules acknowledged him as heroic, a divinity or semi-divinity (but not a 2443:

as the Empire's leading imperial cult centre and in 131–2 AD he sponsored the exclusively Greek

1702:. When he died, the city lost its brief, celebrated advantage through a religious technicality. 1540:(son of the divinity). But where Caesar had failed, Octavian had succeeded: he had restored the 1493:

monarchic-deistic aspirant. It was decided that cult honours to him could be jointly offered to

708: 431:

from which unpopular or unworthy predecessors were excluded. This proved a useful instrument to

15915: 15841: 15821: 15691: 15626: 15555: 15323: 15131: 15062: 14966: 14611: 14474: 14171: 14066: 14026: 14006: 13863: 13838: 13743: 13716: 13666: 13636: 13626: 13543: 13508: 13493: 13478: 13433: 13368: 13037: 12968: 12873: 12868: 12609: 12532: 12294: 12176: 12100: 11897: 11887: 11746: 11714: 11652: 11623: 11130: 11125: 10931: 10812: 10772: 10557: 9898: 9893: 9873: 9869: 9373: 9356: 9261: 9249: 9241: 9077: 8725: 7387: 5344: 4720:), Dio 43.14.6 & 21.2. This may be Dio's late, anachronistic and approximate equivalent of 4059: 3610: 2967: 2711: 2632: 1233: 1229: 1197: 681: 254: 7577:, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 2007. 7417:

Price, 10–20: citing evaluations of the imperial cult as insincere or "mechanical" in Gibbon,

7201: 6242:

Dio disapproves of Macrinus' equestrian status, but not his integrity or manner of government.

3857:(saviour) who would transform the destructive and "unnatural disorder" of chaos and strife to 3638:. By the time of the early Severans, the legions offered cult to the state gods, the Imperial 1139:

had required that magistrates hold office collectively, and for short periods; there were two

15584: 15562: 15303: 14981: 14838: 14777: 14697: 14665: 14412: 14357: 14274: 14226: 14201: 14001: 13823: 13818: 13686: 13676: 13498: 13174: 13112: 12932: 12878: 12299: 12277: 12196: 12137: 11803: 11242: 11093: 10245: 9844: 9756: 9408: 8944: 8841: 8497: 8416: 8164: 7238: 5762: 4153: 3898:, Caligula was unimpressed because the offering was not made directly to him (whether to his 3786: 3671: 3102: 3013: 2042:– by now a virtual co-ruler – was implicated in the death of Tiberius' son and heir apparent 1867:

and entitled by his priestly office to participate in the local government of his provincial

1683: 1476: 1241: 1182:

Caesar could claim personal ties to the gods, both by descent and by office. He was from the

1167: 1144: 1033:, the Syracusans gave him "heroic honors" for suppressing the tyrants, and repeated this for 1007: 911: 813: 763: 607: 347:. Its framework was based on Roman and Greek precedents, and was formulated during the early 334: 176: 116: 11113: 11061: 1901:

in Germany) cast off or destroyed his priestly regalia to join the rebellion of his kinsman

1536:

of the Roman state. He "had come into being" through the Julian star and was therefore the

824:, and sang a hymn extolling him as a present god who heard them, as the other gods did not. 15952: 15681: 15621: 15318: 15298: 15141: 15094: 15025: 15010: 14986: 14971: 14944: 14885: 14402: 14392: 14377: 14284: 14211: 14181: 14156: 14121: 14081: 14076: 14051: 13921: 13843: 13793: 13773: 13763: 13651: 13598: 13573: 13423: 13418: 13398: 13363: 13348: 13292: 13062: 12995: 12963: 12843: 12778: 12644: 12522: 12375: 12255: 12154: 12066: 12034: 12029: 11877: 11609: 10884: 10468: 10228: 9839: 9783: 9734: 9719: 9572: 9295: 9287: 9152: 9114: 9062: 8939: 8823: 8777: 8567: 8411: 8184: 6871:

See also Severy, 9–10 for interpretation of the social, economic and religious role of the

5358: 5038:

Ando, 163, gives 82 temples in the city of Rome: limited preview available at Google Books

4769:

An honorific also granted Cicero during his consulship and comparable to Romulus' title as

4459:

In general, see Price, 48; Fishwick, Vol 1, 1, 6–20; for details, Taylor, Chapter 2 and 3,

4020: 3755: 3017: 2934: 2761: 2043: 1997:; this, however, was probably his only feasible course. When Augustus died, he was voted a 1841: 1562:

Augustus appeared to claim nothing for himself, and innovate nothing: even the cult to the

1546: 775: 271: 264: 11177: 10081: 6189:(those who had surrendered to Rome in war) and a specific class of freedmen were excluded. 4410:

The Spartan decree was "Since Alexander wishes to be a god, let him be a god"; at Athens,

2247: 1635: 8: 16017: 15744: 15739: 15686: 15656: 15651: 15535: 15211: 15136: 14900: 14797: 14581: 14407: 14382: 14362: 14339: 14266: 14216: 14196: 14111: 14101: 14056: 14016: 13971: 13966: 13956: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13926: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13868: 13778: 13753: 13631: 13621: 13583: 13553: 13538: 13523: 13513: 13503: 13468: 13463: 13413: 13358: 13333: 13277: 13134: 13117: 13005: 13000: 12990: 12858: 12659: 12572: 12517: 12493: 12265: 12223: 12018: 11867: 11495: 11287: 11167: 10953: 10750: 10635: 10563: 10453: 10374: 10201: 9854: 9678: 9524: 9428: 9266: 9193: 9188: 9086: 9051: 8977: 8669: 8643: 8502: 8351: 8341: 8304: 7845:

MacCormack, Sabine, Change and Continuity in Late Antiquity: the ceremony of "Adventus",

7251: 5574:, Suetonius' sneering "Life" and Tacitus's sharp observations of Julio-Claudian failings. 5404:

of the Senate was usually personified as a bearded, elderly man – this is an exceptional

4997: 4728:

but Taylor suggests Dio's form as an accurate rendition, with no strict Latin equivalent.

4630: 4147: 4104:

Very few modern historians would now support this point of view. Some – among them Beard

4084: 4036: 3999: 3064: 1296: 1261: 1215: 1105: 994:

as heroes, as saviours of Athens from tyranny; also, collectively, those who fell at the

794: 472: 136: 5780:

Marlowe, E. (2006), "Framing the sun: the Arch of Constantine and the Roman cityscape."

4338:

Vout, 119: citing Plutarch, Gaius Gracchus, 10, 18.2. Loeb edition available at Thayer:

3916:

honours" as parodies of true worship. Under the reign of Nero or Domitian, according to

881:, as the Olympian games were for Zeus; they were kept up for a century and a half until 15957: 15861: 15676: 15589: 15567: 15450: 15398: 15338: 15233: 14991: 14959: 14949: 14910: 14905: 14875: 14865: 14722: 14387: 14367: 14334: 14231: 14221: 14166: 14161: 14091: 14071: 14061: 14046: 14041: 14021: 13991: 13986: 13961: 13951: 13883: 13848: 13833: 13738: 13711: 13701: 13661: 13646: 13641: 13593: 13588: 13528: 13483: 13443: 13338: 13325: 13127: 13107: 13032: 12905: 12728: 12402: 12360: 12201: 12169: 12144: 12071: 12051: 11872: 11820: 11808: 11786: 11378: 11336: 11209: 11034: 11029: 11024: 10845: 10629: 10605: 9984: 9908: 9656: 9602: 9423: 9226: 9203: 9198: 8856: 8482: 8446: 8406: 8381: 8284: 8264: 8204: 8121: 6601:: Price, in Cannadine and Price, 1992, 77–8: the cited, translated inscription is from 5565: 5073:

Price, 1986, 7–11, who believes that emperors lacked the requisite fully divine status.

4447: 4414:

argued against provoking Alexander over this: don't protect Heaven and lose the earth;

4089: 3921: 3917: 3813: 3495: 3479: 3056:. At the very beginning of his reign, before his Tetrarchy, Diocletian had adopted the 2926: 2206: 2142: 2078: 2048: 2028: 1970: 1580: 995: 649: 560: 11490: 11039: 10657: 10387: 5638:, at whose demise it can be said: "I told you the Saturnalia could not last forever" ( 2789:, more usually known by the Latinised name of his god and his priesthood, Elagabalus. 2714:, along with advice to "be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and scorn all other men." 2360:

Within two weeks of accession, Domitian had restored the cult of the ruling emperor's

1820:. Augustus was deified on his death in 14 AD: his widow Livia was deified in 42 AD by 1150:

The same men were often given extraordinary honors. Triumphs grew ever more splendid;

861:

and dominated the mainland of Greece, did not claim godhead or worship Alexander (cf.

595:

A prominent clan might claim divine influence and quasi-divine honors for its leader.

592:, a parental (or a nurturing) divinity; such piety was expected from any dutiful son. 15577: 15440: 15420: 15328: 15245: 15240: 15216: 15116: 15109: 15077: 15072: 14939: 14934: 14922: 14880: 14742: 14712: 14467: 14444: 14438: 14372: 14329: 14319: 14309: 14299: 14206: 14126: 14086: 14011: 13981: 13873: 13828: 13808: 13783: 13758: 13721: 13706: 13681: 13656: 13568: 13518: 13473: 13458: 13438: 13428: 13403: 13343: 13287: 13047: 12823: 12419: 12390: 12314: 12309: 12270: 12208: 12164: 12149: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12061: 11796: 11682: 11448: 11418: 11398: 11219: 11014: 10995: 10990: 10926: 10889: 10610: 10525: 10448: 10346: 10336: 10304: 10292: 10260: 10237: 10219: 10115: 9970: 9878: 9864: 9827: 9815: 9644: 9563: 9515: 9351: 9346: 9213: 9165: 8994: 8954: 8608: 8562: 8436: 8426: 8376: 8249: 8229: 8224: 8209: 8112: 8098: 8077: 8063: 8042: 8021: 8007: 7993: 7966: 7944: 7927: 7913: 7899: 7889: 7879: 7861: 7836: 7822: 7808: 7778: 7764: 7750: 7725: 7711: 7697: 7672: 7658: 7641: 7627: 7609: 7595: 7578: 7564: 7550: 7528: 7276: 6295:

Gradel, 356-62: citing Herodian for the removal of temple wealth and reactions to it.

5767: 5370: 4757: 4650: 4165: 3869:(peace, good fortune and well-being) and is thus identified with solar cults such as 3686: 3298: 2937:, identified himself with traditional Roman gods and the virtue of military loyalty. 2822:, the last of his dynasty, who reigned for 13 years until killed in a mutiny in 235. 2819: 2640: 2596: 2571:

was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard in return for the promise of very large

2560: 2497: 2405: 2328: 1864: 1746: 1713:

as official models of divine virtue and moral propriety. Centres including Pergamum,

1428: 1416: 1365: 1193: 1163: 1093: 1019: 846: 747: 665: 579: 444: 259: 15333: 11902: 11500: 11150: 10894: 8053:

Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph,

8018:

The Jews under Roman rule: from Pompey to Diocletian: a study in political relations

5234:– appear to have been annual, but an elected priest remained influential within the 5127: 3427:

passed to Augustus, who took priestly control over the State oracles (including the

3198:(a dweller in heaven), a lesser being than themselves. Popular belief held that the 3039: 2899:

In 249 AD, Philip was succeeded (or murdered and usurped) by his praetorian prefect

1705:

The Eastern provinces offer some of the clearest material evidence for the imperial

15999: 15940: 15789: 15774: 15764: 15475: 15445: 15313: 15199: 15189: 15126: 14915: 14892: 14870: 14717: 14591: 14576: 14397: 14279: 14176: 13788: 13748: 13696: 13691: 13608: 13578: 13488: 13378: 13242: 13194: 13189: 12748: 12713: 12686: 12444: 12429: 12304: 12228: 12078: 12056: 11964: 11825: 11604: 11567: 11423: 11408: 11356: 11140: 11120: 11088: 11083: 11054: 11049: 10973: 10963: 10782: 10746: 10738: 10709: 10622: 10542: 10537: 10500: 10490: 10416: 10354: 10196: 10033: 9883: 9541: 9254: 9180: 9104: 8887: 8618: 8537: 8477: 8336: 8314: 8299: 7623: 7250:

Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Letter of St. Ambrose, trans. H. De Romestin, 1896.,

6023: 4840: 4322: 4312:

is from Sallust. The year is uncertain, possibly 77 BC, after a battle at Saguntum.

4098: 3411: 2805: 2454: 2316: 2114: 2015: 1869: 1817: 1782: 1758: 1639: 1611: 1525: 1450: 1334: 1220: 1205: 1030: 1026: 898: 878: 839: 787: 612: 565: 193: 12041: 2706:(modern York) while on campaign in Britannia, after leaving the Empire equally to 1813: 1372:

Caesar's name as a living divinity – not as yet ratified by senatorial vote – was

15945: 15893: 15813: 15646: 15517: 15455: 15393: 15348: 15121: 15067: 15052: 14976: 14954: 14927: 14853: 14692: 14685: 14675: 14533: 14494: 14459: 14448: 13072: 13052: 12542: 12434: 12424: 12093: 11761: 11552: 11532: 11463: 11428: 11361: 11145: 11071: 11044: 11019: 10968: 10941: 10729: 10672: 10443: 9960: 9761: 9687: 9627: 9582: 9551: 9383: 9341: 9231: 9009: 9004: 8923: 8918: 8771: 8739: 8623: 8156: 7985: 7938: 6421: 5635: 5570: 5499: 5289:

Ando, 31–33, provides the constitutional and personal background to this dilemma.

4752: 4682:

was intimately familiar with Caesar, or so rumor sang about the streets of Rome.

4519: 4442:

Taylor, pp. 40–41, citing Polybius 30.16, Livy, 45.44; also, as a parallel case,

3749: 3658:), and special cult to the Empress as "mother of the camp." At around this time, 3428: 3294: 2877: 2860: 2850: 2675: 2578: 2511: 2336: 2295: 2183: 2166: 2103: 1734: 1415:

of the Roman state. A comet interpreted as Caesar's soul in heaven was named the

1316: 1270: 1089: 986: 941:, he claimed to have accepted no statues, shrines, or chariots. His predecessor, 850: 517: 475:

failed to reverse the declining support for Rome's official religious practices:

436: 249: 94: 53: 6085: 5999:, epitome of book 73. Marius Maximus thought him fundamentally wicked and cruel. 4368: 3794:

As part of his religious reforms, Augustus revived, subsidised and expanded the

3703:

Imperial crisis of the 3rd century. As far as is known, no new temples to state

3036:

made a separate and unique being, accessible only through those closest to him.

77: 16032: 16027: 15989: 15749: 15470: 15430: 15425: 15408: 15403: 15257: 15146: 14772: 13199: 13087: 13027: 12743: 12718: 12503: 12407: 12289: 12233: 12186: 11599: 11547: 11443: 11413: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11366: 11262: 11182: 11155: 11108: 11098: 10132: 9795: 9778: 9597: 9577: 9546: 9132: 9109: 8861: 8750: 8613: 8331: 6845:

31.1–2. cf official reactions to "foreign cult" during the Punic crises, above.

6208: 5236: 4101:

of paganism which led to the triumph of Christianity as Rome's state religion.

4048: 4024:(Victory) from the Senate House and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. 3988: 3619: 3491: 3405: 3338: 2955: 2838: 2777: 2587: 2505: 2230: 2194:

than against brutal abuses and the financial burden represented by its temple.

2072:

of the emperor already acknowledged his constitutionally unlimited powers. The

1879: 1329: 1140: 934: 922:' account of this, and insists that there is no Roman source it ever happened. 779: 669: 664:) contemporaries thought it arrogant and intolerable. After the land reformers 555: 501: 367: 360: 322: 198: 166: 10397: 7980: 5854:

Sage, (in discussion of Tacitean themes) in Haase & Temporini (eds), 950:

3710: 2745:

of peasant status and occupation – approximately 90% of the total population.

770:

and claimed godhood; this did not stop the Heracleots from assassinating him.

16047: 15910: 15669: 15435: 15388: 14792: 14737: 14732: 14660: 14566: 13122: 12676: 12557: 11949: 11944: 11892: 11729: 11667: 11562: 11453: 11351: 11282: 11214: 11204: 11172: 11103: 11000: 10978: 10906: 10802: 10765: 10684: 10592: 10043: 9994: 9699: 9170: 9137: 8788: 8712: 8628: 8557: 8527: 8507: 8356: 8279: 8269: 8170: 7314: 6283: 6198:

Potter, 138-9: slaves formally adopted the name of the master who freed them.

5017: 4245: 4159: 4003: 3980: 3935: 3886:

The imperial cult tolerated and later included specific forms of pluralistic

2889: 2854: 2699: 2643: 2624: 2565: 2484: 2149: 2125: 1978: 1918: 1845: 1393: 1308: 1210: 1201: 1171: 631: 627: 548: 533: 468: 409:

A deceased emperor held worthy of the honor could be voted a state divinity (

330: 205: 187: 146: 15572: 11791: 6433: 6429: 5060:; "Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam"), Baghdad, 1955–1983 3486: 3403:, a priestly-magistral office whose powers were increasingly woven into the 1364:

minted circa 18 BC. Obverse: CAESAR AVGVSTVS; Reverse: DIVVS IVLIV(S), with

1286:(the priestly "king of the sacred rites" of Rome's monarchic era, later the 816:, eighteen years after the deification of Alexander, they lodged him in the 782:, there would be nothing for him to attain but to become a god; the city of 16022: 15962: 15925: 15826: 15779: 15641: 15594: 15465: 13262: 13164: 13020: 12708: 12703: 12681: 12671: 12552: 11984: 11919: 11862: 11847: 11813: 11438: 11346: 10364: 10255: 10250: 10101: 10071: 9945: 9913: 9661: 9632: 9619: 9366: 8851: 8846: 8808: 8705: 8254: 8194: 7738:, Bd. 160 (2007), pp. 247–255, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn (Germany). 5593: 5545:

Gradel proposes that had Claudius employed those of higher rank within his

4582: 4284: 4025: 3874: 3663: 3432: 3152: 2950: 2799: 2501: 2445: 2264: 2210: 2046:, and was executed as a public enemy. In Umbria, the imperial cult priest ( 1938: 1797:

to absorb the imperial cult as a romanising agency. The Western provincial

1766: 1750: 1282: 1184: 1151: 1042: 673: 634:

as a savior, burning incense "as if to a god" for his efforts to quash the

492: 476: 356: 89: 11485: 10152: 8259: 7743:

Imperial cults and the Apocalypse of John: reading Revelation in the ruins

7606:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337

6229:

Days of careful negotiation had preceded his "spontaneous" acclamation as

4585:

declined to take part, one of the offenses for which Alexander killed him.

3397:

In the later Republic augury came under the supervision of the college of

2614:

Attributed to Caracalla, before murdering his co-emperor and brother Geta.

2504:. Both were deified but Hadrian's case had to be pleaded by his successor 2460: 2449:. He was said to have "wept like a woman" at the death of his young lover 2282:

cult: the last two of these attempted Nero's restitution and promotion to

1925:) deity with the supreme power of Augustus. In the senatorial province of 1686:

competed for the privilege of building high-status imperial cult centres (

1170:. But the first Roman to become a god, as part of aiming at monarchy, was 14626: 14511: 13184: 13159: 12978: 12946: 12937: 12883: 12813: 12798: 12691: 12582: 12243: 12191: 11979: 11697: 11677: 11517: 11458: 11196: 11192: 11005: 10515: 10463: 10433: 10270: 10124: 10016: 9940: 9805: 9741: 9692: 8603: 5977:

probably have little or no personal power, unless of divine intercession.

4415: 3979:. On his death he was venerated and was held to have ascended to heaven. 3879: 3715: 3457: 3330: 2885: 2792:

The 14-year-old emperor brought his solar-mountain deity from his native

2751: 2628: 2221: 2157: 2145:; those closest to the emperor held high status through their proximity. 1778: 1404: 1400: 1342: 1124: 1060:

Other men might claim divine favor by having a patron among the gods; so

720: 523: 403: 375: 344: 12498: 12439: 11542: 10948: 10777: 10326: 8581: 4633:, 2.40.4. He only exercised the privilege once, and was attacked for it. 3851:(the universal divine principle). The same forces inevitably produced a 3578:

from a state-owned house near the temple of Vesta. When Augustus became

3058: 2845: 2487:(2007) remarks his humble origins, untimely death and "resurrection" as 2197:

Claudius died in 54 AD and was deified by his adopted son and successor

1777:

The Western provinces were only recently "Latinised" following Caesar's

1465:

Augustus as Jove, holding scepter and orb (first half of 1st century AD)

838:

appears to have translated this into Latin some two centuries later, in

15984: 15967: 15905: 15754: 15701: 15664: 15550: 14802: 14782: 14621: 14521: 13150: 13145: 13015: 13010: 12973: 12951: 12808: 12788: 12783: 12624: 12614: 12577: 12181: 11959: 11907: 11647: 11292: 11272: 10830: 10755: 10694: 10458: 10438: 10359: 10011: 9979: 9950: 9729: 9724: 9709: 9448: 9438: 9361: 9020: 8813: 8720: 8487: 8472: 8462: 8391: 8371: 7440:

The Development of Provincial Ruler Worship in the Western Roman Empire

7335: 7331: 6251:

Potter, 146-8: Avitus took the Imperial name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.

5928: 5753: 5631: 3829: 3795: 3634: 3595: 3399: 3233:

cult from Imperial subjects of all classes. Cult to a living emperor's

3177: 3165: 2997: 2978: 2786: 2541: 2436: 2299: 2260: 2161: 2034: 1890: 1849: 1666: 1647: 1568: 1276: 1061: 1011: 973: 954: 930: 831: 802: 783: 755: 712: 685: 596: 588: 464: 424: 348: 339: 14633: 11989: 10850: 8074:

Selected Papers: Studies in Greek and Roman History and Historiography

7178:

Collins, 125: citing Revelation, 13, 7–8 & 16–17; 14, 9–11; 16, 2.

5738:

Some still thought the head resembled Nero's. Others were reminded of

4156: – Political and religious doctrine of the legitimacy of monarchs 964: 15935: 15930: 15898: 15881: 15540: 15104: 14757: 14752: 14516: 13092: 12888: 12803: 12793: 12664: 12619: 12604: 12537: 12385: 11852: 11774: 11734: 11724: 11687: 11662: 11642: 11537: 11403: 11257: 11247: 11009: 10857: 10667: 10652: 10617: 10600: 10582: 10495: 10275: 10191: 10170: 10165: 10142: 10137: 10096: 10091: 10028: 9965: 9888: 9859: 9810: 9751: 9704: 9221: 8959: 8547: 8441: 6650:

range from "dead but not guilty emperor" to "emperor of fond memory".

6432:(accessed 7 August 2009.) See also Weigel, at www.roman-emperors.org 5533: 5503: 5353: 5052: 4916:

Julius implies loyalty to his adopted son and heir. See Friesen, 21.

4683: 4498: 4427: 4297: 4141: 4120:

and under the principate, cult to emperors defined them as emperors.

3939: 3769: 3186:) of the higher gods. Deceased emperors did not automatically become 3012:

also says the persecutions of Christians began in the army. However,

3001: 2982: 2930: 2916: 2880:, who dedicated a statue to his father as divine in his home town of 2869: 2707: 2573: 2480: 2409: 2342: 2332: 2287: 2268: 1885: 1790: 1738: 1699: 1687: 1630: 1625: 1572:. His unique – and still traditional – position within the Senate as 1502: 1245: 1003: 999: 903: 827: 817: 771: 759: 644: 639: 635: 538: 512:

and still retain Republican liberty. Similarly, Rome's ancestor-hero

432: 212: 10547: 10076: 6712:

Fishwick, Vol.3, 1, 198, referring to the Severan emperor Caracalla.

6671:, trans. Philemon Holland, 1606, for Holland's English rendition of 4075:) of the heavenly hierarchy and the rituals of the Orthodox Church. 3983:

later criticised Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the

2803:(the unconquered Sun) and thereafter neglected his Imperial role as 2148:

It has been assumed that he allowed a single temple for his cult in

2014:

through his "proven merit in office", and awarded him the honorific

1162:

was allowed to wear his triumphal ornaments whenever he went to the

969: 715:; images of Alexander were worn as magic charms (4th-century Roman). 15866: 15856: 15851: 15636: 14670: 14616: 14601: 14586: 14490: 12895: 12639: 12629: 12484: 11974: 11954: 11781: 11657: 11512: 11076: 10820: 10760: 10679: 10587: 10574: 10552: 10532: 10510: 10505: 10485: 10425: 10392: 10331: 10175: 10160: 10038: 9999: 9955: 9746: 9683: 9587: 9490: 9433: 8866: 8803: 8744: 8648: 8467: 8421: 8396: 8326: 8234: 8219: 8214: 8189: 6875:

within the immediate and extended family and the broader community.

6793: 5758: 5473: 4738: 4569: 4565: 4527: 4515: 3992: 3987:

Constantine. His three sons re-divided their Imperial inheritance:

3586:

remained there as its domestic deities and were soon joined by his

3110: 3070: 3053: 3049: 3028: 3009: 2989: 2938: 2920: 2765: 2722: 2703: 2695: 2647: 2568: 2531: 2476: 2469: 2450: 2354: 2178:(altars), not temples. The British worship offered him as a living 2171: 2138: 2119: 2110: 2065: 2059: 1993: 1987: 1950: 1902: 1837: 1821: 1574: 1498: 1480: 1424: 1361: 1324: 1225: 1120: 1081: 1034: 1015: 958: 919: 809: 751: 743: 677: 657: 642:, a member of the faction which called itself "men of the People" ( 616: 586:, expecting that when she was dead, her sons would venerate her as 509: 452: 380: 352: 161: 8034:, American Philological Association, 1931; repr. Arno Press, 1975. 7638:

Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies,

5720:

Masaryk University, Department of Archaeology and Museology. 2017.

4418:

said "Let him be the son of Zeus – and Poseidon too, if he likes."

3461:

established the near-monarchic familial authority of the ordinary

3016:'s martyrdom (295) came from his refusal of military service, and 2678:

at Lugdunum, he re-founded and reformed its imperial cult centre:

2432: 2087:

his plans, there is no evidence for his official cult as a living

1670:

Augustus in Egyptian style, on the temple of Kalabsha in Egyptian

897:– but not in Latin, or at Rome. The Greeks also devised a goddess 15836: 15599: 15460: 14762: 14506: 13169: 12768: 12733: 12654: 12567: 12508: 12412: 12115: 11969: 11719: 11672: 11557: 11433: 11252: 10699: 10662: 10473: 10023: 9989: 9832: 9533: 8522: 8512: 8431: 8401: 8386: 8346: 8244: 7460:

Beard, North, Price, (1998), 318: see also 208-10, 252–3, 359–61.

7311:

his. cons. defunctus est Imp. Severus Romae XVIII kal. Septembris

5898: 5626: 5388: 5175: 4717: 4594:

Taylor, 31-2. A papyrus survives which has a man swearing by the

4411: 4305: 4052: 4011: 3963: 3837: 3743: 3659: 3615: 3473: 3347: 2946: 2687: 2464:

Antinous portrayed as Dionysus in a relief from the area between

2440: 2420: 2392:

The Senate chose the elderly, childless and apparently reluctant

2039: 1922: 1898: 1730: 1691: 1607: 1599: 1514: 1446: 1392:

he was planning; but he was betrayed and killed in the Senate on

1389: 1320: 1116: 858: 798: 746:, when he personally dominated Greece, immediately following the 693: 583: 505: 448: 15831: 3582:

in 12 BC he gave the Vestals his own house on the Palatine. His

2674:

military manpower and unrest. Following his defeat of his rival

2558:

The Nervan-Antonine dynasty ended in chaos. The Senate declared

1037:; these could also be described as worshipping his good spirit ( 363:, with marked local variations in its reception and expression. 15979: 15920: 15876: 15871: 15089: 14787: 14707: 14655: 13077: 12956: 12941: 12760: 12649: 12634: 12592: 12370: 12248: 11522: 11277: 11267: 10901: 10862: 10704: 10312: 10282: 10006: 8949: 8691: 8685: 8598: 8532: 8517: 8492: 8274: 8199: 8039:

Rituals of power: from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages,

7854:

Inventing superstition: from the Hippocratics to the Christians

4724:. Gradel, 61–69 reconstructs the original Latin inscription as 4381: 4304:, 3.13.9, which is largely an otherwise unknown quotation from 3887: 3870: 3667: 3343: 2900: 2881: 2717: 2413: 2401: 2320: 2023: 1942: 1844:, as a focus for his new tripartite administrative division of 1742: 1714: 1695: 1679: 1566:

Julius had a respectable antecedent in the traditional cult to

1518: 1489: 1471: 1346: 1338: 1189: 1159: 1073: 1069: 926: 894: 882: 835: 821: 739: 728: 620: 513: 460: 399: 156: 151: 11468: 7266:, Williams & Friell, 65–67. Limited preview at googlebooks 6691:, 207: see above for Augustus' permission for cult to his own 6516:

Rees, 51–56 (ideology) & 73-4 (coin image interpretation).

4542:

36,39; Timoleon is the first Greek whose birthday is recorded.

4018:

and, against the protests of the Senate, removed the altar of

3808:(neighbourhoods), to include cult to his own Lares (or to his 3202:

Augustus would be personally welcomed by Jupiter. In Seneca's

2319:

replaced or recut for its dedication (or rededication) to the

15974: 15846: 15759: 12773: 12547: 12527: 12512: 12088: 11914: 11709: 11572: 11527: 11507: 10689: 10086: 9932: 9714: 8818: 8542: 8366: 8321: 8309: 8294: 8239: 7959:

Imperium and cosmos: Augustus and the northern Campus Martius

7799:

Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 17

6700: 5739: 5630:. Suetonius has Claudius add an extra day to the festival of 5547: 5477: 4987:, Weidemann, 131-2: limited preview available at Google Books 4929: 4467:, Oxford University Press, 2005. (limited preview available) 3938:

favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the

3895: 3853: 3847: 3804: 3799: 3499: 3467: 3390:) of sacrifice. Magistrates could use their right of augury ( 3379: 3262: 3256: 3222:

appears to have lasted well into the late Imperial dominate.

3182: 3172: 3080: 2793: 2691: 2465: 2393: 2350: 2291: 2256: 2170:

in the province, and was a focus of British wrath during the

2054: 1985:

Even as he prepared his adopted son Tiberius for the role of

1671: 1592:

by the will of the gods and the "Senate and People of Rome" (

1307:

Denarius of C. Cossutius Maridianus, 44 BC, with the head of

1155: 735: 724: 605:) were made for all notable Romans and were displayed in the 574: 141: 83: 7521:

Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire

6607:, ed H, Dessau, 3 vols, Berlin, 1892–1916, 140. 7–24 (Pisa). 4881:

Fishwick, Vol 3, part 1, 3: citing Cassius Dio, 51, 20, 6–7.

2809:. According to Marius Maximus, he ruled from his degenerate 15888: 12698: 12587: 10520: 9459: 8699: 8552: 7652:

Patronage and power: a study of social networks in Corinth,

6984:, Le Bohec, 249: limited preview available via Google Books 6580:

Fishwick, Vol 3, 1, 42: see also Plutarch (based on Varro,

4072: 3779: 3515: 3250: 2698:, took pride of place with himself and his two sons at the 2217: 2198: 1754: 1726: 1653: 1594: 1254: 1065: 982: 915: 767: 652:

to crown Metellus, who wore (extralegally) a triumphator's

440: 389: 100: 7926:(reprint, illustrated). Cambridge University Press, 1986. 5109:, Severy, 114-5. Limited preview available at Google Books 4564:

Chiefly Zeus, as identified with Ammon, and his ancestors

3737:

cult images. The latter practice illustrates the Imperial

1356: 656:

for the occasion. These festivities were organized by the

14767: 12597: 12562: 11237: 10596: 8361: 7924:

Rituals and power: the Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor,

7442:, ANRW II.16.2 (1978) 1201–1253, for similar evaluations. 6123:

Potter, 107-12: for coinage of Antonine dynasts, see 111.

5480:

imply Caligula's elevation as a state deity in Jerusalem.

3440:, his obedience to divine ordinance brought divine peace 3048:

idea was Augustan, or earlier, expressed most clearly in

2907:: early in his reign he issued a coin series of imperial 2106:

depicting the apotheosis of Claudius (mid-1st century CE)

1208:. Moreover, when he was a teenager, Marius had named him 711:

pendant of Alexander the Great, horned and diademed like

8151: 8004:

Augustus and the family at the birth of the Roman Empire

7640:

reprint, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

6996:, Dixon, 78: limited preview available from Google Books 4168: – Political doctrine of divine legitimacy in China 2888:

to Rome for apotheosis. Coins of Philip show him in the

1855:

The first priest of the Ara (altar) at Lugdunum's great

6699:, connected to the living Augustus and his cult, as at 4859: 4857: 4144: – Ancient Roman religious monument in Rome, Italy 2729:

By 212 AD, Caracalla had murdered Geta, pronounced his

2702:

of 204 AD. Severus died of natural causes in 211 AD at

1893:, imperial cult priest of what would later be known as 1553: 1104:, the priests of Alexander also worshipped Ptolemy and 684:. In 86 BC, offerings of incense and wine were made at 619:, was stored in the temple of Jupiter; his epitaph (by 384:(emperor) was expected to balance the interests of the 9502: 6659:

Holland's 1606 English language version of Suetonius'

6428:(epitome), 33–34, in Banchich's translation online at 2755:

of family obligation at the largely symbolic level of

1917:("Dedicated to Marazgu Augustus"), identifies a local 1816:(modern France). Originally dedicated to Augustus and 1741:). In Athens, Livia and Julia shared cult honour with 1200:, Caesar also indirectly claimed to be descended from 1053:) in his house; and his birthday, the festival of his 7819:

Pagans and Christians in late antiquity: a sourcebook

6369:, Rees, 60. Limited preview available at Google Books 3910: 3694:(Greek). In Fishwick's analysis, cult to Roman state 1789:

as "more than mortal" in hope of his victory against

1645:

In Rome, it was enough that the office, munificence,

885:

abolished them, to make way for his own honors. When

723:

rulers. This was a well-established method for Greek

630:

in the 70s BC, loyalist Romans greeted the proconsul

15507: 15170: 14543: 6084:, II, 8: (Latin version online at thelatinlibrary – 5596:

and Claudius' modesty (or fear of seeming arrogant).

5174:

Fishwick, Vol 1, 1, 92–3. In the reign of Tiberius,

4854: 4756:, the procession held before games presented at the 4553:

The School of History: Athens in the Age of Socrates

3366: 2349:("I think I'm turning into a god"). Vespasian's son 1908: 929:

declined a temple proposed by the city officials of

7589:

Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World,

7224: 7222: 6534:

Brent, 49–51. See also Augustus, Res Gestae, c.4.2.

3229:to an empire, a princeps was naturally entitled to 3170:, divine ancestors who received ancestral rites as 2825: 14489: 7681:Elsner, J., "Cult and Sculpture; Sacrifice in the 7669:Crisis and catharsis: the power of the Apocalypse, 7587:Bowersock, G., Brown, P. R .L., Graba, O., (eds), 3679: 3502:. From the column-base of Antoninus Pius, Vatican. 2941:(270–75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers ( 2872:, reigned briefly but successfully and was made a 2427:, but other issues stress his identification with 2117:and consolidated his position with cash payments ( 1977:, a major temple built to commemorate the deified 1445:Julius were founded in Caesarian colonies such as 1311:on the obverse. The legend mentions PARENS PATRIAE 998:. Statesmen did not generally become heroes, but 15279: 8076:, Cambridge University Press, 1986 (pp 120–137). 8062:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 7979:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. 7696:, 3rd edition, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003. 7563:, illustrated, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 7512: 6220:Potter, 142-6: citing Philostratus, V. Soph, 626. 5805:cult towards Domitian is shown in the Arval Acts. 5742:, Vespasian's son: see also Cassius Dio, 65.15.1. 5200:Fishwick, vol 3, 1, 7: see also Pliny the Elder, 4581:Taylor, Appendix 2; this was the ritual in which 2842:seized the opportunity for invasion and plunder. 2686:from his inferiors. Severus' own patron deities, 16045: 7219: 6625:Javier Arce, in Theuws and Nelson, pp.116 – 117. 5112: 2977:These policies and preoccupations culminated in 2380:, Domitian was "master and god" to his extended 2186:, the Roman gods cannot take him seriously as a 27:Identification of emperors with divine authority 7191:See particularly p146, (commentary on Dio, 52). 7111:but a later change in Roman policy is possible. 6211:and beast-fights, with minimal risk to himself. 5718:The Imperial Cult During the Reign of Domitian. 4642: 4257: 4255: 3949:Official letter from Constantine, dated AD 314. 3707:were built after the reign of Marcus Aurelius. 2368:, as evidenced by the use of "master and god" ( 2201:. After an apparently magnificent funeral, the 1602:he encouraged generous public spending, and as 1399:An angry, grief-stricken crowd gathered in the 1384:, at that time, was a slightly archaic form of 7608:, 2nd Edn., Cambridge University Press, 2005. 7325:Price, 204-5, and footnote 171, citing Basil, 4872:The imperial cult in Roman Britain-Google docs 4203:Gradel, pp. 32–52, as is much of this section. 2884:and brought the body of his young predecessor 1188:, whose members claimed to be "descended from 227: 14475: 9475: 9036: 8137: 7943:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 7835:Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004. 6445:Cascio, in Bowman et al. (eds), 171: citing . 5020:, 46 ff, for discussion of Augustan ideology. 3714:Interior of the College of the Augustales at 3447: 2911:in radiate (solar) crowns. Philip, the three 877:, when he conquered Sicily at the end of the 298: 7604:Bowman, A., Cameron, A., Garnsey, P., (eds) 6393: 6391: 5971:The context and precedents for Imperial Cult 5058:Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh Al-'Arab Qabl Al-Islam 4252: 3598:shrines and extended their festivals, whose 3311:) formed the contract of public and private 3194:would be received by the heavenly gods as a 3122: 2608:"Sit divus dum non sit vivus" (let him be a 2400:: he was persuaded to abdicate in favour of 1913:In the early Principate, an altar inscribed 1341:, was ordained for him; the first was to be 355:. It was rapidly established throughout the 333:and some members of their families with the 7789:Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses 25 6385:, Limited preview available at Google Books 4287:of Metellus, and not a provincial official. 3819: 3784: 2220:allowed Claudius' cult to lapse, built his 1315:When the news of his final victory, at the 269: 203: 14482: 14468: 9482: 9468: 9068:List of religions and spiritual traditions 9043: 9029: 8144: 8130: 7775:Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt 7736:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 7275:Nixon & Rodgers, 437-48: Full text of 6027:, which claims he planned to have his own 5564:This surmise is based on a combination of 2830:The end of the Severan dynasty marked the 2591:. Against a background of civil war among 1960: 1769:was converted to an imperial cult chapel. 1628:, which earned him the permanent title of 868: 305: 291: 7763:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. 7561:Religions of Rome: Volume 2, a sourcebook 6388: 4903:Fishwick, Vol 1, book 1, 77 & 126–30. 4078: 3286:Religion in ancient Rome § Sacrifice 3096: 2298:through reversion to an Augustan form of 957:easier. Similar middle forms appeared as 12017: 9050: 7655:Continuum International Publishing Group 7371:Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses 7095:attempts to deal with anti-Jewish acts. 6304:Potter, 237-8, citing Zosimus, 1.19.1–2. 5443:cf Caesar's "kingly" regalia, though as 5095:Macquarie University, 2002, pp.28 – 30. 4737:Taylor, p.65; this was in the temple of 4726:Senatus populusque Romanus Divo Caesaris 3823: 3798:games and priesthoods, dedicated to the 3709: 3609: 3531:could confer his name, a measure of his 3485: 3289: 3136: 3038: 2844: 2716: 2618: 2459: 2246: 2098: 1969: 1863:, a Gaul of the provincial elite, given 1804: 1665: 1460: 1355: 1302: 1100:and then gave him heroic honors, but in 963: 805:when they heard of his death next year. 703: 508:, the founder of the city, with the god 491: 15372: 13314: 8095:Adults and Children in the Roman Empire 8020:, illustrated, Brill Publishers, 2001. 7957:Rehak, Paul, and Younger, John Grimes, 4894:, Augustus, 52: Tacitus, Annals, 4, 37. 4809:, Oxford 1971, 297; Alexander Del Mar, 3684:An imperial cult temple was known as a 3605: 1022:Hagnon's honors as much as they could. 402:for traditional Republican deities and 14: 16046: 7543:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History 7099:is first found in Tertullian. Cicero, 6963:Lott, 14–15, 115 & 230 (note 127). 5973:. Relative to the living emperor, the 3000:, this began with a report of ominous 1889:, priesthood and citizenship; in 9 AD 1130: 366:Augustus's reforms transformed Rome's 16059:Christianity and Hellenistic religion 16013:Christianization of saints and feasts 15770:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 15724: 15515: 15371: 15278: 15169: 14823: 14551: 14463: 13313: 12466: 12016: 9501: 9463: 9429:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 9024: 8125: 8090:. Oxford (Clarendon Press/OUP). 1971. 8037:Theuws, Frans, and Nelson, Janet L., 7404:, 11.5: Livy, 1.11: Pliny the Elder, 5161:Taylor, 56: See Macrobius 3.13.6–9 – 3962:of the Christ (probably some form of 3828:Livia in the guise of a goddess with 3698:was associated with temples, and the 3052:and the solar cult, especially under 3023:Under Diocletian's expanded imperial 2278:. The first three promoted their own 948: 863:Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great 8060:Power and eroticism in Imperial Rome 7936: 7910:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395, 7734:Fishwick, Duncan, "Numen Augustum," 7724:, volume 3, Brill Publishers, 2002. 7710:, volume 1, Brill Publishers, 1991. 7636:Cannadine, D., and Price, S., (eds) 7518: 7419:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 7237:A summary of relevant legislation – 6021:This is based on a statement in the 5705:The Imperial Cult Under the Flavians 5434:Ando, 170-1: see also 170, note 187. 4643:Suetonius; Hurley, Donna W. (2011). 3176:(gods of the underworld) during the 3151:of the House of the Augustus", from 3068:; his co-Augustus adopted the title 2646:entered Rome and gave apotheosis to 2152:, following his conquest there. The 1772: 1761:and just before the outbreak of the 1661: 1588:he was morally obliged to renew the 1264:, but he had built it, in 46 BC, to 615:, Cornelia's father and victor over 532:Among the highest of honors was the 62:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter 9419:Evolutionary psychology of religion 8111:, Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1994. 8097:, Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1989. 7833:The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome, 7801:, 2003. Online in same pagination: 7791:, 1996. Online in same pagination: 7671:Westminster John Knox Press, 1984. 6646:, Price, 175–202, 209: later Roman 6076:Gradel, 265, citing the unreliable 5960:(letters to M. Aurelius), 4, 12, 6. 4471:, citing descriptions in Plutarch, 4321:This incident is also mentioned by 3088:to emperors). Moreover, the divine 3031:. While the division of Empire and 2837:. Against a background of economic 2818:and replaced with his young cousin 2062:chose not to officially deify him. 1204:and the kings of Rome, and so from 451:dynasty after the assassination of 24: 13283:Religions and spiritual traditions 9504:Religious groups and denominations 8580: 8107:Williams, S., and Friell, J.G.P., 7761:Emperor Worship and Roman Religion 7559:Beard, M., Price, S., North, J., 7541:Beard, M., Price, S., North, J., 7283:(389) with commentary and context. 6207:Like Commodus, he participated in 5592:Fishwick, Vol. 3, 1, 75–6: cf the 5352:on the higher Roman magistrates." 5298:Price, in Cannadine and Price, 70. 5191:Fishwick, vol 3, 1, pp7 & 230. 3911:The imperial cult and Christianity 3894:request for worship. According to 3602:were known thereafter as Augusti. 3164:had some form of precedent in the 2627:shows Septimius Severus, his wife 2387: 1941:, and another (Julio-Claudian) at 1895:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 1294:kings, and possibly the statue of 1096:, which presumably worshipped his 1092:had a separate cult as founder of 423:and elevated as such in an act of 245:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 25: 16090: 8032:The Divinity of the Roman Emperor 7773:Haase, W., Temporini, H., (eds), 7694:Backgrounds of early Christianity 7352:, 1, 1924, 265, and Ronald Syme, 7033:The Divinity of the Roman Emperor 6552:Gradel, 263-8: citing Tertullian. 4649:. Hackett Publishing. p. 4. 3419:consular office. When the consul 3248:The obscure relationship between 2500:. He was predeceased by his wife 2302:and renewed the imperial cult of 2184:Seneca's fawning Neronian fiction 2113:was chosen emperor by Caligula's 1965: 1909:Western provinces of Roman Africa 1497:, at cult centres to be built at 1049:; he set up a shrine to Fortune ( 754:, this was the first instance of 15171:Middle-Eastern and North African 14443: 14434: 14433: 14247:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13389:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9414:Evolutionary origin of religions 7821:, illustrated, Routledge, 2000. 7499: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7432: 7429:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939. 7411: 7393: 7376: 7363: 7341: 7319: 7295: 7286: 7269: 7257: 7244: 7231: 7206: 7194: 7181: 7172: 7163: 7154: 7145: 7132: 7123: 7114: 7077: 7056: 7047: 7038: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6966: 6957: 6945: 6936: 6927: 6918: 6909: 6906:Brent, 61: Dio Cassius, 51.19.7. 6900: 6891: 6878: 6865: 6848: 6835: 6826: 6813: 6800: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6746: 6737: 6728: 6715: 6706: 6681: 6653: 6637: 6628: 6619: 6610: 6587: 6574: 6555: 6546: 6537: 6528: 6519: 6510: 6501: 6492: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6448: 6439: 6413: 6400: 6372: 6360: 6351: 6338: 6329: 6320: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6236: 6223: 6214: 6201: 6192: 6179: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6095: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6015: 6002: 5989: 5980: 5963: 5950: 5937: 5921: 5904: 5891: 5882: 5869: 5860: 5848: 5839: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5795: 5786: 5774: 5745: 5732: 5723: 5710: 5697: 5688: 5671: 5654: 5645: 5617: 5608: 4350:Taylor, p.48, citing Plutarch's 3084:to divinities (or divinities as 2826:Imperial crisis and the Dominate 2771:The military hailed Macrinus as 1883:. The rejection of cult spurned 1834:L. Sestius Albanianus Quirinalis 1524:In 29 BC Octavian dedicated the 1456: 1076:which combined the toast to his 46: 12849:Evolutionary origin of religion 7872:On Pagans, Jews, and Christians 6661:Lives of the Caesars (Claudius) 5599: 5586: 5577: 5558: 5539: 5522: 5510: 5492: 5483: 5466: 5454: 5437: 5428: 5415: 5394: 5382: 5332: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5243: 5220: 5211: 5194: 5185: 5168: 5155: 5142: 5100: 5085: 5076: 5063: 5044: 5032: 5023: 5010: 4990: 4978: 4969: 4948: 4939: 4922: 4906: 4897: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4845: 4826: 4816: 4799: 4790: 4776: 4763: 4744: 4731: 4706: 4693: 4672: 4663: 4636: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4588: 4575: 4558: 4545: 4508: 4491: 4482: 4453: 4436: 4421: 4404: 4395: 4374: 4357: 4344: 4332: 4315: 4290: 4277: 4150: – Idolization of a leader 3680:Altars, temples and priesthoods 3498:in apotheosis, escorted by two 1337:). At last a special priest, a 1177: 688:to statues of the still-living 536:. When a general was acclaimed 15785:Polytheistic reconstructionism 13205:Separation of church and state 11858:Polytheistic reconstructionism 7525:University of California Press 7513:References and further reading 6604:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 6525:MacCormack, 722, & note 8. 6141:Another name for the Imperial 5528:A cult dedication to Livia as 5208:, 2.6.3; Pomponeus Mela, 3.13. 4928:That is, through the manifest 4912:Nevertheless, cult offered to 4811:The Worship of Augustus Caesar 4264: 4237: 4228: 4218: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4162: – Form of state religion 3527:(Julians) of Julius Caesar. A 3277: 2654:of Commodus, deified him as a 2635:. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. 2323:in 75 AD. Following the first 1832:after their military founder, 1196:". In his eulogy for his aunt 961:approached official divinity. 808:His immediate successors, the 578:). A letter has survived from 13: 1: 15280:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 10836:Traditional Sabahan religions 8109:Theodosius: The Empire at Bay 7990:A Companion to Roman Religion 7963:University of Wisconsin Press 7425:, 1, 1924, 265; Ronald Syme, 6841:Brent, 59: citing Suetonius, 6806:Brent, 17–20: citing Cicero, 6669:History of the twelve Caesars 6565:"can also be synonymous with 6174:77.15.2 Penelope.Uchicago.edu 6082:Antoninus Geta Aeli Spartiani 5447:Caligula was also "permanent 4954:In Florus' epitome, the name 4625:Taylor, p.57, citing Cicero, 2612:as long as he is not alive). 2156:is certain – it was sited at 1861:Caius Julius Vercondaridubnus 1606:of the Senate he discouraged 764:Clearchus, tyrant of Heraclea 482: 16069:Religion in the Roman Empire 14824: 9489: 7940:Diocletian and the Tetrarchy 6383:, 622-33. Books.Google.co.uk 5956:Gradel, 200, citing Fronto, 5502:' epitome), 59, 26, 3. Both 5377:. Preview from googlebooks; 4851:Fishwick, Vol. 1, 1, 65, 73. 4598:of Ptolemy II and his queen. 4497:Taylor, Appendix II, citing 4475:, Flamininus, & Cicero, 3995:– his brothers were Nicene. 3337:In Julio-Claudian Rome, the 2962:(restorer of the world) and 2650:. He cancelled the Senate's 2290:– son of an equestrian from 1810:Temple of Augustus and Livia 778:that after he conquered the 447:in his consolidation of the 435:in his establishment of the 7: 13058:National religiosity levels 12283:Nauruan Indigenous religion 11838:Hellenism (modern religion) 7358:Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 7316:(accessed 1 September 2009) 7083:Smallwood's application of 6792:Beard et al, Vol 1, 12–20: 6454:See also (with due caveat) 5400:Gradel, 15: the collective 5217:Fishwick, vol 1,1, 97–149.) 5029:Beard et al, Vol. 1, 196–7. 4932:of his adoptive father the 4363:Gradel, 51, citing Cicero, 4135: 2958:. The Senate hailed him as 2527:in this and other periods. 2327:and the destruction of the 1642:as "just another senator". 1437:. Provincial cult centres ( 1403:to see his corpse and hear 1057:, became a public holiday. 638:rebellion led by the Roman 378:and Republican values. The 376:traditional Roman practices 10: 16095: 15516: 12467: 8639:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 8578: 7547:Cambridge University Press 7382:Tacitus' reference to the 5947:during the Republican era. 5729:Tacitus, Histories, 4.40.2 5651:Fishwick, Vol. 3, 1, 88–9. 5614:Fishwick, Vol. 3, 1, 54–9. 5412:are portrayed as youthful. 4773:(parent of the Roman city) 4327:Facta et dicta memorabilia 3558:offered daily cult to his 3431:), and used his powers as 3377: 3283: 2602: 2537:populus senatusque romanus 2242: 1957:in the very early empire. 1915:Marazgu Aug(usto) Sac(rum) 1595:Senatus Populusque Romanus 1368:of eight rays, tail upward 992:Harmodius and Aristogeiton 968:Ruins of a hero-shrine or 887:Titus Quinctius Flamininus 731:or any of the other gods. 370:system of government to a 16008:Christianity and paganism 15998: 15812: 15735: 15731: 15725: 15720: 15528: 15524: 15511: 15498: 15384: 15380: 15367: 15289: 15285: 15274: 15180: 15176: 15165: 14834: 14830: 14819: 14562: 14558: 14552: 14547: 14530: 14502: 14429: 14348: 14265: 14137: 13882: 13607: 13324: 13320: 13309: 13218: 13143: 12914: 12822: 12759: 12477: 12473: 12462: 12025: 12012: 11937: 11760: 11742:Transcendental Meditation 11635: 11622: 11587: 11335: 11312: 11301: 11228: 11191: 10915: 10811: 10793: 10737: 10728: 10645: 10573: 10424: 10415: 10373: 10345: 10303: 10236: 10227: 10218: 10184: 10151: 10123: 10114: 10064: 9931: 9618: 9532: 9523: 9514: 9510: 9497: 9401: 9332: 9304: 9286: 9279: 9240: 9212: 9179: 9151: 9123: 9085: 9076: 9058: 8970: 8932: 8906: 8875: 8834: 8762: 8678: 8657: 8634:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 8591: 8455: 8180: 8163: 7992:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, 7876:Wesleyan University Press 7360:54, 1972, 325ff at p.355. 7254:(accessed 29 August 2009) 7241:(accessed 30 August 2009) 7142:(accessed 14 August 2009. 7089:Journal of Roman Studies, 6436:(accessed 7 August 2009.) 6154:Fishwick, vol. 3, 1, 199. 5365:Lex de imperio Vespasiani 5356:'s law later refers to a 5120:"Chapel of Imperial Cult" 5091:Llewelyn, S.R. (Editor), 4975:Fishwick, vol 1, 1, 51: . 4514:Taylor, pp. 9–10, citing 4371:(accessed 2 August 2009). 3245:(the numinous presence). 2335:in 70 AD, he imposed the 875:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 832:made themselves into gods 13374:Central African Republic 10383:Vietnamese folk religion 9774:Charismatic Christianity 8893:Rape of the Sabine Women 8041:Brill Publishers, 2000. 7858:Harvard University Press 7687:Journal of Roman Studies 7592:Harvard University Press 7523:(Illustrated ed.). 7277:Latinus Pacata Drepanius 7129:Fishwick, vol. 1, 1, 36. 7044:Rehak & Younger, 93. 6286:(accessed 7 August 2009) 6280:De Imperatoribus Romanis 4680:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia 4296:Taylor, p.48; she cites 4172: 3820:Saviours and monotheists 3763:in conjunction with the 3642:, the current emperor's 3141:Dedicatory inscription ( 2994:Diocletianic Persecution 1975:Temple of Divus Augustus 1763:Diocletianic persecution 1634:and made the triumph an 1214:, the special priest of 985:; in the simplest form, 793:But it was Philip's son 699: 500:For five centuries, the 487: 437:Flavian Imperial Dynasty 13268:New religious movements 12901:Theories about religion 12854:Evolutionary psychology 11883:Modern Finnish paganism 9850:Independent Catholicism 8898:Battle of Lacus Curtius 7975:Rosenstein, Nathan S., 7849:21, 4, 1972, pp 721–52. 7747:Oxford University Press 7667:Collins, Adela Yarbro, 7519:Ando, Clifford (2000). 7281:Panegyric of Theodosius 7103:, refers to Judaism as 6543:Fishwick, Vol. 3, 1, 5. 6480:Lactantius, II.6.10.1–4 5583:Tacitus, Annals, 13, 3. 5163:"ultra mortalium morem" 5082:See also Harland, 1996. 4380:When the messengers of 4310:quasi deo supplicabatur 3973:First Council of Nicaea 3670:as a focus of military 3551:of the living emperor. 3490:A winged genius raises 2787:Varius Avitus Bassianus 2736:Constitutio Antoniniana 2209:on Rome's disreputable 1961:The Imperial succession 943:Appius Claudius Pulcher 893:) in an inscription at 869:Romans among the Greeks 439:following the death of 16064:Deified Roman emperors 16054:Ancient Roman religion 15916:Religion and mythology 15842:Dying and rising deity 15822:Veneration of the dead 15556:Native American Church 13917:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11898:Erzyan native religion 11747:Unitarian Universalism 11126:Native American Church 9894:Oneness Pentecostalism 8585: 8153:Ancient Roman religion 7388:Theophanes of Mytilene 5969:Gradel, 199: see also 5958:Epistulae ad M. Caesar 5716:Chabrečková, Barbora. 5408:type. Most individual 5345:Lex curiata de imperio 4839:8.16.1: Latin text at 4079:Historical evaluations 4014:refused the office of 3952: 3832: 3785: 3718: 3623: 3503: 3302: 3210:, freely portrays the 3155: 3097:Context and precedents 3044: 2857: 2726: 2710:and his older brother 2636: 2617: 2472: 2345:, his last words were 2271: 2107: 1982: 1825: 1675: 1608:ambitious extravagance 1466: 1369: 1312: 977: 883:another Roman governor 716: 497: 443:and civil war, and to 326: 270: 255:Ancient Greek religion 204: 16074:Religious nationalism 14237:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13534:São Tomé and Príncipe 13394:Republic of the Congo 11595:Aboriginal Australian 10246:Chinese folk religion 9409:Evolution of morality 8584: 8016:Smallwood, E., Mary, 7870:Momigliano, Arnaldo, 7187:Momigliano, 142–158: 6092:as a divine category. 5997:Penelope.Uchicago.edu 5634:– for Seneca he is a 5151:Penelope.Uchicago.edu 4960:Penelope.Uchicago.edu 4863:Fishwick, Vol I, 108. 4750:For instance, at the 4432:6.63 Books.Google.com 4340:Penelope.Uchicago.edu 4194:As opposed to offices 4154:Divine right of kings 3998:Constantine's nephew 3944: 3827: 3713: 3613: 3489: 3293: 3140: 3042: 2964:deus et dominus natus 2933:, an initiate of the 2848: 2832:breakdown of central 2720: 2622: 2606: 2463: 2250: 2205:Claudius was given a 2102: 2010:which voted Tiberius 1973: 1953:was dedicated to the 1857:imperial cult complex 1808: 1737:with Venus Genetrix ( 1669: 1464: 1359: 1306: 967: 912:Prusias I of Bithynia 814:Demetrius Poliorcetes 707: 495: 374:monarchy, couched in 69:Practices and beliefs 16079:Cults of personality 15185:Ancient Near Eastern 14972:Hellenistic religion 13859:United Arab Emirates 12645:Religious experience 12019:Historical religions 10403:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 9735:Schwenkfelder Church 9063:Timeline of religion 9052:History of religions 8778:Interpretatio graeca 7937:Rees, Roger (2004). 7777:, de Gruyter, 1991. 7427:The Roman Revolution 7354:The Roman Revolution 7053:Brent, 17–18, 53–54. 6582:Quaestionaes Romanae 6498:Bowman et al, 170-3. 6313:Howgego, in Howgego 5875:Howgego, in Howgego 4771:parens urbis Romanae 4450:to the Roman people. 3920:, the author of the 3606:Role in the military 3423:died, his office as 3415:eventually became a 2935:Eleusinian Mysteries 2660:genius populi Romani 2425:genius populi Romani 1927:Africa Proconsularis 1319:, reached Rome, the 1230:spoke at the funeral 1108:as the Savior Gods ( 776:Philip II of Macedon 582:, the mother of the 272:Interpretatio Graeca 265:Gallo-Roman religion 16018:Constantinian shift 15740:Neopagan witchcraft 15374:Sub-Saharan African 14252:Trinidad and Tobago 14147:Antigua and Barbuda 13315:Religion by country 12371:Cult of Magna Mater 10873:Philippine Dayawism 10454:Nimbarka Sampradaya 10202:Chinese Manichaeism 9874:Jehovah's Witnesses 9679:Proto-Protestantism 9267:Kardecist spiritism 8978:Classical mythology 8799:Theology of victory 8644:Kings of Alba Longa 8093:Wiedemann, Thomas. 8086:Weinstock, Stefan. 8072:Walbank, Frank W., 8030:Taylor, Lily Ross, 8006:, Routledge, 2003. 7692:Ferguson, Everett, 7292:MacCormack, 721-52. 7031:Lilly Ross Taylor, 6489:Eusebius, II.8.1.8. 6086:TheLatinLibrary.com 5532:Augusta appears in 5307:Beard et al, 360-63 4631:Velleius Paterculus 4148:Cult of personality 4085:cult of personality 3841:(luck or fortune), 3451:and household cults 3103:Augustan settlement 2853:showing him in the 2593:competing claimants 2564:on Commodus, whose 2308:genio populi Romani 2076:played the role of 2026:to himself and the 2018:as name and title. 1931:Dii Magifie Augusti 1749:), and the name of 1297:Jupiter Capitolinus 1262:battle of Pharsalia 1164:Games at the Circus 1131:End of the Republic 855:Egyptian polytheism 795:Alexander the Great 335:divinely sanctioned 327:cultus imperatorius 319:Roman imperial cult 15958:Trees in mythology 15953:Supernatural magic 15862:Magic and religion 14187:Dominican Republic 13233:Abrahamic prophets 12322:Proto-Indo-Iranian 10846:Aliran Kepercayaan 10049:Non-denominational 9971:Modernist Salafism 9657:Oriental Orthodoxy 9424:History of atheism 8586: 7908:Potter, David S., 7720:Fishwick, Duncan, 7706:Fishwick, Duncan, 7689:, 81, 1991, 50–60. 7683:Ara Pacis Augustae 7373:25 (1996) 319–334. 7264:Books.Google.co.uk 7202:Books.Google.co.uk 7189:Books.Google.co.uk 7140:Books.Google.co.uk 7069:Books.Google.co.uk 6994:Books.Google.co.uk 6982:Books.Google.co.uk 6953:Books.Google.co.uk 6854:Gradel, 36-8: the 6644:Books.Google.co.uk 6434:roman-emperors.org 6430:roman-emperors.org 6367:Books.Google.co.uk 6284:roman-emperors.org 5933:Books.Google.co.uk 5856:Books.Google.co.uk 5801:The practice of a 5421:Klose, in Howgego 5325:See also Tacitus, 5204:, 4.111; Ptolemy, 5202:Historia Naturalis 5130:on 8 November 2020 5107:Books.Google.co.uk 5040:Books.Google.co.uk 4985:Books.Google.co.uk 4918:Books.Google.co.uk 4813:, 1899, p. 305 sq. 4805:Stefan Weinstock, 4701:Books.Google.co.uk 4477:Rabiurus Postumus, 4469:Books.Google.co.uk 4274:, Convenience link 4272:Books.Google.co.uk 4008:primus inter pares 3922:Book of Revelation 3833: 3814:Sodales Augustales 3719: 3624: 3504: 3305:Sacred offerings ( 3303: 3156: 3147:14.04319) to the " 3045: 2858: 2727: 2637: 2595:in the provinces, 2473: 2429:Hercules Gaditanus 2272: 2255:of Domitian, with 2108: 2079:primus inter pares 1983: 1826: 1676: 1636:Imperial privilege 1581:primus inter pares 1486:Marius Gratidianus 1467: 1370: 1313: 1064:may have had both 996:Battle of Marathon 978: 949:Intermediate forms 766:, dressed up like 717: 690:Marius Gratidianus 662:veteres et sanctos 516:was worshipped as 498: 107:funerary practices 16041: 16040: 15806: 15805: 15802: 15801: 15798: 15797: 15716: 15715: 15712: 15711: 15492: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15270: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15161: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15110:Mysteries of Isis 14815: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14457: 14456: 14425: 14424: 14421: 14420: 13409:Equatorial Guinea 13305: 13304: 13301: 13300: 12839:Cognitive science 12458: 12457: 12391:Mysteries of Isis 12165:Frankish paganism 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11752:White Brotherhood 11618: 11617: 11583: 11582: 10907:Sundanese Wiwitan 10724: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10449:Brahma Sampradaya 10411: 10410: 10214: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10192:Assianism/Uatsdin 10110: 10109: 9879:British Israelism 9865:Nontrinitarianism 9828:Plymouth Brethren 9823:Nondenominational 9757:Congregationalism 9645:Eastern Orthodoxy 9593:Reconstructionist 9457: 9456: 9397: 9396: 9275: 9274: 9018: 9017: 8995:Etruscan religion 8609:Romulus and Remus 8592:Legendary figures 8576: 8575: 8225:Castor and Pollux 8117:978-0-7134-6691-1 8103:978-0-415-00336-0 8082:978-0-521-30752-9 7998:978-1-4051-2943-5 7918:978-0-415-10057-1 7912:Routledge, 2004. 7904:978-0-520-08326-4 7894:978-3-16-147611-2 7852:Martin, Dale B., 7813:978-0-19-926526-8 7803:Philipharland.com 7793:Philipharland.com 7755:978-0-19-513153-6 7600:978-0-674-51173-6 7583:978-0-674-02613-1 7575:The Roman Triumph 7469:Price, 6–20, 116. 7305:is surmised from 7239:FourthCentury.com 6597:" and became the 5832:Ando, 167: Pliny 5768:damnatio memoriae 5536:, dated to 48 AD. 5498:Cassius Dio, (in 4945:Rosenstein, 57-8. 4833:Perseus.tufts.edu 4446:VI 374, from the 4401:Taylor, pp. 12–13 4270:Walbank, 120-37. 4166:Mandate of Heaven 4043:The last Western 3299:Capitoline Museum 2943:concordia militum 2820:Alexander Severus 2816:damnatio memoriae 2731:damnatio memoriae 2652:damnatio memoriae 2641:Septimius Severus 2597:Septimius Severus 2561:damnatio memoriae 2498:Bar Kokhba revolt 2457:after her death. 2406:Pliny the Younger 2263:, found near the 1897:(sited at modern 1865:Roman citizenship 1773:Western provinces 1662:Eastern provinces 1469:In 30–29 BC, the 849:of Egypt and the 834:in the same way; 748:Peloponnesian War 686:crossroad shrines 556:head of household 390:Senate and people 315: 314: 260:Etruscan religion 218:agricultural gods 117:mystery religions 63: 16:(Redirected from 16086: 16000:Christianization 15790:Secular paganism 15775:Goddess movement 15745:Cochrane's Craft 15733: 15732: 15722: 15721: 15526: 15525: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15508: 15382: 15381: 15369: 15368: 15287: 15286: 15276: 15275: 15178: 15177: 15167: 15166: 14982:Sacred mysteries 14832: 14831: 14821: 14820: 14560: 14559: 14549: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14534:ethnic religions 14484: 14477: 14470: 14461: 14460: 14447: 14437: 14436: 14315:Papua New Guinea 14290:Marshall Islands 14117:Northern Ireland 13322: 13321: 13311: 13310: 13195:Secular theology 13190:Secular humanism 12475: 12474: 12464: 12463: 12339:Ancestral Pueblo 12014: 12013: 11633: 11632: 11310: 11309: 10735: 10734: 10491:Shaiva Siddhanta 10422: 10421: 10355:Korean shamanism 10234: 10233: 10225: 10224: 10121: 10120: 10034:Mahdawi movement 9904:Swedenborgianism 9884:Christadelphians 9530: 9529: 9521: 9520: 9512: 9511: 9499: 9498: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9461: 9460: 9284: 9283: 9083: 9082: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9022: 9021: 8888:Founding of Rome 8658:Legendary beings 8619:Tullus Hostilius 8456:Abstract deities 8315:Lares Familiares 8178: 8177: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8058:Vout, Caroline, 7954: 7831:Lott, John. B., 7741:Freisen, S. J., 7624:Brill Publishers 7538: 7506: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7430: 7423:Kleine Schriften 7415: 7409: 7397: 7391: 7380: 7374: 7367: 7361: 7350:Kleine Schriften 7345: 7339: 7323: 7317: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7284: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7248: 7242: 7235: 7229: 7228:Momigliano, 104. 7226: 7217: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7143: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7081: 7075: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7036: 7021: 7015: 7012: 7006: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6955: 6951:Severy, 99–100, 6949: 6943: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6907: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6889: 6882: 6876: 6869: 6863: 6852: 6846: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6808:De Natura Deorum 6804: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6783:Price, 209, 221. 6781: 6775: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6750: 6744: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6726: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6704: 6685: 6679: 6657: 6651: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6608: 6591: 6585: 6578: 6572: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6456:Historia Augusta 6452: 6446: 6443: 6437: 6417: 6411: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6386: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6287: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6212: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6078:Historia Augusta 6074: 6068: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6024:Historia Augusta 6019: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5978: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5935: 5925: 5919: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5782:The Art Bulletin 5778: 5772: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5675: 5669: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5562: 5556: 5543: 5537: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5496: 5490: 5489:Gradel, 142–158. 5487: 5481: 5470: 5464: 5462:Life of Caligula 5458: 5452: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5348:which conferred 5336: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5241: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5209: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5126:. Archived from 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5008: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4926: 4920: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4841:Tufts University 4830: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4729: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4640: 4634: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4562: 4556: 4549: 4543: 4512: 4506: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4457: 4451: 4440: 4434: 4425: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4378: 4372: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4323:Valerius Maximus 4319: 4313: 4294: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214:Books.Google.com 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4099:moral bankruptcy 4016:pontifex maximus 3933:pontifex maximus 3790: 3580:pontifex maximus 3576:pontifex maximus 3494:and his Empress 3425:pontifex maximus 3412:pontifex maximus 3409:. The office of 3050:Stoic philosophy 3004:in Diocletian's 2996:. According to 2960:restitutor orbis 2896:on the reverse. 2849:Antoninianus of 2806:pontifex maximus 2548:Romanus Hercules 2115:Praetorian Guard 2049:sevir Augustalis 1929:, altars to the 1640:self-deprecation 1612:Praetorian Guard 1586:pontifex maximus 1513:at precincts in 1325:Caesar's Liberty 1288:pontifex maximus 1221:pontifex maximus 879:Second Punic War 840:Scipio Africanus 788:Twelve Olympians 613:Scipio Africanus 307: 300: 293: 275: 209: 194:Capitoline Triad 52: 50: 40: 32: 31: 21: 16094: 16093: 16089: 16088: 16087: 16085: 16084: 16083: 16044: 16043: 16042: 16037: 15994: 15894:Myth and ritual 15814:Myth and ritual 15808: 15807: 15794: 15727: 15708: 15661:Turko-Mongolic 15520: 15501: 15494: 15493: 15480: 15376: 15355: 15281: 15262: 15172: 15153: 14826: 14807: 14676:Hindu mythology 14554: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14526: 14498: 14495:modern paganism 14488: 14458: 14453: 14417: 14344: 14325:Solomon Islands 14261: 14133: 14037:North Macedonia 13878: 13603: 13316: 13297: 13258:Mass gatherings 13226: 13221: 13214: 13153: 13148: 13139: 13073:Religiocentrism 13053:National church 12921: 12918: 12910: 12825: 12818: 12755: 12677:Bodies of water 12469: 12454: 12239:Jamaican Maroon 12021: 11996: 11933: 11763: 11756: 11627: 11625: 11614: 11579: 11553:Trinidad Orisha 11338: 11331: 11304: 11297: 11224: 11187: 11163:Washat Dreamers 10918: 10911: 10807: 10789: 10716: 10690:Srilankan Vedda 10641: 10569: 10444:Sri Vaishnavism 10407: 10369: 10341: 10299: 10206: 10180: 10147: 10106: 10060: 9985:Twelver Shi'ism 9927: 9789:Neo-charismatic 9762:Presbyterianism 9614: 9506: 9493: 9488: 9458: 9453: 9393: 9374:Illyro-thracian 9328: 9300: 9271: 9236: 9208: 9175: 9147: 9119: 9072: 9054: 9049: 9019: 9014: 9010:Myth and ritual 9005:Greek mythology 8966: 8928: 8924:Pignora imperii 8919:Parabiago Plate 8902: 8871: 8830: 8764: 8758: 8740:Sibylline Books 8674: 8653: 8624:Servius Tullius 8587: 8572: 8451: 8167: 8159: 8150: 7961:, illustrated, 7951: 7759:Gradel, Ittai, 7650:Chow, John K., 7622:, illustrated, 7545:, illustrated, 7535: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7433: 7416: 7412: 7406:Natural History 7398: 7394: 7384:graeca adulatio 7381: 7377: 7368: 7364: 7346: 7342: 7324: 7320: 7309:= consecratio: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7274: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7212:cited in Beard 7211: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7082: 7078: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6883: 6879: 6870: 6866: 6853: 6849: 6840: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6818: 6814: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6725:, vol 1, 140–9. 6720: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6686: 6682: 6658: 6654: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6575: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6422:Aurelius Victor 6418: 6414: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6233:by the military 6228: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6185:Potter, 133-5: 6184: 6180: 6171: 6167: 6163:Potter, 113-20. 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6020: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5968: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5938: 5926: 5922: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5831: 5827: 5823:Gradel, 159-61. 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5800: 5796: 5792:Smallwood, 345. 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5707:, New York 1975 5703:Kenneth Scott, 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5676: 5672: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5640:Apocolocyntosis 5636:Lord of Misrule 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605:Fishwick, 81-9. 5604: 5600: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5571:Apocolocyntosis 5563: 5559: 5544: 5540: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5500:John Xiphilinus 5497: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5420: 5416: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5244: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5156: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5068: 5064: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5015: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4927: 4923: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4753:pompa circensis 4749: 4745: 4736: 4732: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4551:Mark H. Munn, 4550: 4546: 4520:Cornelius Nepos 4513: 4509: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4458: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4426: 4422: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4379: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4320: 4316: 4295: 4291: 4283:most likely an 4282: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4138: 4081: 3913: 3822: 3682: 3608: 3523:), such as the 3453: 3429:Sibylline books 3382: 3376: 3295:Marcus Aurelius 3288: 3282: 3204:Apocolocyntosis 3135: 3099: 2878:Philip the Arab 2861:Maximinus Thrax 2851:Philip the Arab 2828: 2814:indignities of 2733:and issued the 2676:Clodius Albinus 2605: 2579:Didius Julianus 2512:Marcus Aurelius 2390: 2388:Nervan-Antonine 2370:dominus et deus 2317:Nero's Colossus 2296:Flavian dynasty 2245: 2216:Once in power, 2002:rather than as 1968: 1963: 1911: 1775: 1745:(equivalent to 1735:Julia the Elder 1664: 1560: 1459: 1317:battle of Munda 1271:De rerum natura 1242:Roman Civil War 1192:and his mother 1180: 1133: 1102:his son's reign 1090:Ptolemy I Soter 987:Greek hero cult 951: 918:was shocked by 871: 762:, declined it. 750:; according to 738:worshipped the 702: 518:Jupiter Indiges 490: 485: 311: 250:Roman mythology 232: 228:divine emperors 213:underworld gods 171: 167:Fratres Arvales 121: 64: 61: 54:Marcus Aurelius 38: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16092: 16082: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16035: 16033:Virtuous pagan 16030: 16028:Religio licita 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16004: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15992: 15990:Animal worship 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15971: 15970: 15965: 15955: 15950: 15949: 15948: 15943: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15902: 15901: 15896: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15818: 15816: 15810: 15809: 15804: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15796: 15795: 15793: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15750:Feri Tradition 15747: 15742: 15736: 15729: 15728: 15718: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15705: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15575: 15565: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15529: 15522: 15521: 15506: 15504: 15496: 15495: 15490: 15489: 15486: 15485: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15417: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15391: 15385: 15378: 15377: 15365: 15364: 15361: 15360: 15357: 15356: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15290: 15283: 15282: 15272: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15238: 15237: 15236: 15231: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15214: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15192: 15187: 15181: 15174: 15173: 15163: 15162: 15159: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15113: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15082: 15081: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15049: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15030: 15029: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15003: 15002: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14979: 14974: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14937: 14932: 14931: 14930: 14920: 14919: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14895: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14868: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14841: 14835: 14828: 14827: 14817: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14748:Tibeto-Burmese 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14689: 14688: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14652: 14651: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14630: 14629: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14563: 14556: 14555: 14542: 14540: 14537:(existing and 14528: 14527: 14525: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14487: 14486: 14479: 14472: 14464: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14441: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14354: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14271: 14269: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14143: 14141: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14107:United Kingdom 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13888: 13886: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13613: 13611: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13330: 13328: 13318: 13317: 13307: 13306: 13303: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13229: 13227: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13200:Secularization 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13180:Deconstruction 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13156: 13154: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13137: 13132: 13131: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13028:Fundamentalism 13025: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12935: 12930: 12924: 12922: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12830: 12828: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12506: 12504:Call to prayer 12501: 12496: 12491: 12489:Disaffiliation 12481: 12479: 12471: 12470: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12363: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12292: 12287: 12286: 12285: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12258: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12187:Greco-Buddhism 12184: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12147: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12081: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12010: 12009: 12006: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11784: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11768: 11766: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11639: 11637: 11630: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11591: 11589: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11548:Tambor de Mina 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11343: 11341: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11325:Guanche church 11316: 11314: 11307: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11234: 11232: 11230:Tibeto-Burmese 11226: 11225: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11136:Nuu-chah-nulth 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11045:Muscogee Creek 11042: 11037: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10934: 10929: 10923: 10921: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10902:Sumbese Marapu 10899: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10840: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10823: 10821:Batak Parmalim 10817: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10799: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10743: 10741: 10732: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10660: 10655: 10649: 10647: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10585: 10579: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10430: 10428: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10379: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10309: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10231: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10157: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10133:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 10129: 10127: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10009: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9968: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9937: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9870:Bible Students 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9840:Restorationism 9837: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9796:Evangelicalism 9793: 9792: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9707: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9659: 9654: 9653: 9652: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9624: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9538: 9536: 9527: 9518: 9508: 9507: 9495: 9494: 9487: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9405: 9403: 9402:Related topics 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9389:Vedic Hinduism 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9338: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9292: 9290: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9246: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9227:Zoroastrianism 9224: 9218: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9157: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9091: 9089: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9048: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8862:Pythagoreanism 8859: 8857:Peripateticism 8854: 8849: 8844: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8751:The Golden Ass 8742: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8709: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8670:Barnacle goose 8667: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8614:Numa Pompilius 8611: 8606: 8601: 8595: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8161: 8160: 8149: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8105: 8091: 8084: 8070: 8056: 8051:Versnel, H S: 8049: 8035: 8028: 8014: 8002:Severy, Beth, 8000: 7983: 7973: 7955: 7949: 7934: 7922:Price, S.R.F. 7920: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7868: 7850: 7843: 7829: 7815: 7805: 7795: 7785: 7771: 7757: 7739: 7732: 7718: 7704: 7690: 7679: 7665: 7648: 7634: 7616: 7602: 7585: 7571: 7557: 7539: 7533: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7444: 7431: 7410: 7392: 7375: 7362: 7340: 7318: 7301:His status as 7294: 7285: 7268: 7256: 7243: 7230: 7218: 7205: 7193: 7180: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7144: 7131: 7122: 7113: 7101:pro Flacco, 66 7097:Religio licita 7085:religio licita 7076: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7016: 7014:Gradel, 78–98. 7007: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6965: 6956: 6944: 6935: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6888:, vol 1, 67–8. 6877: 6864: 6847: 6834: 6825: 6812: 6799: 6785: 6776: 6774:Gradel, 78, 93 6767: 6758: 6756:, Vol 1, 32–6. 6745: 6736: 6734:Gradel, 3, 15. 6727: 6714: 6705: 6680: 6673:divus Claudius 6652: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6586: 6573: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6447: 6438: 6412: 6399: 6387: 6371: 6359: 6350: 6348:, Vol. 1, 241. 6337: 6328: 6326:Potter, 244-8. 6319: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6271: 6269:Potter, 152-7. 6262: 6260:Potter, 148-9: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6222: 6213: 6200: 6191: 6178: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6134: 6125: 6116: 6107: 6094: 6069: 6060: 6058:Potter, 96–99. 6051: 6042: 6033: 6014: 6001: 5988: 5979: 5962: 5949: 5936: 5920: 5903: 5890: 5881: 5868: 5866:Gradel, 194-5. 5859: 5847: 5845:Gradel, 190-2. 5838: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5794: 5785: 5773: 5744: 5731: 5722: 5709: 5696: 5687: 5670: 5653: 5644: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5585: 5576: 5557: 5538: 5521: 5509: 5491: 5482: 5465: 5453: 5436: 5427: 5414: 5393: 5381: 5340:lex de imperio 5331: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5242: 5219: 5210: 5193: 5184: 5167: 5154: 5141: 5124:Madain Project 5111: 5099: 5084: 5075: 5062: 5043: 5031: 5022: 5009: 4989: 4977: 4968: 4947: 4938: 4921: 4905: 4896: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4853: 4844: 4825: 4815: 4798: 4789: 4775: 4762: 4743: 4730: 4705: 4692: 4671: 4662: 4656:978-1603846134 4655: 4635: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4587: 4574: 4557: 4544: 4507: 4490: 4481: 4465:The Roman Nude 4452: 4435: 4420: 4403: 4394: 4373: 4356: 4343: 4331: 4314: 4289: 4276: 4263: 4251: 4236: 4227: 4217: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4134: 4080: 4077: 4049:Libius Severus 3989:Constantius II 3912: 3909: 3821: 3818: 3753:) or victory ( 3733:and their own 3681: 3678: 3620:Vatican Museum 3607: 3604: 3556:pater familias 3529:pater familias 3492:Antoninus Pius 3463:pater familias 3452: 3446: 3406:cursus honorum 3378:Main article: 3375: 3365: 3281: 3276: 3243:numen praesens 3227:pater familias 3134: 3121: 3109:of the living 3098: 3095: 2956:Campus Martius 2839:hyperinflation 2827: 2824: 2778:cursus honorum 2690:/Hercules and 2684:pater familias 2604: 2601: 2588:Circus Maximus 2506:Antoninus Pius 2389: 2386: 2374:pater familias 2294:– secured his 2286:. The fourth, 2244: 2241: 2231:pater familias 2008:lex de imperio 1967: 1966:Julio-Claudian 1964: 1962: 1959: 1919:Ancient Libyan 1910: 1907: 1880:cursus honorum 1830:arae sestianae 1774: 1771: 1765:, part of the 1753:was linked to 1663: 1660: 1559: 1558:under Augustus 1552: 1458: 1455: 1394:15 March 44 BC 1378:Jupiter Julius 1330:parens patriae 1266:Venus Genetrix 1250:Cleopatra Thea 1179: 1176: 1132: 1129: 1078:agathos daimon 1039:agathos daimon 950: 947: 870: 867: 780:Persian Empire 734:The cities of 701: 698: 670:Gaius Gracchus 502:Roman Republic 489: 486: 484: 481: 471:. The emperor 386:Roman military 313: 312: 310: 309: 302: 295: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 239: 238: 237:Related topics 234: 233: 231: 230: 225: 223:childhood gods 220: 215: 210: 201: 199:Aventine Triad 196: 191: 183: 180: 179: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 133: 130: 129: 123: 122: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 97: 92: 87: 80: 74: 71: 70: 66: 65: 51: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16091: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16051: 16049: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16003: 16001: 15997: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15960: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15911:Reincarnation 15909: 15907: 15904: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15869: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15723: 15719: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15679: 15678: 15675: 15671: 15670:Vattisen Yaly 15668: 15666: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15523: 15519: 15514: 15510: 15505: 15503: 15497: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15396: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15370: 15366: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15324:Cook Islander 15322: 15321: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15288: 15284: 15277: 15273: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15239: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15222: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15168: 15164: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15132:Baltic Finnic 15130: 15129: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15100:Imperial cult 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15007: 15004: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14968: 14965: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14942: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14929: 14926: 14925: 14924: 14921: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14873: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14836: 14833: 14829: 14822: 14818: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14661:Sunda Wiwitan 14659: 14657: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14628: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14597:Austroasiatic 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14557: 14550: 14546: 14541: 14535: 14529: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14501: 14496: 14492: 14485: 14480: 14478: 14473: 14471: 14466: 14465: 14462: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14440: 14432: 14431: 14428: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14350:South America 14347: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14258: 14257:United States 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14142: 14140: 14139:North America 14136: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13997:Liechtenstein 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13885: 13881: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13606: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13449:Guinea-Bissau 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13312: 13308: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13273:Organizations 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13217: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13136: 13133: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13098:Vegetarianism 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13043:Homosexuality 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12944: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12913: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12864:Neurotheology 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12821: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12558:Folk religion 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12465: 12461: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12381:Imperial cult 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12337: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12015: 12011: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11950:Discordianism 11948: 11946: 11945:Anthroposophy 11943: 11942: 11940: 11936: 11928: 11927: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11893:Mari religion 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11759: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11730:Neo-Theosophy 11728: 11727: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11668:New Acropolis 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11621: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11334: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313:North African 11311: 11308: 11306: 11300: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11067:Kwakwakaʼwakw 11065: 11063: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10914: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10795:Austroasiatic 10792: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10766:Vattisen Yaly 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10685:Kirat Mundhum 10683: 10681: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10113: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10044:Milah Abraham 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9700:Protestantism 9698: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9485: 9480: 9478: 9473: 9471: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9334:Indo-European 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9232:Manichaeanism 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9039: 9034: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8784:Imperial cult 8782: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765:and practices 8761: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8713:Metamorphoses 8710: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8629:Ancus Marcius 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8558:Tranquillitas 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8171:Dii Consentes 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8142: 8140: 8135: 8133: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8069: 8068:0-521-86739-8 8065: 8061: 8057: 8055:Leiden, 1970. 8054: 8050: 8048: 8047:90-04-10902-1 8044: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8027: 8026:0-391-04155-X 8023: 8019: 8015: 8013: 8012:0-415-30959-X 8009: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7981:Ark.CDlib.org 7978: 7974: 7972: 7971:0-299-22010-9 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7950:9780748616602 7946: 7942: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7932:0-521-31268-X 7929: 7925: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7884:0-8195-6218-1 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7867: 7866:0-674-01534-7 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7842: 7841:0-521-82827-9 7838: 7834: 7830: 7828: 7827:0-415-13892-2 7824: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7784: 7783:3-11-010389-3 7780: 7776: 7772: 7770: 7769:0-19-815275-2 7766: 7762: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7731: 7730:90-04-12536-1 7727: 7723: 7719: 7717: 7716:90-04-07179-2 7713: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7702:0-8028-2221-5 7699: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7678: 7677:0-664-24521-8 7674: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7663:1-85075-370-9 7660: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7646:0-521-42891-2 7643: 7639: 7635: 7633: 7632:90-04-11420-3 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7615: 7614:0-521-30199-8 7611: 7607: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7573:Beard, Mary: 7572: 7570: 7569:0-521-45646-0 7566: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7555:0-521-31682-0 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7534:0-520-22067-6 7530: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7502: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7448: 7441: 7435: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7372: 7366: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7289: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7265: 7260: 7253: 7247: 7240: 7234: 7225: 7223: 7216:, Vol 1, 370. 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7190: 7184: 7175: 7166: 7160:Price, 10–11. 7157: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7126: 7117: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7050: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7025:Lares Augusti 7020: 7011: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6972:Brent, 268-9. 6969: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6939: 6930: 6921: 6912: 6903: 6897:Gradel, 5, 8. 6894: 6887: 6881: 6874: 6873:paterfamilias 6868: 6861: 6857: 6856:paterfamilias 6851: 6844: 6838: 6832:Brent, 21–25. 6829: 6822: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6795: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6724: 6718: 6709: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6631: 6622: 6613: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6468: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6426:De Caesaribus 6423: 6416: 6409: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6384: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6363: 6354: 6347: 6341: 6332: 6323: 6316: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6266: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6232: 6226: 6217: 6210: 6209:chariot races 6204: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6175: 6172:Cassius Dio, 6169: 6160: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6049:Potter, 75-9. 6046: 6040:Potter, 93-6. 6037: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5986:Potter, 78-9. 5983: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5946: 5945:Metellus Pius 5940: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5913: 5910:Vout, 118-9, 5907: 5900: 5897:Dio – or his 5894: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5804: 5798: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5700: 5691: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5667: 5666:pater patriae 5663: 5657: 5648: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5580: 5573: 5572: 5568:'s satirical 5567: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5516:Cassius Dio, 5513: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5431: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5375:1-58477-142-9 5372: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5277: 5271:Mellor, 1003. 5268: 5262:Potter, 26-7. 5259: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5088: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5026: 5019: 5013: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4734: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4669:Taylor, 58–60 4666: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4616:Taylor, p. 57 4613: 4607:Taylor, p. 33 4604: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4261:Taylor, p. 55 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4246:corona civica 4240: 4231: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4160:Imperial cult 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114:paterfamilias 4111: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4047:was probably 4046: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004:neo-Platonism 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981:Philostorgius 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3936:Constantine I 3934: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3721:The Imperial 3717: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3677: 3676:and loyalty. 3675: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572:divi parentes 3569: 3566:, and to his 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3471:and domestic 3470: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2890:radiate crown 2887: 2883: 2882:Philippopolis 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2855:radiate crown 2852: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:Secular Games 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625:Severan Tondo 2621: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2566:urban prefect 2563: 2562: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431:(Hercules of 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:puto deus fio 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325:Jewish Revolt 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276:four emperors 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2126:pater patriae 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1979:Roman emperor 1976: 1972: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1846:Gallia Comata 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:Metellus Pius 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1557: 1554:Religion and 1551: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1463: 1457:Caesar's heir 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:"Julian star" 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1309:Julius Caesar 1305: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1211:flamen Dialis 1207: 1203: 1202:Ancus Marcius 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1173: 1172:Julius Caesar 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1110:theoi soteres 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 984: 975: 971: 966: 962: 960: 956: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 714: 710: 706: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 676:defeated the 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646: 641: 637: 633: 632:Metellus Pius 629: 628:Further Spain 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609: 604: 603: 598: 593: 591: 590: 585: 581: 577: 576: 571: 567: 563: 562: 558:embodied the 557: 552: 550: 549:kings of Rome 545: 541: 540: 535: 530: 527: 525: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 494: 480: 478: 474: 470: 469:Constantine I 466: 462: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413: 407: 405: 401: 400:pious respect 397: 396: 391: 387: 383: 382: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 341: 336: 332: 329:) identified 328: 324: 320: 308: 303: 301: 296: 294: 289: 288: 286: 285: 280: 277: 274: 273: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 241: 240: 236: 235: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 208: 207: 206:Indigitamenta 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 189: 188:Dii Consentes 185: 184: 182: 181: 178: 175: 174: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 132: 131: 128: 125: 124: 118: 115: 113: 112:imperial cult 110: 108: 105: 103: 102: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 85: 81: 79: 76: 75: 73: 72: 68: 67: 59: 55: 49: 45: 44: 41: 34: 33: 30: 19: 16023:Neoplatonism 15963:Tree of life 15926:Sacred grove 15827:Bear worship 15780:Neoshamanism 15642:Zalmoxianism 15595:Adyghe Habze 15500:Modern pagan 15207:Mesopotamian 15099: 15063:Paleo-Balkan 14997:Samothracian 14876:Old Prussian 14773:Bongthingism 13854:Turkmenistan 13814:Saudi Arabia 13559:South Africa 13549:Sierra Leone 13354:Burkina Faso 13263:Names of God 13210:Unaffiliated 13165:Antireligion 13021:Universalism 12969:Assimilation 12834:Anthropology 12709:Supernatural 12704:Spirituality 12672:Sacred space 12660:Purification 12533:Denomination 12487: / 12380: 12295:Paleo-Balkan 12261:Mesopotamian 12101:Cook Islands 12072:Old Prussian 11985:UFO religion 11924: 11920:Zalmoxianism 11848:Neoshamanism 11705:Spiritualism 11588:Other ethnic 11477: 11303:Traditional 11263:Bongthingism 11151:Acoma Pueblo 11094:Mesoamerican 10813:Austronesian 10634: 10630:Neo-Buddhism 10562: 10558:Neo-Hinduism 10479:Swaminarayan 10317: 10266:Salvationist 10251:Confucianism 10102:Samaritanism 10072:Ali-Illahism 10053: 9920: 9914:Unitarianism 9855:Old Catholic 9662:Nestorianism 9620:Christianity 9607: 9573:Conservative 9444:Roman School 9367:Neoplatonism 9324:Mesopotamian 9161:Confucianism 9100:Christianity 9078:Major groups 8914:Gubernaculum 8883:Golden Bough 8852:Neoplatonism 8847:Epicureanism 8783: 8776: 8749: 8730: 8711: 8704: 8690: 8195:Anna Perenna 8169: 8108: 8094: 8088:Divus Iulius 8087: 8073: 8059: 8052: 8038: 8031: 8017: 8003: 7989: 7976: 7958: 7939: 7923: 7909: 7871: 7853: 7846: 7832: 7818: 7798: 7788: 7774: 7760: 7742: 7735: 7721: 7707: 7693: 7686: 7682: 7668: 7651: 7637: 7619: 7605: 7588: 7574: 7560: 7542: 7520: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7478:Gradel, 3–8. 7474: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7439: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7383: 7378: 7370: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7326: 7321: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7288: 7280: 7271: 7259: 7246: 7233: 7213: 7208: 7196: 7183: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7147: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7071: 7064: 7058: 7049: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7010: 7005:Gradel, 364. 7001: 6989: 6977: 6968: 6959: 6947: 6938: 6929: 6920: 6915:Brent, 62-3. 6911: 6902: 6893: 6885: 6880: 6872: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6842: 6837: 6828: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6753: 6748: 6739: 6730: 6722: 6717: 6708: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6647: 6639: 6630: 6621: 6612: 6602: 6599:divus Julius 6598: 6594: 6589: 6581: 6576: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6521: 6512: 6507:Rees, 46–56. 6503: 6494: 6485: 6476: 6471:Vout, 118-9. 6467: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6441: 6425: 6415: 6407: 6402: 6380: 6374: 6362: 6353: 6345: 6340: 6331: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6300: 6291: 6279: 6278:Meckler, in 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6230: 6225: 6216: 6203: 6194: 6186: 6181: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6142: 6137: 6132:Potter, 110. 6128: 6119: 6114:Gradel, 194. 6110: 6102: 6097: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6067:Potter, 103. 6063: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6028: 6022: 6017: 6009: 6004: 5991: 5982: 5974: 5965: 5957: 5952: 5939: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5893: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5862: 5850: 5841: 5833: 5828: 5819: 5810: 5802: 5797: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5752: 5747: 5734: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5704: 5699: 5690: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5647: 5639: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5594:Lyons Tablet 5588: 5579: 5569: 5560: 5552: 5546: 5541: 5529: 5524: 5512: 5494: 5485: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5430: 5422: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5384: 5363: 5357: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5326: 5321: 5316:Potter, 6–7. 5312: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5187: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5144: 5132:. Retrieved 5128:the original 5123: 5114: 5102: 5092: 5087: 5078: 5070: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5046: 5034: 5025: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4996:Howgego, in 4992: 4980: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4950: 4941: 4934:divus Julius 4933: 4924: 4913: 4908: 4899: 4891: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4847: 4836: 4828: 4818: 4810: 4807:Divus Julius 4806: 4801: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4770: 4765: 4751: 4746: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4708: 4695: 4688:Divus Julius 4687: 4674: 4665: 4645: 4638: 4626: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4583:Callisthenes 4577: 4560: 4555:, pp. 11,172 4552: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4510: 4502: 4493: 4488:Taylor, p. 8 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4438: 4423: 4406: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4364: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4334: 4326: 4317: 4309: 4301: 4292: 4285:aide-de-camp 4279: 4266: 4244: 4239: 4234:Taylor, p.67 4230: 4220: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4068: 4063: 4060:Anastasius I 4057: 4044: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4026:Theodosius I 4019: 4015: 4007: 3997: 3984: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3914: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3875:Sol Invictus 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3809: 3803: 3793: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:(Latin) or 3685: 3683: 3672: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3614:The cult of 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3448: 3442:(pax deorum) 3441: 3438:(ira deorum) 3437: 3424: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3304: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3153:Ostia Antica 3148: 3142: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3046: 3032: 3024: 3022: 3005: 2986: 2976: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951:Sol Invictus 2949: 2942: 2925: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2893: 2873: 2864: 2859: 2833: 2829: 2815: 2810: 2804: 2800:sol invictus 2798: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2762:Philostratus 2756: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2638: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2530:Marcus' son 2529: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2502:Vibia Sabina 2492: 2488: 2475:The cult of 2474: 2446:Panhellenion 2444: 2428: 2424: 2419:The emperor 2418: 2397: 2391: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2346: 2337: 2311: 2307: 2304:divus Julius 2303: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2265:Via Labicana 2252: 2236: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2211:Caelian Hill 2202: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2164:), the main 2147: 2141:as imperial 2134: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2109: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2053: 2047: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1955:Gens Augusta 1954: 1939:Leptis Magna 1934: 1930: 1914: 1912: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1854: 1829: 1827: 1798: 1794: 1783:New Carthage 1776: 1767:Luxor Temple 1722: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1677: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1629: 1626:sacred peace 1619: 1616: 1603: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530:divus Julius 1529: 1523: 1511:divus Julius 1510: 1506: 1494: 1470: 1468: 1442: 1438: 1434:divus Julius 1433: 1429: 1421:sidus Iulium 1420: 1412: 1409:divus Julius 1408: 1398: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:(or perhaps 1374:Divus Julius 1373: 1371: 1350: 1328: 1314: 1295: 1292:Monte Albano 1291: 1287: 1283:rex sacrorum 1281: 1275: 1269: 1259: 1249: 1239: 1232:of his aunt 1219: 1209: 1183: 1181: 1178:Divus Julius 1149: 1136: 1134: 1114: 1109: 1097: 1088:Alexandria; 1086: 1077: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043:agathodaemon 1038: 1024: 979: 952: 924: 909: 902: 890: 872: 844: 826: 807: 792: 733: 718: 674:Gaius Marius 661: 653: 643: 625: 606: 600: 594: 587: 573: 559: 553: 543: 537: 531: 521: 499: 477:Theodosius I 457: 428: 416: 410: 408: 393: 379: 371: 365: 338: 318: 316: 186: 111: 99: 82: 58:head covered 39:ancient Rome 29: 18:Divus Julius 15632:Italo-Roman 15536:Ausar Auset 15304:Micronesian 15095:Gallo-Roman 14945:Anglo-Saxon 14743:Satsana Phi 14627:Momolianism 14531:Historical 14512:Panentheism 14305:New Zealand 14242:Saint Lucia 14192:El Salvador 14097:Switzerland 14032:Netherlands 13804:Philippines 13732:South Korea 13727:North Korea 13617:Afghanistan 13564:South Sudan 13454:Ivory Coast 13238:Deification 13185:Objectivism 13160:Agnosticism 13113:Persecution 13103:Video games 13068:Populations 12979:Proselytism 12947:Monasticism 12938:Clericalism 12928:Agriculture 12919:and society 12884:Soteriology 12844:Comparative 12814:Transtheism 12799:Panentheism 12583:Monasticism 12376:Gallo-Roman 12278:Micronesian 12244:Manichaeism 12192:Hermeticism 12160:Continental 12155:Anglo-Saxon 12035:Paleolithic 12030:Prehistoric 11980:Scientology 11843:Italo-Roman 11698:Radha Soami 11678:New Thought 11518:Espiritismo 11459:Waaqeffanna 11399:Fon and Ewe 11337:Sub-Saharan 11220:Satsana Phi 11006:Ghost Dance 10959:Californian 10937:Anishinaabe 10863:Karo Pemena 10842:Indonesian 10516:Lingayatism 10464:Mahanubhava 10434:Vaishnavism 10365:Jeungsanism 10288:Folk Taoism 10271:Xiantiandao 10125:Zoroastrian 9784:Charismatic 9779:Pentecostal 9742:Anglicanism 9693:Waldensians 9628:Catholicism 9296:Paleolithic 9288:Prehistoric 9262:New Thought 9250:Neopaganism 8988:Persecution 8940:Gallo-Roman 8732:Res divinae 8604:Rhea Silvia 7986:Rüpke, Jörg 7874:, reprint, 7817:Lee, A.D., 7618:Brent, A., 7496:Gradel, 23. 7252:Fordham.edu 7169:Potter, 37. 7151:Brent, 221. 7120:Potter, 36. 7105:superstitio 6933:Gradel, 38. 6765:Gradel, 21. 6677:Archive.org 6634:Price, 115. 6561:Gradel, 7: 6462:, XIII 1–2. 6460:Vita Taciti 5694:Potter, 68. 5460:Suetonius, 5449:triumphator 5181:Posc.mu.edu 4890:Suetonius, 4646:The Caesars 4501:, Book 10, 4416:Demosthenes 4365:De officiis 4118:mos maiorum 4110:mos maiorum 3880:Pax Augusta 3845:(fate) and 3725:and living 3716:Herculaneum 3568:di parentes 3458:mos maiorum 3392:ius augurum 3331:superstitio 3319:sacrificium 3308:sacrificium 3279:Sacrificium 3167:di parentes 2917:proconsular 2886:Gordian III 2752:mos maiorum 2644:triumphally 2639:In 193 AD, 2629:Julia Domna 2222:Domus Aurea 2158:Camulodunum 2143:procurators 1779:Gallic Wars 1725:Livia with 1590:mos maiores 1569:di parentes 1538:divi filius 1405:Mark Antony 1401:Roman Forum 1343:Mark Antony 1137:mos majorum 1125:Philetaerus 935:his brother 725:city-states 721:Hellenistic 694:praetorship 597:Death masks 589:deus parens 544:triumphator 524:mos maiorum 345:Roman State 337:authority ( 127:Priesthoods 37:Religion in 16048:Categories 15985:Witchcraft 15968:World tree 15906:Orthopraxy 15755:Stregheria 15702:Udmurt Vos 15665:Burkhanism 15573:Dievturība 15551:Mexicayotl 15319:Polynesian 15299:Melanesian 15294:Australian 15212:Babylonian 15026:Lusitanian 15021:Gallaecian 15011:Cantabrian 14987:Eleusinian 14901:Circassian 14897:Caucasian 14886:Lithuanian 14803:Sanamahism 14783:Donyi-Polo 14644:Philippine 14622:Kaharingan 14607:Vietnamese 14522:Polytheism 14295:Micronesia 14172:Costa Rica 14067:San Marino 14027:Montenegro 14007:Luxembourg 13864:Uzbekistan 13839:Tajikistan 13744:Kyrgyzstan 13717:Kazakhstan 13667:East Timor 13637:Bangladesh 13627:Azerbaijan 13544:Seychelles 13509:Mozambique 13494:Mauritania 13479:Madagascar 13369:Cape Verde 13151:irreligion 13146:Secularism 13048:Minorities 13016:Toleration 13011:Syncretism 12996:Fanaticism 12986:Disability 12974:Missionary 12964:Conversion 12952:Ordination 12874:Psychology 12869:Philosophy 12809:Polytheism 12789:Monotheism 12784:Henotheism 12625:Orthopraxy 12615:Ordination 12578:Meditation 12573:Indigenous 12538:Entheogens 12523:Conversion 12349:Pueblo III 12266:Babylonian 12256:Melanesian 12182:Gnosticism 12067:Lithuanian 11960:Fourth Way 11814:Circassian 11792:Dievturība 11715:Tensegrity 11648:Falun Gong 11293:Sanamahism 11273:Donyi-Polo 10885:Polynesian 10831:Kaharingan 10756:Burkhanism 10695:Ravidassia 10673:Śvetāmbara 10459:Pushtimarg 10439:Krishnaism 10375:Vietnamese 10360:Cheondoism 10293:Yao Taoism 10229:East Asian 9995:Isma'ilism 9951:Maturidism 9730:Mennonites 9725:Hutterites 9710:Anabaptism 9603:Humanistic 9449:Secularism 9439:Irreligion 9362:Gnosticism 9280:Historical 9153:East Asian 9125:Amerindian 8933:Variations 8835:Philosophy 8814:Capitolium 8721:Propertius 8488:Averruncus 8473:Aeternitas 8463:Abundantia 8392:Proserpina 7988:(Editor), 7685:", in the 7505:Price, 20. 7487:Price, 11. 7451:Brent, 17. 7336:Iconoclasm 7332:Iconodules 6942:Brent, 61. 6335:Ando, 209. 5929:Athanasius 5754:pax Romana 5632:Saturnalia 5206:Geographia 5134:8 November 4835:, Cicero, 4629:, 1.18.6; 4627:To Atticus 4448:Laodiceans 4386:themselves 4369:Stoics.com 4302:Saturnalia 3956:ira deorum 3918:Momigliano 3830:cornucopia 3796:Compitalia 3747:), peace ( 3692:sebasteion 3666:and Stoic 3635:imaginifer 3596:Compitalia 3554:The Roman 3400:pontifices 3373:pax deorum 3369:ira deorum 3284:See also: 3178:Parentalia 3014:Maximilian 2998:Lactantius 2979:Diocletian 2954:in Rome's 2747:Humiliores 2742:humiliores 2542:bestiarius 2437:Sagalassos 2338:didrachmon 2300:principate 2261:cornucopia 2162:Colchester 2035:auctoritas 1891:Segimundus 1850:Principate 1688:neocorates 1684:Roman Asia 1648:auctoritas 1621:res gestae 1542:pax deorum 1277:toga picta 1185:gens Julia 1062:Alcibiades 1012:Amphipolis 974:Sagalassos 955:apotheoses 931:Roman Asia 910:When King 784:Amphipolis 756:ruler cult 713:Zeus Ammon 654:toga picta 636:Lusitanian 483:Background 465:Diocletian 425:apotheosis 368:Republican 349:Principate 340:auctoritas 137:Pontifices 15936:Sacrifice 15931:Holy well 15899:Mythology 15882:Stone row 15692:Hungarian 15622:Hellenism 15617:Heathenry 15585:Caucasian 15547:American 15541:Godianism 15502:movements 15234:Canaanite 15137:Hungarian 15105:Mithraism 15036:Camunnian 14977:Hero cult 14844:Anatolian 14758:Benzhuism 14753:Bathouism 14681:Dravidian 14612:Indonesia 14582:Mongolian 14517:Pantheism 14413:Venezuela 14358:Argentina 14275:Australia 14227:Nicaragua 14202:Guatemala 14002:Lithuania 13824:Sri Lanka 13819:Singapore 13799:Palestine 13687:Indonesia 13677:Hong Kong 13499:Mauritius 13220:Overviews 13175:Criticism 13128:Sectarian 13118:Terrorism 13093:Theocracy 13038:Happiness 13006:Pluralism 12991:Education 12917:Religion 12889:Salvation 12879:Sociology 12824:Religious 12804:Pantheism 12794:Nontheism 12687:Mountains 12665:Sacrifice 12620:Orthodoxy 12610:Mythology 12605:Mysticism 12494:Behaviour 12403:Canaanite 12386:Mithraism 12354:Pueblo IV 12344:Pueblo II 12249:Mazdakism 12224:Hungarian 12197:Mysteries 12106:Dravidian 11888:Hungarian 11804:Caucasian 11775:Godianism 11735:Agni Yoga 11725:Theosophy 11688:Rastafari 11663:Modekngei 11643:Brahmoism 11636:Syncretic 11628:movements 11626:religious 11538:Quimbanda 11486:Candomblé 11479:Diasporic 11258:Bathouism 11248:Benzhuism 11168:Tsimshian 11114:Purépecha 11035:Longhouse 11010:Sun Dance 10954:Blackfoot 10868:Malaysian 10858:Kapitayan 10668:Digambara 10653:Ayyavazhi 10618:Vajrayana 10583:Theravada 10496:Ganapatya 10469:Ramanandi 10398:Hoahaoism 10276:Yiguandao 10171:Yarsanism 10166:Shabakism 10153:Yazdânism 10143:Zurvanism 10138:Mazdaznan 10097:Rastafari 10092:Mandaeism 9966:Wahhabism 9946:Ash'arism 9909:Tolstoyan 9899:Spiritual 9889:Mormonism 9860:Judaizers 9833:Quakerism 9811:Methodist 9801:Irvingism 9752:Calvinism 9705:Adventism 9688:Moravians 9525:Abrahamic 9306:Near East 9222:Mithraism 9115:Rastafari 9087:Abrahamic 8960:Mithraism 8945:Mysteries 8794:Palladium 8772:Festivals 8548:Securitas 8498:Concordia 8442:Vertumnus 8260:Dīs Pater 8157:mythology 7847:Historia, 6794:haruspicy 6397:Rees, 60. 6282:, online 6231:imperator 6187:dediticii 5899:epitomist 5834:panegyric 5677:Tacitus, 5534:Lusitania 5507:detailed. 5504:Suetonius 5359:Lex regia 5354:Justinian 5249:Tacitus, 5053:caesareum 4966:(divine). 4823:monarchy. 4785:Philippic 4714:hēmitheos 4684:Suetonius 4518:, 16.20; 4499:Athenaeus 4428:Athenaeus 4298:Macrobius 4142:Ara Pacis 4126:romanitas 3942:because: 3940:Donatists 3770:clementia 3687:caesareum 3673:concordia 3196:coelicola 3071:Herculius 3018:Marcellus 3002:haruspicy 2983:Tetrarchy 2974:in Rome. 2947:Palmyrene 2931:Gallienus 2870:Gordian I 2773:imperator 2708:Caracalla 2481:Caracalla 2439:in Greek 2410:panegyric 2343:Suetonius 2333:Jerusalem 2288:Vespasian 2269:Esquiline 2172:Boudiccan 1981:Augustus. 1886:romanitas 1870:concilium 1791:Sertorius 1739:Aphrodite 1700:Caracalla 1631:imperator 1503:Nicomedia 1490:hubristic 1441:) to the 1248:, called 1246:Cleopatra 1119:kings of 1094:Ptolemais 1082:libations 1051:Automatia 1029:ruled in 1004:Asclepius 1000:Sophocles 904:romanitas 851:Seleucids 847:Ptolemies 828:Euhemerus 818:Parthenon 803:rebelling 772:Isocrates 760:Agesilaus 645:populares 640:Sertorius 539:imperator 445:Septimius 433:Vespasian 419:) by the 415:, plural 361:provinces 343:) of the 95:festivals 15867:Megalith 15857:Idolatry 15852:Folklore 15682:Estonian 15637:Kemetism 15612:Canarian 15563:Armenian 15532:African 15451:Malagasy 15421:Dahomean 15399:Bushongo 15344:Tahitian 15339:Rapa Nui 15329:Hawaiian 15217:Sumerian 15195:Egyptian 15117:Scythian 15078:Thracian 15073:Illyrian 15041:Ligurian 14950:Frankish 14940:Germanic 14935:Etruscan 14911:Ossetian 14906:Georgian 14866:Armenian 14859:Phrygian 14839:Albanian 14825:European 14793:Kiratism 14713:Ryukyuan 14671:Hinduism 14617:Parmalim 14602:Sarnaism 14587:Tengrism 14539:extinct) 14491:Paganism 14439:Category 14403:Suriname 14393:Paraguay 14378:Colombia 14285:Kiribati 14212:Honduras 14182:Dominica 14157:Barbados 14122:Scotland 14082:Slovenia 14077:Slovakia 14052:Portugal 13922:Bulgaria 13844:Thailand 13794:Pakistan 13774:Mongolia 13769:Maldives 13764:Malaysia 13652:Cambodia 13599:Zimbabwe 13574:Tanzania 13424:Ethiopia 13419:Eswatini 13399:Djibouti 13364:Cameroon 13349:Botswana 13293:Timeline 13288:Scholars 13248:Founders 13108:Violence 13063:Politics 12933:Business 12896:Theology 12640:Prophecy 12630:Paganism 12518:Covenant 12485:Apostasy 12420:Scythian 12361:Rapa Nui 12315:Thracian 12310:Illyrian 12300:Albanian 12271:Sumerian 12214:Harappan 12150:Germanic 12145:Georgian 12138:Selk'nam 12123:Etruscan 12111:Egyptian 12089:Druidism 12052:Armenian 11975:Satanism 11955:Eckankar 11878:Estonian 11863:Romanian 11853:Ossetian 11833:Germanic 11782:Armenian 11771:African 11764:paganism 11693:Sant Mat 11683:Rajneesh 11658:Meivazhi 11653:Japanese 11610:Siberian 11543:Santería 11513:Convince 11379:Bushongo 11283:Kiratism 11210:Hmongism 11077:Wocekiye 11062:Jivaroan 11030:Iroquois 11025:Ho-Chunk 10986:Cherokee 10919:American 10890:Hawaiian 10803:Sarnaism 10773:Tungusic 10761:Tengrism 10751:Mongolic 10680:Sarnaism 10611:Nichiren 10588:Mahayana 10575:Buddhism 10553:Sant Mat 10543:Sauraism 10538:Smartism 10533:Shaktism 10526:Balinese 10511:Kaumaram 10506:Kapalika 10501:Kashmiri 10486:Shaivism 10426:Hinduism 10393:Caodaism 10337:Ryukyuan 10332:Tenrikyo 10327:Shugendō 10305:Japanese 10176:Yazidism 10161:Ishikism 10039:Quranism 10012:Khawarij 9961:Salafism 9956:Atharism 9845:Esoteric 9816:Holiness 9806:Lutheran 9767:Reformed 9747:Baptists 9720:Brethren 9684:Hussites 9672:Assyrian 9588:Haymanot 9542:Orthodox 9491:Religion 9434:Humanism 9352:Germanic 9314:Egyptian 9194:Hinduism 9189:Buddhism 9000:Glossary 8971:See also 8867:Stoicism 8842:Cynicism 8804:Pomerium 8763:Concepts 8745:Apuleius 8665:She-wolf 8649:Hersilia 8568:Victoria 8468:Aequitas 8422:Summanus 8412:Silvanus 8397:Quirinus 8327:Libertas 8290:Hercules 8235:Cloacina 8220:Carmenta 8215:Bona Dea 8190:Angerona 8185:Agenoria 7965:, 2006. 7878:, 1987. 7860:, 2004. 7749:, 2001. 7657:, 1992. 7626:, 1999. 7594:, 1999. 7549:, 1998. 7402:Catalina 7065:collegia 6843:Augustus 5918:in Rome. 5879:, 6, 10. 5664:cult as 5553:princeps 5518:LX.3.5–6 5474:Josephus 5472:Neither 5445:princeps 5350:imperium 5228:sacerdos 4956:Augustus 4739:Quirinus 4596:daimones 4570:Hercules 4566:Achilles 4540:Timoleon 4528:Plutarch 4524:Timoleon 4516:Diodorus 4367:, 3.80: 4136:See also 4069:adventus 4037:adventus 4031:Victoria 4021:Victoria 3926:charagma 3756:Victoria 3660:Mithraic 3496:Faustina 3417:de facto 3367:Augury, 3130:and the 3111:princeps 3054:Aurelian 3033:imperium 3029:Maximian 3025:collegia 3010:Eusebius 2990:Antinous 2972:Dea Roma 2939:Aurelian 2927:Valerian 2921:Apostasy 2913:Gordians 2894:dea Roma 2834:imperium 2783:imperium 2766:Macrinus 2723:denarius 2704:Eboracum 2680:dea Roma 2667:imperium 2648:Pertinax 2583:en masse 2574:donativa 2569:Pertinax 2532:Commodus 2514:' tutor 2477:Antinous 2470:Lanuvium 2451:Antinous 2398:princeps 2355:Domitian 2160:(modern 2139:freedmen 2135:princeps 2120:donativa 2111:Claudius 2093:Drusilla 2074:princeps 2066:Caligula 2060:Caligula 2016:Augustus 2012:princeps 1994:imperium 1988:princeps 1951:Carthage 1903:Arminius 1875:flamines 1838:Lugdunum 1822:Claudius 1799:concilia 1604:princeps 1575:princeps 1556:Imperium 1547:Augustus 1509:and the 1507:dea Roma 1499:Pergamum 1495:dea Roma 1481:Bithynia 1439:caesarea 1425:Octavian 1362:denarius 1257:(Troy). 1226:Bithynia 1145:colonies 1121:Pergamum 1106:Berenice 1035:Timoleon 1031:Syracuse 1016:Brasidas 1010:founded 976:, Turkey 959:Augustus 920:Polybius 891:isotheos 842:' time. 810:Diadochi 774:said of 752:Plutarch 744:Lysander 742:general 709:Repoussé 682:Camillus 678:Teutones 666:Tiberius 658:quaestor 617:Hannibal 602:imagines 580:Cornelia 510:Quirinus 453:Commodus 381:princeps 372:de facto 359:and its 353:Augustus 331:emperors 162:Epulones 157:Fetiales 152:Flamines 147:Vestales 78:libation 15837:Tumulus 15765:Druidry 15697:Mordvin 15687:Finnish 15652:Semitic 15600:Uatsdin 15461:Odinani 15441:Lugbara 15309:Nauruan 15246:Persian 15241:Iranian 15229:Arabian 15224:Semitic 15190:Hurrian 15058:Nuragic 15046:Umbrian 15032:Italic 15006:Iberian 14916:Vainakh 14881:Latvian 14849:Hittite 14778:Burmese 14763:Bimoism 14698:Punjabi 14666:Chinese 14649:Tagalog 14634:Kejawèn 14507:Animism 14408:Uruguay 14383:Ecuador 14363:Bolivia 14340:Vanuatu 14267:Oceania 14217:Jamaica 14197:Grenada 14152:Bahamas 14112:England 14102:Ukraine 14057:Romania 14017:Moldova 13977:Ireland 13972:Iceland 13967:Hungary 13957:Germany 13947:Finland 13942:Estonia 13937:Denmark 13932:Czechia 13927:Croatia 13912:Belgium 13907:Belarus 13902:Austria 13897:Andorra 13892:Albania 13869:Vietnam 13779:Myanmar 13754:Lebanon 13672:Georgia 13632:Bahrain 13622:Armenia 13584:Tunisia 13554:Somalia 13539:Senegal 13524:Nigeria 13514:Namibia 13504:Morocco 13469:Liberia 13464:Lesotho 13414:Eritrea 13384:Comoros 13359:Burundi 13334:Algeria 13278:Outline 13243:Deities 13170:Atheism 13083:Science 13001:Freedom 12859:History 12826:studies 12779:Dualism 12769:Animism 12734:Worship 12714:Symbols 12655:Liturgy 12568:Goddess 12528:Deities 12509:Laicism 12499:Beliefs 12478:Aspects 12450:Zapotec 12445:Vainakh 12413:Yahwism 12398:Semitic 12327:Iranian 12229:Hurrian 12219:Hittite 12209:Guanche 12202:Orphism 12133:Fuegian 12128:Finnish 12116:Atenism 12062:Latvian 12047:Arabian 11990:Raëlism 11970:Jediism 11965:Goddess 11938:De novo 11826:Druidry 11720:Thelema 11673:New Age 11558:Umbanda 11449:Tumbuka 11434:Odinala 11419:Lugbara 11339:African 11305:African 11253:Bimoism 11243:Burmese 11089:Mapuche 11055:Wyandot 11015:Guarani 10996:Choctaw 10991:Chilote 10932:Alaskan 10927:Abenaki 10878:Tagalog 10851:Kejawèn 10700:Sikhism 10663:Jainism 10623:Tibetan 10606:Amidism 10474:Warkari 10388:Đạo Mẫu 10238:Chinese 10220:Eastern 10197:Roshani 10116:Iranian 10024:Alevism 10017:Ibadism 9990:Zaydism 9667:Ancient 9638:Eastern 9598:Renewal 9583:Karaite 9564:Zionist 9552:Hasidic 9534:Judaism 9516:Western 9319:Semitic 9214:Iranian 9204:Sikhism 9199:Jainism 9110:Judaism 8983:Decline 8907:Objects 8809:Temples 8789:Charity 8523:Laverna 8513:Fortuna 8503:Feronia 8432:Veritas 8402:Salacia 8387:Priapus 8372:Penates 8352:Neptune 8347:Minerva 8342:Mercury 8305:Jupiter 8245:Dea Dia 8210:Bellona 8165:Deities 7408:, 7.130 7109:religio 6860:familia 6379:Bowman 5627:infames 5389:Tacitus 5253:, 1.57. 5176:Tarraco 4998:Howgego 4964:divinus 4837:Atticus 4787:ii.110. 4718:demigod 4538:46 and 4534:542 E, 4532:Moralia 4412:Demades 4392:, 210d. 4390:Moralia 4306:Sallust 4053:Ricimer 4012:Gratian 3991:was an 3964:Labarum 3902:or his 3863:fortuna 3838:fortuna 3802:of the 3744:Fortuna 3656:familia 3629:familia 3616:Mithras 3584:penates 3564:penates 3474:penates 3421:Lepidus 3387:templum 3348:Pompeii 3314:religio 3301:, Rome. 2919:level. 2905:religio 2725:of Geta 2696:Bacchus 2688:Melqart 2603:Severan 2455:Paulina 2441:Pisidia 2421:Hadrian 2382:familia 2321:sun god 2243:Flavian 2167:colonia 2150:Britain 2040:Sejanus 1899:Cologne 1731:Demeter 1719:familia 1711:familia 1692:Ephesus 1600:tribune 1528:of the 1515:Ephesus 1447:Corinth 1432:of the 1390:Parthia 1321:Parilia 1290:), the 1216:Jupiter 1143:; even 1141:consuls 1117:Attalid 939:Cilicia 859:Macedon 799:Pharaoh 740:Spartan 650:Victory 584:Gracchi 534:triumph 506:Romulus 449:Severan 279:Decline 177:Deities 142:Augures 90:temples 15980:Virtue 15941:animal 15921:Ritual 15877:Menhir 15872:Dolmen 15677:Uralic 15657:Slavic 15647:Romani 15607:Celtic 15590:Abkhaz 15578:Romuva 15568:Baltic 15518:Ethnic 15476:Somali 15446:Maasai 15349:Tongan 15314:Papuan 15253:Berber 15200:Nubian 15127:Uralic 15122:Slavic 15090:Cybele 15068:Dacian 15053:Minoan 15016:Castro 14992:Orphic 14955:Gothic 14923:Celtic 14893:Basque 14871:Baltic 14854:Lydian 14788:Heraka 14718:Korean 14708:Shinto 14693:Kalash 14656:Marapu 14592:Turkic 14577:Manchu 14572:Altaic 14449:Portal 14388:Guyana 14368:Brazil 14335:Tuvalu 14232:Panama 14222:Mexico 14167:Canada 14162:Belize 14092:Sweden 14072:Serbia 14062:Russia 14047:Poland 14042:Norway 14022:Monaco 13992:Latvia 13987:Kosovo 13962:Greece 13952:France 13884:Europe 13849:Turkey 13834:Taiwan 13739:Kuwait 13712:Jordan 13702:Israel 13662:Cyprus 13647:Brunei 13642:Bhutan 13594:Zambia 13589:Uganda 13529:Rwanda 13484:Malawi 13444:Guinea 13434:Gambia 13339:Angola 13326:Africa 13135:Wealth 13078:Schism 13033:Growth 12957:Priest 12942:Clergy 12761:Theism 12744:Nature 12739:Astral 12682:Groves 12650:Ritual 12635:Prayer 12593:Novice 12543:Ethnic 12468:Topics 12440:Urartu 12435:Tongan 12430:Somali 12425:Slavic 12305:Dacian 12084:Celtic 12079:Basque 12057:Baltic 11908:Udmurt 11873:Uralic 11868:Slavic 11821:Celtic 11809:Abkhaz 11797:Romuva 11787:Baltic 11762:Modern 11605:Papuan 11568:Voodoo 11523:Kumina 11464:Yoruba 11454:Urhobo 11424:Maasai 11409:Lotuko 11357:Baluba 11347:Akamba 11320:Berber 11278:Heraka 11268:Dongba 11146:Pueblo 11141:Pawnee 11131:Navajo 11121:Muisca 11084:Lenape 11072:Lakota 11050:Seneca 11040:Mohawk 10974:Ohlone 10949:Apache 10942:Ojibwe 10917:Native 10783:Manchu 10778:Evenki 10739:Altaic 10730:Ethnic 10705:Khalsa 10658:Kalash 10548:Śrauta 10417:Indian 10347:Korean 10313:Shinto 10283:Taoism 10256:Luoism 10082:Baháʼí 10077:Bábism 10029:Ahmadi 10007:Sufism 10000:Alawis 9650:Church 9578:Reform 9559:Modern 9547:Haredi 9384:Slavic 9347:Celtic 9342:Baltic 9242:Modern 9181:Indian 9171:Shinto 9166:Taoism 9095:Baháʼí 8950:Cybele 8876:Events 8824:Celtic 8692:Aeneid 8686:Virgil 8599:Aeneas 8533:Pietas 8518:Fontus 8493:Caelus 8483:Annona 8478:Africa 8447:Vulcan 8407:Saturn 8382:Pomona 8285:Genius 8275:Faunus 8265:Egeria 8205:Aurora 8200:Apollo 8115: 8101: 8080: 8066: 8045: 8024: 8010: 7996: 7969: 7947: 7930: 7916: 7902: 7892: 7882: 7864: 7839: 7825: 7811: 7781: 7767: 7753: 7728: 7714: 7700: 7675: 7661: 7644: 7630: 7612: 7598: 7581: 7567: 7553: 7531: 7327:Homily 7107:, not 7093:ad hoc 7029:contra 6884:Beard 6819:Beard 6810:, 2.4. 6752:Beard 6721:Beard 6687:Beard 6584:, 14). 6410:, 241. 6406:Beard 6344:Beard 6029:flamen 5912:contra 5803:genius 5679:Annals 5662:genius 5566:Seneca 5425:, 127. 5406:genius 5402:genius 5373: 5327:Annals 5251:Annals 5232:flamen 5071:contra 4758:circus 4653: 4503:passim 4461:passim 4382:Thasos 4352:Marius 4106:et al. 4090:genius 4000:Julian 3968:genius 3960:signum 3900:genius 3888:monism 3871:Apollo 3810:genius 3787:munera 3783:) and 3765:genius 3761:et al. 3739:genius 3735:genius 3700:genius 3668:Monism 3648:genius 3549:genius 3545:genius 3541:genius 3537:genius 3533:genius 3521:gentes 3519:, pl. 3507:Genius 3500:eagles 3480:genius 3449:Genius 3433:censor 3352:genius 3350:, the 3344:Trajan 3325:vitium 3268:et al. 3231:genius 3116:genius 3107:genius 3090:signum 3076:signum 3065:Jovius 3059:signum 2968:Probus 2901:Decius 2757:genius 2671:genius 2656:frater 2521:genius 2516:Fronto 2414:Trajan 2402:Trajan 2378:patron 2362:genius 2329:Temple 2312:genius 2280:genius 2253:Genius 2226:genius 2207:temple 2154:temple 2131:genius 2084:genius 2070:genius 2044:Drusus 2029:genius 2024:Smyrna 1943:Mactar 1923:Berber 1842:Drusus 1814:Vienne 1759:Probus 1743:Hestia 1733:, and 1715:Lesbos 1696:Sardis 1680:Najran 1598:). As 1526:temple 1519:Nicaea 1451:Actium 1430:flamen 1347:Cicero 1339:flamen 1190:Aeneas 1168:temple 1160:Pompey 1152:Marius 1098:daimon 1074:Bactra 1070:Cybele 1055:daimon 1047:savior 1020:erased 1008:Hagnon 983:heroes 970:heroön 927:Cicero 895:Delphi 836:Ennius 822:Athena 729:Apollo 621:Ennius 570:client 561:genius 514:Aeneas 473:Julian 461:Decius 421:Senate 395:cultus 357:Empire 15975:Totem 15946:human 15847:Ethos 15760:Wicca 15726:Other 15627:Hindu 15471:Serer 15456:Mbuti 15436:Hausa 15426:Dinka 15404:Kongo 15394:Bantu 15334:Māori 15258:Punic 15085:Roman 14967:Greek 14960:Norse 14928:Irish 14798:Qiang 14703:Vedic 14686:Tamil 14639:Malay 14553:Asian 14493:(and 14373:Chile 14330:Tonga 14320:Samoa 14310:Palau 14300:Nauru 14207:Haiti 14127:Wales 14087:Spain 14012:Malta 13982:Italy 13874:Yemen 13829:Syria 13809:Qatar 13784:Nepal 13759:Macau 13722:Korea 13707:Japan 13682:India 13657:China 13569:Sudan 13519:Niger 13474:Libya 13459:Kenya 13439:Ghana 13429:Gabon 13404:Egypt 13344:Benin 13253:Index 13224:lists 13088:State 12906:Women 12774:Deism 12749:Place 12729:Water 12724:Truth 12692:Trees 12548:Faith 12513:Laity 12408:Punic 12366:Roman 12332:Vedic 12290:Olmec 12177:Greek 12170:Norse 12094:Irish 11915:Wicca 11710:Subud 11600:Inuit 11573:Winti 11563:Vodou 11528:Obeah 11508:Comfa 11491:Bantu 11444:Serer 11429:Mbuti 11389:Dogon 11384:Dinka 11367:Kongo 11362:Bantu 11288:Qiang 11178:Yaqui 11109:Olmec 11099:Aztec 11020:Haida 10969:Miwok 10964:Kuksu 10895:Māori 10826:Dayak 10747:Turko 10710:Sects 10646:Other 10601:Thiền 10185:Other 10087:Druze 10065:Other 9941:Sunni 9933:Islam 9715:Amish 9633:Latin 9379:Roman 9357:Greek 9255:Wicca 9138:Mayan 9133:Aztec 9105:Islam 8819:Cella 8726:Varro 8706:Fasti 8679:Texts 8563:Terra 8543:Salus 8508:Fides 8437:Vesta 8427:Venus 8377:Pluto 8367:Orcus 8322:Liber 8310:Lares 8295:Janus 8280:Flora 8270:Fauna 8250:Diana 8240:Cupid 8230:Ceres 7307:cons. 7303:divus 7214:et al 6886:et al 6821:et al 6754:et al 6723:et al 6701:Narbo 6697:numen 6693:numen 6689:et al 6665:divus 6595:(dei) 6563:numen 6408:et al 6381:et al 6346:et al 6317:., 5. 6315:et al 6101:Dio, 6090:divus 5877:et al 5763:Cynic 5759:Stoic 5740:Titus 5683:XV.74 5548:domus 5478:Philo 5423:et al 5410:genii 5001:et al 4930:numen 4914:divus 4892:Lives 4722:divus 4479:10.26 4473:Lives 4329:9.1.5 4173:Notes 4073:Icons 4064:divus 4045:divus 3993:Arian 3985:divus 3977:divus 3904:numen 3896:Philo 3867:salus 3854:sōtēr 3848:logos 3843:fatum 3800:Lares 3727:genii 3664:Solar 3652:domus 3644:numen 3600:lares 3592:domus 3588:lares 3560:lares 3525:Julli 3511:genii 3509:(pl. 3468:lares 3380:Augur 3361:genii 3346:. 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