Turkish invasion of Cyprus

1506:, the British Foreign Secretary, having summoned a conference of the three guarantor powers. There they issued a declaration that the Turkish occupation zone should not be extended, that the Turkish enclaves should immediately be evacuated by the Greeks, and that a further conference should be held at Geneva with the two Cypriot communities present to restore peace and re-establish constitutional government. In advance of this they made two observations, one upholding the 1960 constitution, the other appearing to abandon it. They called for the Turkish Vice-President to resume his functions, but they also noted 'the existence in practice of two autonomous administrations, that of the Greek Cypriot community and that of the Turkish Cypriot community'. 2158: 2200: 1202:. More generally, although Resolution 186 had asked all countries to avoid interfering in Cypriot affairs, the United States disregarded this and, through persistent machinations, managed to overcome manoeuvring by Makarios and protests by the Soviet Union to intimately involve itself in negotiations in the form of presidential envoy Dean Acheson. UN-mediated talks – invidiously assisted by Acheson, boycotted by Makarios because he correctly apprehended that the American goal was to terminate Cyprus' independence – began in July in Geneva. Acheson dominated proceedings and, by the end of the month, the "Acheson Plan" had become the basis for all future negotiations. 2025: 1711: 2085: 2211: 1405: 316: 304: 201: 1081: 1764: 7200: 352: 340: 225: 467: 68: 1627: 1139:, which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan. The amendments would have involved the Turkish community giving up many of their protections as a minority, including adjusting ethnic quotas in the government and revoking the presidential and vice-presidential veto power. 3818: 2180: 1799: 1692:. According to Paul Sant Cassia, rape was used systematically to "soften" resistance and clear civilian areas through fear. Many of the atrocities were seen as revenge for the atrocities against Turkish Cypriots in 1963–64 and the massacres during the first invasion. It has been suggested that many of the atrocities were revenge killings, committed by Turkish Cypriot fighters in military uniform who might have been mistaken for Turkish soldiers. In the 2275:(Peace Research Institute Oslo), it was estimated that the number of Turkish mainlanders in the north who have been granted the right to vote is 37,000. This figure however excludes mainlanders who are married to Turkish Cypriots or adult children of mainland settlers as well as all minors. The report also estimates the number of Turkish mainlanders who have not been granted the right to vote, whom it labels as "transients", at a further 105,000. 1696:, a group of Turkish Cypriots reportedly chose young girls to rape and impregnated teenage girls. There were cases of rapes, which included gang rapes, of teenage girls by Turkish soldiers and Turkish Cypriot men in the peninsula, and one case involved the rape of an old Greek Cypriot man by a Turkish Cypriot. The man was reportedly identified by the victim and two other rapists were also arrested. Raped women were sometimes outcast from society. 7801: 286: 274: 262: 250: 183: 2335: 2307: 2321: 170: 3872: 2772: 2591: 7061: 4125: 328: 213: 2170: 2769: 1985:(union between Cyprus and Greece). Makarios described the coup which replaced him as "an invasion of Cyprus by Greece" in his speech to the UN security council and stated that there were "no prospects" of success in the talks aimed at resolving the situation between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, as long as the leaders of the coup, sponsored and supported by Greece, were in power. 1064:, after being dropped off there by the British authorities. TMT also blew up the offices of the Turkish press office in Nicosia in a false flag operation to attach blame to Greek Cypriots. It also began a string of assassinations of prominent Turkish Cypriot supporters of independence. The following year, after the conclusion of the independence agreements on Cyprus, the 1532: 4115: 1784:

Identification and Return of Remains of Missing Persons. The whole project is being implemented by bi-communal teams of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriot scientists (archaeologists, anthropologists and geneticists) under the overall responsibility of the CMP. By the end of 2007, 57 individuals had been identified and their remains returned to their families.

2191:– the body of common rights and obligations – applies only to the areas under direct government control, and is suspended in the areas occupied by the Turkish military and administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other 2622: 2295:, whereas the embargo on Cyprus remained in place for longer, having most recently been enforced on 18 November 1992. In December 2019, the US Congress lifted the decades-old arms embargo on Cyprus. On 2 September 2020, United States decided to lift embargo on selling "non-lethal" military goods to Cyprus for one year starting from 1 October. 4370: 5787: 5734: 1779:

on 14 August 1974. Also, as a result of the invasion, over 2000 Greek-Cypriot prisoners of war were taken to Turkey and detained in Turkish prisons. Some of them were not released and are still missing. In particular, the Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) in Cyprus, which operates under the auspices

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By the time that the second Geneva conference met on 14 August 1974, international sympathy (which had been with the Turks in their first attack) was swinging back towards Greece now that it had restored democracy. At the second round of peace talks, Turkey demanded that the Cypriot government accept

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to try to mediate the conflict. Turkey issued a list of demands to Greece via a US negotiator. These demands included the immediate removal of Nikos Sampson, the withdrawal of 650 Greek officers from the Cypriot National Guard, the admission of Turkish troops to protect their population, equal rights

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The Sampson regime took over radio stations and declared that Makarios had been killed; but Makarios, safe in London, was soon able to counteract these reports. The Turkish-Cypriots were not affected by the coup against Makarios; one of the reasons was that Ioannides did not want to provoke a Turkish

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The United Nations Security Council decisions for the immediate unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops from Cyprus soil and the safe return of the refugees to their homes have not been implemented by Turkey and the TRNC. Turkey and TRNC defend their position, stating that any such withdrawal

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Having found violations of a number of Articles of the Convention, the Commission notes that the acts violating the Convention were exclusively directed against members of one of two communities in Cyprus, namely the Greek Cypriot community. It concludes by eleven votes to three that Turkey has thus

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Turkey was found guilty by the European Commission of Human Rights for displacement of persons, deprivation of liberty, ill treatment, deprivation of life and deprivation of possessions. The Turkish policy of violently forcing a third of the island's Greek population from their homes in the occupied

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A year later EOKA revived its attempts to achieve the union of Cyprus with Greece. Turkish Cypriots were recruited into the police by the British forces to fight against Greek Cypriots, but EOKA initially did not want to open up a second front against Turkish Cypriots. However, in January 1957, EOKA

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and a Turkish Cypriot constituent state linked by a federal government. More than half of the Greek Cypriots who were displaced in 1974 and their descendants would have had their properties returned to them and would have lived in them under Greek Cypriot administration within a period of 3.5 to 42

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The European commission of Human Rights with 12 votes against 1, accepted evidence from the Republic of Cyprus, concerning the rapes of various Greek-Cypriot women by Turkish soldiers and the torture of many Greek-Cypriot prisoners during the invasion of the island. The high rate of rape reportedly

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Broadly, three main forces can be held responsible for transforming two ethnic communities into two national ones: education, British colonial practices, and insular religious teachings accompanying economic development. Formal education was perhaps the most important as it affected Cypriots during

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At this time the population of Cyprus was composed of both Greeks and Turks, who identified themselves with their respective homeland. However, the elites of both communities shared the belief that they were socially more progressive and better educated, and therefore distinct from the mainlanders.

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The issue of missing persons in Cyprus took a new turn in the summer of 2004 when the UN-sponsored Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) began returning remains of identified missing individuals to their families. CMP designed and started to implement (from August 2006) its project on the Exhumation,

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to protect the Turkish Cypriots and guarantee the independence of Cyprus. By the time the UN Security Council was able to obtain a ceasefire on 22 July the Turkish forces were in command of a narrow path between Kyrenia and Nicosia, 3% of the territory of Cyprus, which they succeeded in widening,

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Fighting broke out again in 1967, as the Turkish Cypriots pushed for more freedom of movement. Once again, the situation was not settled until Turkey threatened to invade on the basis that it would be protecting the Turkish population from ethnic cleansing by Greek Cypriot forces. To avoid that, a

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Resentment also rose within the Greek Cypriot community because Turkish Cypriots had been given a larger share of governmental posts than the size of their population warranted. In accordance with the constitution 30% of civil service jobs were allocated to the Turkish community despite being only

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The crisis of 1974: The Turkish assault and occupation Cyprus: In Search of Peace: The Turkish ... UN was able to obtain a ceasefire on 22 July the Turkish Army had only secured a narrow corridor between Kyrenia and Nicosia, which it widened during the next few days in violation of the terms, but

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stated that the demographic structure of the island has been continuously modified as a result of the deliberate policies of the Turks. Following the occupation of Northern Cyprus, civilian settlers from Turkey began arriving on the island. Despite the lack of consensus on the exact figures, all

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Negotiations to find a solution to the Cyprus problem have been taking place on and off since 1964. Between 1974 and 2002, the Turkish Cypriot side was seen by the international community as the side refusing a balanced solution. Since 2002, the situation has been reversed according to US and UK

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The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy. The nature of this event is still controversial: in some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings,

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Violence by the militias of both sides had continued, and Turkey made several threats to invade. Indeed, Ankara had decided to do so when, in his famous letter of 5 June 1964, President Johnson of the United States warned that his country was against an invasion, making a veiled threat that NATO

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reduced Islam's role in the everyday life of individuals and emphasised Turkish identity as the main source of nationalism. Traditional education with a religious foundation was discarded and replaced with one that followed secular principles and, shorn of Arab and Persian influences, was purely

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As a result of the Turkish invasion and occupation, perhaps as many as 200,000 Greeks living in northern Cyprus fled their homes and became refugees in the south. It is estimated that 638 Turkish troops died in the fighting, with another 2,000 wounded. Another 1,000 or so Turkish civilians were

1925:. They have also criticised the perceived failure of Turkish intervention to achieve or justify its stated goals (protecting the sovereignty, integrity, and independence of the Republic of Cyprus), claiming that Turkey's intentions from the beginning were to create the state of Northern Cyprus. 1134:

after the government was blocked by Turkish Cypriot legislators. Frustrated by these impasses and believing that the constitution prevented enosis, the Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and had designed the

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road, the historic jugular vein of the island. They retained control of that road until 1974, at which time it acted as a crucial link in Turkey's military invasion. From 1963 up to the point of the Turkish invasion of 20 July 1974, Greek Cypriots who wanted to use the road could only do so if

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has challenged the legality of Turkey's action, because Article Four of the Treaty of Guarantee gives the right to guarantors to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs. The aftermath of Turkey's invasion, however, did not safeguard the Republic's sovereignty and

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In January 1964, negotiations were hosted by the British in London but their failure to make headway, and two vetoes thereafter by Makarios of a suggested NATO or NATO-dominated peacekeeping force, meant matters were turned over to the United Nations. After intense debate, UN Security Council

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The 1960 Constitution of the Cyprus Republic proved unworkable, however, lasting only three years. Greek Cypriots wanted to end the separate Turkish Cypriot municipal councils permitted by the British in 1958, made subject to review under the 1960 agreements. For many Greek Cypriots these

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The United Nations Security Council Resolution 360 adopted on 16 August 1974 declared their respect for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus, and formally recorded its disapproval of the unilateral military actions taken against it by Turkey.

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700 Turkish residents of northern Nicosia, among them women and children, were taken hostage. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The British

2050:(1983) considered the "attempt to create the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is invalid, and will contribute to a worsening of the situation in Cyprus". It went on to state that it "considers the declaration referred to above as legally invalid and calls for its withdrawal". 1432:

surrendered to the Cypriot National Guard. Following this, according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot. 1,300 Turkish Cypriots were confined in a prison camp afterwards. The enclave in

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According to a Greek Cypriot claim, since 1974, at least 55 churches have been converted into mosques and another 50 churches and monasteries have been converted into stables, stores, hostels, or museums, or have been demolished. According to the government spokesman of the

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In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot, according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts. 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.

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had collapsed on 24 July 1974 and the democratic government of the Republic of Cyprus had been restored under Glafkos Clerides, did not constitute a justified intervention as had been the case with the first wave of the Turkish invasion that led to the Junta's collapse.

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On 2 July 1974, Makarios wrote an open letter to President Gizikis complaining bluntly that 'cadres of the Greek military regime support and direct the activities of the 'EOKA-B' terrorist organisation'. He also ordered that Greece remove some 600 Greek officers in the

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Under Ottoman rule Turkish Cypriots had been classified as Muslims, a distinction based on religion. Being thoroughly secular, Atatürk's programme made their Turkish identity paramount, and may have further reinforced their division from their Greek Cypriot neighbours.

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These amendments were rejected by the Turkish side and the Turkish representation left the government, although there is some dispute over whether they left in protest or were forced out by the National Guard. The 1960 constitution fell apart and communal violence

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on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. Both President Makarios and Vice President Küçük issued calls for peace, but these were ignored. Greece, Turkey, and the UK – the guarantors of the

3163: 992:, or "National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters"). Their objective was to drive the British out of the island first, and then to integrate the island with Greece. EOKA wished to remove all obstacles from their path to independence, or union with Greece. 2141:. The plan, which was approved by a two-to-one margin by the Turkish Cypriots in a separate but simultaneous referendum, would have created a United Cyprus Republic and ensured that the entire island would reap the benefits of Cyprus's entry into the 2195:

states. The Greek Cypriot government in Nicosia continues to oppose EU efforts to establish direct trade and economic links to TRNC as a way of encouraging the Turkish Cypriot community to continue to support the resolution of the Cyprus dispute.

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in 1975 were subjected by the Turks to violations of their human rights so that by 2001 when the European Court of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of the violation of 14 articles of the European Convention of Human Rights in its judgement of

1955:, adopted unanimously on 20 July 1974, in response to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the Council demanded the immediate withdrawal of all foreign military personnel present in the Republic of Cyprus in contravention of paragraph 1 of the 2234:

parties concerned admitted that Turkish nationals began arriving in the northern part of the island in 1975. It was suggested that over 120,000 settlers came to Cyprus from mainland Turkey. This was a violation of the Article 49 of the

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Clerides asked for 36 to 48 hours in order to consult with Athens and with Greek Cypriot leaders, the Turkish Foreign Minister denied Clerides that opportunity on the grounds that Makarios and others would use it to play for more time.

805:, amounting to half the Turkish Cypriot population, were displaced from the south to the north. The Turkish invasion ended in the partition of Cyprus along the UN-monitored Green Line, which still divides Cyprus, and the formation of a 948:(1881–1938) and affected Turkish Cypriots who followed his principles. President of the Republic of Turkey from 1923 to 1938, Atatürk attempted to build a new nation on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire and elaborated the programme of " 1578:

After the conflict, Cypriot representatives and the United Nations consented to the transfer of the remainder of the 51,000 Turkish Cypriots that had not left their homes in the south to settle in the north, if they wished to do so.

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on 20 July and captured 3% of the island before a ceasefire was declared. The Greek military junta collapsed and was replaced by a civilian government. Following the breakdown of peace talks, Turkish forces enlarged their original

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On 22 July 2010, United Nations' International Court of Justice decided that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence". In response to this non-legally-binding direction, German Foreign Minister

1030:, which diverted the British army's attention away from their positions in the mountains. In the riots, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed, which was presented by the Greek Cypriot leadership as an act of Turkish aggression. 1298:. Ioannides believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathiser. This led Ioannides to support EOKA-B and the National Guard, as they tried to undermine Makarios. 5701: 897:

in 1923 marked the end of the Turkish claim to the island. Article 21 of the treaty gave Turkish nationals ordinarily resident in Cyprus the choice of leaving the island within 2 years or to remain as British subjects.

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Greek Cypriots condemn the brutality of the Turkish invasion, including but not limited to the high levels of rape, child rape and torture. Greek Cypriots emphasise that in 1976 and 1983 Turkey was found guilty by the

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and the creation of a separate political entity in the north. On 13 February 1975, Turkey declared the occupied areas of the Republic of Cyprus to be a "Federated Turkish State", to the universal condemnation of the

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called Ecevit and said the code phrase. On 14 August Turkey launched its "Second Peace Operation", which eventually resulted in the Turkish occupation of 37% of Cyprus. Turkish occupation reached as far south as the

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In so far as common or concerted action may not prove possible, each the three guaranteeing Powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs created by the present

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Neither Turkey nor the TRNC have complied with the above resolutions and Varosha remains uninhabited. In 2017, Varosha's beach was opened to be exclusively used by Turks (Turkish-Cypriots and Turkish nationals).

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Five days later, on 20 July 1974, Turkey, claiming a right to intervene as one of the guarantors of the 1960 agreement, invaded the island on the pretext of restoring the constitutional order of the Republic of

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The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty.

6323: 1603:). The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to affect Turkey's relations with Cyprus, Greece, and the 2103:

officials, and the Greek Cypriot side rejected a plan which would have called for the dissolution of the Republic of Cyprus without guarantees that the Turkish occupation forces would be removed. The latest

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Regretting the failure of the attempt to reach a diplomatic settlement which led the Turkish Government to exercise its right of intervention in accordance with Article 4 of the Guarantee Treaty of 1960.

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In the following year UN resolution 550 (1984) condemned the "exchange of Ambassadors" between Turkey and the TRNC and went on to add that the Security Council "considers attempts to settle any part of

5241: 1676:(application no. 25781/94), less than 600 still remained. In the same judgement, Turkey was found guilty of violating the rights of the Turkish Cypriots by authorising the trial of civilians by a 1112:

18.3% of the population. Additionally, the position of vice president was reserved for the Turkish population, and both the president and vice president were given veto power over crucial issues.

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on 2 July 1952. In the aftermath of these meetings a "Council of Revolution" was established on 7 March 1953. In early 1954 secret weaponry shipments to Cyprus started with the knowledge of the

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in different areas that were blockaded by the National Guard and were directly supported by Turkey. The republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the

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and increased education reduced the explicitly religious characteristics of the two communities, the growth of nationalism on the two mainlands increased the significance of other differences.

7139: 2039: 819: 7912: 7353: 6222:. "The legality of the Turkish intervention on Cyprus has also been underlined by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in its resolution 573 (1974), adopted on 29 July 1974." 5819: 6351: 6081: 2512: 2501: 1653:. Turkey has been condemned for preventing the return of Greek Cypriot refugees to their properties. The European Commission of Human Rights reports of 1976 and 1983 state the following: 1555:), it will mean that our armed forces are ready to go into action. Even if the telephone line is tapped, that would rouse no suspicion." An hour and a half after the conference broke up, 6595: 4813:Σ' αυτό το χρονικό σημείο, οι Τούρκοι ελέγχουν το 3% του Κυπριακού εδάφους, έχοντας δημιουργήσει ένα προγεφύρωμα, που συνδέει την Κερύνεια με τον τουρκοκυπριακό θύλακο της Λευκωσίας. ( 2070:

said it "has nothing to do with any other cases in the world" including Cyprus, whereas some researchers stated the decision of ICJ provided the Turkish Cypriots an option to be used.

1751:, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived." 1658:

failed to secure the rights and freedoms set forth in these Articles without discrimination on the grounds of ethnic origin, race, religion as required by Article 14 of the Convention.

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The London Conference was attended by the Greek and Turkish foreign ministers, the British Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, and Greek- and Turkish-Cypriot representatives.

3815: 1571:. The number of refugees is estimated to be between 140,000 and 160,000. The ceasefire line from 1974 separates the two communities on the island, and is commonly referred to as the 4509:

Bahcheli, Tazun. Cyprus in the Politics of Turkey since 1955, in: Norma Salem (ed). Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and its Resolution. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1992, 62–71. 65

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Smith, M. "Explaining Partition: Reconsidering the role of the security dilemma in the Cyprus crisis of 1974." Diss. University of New Hampshire, 2009. ProQuest 15 October 2010, 52

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once the union with Greece was achieved. It was later supported and organised directly by the Turkish government, and the TMT declared war on the Greek Cypriot rebels as well.

7264: 2395: 2245: 5966: 1888:, in 1974. The icon was noticed by church officials during a television interview of Boy George at his home. The church contacted the singer who agreed to return the icon at 1475:

On 23 July 1974 the Greek military junta collapsed mainly because of the events in Cyprus. Greek political leaders in exile started returning to the country. On 24 July 1974

6633: 6377:. Cuneyt Yenigun, International Conference on Balkan and North Cyprus Relations: Perspectives in Political, Economic and Strategic Studies Center for Strategic Studies, 2011 5520: 5512: 5197: 3912: 2588: 3891: 2554: 6542: 3730:

Classified as illegal under international law, the occupation of the northern part leads automatically to an illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus' accession.

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Antony Evelyn Alcock, A history of the protection of regional cultural minorities in Europe: from the Edict of Nantes to the present day, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000,

1226:, EOKA leader, to be forced to leave Cyprus and for the Cypriot government to lift some restrictions of movement and access to supplies of the Turkish populations. 801:) were displaced from the northern part of the island, where Greek Cypriots had constituted 80% of the population. Over the course of the next year, roughly 60,000 1235: 332: 4554:

Pericleous, Chrysostoms. "The Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan." London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. 2009. pp. 84–89, 105–107

1850:, built between the 12th and 15th centuries. Frescoes found in possession of Dikmen included those from the 11th–12th century Church of Panagia Pergaminiotisa in 6215: 4428: 3641: 1041:) was formed initially as a local initiative to prevent the union with Greece which was viewed by Turkish Cypriots as an existential threat due to the exodus of 565: 2758:

killed or wounded. Cypriot Greeks, together with Greek soldiers dispatched to the island, suffered 4,500–6,000 killed or wounded, and 2,000–3,000 more missing.

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to take action to return Cyprus to its neutral status. The UK declined this offer, and refused to let Turkey use its bases on Cyprus as part of the operation.

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At this point in time, the Turks control 3% of Cypriot territory, having created a bridgehead connecting Kyrenia with the Turkish Cypriot enclave in Nicosia.

1015:, formerly an officer in the Greek army, covertly disembarked on the island on 9 November 1954 and EOKA's campaign against the British forces began to grow. 555: 6948: 5675: 5446: 1718:, where the victims of the massacre are buried individually. This is the photograph of a family grave, showing the four children killed in a single family. 625: 572: 560: 497: 6277: 2993: 1948:

The stationing of 40,000 Turkish troops on Northern Cyprus after the invasion in violation of resolutions by the United Nations has also been criticised.

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were incorporated in the Greek Cypriot armed forces, gave Turkey reason and a pretext to invade Cyprus, claiming its role under the Treaty of Guarantees.

550: 6042: 2046:. Immediately upon this declaration Britain convened a meeting of the United Nations Security Council to condemn the declaration as "legally invalid". 4671:"Cyprus: A Country Study" U.S Library of Congress. Ed. Eric Solsten. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Web. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 4601:

Pericleous, Chrysostoms. "The Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan." London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. 2009. p. 101

3990: 1996:, which allows Turkey, Greece, and the United Kingdom to unilaterally intervene militarily in failure of a multilateral response to crisis in Cyprus. 5881:

Bourloyannis, Christiane; Virginia Morris (January 1992). "Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyrprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc".

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Juliet Pearse, "Troubled Northern Cyprus fights to keep afloat" in Cyprus. Grapheio Typou kai Plērophoriōn, Cyprus. Grapheion Dēmosiōn Plērophoriōn,

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and was sworn in as Prime Minister. He kept Greece from entering the war, an act that was highly criticised as an act of treason. Shortly after this

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village, who were arrested by the British police as part of an armed group suspected of preparing an attack against the Turkish Cypriot quarter of

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Kassimeris, Christos. "Greek Response to the Cyprus Invasion" Small Wars and Insurgencies 19.2 (2008): 256–273. EBSCOhost 28 September 2010, 258.

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Kassimeris, Christos. "Greek Response to the Cyprus Invasion" Small Wars and Insurgencies 19.2 (2008): 256–273. EBSCOhost 28 September 2010. 258

8314: 6260: 4216: 2047: 1952: 1600: 1422: 1187: 6603: 6483: 4170: 2248:", which was adopted on 2 September 1987, demanded "the full restoration of all human rights to the whole population of Cyprus, including the 4650: 4098: 6297: 5055:"Cyprus: A Country Study" U.S Library of Congress. Ed. Eric Solsten. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Web. 1 October 2010. 1390:, but even harsher. However, Nixon's letter never reached the hands of the Turkish prime minister, and no one ever heard anything about it. 7821: 7469: 3984:"Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" 2058:

by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the United Nations".

4237:

Cyprus: A Country Study" U.S Library of Congress. Ed. Eric Solsten. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Web. 1 October 2010

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while some Turkish Cypriots willingly refused to withdraw due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. They started living in

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The first Turk to be killed by EOKA on 21 June 1955 was a policeman. EOKA also killed Greek Cypriot leftists. After the September 1955

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combatant who was known to be fanatically anti-Turkish and had taken part in violence against Turkish civilians in earlier conflicts.

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that he had bought without knowing the origin. The icon, which had adorned his home for 26 years, had been looted from the church of

1826:, who had sold the mosaics, was arrested in Germany in a police raid and found to be in possession of a stash consisting of mosaics, 811: 146: 6061: 7307: 7099: 1445: 1416:

on the northern coast meeting resistance from Greek and Greek Cypriot forces. Ankara said that it was invoking its right under the

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sent a ship to Cyprus fully loaded with arms for the TMT. The ship was stopped and the crew was caught red-handed in the infamous "

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2nd Report of the European Commission of Human Rights; Turkey's invasion in Cyprus and aftermath (19 May 1976 to 10 February 1983)

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Oberling, Pierre. The Road to Bellapais: the Turkish Cypriot exodus to Northern Cyprus. New York: Columbia University Press. 1982.

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by Turkish Cypriots but overwhelmingly rejected in parallel referendum by Greek Cypriots, after the Greek Cypriot Leadership and

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Ethnic map of Cyprus in 1973. Gold denotes Greek Cypriots, purple denotes Turkish Cypriot enclaves and red denotes British bases.

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Katsoulas, Spyros (2021). "The “Nixon Letter” to Ecevit: An Untold Story of the Eve of the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974",

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Greek/Greek Cypriot casualties were estimated at 6,000 and Turkish/Turkish Cypriot casualties at 3,500, including 1,500 dead...

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European Commission of Human Rights, "Report of the Commission to Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75", Council of Europe, 1976,

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European Commission of Human Rights, "Report of the Commission to Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75", Council of Europe, 1976,

3888: 2562: 2238:, which prohibits an occupier from transferring or deporting parts of its own civilian population into an occupied territory. 672: 6814:

1st Report of the European Commission of Human Rights; Turkey's invasion in Cyprus and aftermath (20 July 1974 – 18 May 1976)

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in August 1974 resulting in the capture of approximately 36% of the island. The ceasefire line from August 1974 became the

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Greek Cypriots have also claimed that the second wave of the Turkish invasion that occurred in August 1974, even after the

1306:

from Cyprus. The Greek Government's immediate reply was to order the go-ahead of the coup. On 15 July 1974 sections of the

1088:

British rule lasted until the middle of August 1960, when the island was declared an independent state on the basis of the

826:

of the Republic of Cyprus. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of

791: 5395: 5139: 3059: 8485: 8435: 8405: 8215: 7958: 7373: 6514: 4314: 3570: 3546: 2224: 2173: 2130:

in an April 2004 referendum. On 24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriots rejected by a three-to-one margin the plan proposed by

2043: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1810:

In 1989, the government of Cyprus took an American art dealer to court for the return of four rare 6th-century Byzantine

1650: 1646: 611: 2439:), based on the viewpoint that Turkey's military action constituted a peacekeeping operation. It is also referred to as 1913:

Greek Cypriots have claimed that the invasion and subsequent actions by Turkey have been diplomatic ploys, furthered by

1359:

for both populations, and access to the sea from the northern coast for Turkish Cypriots. Turkey, led by Prime Minister

822:, although Turkey is the only country that recognises it. The international community considers the TRNC's territory as 5572: 5547: 5098: 5022: 4993: 4968: 4937: 4909: 4846: 4703: 4695: 4573: 4419: 4377:: "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis." 4322: 4268: 4057: 4028: 3966: 3935: 3786: 3615: 3513: 3346: 3171: 2802: 2712: 2683: 2654: 2538: 2005: 1780:

of the United Nations, is mandated to investigate approximately 1600 cases of Greek Cypriot and Greek missing persons.

17: 6818: 6813: 6212: 3631: 8480: 8470: 8193: 6999: 5073: 4158: 4084: 2841: 2192: 1992:

supported the legality of the first wave of the Turkish invasion that occurred in July 1974, as per Article 4 of the

1325: 1264: 797:

Around 150,000 people (amounting to more than one-quarter of the total population of Cyprus, and to one-third of its

6192: 4292: 3396: 2154:

of the settlement. For those whose property could not be returned, they would have received monetary compensation.

1734:, by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen." In the 918: 8460: 8281: 7566: 7363: 6661: 4800: 4417:

Telegraph View (represents the editorial opinion of The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph) (30 April 2007).

2390: 2131: 1830:

and icons dating back to the 6th, 12th and 15th centuries, worth over $ 50 million. The mosaics, depicting Saints

457:

4,500–6,000 casualties (estimated) (military and civilian) including 309 (Cyprus) and 105 (Greece) military deaths

7431: 7385: 7343: 6422: 6136: 5835: 3016: 2359: 1822:

of all images of sacred figures. Cyprus won the case, and the mosaics were eventually returned. In October 1997,

1583: 1318: 1218:

troops. In response to this, their movement and access to basic supplies became more restricted by Greek forces.

1163:

contingent had moved out of its barracks and seized the most strategic position on the island across the Nicosia–

1034: 445: 187: 38: 5671: 5454: 2349: 1089: 999:

organisation established to integrate the island with Greece, were started under the chairmanship of Archbishop

8475: 8445: 8440: 7751: 7219: 6807: 6274: 2989: 1747:

covered another news of atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near

1191: 890: 728: 727:

began on 20 July 1974 and progressed in two phases over the following month. Taking place upon a background of

8382: 7241: 6396: 6098: 6039: 5992: 5212: 1313:

Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to

1250: 1149: 740: 677: 8150: 7836: 7274: 3838: 2272: 2199: 1956: 782: 687: 533: 2738:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

8430: 8425: 8009: 7851: 7732: 7092: 6922: 5784: 3983: 2157: 1633:, a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under military control 1387: 1121: 1026:

forces began targeting and killing Turkish Cypriot police deliberately to provoke Turkish Cypriot riots in

2951:

Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Century

913:", promoted ethnic polarisation as a strategy to reduce the threat to colonial control. For example, when 8490: 8075: 7924: 7631: 7546: 7505: 4944:

children were shot in the street and the Turkish quarter of Limassol was burnt out by the National Guard.

4745:

Dodd, Clement. "The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict." New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2010, 113.

2375: 2256:" and also expressed "its concern also at the policy and practice of the implantation of settlers in the 1448:, the prisoners of war taken at this stage and before the second invasion included 385 Greek Cypriots in 1271: 6839:

United Nations Peace Keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) situation reports (20 July 1974 – 18 August 1974)

6324:"Turkish Army opens fenced-off Famagusta beach exclusively to Turkish nationals & Turkish-Cypriots!" 6158: 5859: 5731: 5614: 5046:

Dodd, Clement. "The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict." New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2010, 119

1182:". A doomed truce was declared on 26 December 1963 and a British peacekeeping despatched to oversee it. 8410: 8368: 8237: 8082: 8043: 7520: 7510: 5672:"Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot victims of rape: The invisible pain and trauma that's kept 'hidden'" 4311:

A Business of Some Heat: The United Nations Force in Cyprus Before and During the 1974 Turkish Invasion

1763: 1417: 1364: 1096:

municipalities were the first stage on the way to the partition they feared. The Greek Cypriots wanted

3466:

Papadakis, Yiannis (2003). "Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus".

2004:

Greek Cypriots who were unhappy with the United States not stopping the Turkish invasion took part in

8128: 8100: 7856: 7666: 7618: 7406: 6301: 4208: 2241: 1270:

The junta had come to power in 1967, via a military coup in Athens. In the autumn of 1973, after the

6829:

Reports by the UN Secretary General regarding developments in Cyprus (22 May 1974 – 6 December 1974)

3239:

On 20 July 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus under the pretext of protecting the Turkish-Cypriot minority.

1775:

The missing persons list of the Republic of Cyprus confirms that 83 Turkish Cypriots disappeared in

1412:

Turkey invaded Cyprus on Saturday, 20 July 1974. Heavily armed troops landed shortly before dawn at

8210: 8079: 7846: 7146: 6487: 5477:"ECtHR –Cyprus v. Turkey , Application no. 25781/94, 10 May 2001 | European Database of Asylum Law" 4886:

Troops landed around Kyrenia, the main town on that coast, and quickly secured a narrow bridgehead.

4174: 2779:"Euromosaic III: Presence of Regional and Minority Language Groups in the New Member States", p. 18 2235: 1993: 1889: 1638:

North, preventing their return and settling Turks from mainland Turkey is considered an example of

1207: 577: 6858:

The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus Coup D'Etat and Turkish Invasion Cyprus 15–24 July 1974

6834:

UN Security Council documents and resolutions regarding Cyprus (12 August 1974 – 13 December 1974)

4658: 4095: 3285: 2024: 945: 8455: 8450: 8415: 8055: 7994: 7887: 7378: 7312: 7224: 7085: 6844:

Letters addressed to UN Secretary General regarding Cyprus (13 September 1974 – 31 December 1974)

1838:, are two more sections from the apse of the Kanakaria Church, while the frescoes, including the 1689: 1662: 1596: 1222:

compromise was reached for Greece to be forced to remove some of its troops from the island; for

1144: 906:

childhood and youth; education has been a main vehicle of transferring inter-communal hostility.

709: 658: 5698: 5320: 4692:

America, Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calculated Conspiracy Or Foreign Policy Failure?

1339:

was declared provisional president of the new government. Sampson was an ultra-nationalist, pro-

8250: 8188: 8175: 8019: 7941: 7929: 7892: 7601: 7539: 7358: 5753: 5539: 5533: 4261:

Turkey, Greece, and the Borders of Europe. Images of Nations in the West German Press 1950–1975

2509: 2265: 1731: 1476: 1452:, 63 Greek Cypriots in the Saray Prison and 3,268 Turkish Cypriots in various camps in Cyprus. 1307: 1303: 925:

and in September 1955, established the Special Mobile Reserve which was made up exclusively of

873:

and the Ottoman Empire. On 5 November 1914, in response to the Ottoman Empire's entry into the

755: 538: 4871: 4615: 4020: 3683: 3607: 3192: 3055:Καταλόγοι Ελληνοκυπρίων και Ελλαδιτών φονευθέντων κατά το Πραξικόπημα και την Τουρκική Εισβολή 2954: 2704: 2084: 1710: 8004: 7989: 7934: 7841: 7756: 7493: 7157: 6974:

United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974: Removing the Greek-Turkish Bone of Contention

6434: 3715: 3423: 3224: 2794: 2646: 2127: 2120: 2104: 1404: 1383: 1287: 861:. After 300 years of Ottoman rule the island and its population was leased to Britain by the 6014: 3256: 3131: 2675: 2099:

In 1999, UNHCR halted its assistance activities for internally displaced persons in Cyprus.

8123: 7897: 7776: 7596: 7480: 7331: 7302: 7043: 6899: 6730: 6454: 2969:

The invasion cost about 6,000 Greek Cypriot and 1500–3500 Turkish casualties (20 July 1974)

2203: 2188: 1975: 1819: 1080: 937: 699: 441: 5432: 8: 8358: 8222: 8065: 8060: 8024: 7963: 7919: 7831: 7809: 7626: 7448: 6058: 3250: 3012: 2257: 2249: 2210: 2146: 2055: 1972: 1881: 1793: 1743: 1572: 1515: 1291: 1211: 1127: 969: 941: 823: 744: 344: 95: 8306: 944:

was at the core of the revolutionary programme promoted by the father of modern Turkey,

8145: 8105: 8090: 7875: 7861: 7583: 7462: 7229: 7047: 6874: 6694: 5906: 5898: 5637: 5313: 5161: 3483: 3146:

The Greek Cypriots and much of the international community refer to it as an "invasion.

2917: 2862:Η Μάχη της Κύπρου, Γεώργιος Σέργης, Εκδόσεις Αφοι Βλάσση, Αθήνα 1999, p. 254 (in Greek) 2853:Η Μάχη της Κύπρου, Γεώργιος Σέργης, Εκδόσεις Αφοι Βλάσση, Αθήνα 1999, p. 253 (in Greek) 2354: 1685: 1630: 1621: 1561: 1455:

On the night of 21 to 22 July 1974, a battalion of Greek commandos was transported to

1329: 1190:, unanimously adopted on 4 March, recommended the creation of a UN peacekeeping force ( 1008: 894: 882: 866: 664: 6559: 5925: 3779:

Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus

3747: 3339:

Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus

1705: 8274: 8227: 8115: 8095: 8014: 7977: 7826: 7745: 7715: 7689: 7646: 7636: 7606: 7574: 7515: 7488: 7401: 7337: 6995: 6952: 6782: 6763: 6740: 6716: 6374: 6275:

Brendan O’Malley: The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion

6254: 6208: 5910: 5776: 5723: 5641: 5593: 5568: 5543: 5376: 5362: 5343: 5324: 5300: 5282: 5115: 5090: 5069: 5018: 4989: 4964: 4933: 4905: 4875: 4842: 4727:

Borowiec, Andrew. "The Mediterranean Feud". New York: Praeger Publishers, 1983, p. 99

4699: 4569: 4441:

we called for intervention in Cyprus when the anti-Turkish pogroms began in the 1960s

4397: 4343: 4318: 4264: 4154: 4080: 4053: 4024: 3962: 3861: 3782: 3719: 3687: 3611: 3509: 3487: 3427: 3342: 3260: 3228: 3196: 3167: 3135: 3008: 2985: 2958: 2923: 2837: 2798: 2746: 2708: 2679: 2650: 2611: 2534: 2365: 2253: 2151: 2067: 1989: 1693: 1677: 1666: 1591: 1379: 1104: 949: 862: 592: 278: 3189:

After Civil War: Division, Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Contemporary Europe

2791:

The Property Rights of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: Beyond Restitution

254: 30:

This article is about the 1974 Turkish invasion. For the 1570 Ottoman conquest, see

8200: 8070: 7999: 7766: 7674: 7455: 7368: 7214: 7199: 7034: 6891: 6708: 6682: 6670: 6360: 5890: 5629: 4680:

Borowiec, Andrew. "The Mediterranean Feud", New York: Praeger Publishers, 1983, 98.

3475: 2464: 1914: 1873: 1835: 1815: 1639: 1568: 1556: 1548: 1540: 1519: 1488: 926: 922: 802: 736: 647: 437: 308: 125: 6824:

European Court of Human Rights Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94)

5826:(Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus) Retrieved on 2 March 2012. 4854:

which it was impatient to expand further on military as well as political grounds.

4046:

The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria

1544: 1360: 266: 8290: 8245: 8160: 8155: 8133: 7907: 7694: 7656: 7284: 7134: 6734: 6546: 6441: 6355: 6281: 6219: 6085: 6065: 6046: 5842: 5823: 5803: 5791: 5773:

Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus

5760: 5738: 5720:

Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus

5705: 5590:

Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory, and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus

5516: 5340:

The Prevention of Human Rights Violations (International Studies in Human Rights)

5242:"APPLICATIONS/REQUÉTES N° 6780/74 6 N° 6950/75 CYPRUS v/TURKEY CHYPRE c/TURQUI E" 4775: 4374: 4296: 4102: 3916: 3895: 3876: 3845: 3822: 3577: 3553: 3453: 3370: 2776: 2736: 2626: 2595: 2516: 2505: 2283:

After the hostilities of 1974, the United States applied an arms embargo on both

1862: 1735: 1715: 1672: 1503: 1355: 1351: 1322: 1295: 1223: 1174: 1019: 1012: 910: 874: 815: 582: 356: 5845:(Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Washington) Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 4768: 3479: 3446: 1823: 1321:

helicopter in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from Akrotiri to Malta in a

290: 37:"Operation Atilla" redirects here. For the planned Nazi invasion of France, see 8255: 8183: 7902: 7771: 7720: 7710: 7279: 7185: 7108: 2638: 2162: 2145:

on 1 May. The plan would have created a United Cyprus Republic consisting of a

2142: 2138: 2112: 1839: 1831: 1727: 1604: 1464: 1371: 914: 878: 854: 848: 844: 827: 798: 732: 635: 543: 466: 118: 59: 6674: 6518: 6079:

The post-byzantine icon of Jesus Christ returns to the Church of Cyprus London

5633: 3393:"U.S. Library of Congress – Country Studies – Cyprus – Intercommunal Violence" 2918:

Jentleson, Bruce W.; Thomas G. Paterson; Council on Foreign Relations (1997).

2278: 2187:

The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004 still divided, although the EU

8399: 8295: 7953: 7641: 3709: 2871:Η Μάχη της Κύπρου, Γεώργιος Σέργης, Εκδόσεις Αφοι Βλάσση, Αθήνα 1999, p. 260 2340: 2326: 2312: 2108: 2009: 1843: 1484: 1375: 1336: 767: 482: 320: 67: 5962: 5447:"Despite ruling, Turkey won't pay damages to Cyprus – Middle East Institute" 3931: 8138: 7651: 7348: 6712: 4017:

Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955–1959

3288:[The 1974 Cyprus Intervention in the Context of the Cyprus Issue]. 3004: 3000: 2292: 2246:

Sub-Commission On Prevention Of Discrimination And Protection Of Minorities

2080:

Cyprus dispute § EU accession and the settlement process, 1997–present

1978: 1847: 1803: 1283: 1260: 1199: 1160: 1136: 1065: 1042: 1000: 960: 886: 763: 1198:

would not aid Turkey if its invasion of Cyprus led to a conflict with the

8205: 6759: 6159:"Cyprus History: Archbishop Makarios on the invasion of Cyprus by Greece" 5037:

Borowiec, Andrew. Cyprus: A Troubled Island. Westport: Praeger. 2000, 89.

4286: 3532:. Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University. 1996. p. 204. 3392: 2834:

Turkish-Greek Hurricane on Cyprus (1940 – 1950 – 1960 – 1970), 528. sayfa

2370: 2261: 2019: 1922: 1877: 1626: 1499: 1279: 996: 964: 853:

In 1571 the mostly Greek-populated island of Cyprus was conquered by the

751: 436:

1,500–3,500 casualties (estimated) (military and civilian) including 568

229: 111: 6942:"Policy Watershed: Turkey's Cyprus Policy and the Interventions of 1974" 5535:

Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices

4249:

Borowiec, Andrew. Cyprus: A Troubled Island. Westport: Praeger. 2000. 47

3920:, by Nancy Crawshaw (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1978), pp. 114–129. 3492:

culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece

2179: 1981:, overthrown by the Greek Junta in the 1974 coup, who opposed immediate 8363: 7781: 6242: 5902: 4796: 3604:

Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan

2134: 2116: 2089: 1869: 1511: 1060:, were killed by the TMT near the Turkish Cypriot populated village of 1053: 956: 383: 379: 7074:– a neutral educational website on the conflict (archived 17 May 2015) 6128: 3251:

Robert B. Kaplan; Richard B. Baldauf Jr.; Nkonko Kamwangamalu (2016).

2096:

would have led to a resumption of intercommunal fighting and killing.

1061: 933:. This and similar practices contributed to inter-communal animosity. 902:

Greek and Turkish Cypriots lived quietly side by side for many years.

7679: 3959:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

2555:"Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Brussels – General Information" 1434: 1428:

On 20 July, the 10,000 inhabitants of the Turkish Cypriot enclave of

1057: 787: 6983:

The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus

5894: 5699:

The road to Bellapais: the Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus

4930:

The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus

4590:

The Road to Bellapais: the Turkish Cypriot exodus to Northern Cyprus

3506:

The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789

2012:

was assassinated during the protests by a sniper from the extremist

984:

In the early 1950s, a Greek nationalist group was formed called the

8353: 7684: 7591: 6888:

The Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece

6484:"Council of Europe Committee on Migration, Refugees and Demography" 5930: 4736:

The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus by Marios Adamides, 2012

4120: 3910:

The Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece

2742: 1918: 1893: 1865:, this has been done to keep the buildings from falling into ruin. 1851: 1798: 1748: 1429: 968:

Turkish. Turkish Cypriots quickly adopted the secular programme of

807: 55: 7531: 2415:

In Greek, the invasion is known as "Τουρκική εισβολή στην Κύπρο" (

2291:. The embargo on Turkey was lifted after three years by President 1255:

In the spring of 1974, Greek Cypriot intelligence discovered that

7077: 6234: 3058:(in Greek). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus. Archived from 1885: 1456: 1413: 1408:

Location of Turkish forces during the late hours of 20 July 1974.

1378:

sent a letter to Bülent Ecevit that was not just reminiscent of

1215: 1164: 1027: 603: 4394:

Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession

2817: 7800: 7738: 7562: 7416: 7180: 7175: 7129: 7060: 6808:

The House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus

6399:. Peter Beaumont, The Guardian (UK), 22.07.2010. 22 July 2010. 5315:

Peace and Freedom: Foreign Policy for a Constitutional Republic

3312:

Territorial Disputes and Resource Management: A Global Handbook

2820:

Cypriot Nationalisms in Context: History, Identity and Politics

2643:

The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peace in the Backyard

2288: 2284: 2013: 1982: 1897: 1846:, were taken off the north and south walls of the Monastery of 1827: 1811: 1776: 1495: 1314: 1275: 1256: 1179: 1098: 1004: 771: 759: 351: 339: 315: 303: 285: 273: 261: 249: 217: 205: 200: 182: 175: 6292: 6290: 6077:

Representation of the Church of Cyprus to the European Union,

2396:

Reported military losses during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus

1470: 1156:

force to the island under the command of General Peter Young.

5855: 5563:

Emilianides, Achilles C.; Aimilianidēs, Achilleus K. (2011).

3934:. The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's). 2531:

Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace

1854:, which had been completely stripped of its ornate frescoes. 1768: 1526: 1480: 1460: 1449: 1438: 1229: 1046: 881:, the United Kingdom formally declared Cyprus (together with 6626:"US partially lifts three-decade-old arms embargo on Cyprus" 6326:. Cyprus Tourism, 30.08.2017. 30 August 2017. Archived from 5087:

Cyprus at war: Diplomacy and Conflict during the 1974 Crisis

3932:"A Snapshot of Active Service in 'A' Company Cyprus 1958–59" 3712:

An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus

3325:

The Europeanization of Cyprus: Polity, Policies and Politics

2608:

The other world: Issues and Politics of the Developing World

2419:). Among Turkish speakers the operation is also referred as 2169: 7421: 7411: 6700:

Phase Line Attila: The Amphibious Campaign for Cyprus, 1974

6287: 5880: 3253:

Language Planning in Europe: Cyprus, Iceland and Luxembourg

3116:, Δούρειος Ίππος, Athens November 2011, Appendix 19, p. 290 2279:

United States arms embargo on Turkey and Republic of Cyprus

1153: 989: 930: 411: 5337: 3858:

Bad Strategies: How Major Powers Fail in Counterinsurgency

3710:

James Ker-Lindsay; Hubert Faustmann; Fiona Mullen (2011).

3504:

Atkin, Nicholas; Biddiss, Michael; Tallett, Frank (2011).

1437:

was subjected to shelling and the Turkish Cypriot town of

8336: 7024: 6913:

Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger

6596:"US Congress ends Cyprus arms embargo, in blow to Turkey" 6549:

US House asks for report on Cyprus's defence capabilities

3636: 3290:

Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi

2480:

Ayşe is a daughter of Turan Güneş, today Ayşe Güneş Ayata

2088:

Proposed flag of the United Republic of Cyprus under the

1726:

by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974. The

1531: 1400:

Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus

1102:, integration with Greece, while Turkish Cypriots wanted 6659:

Bolukbasi, Suha (1993). "The Johnson letter revisited".

5236: 5234: 4932:. Boulder: Social Science Monographs. pp. 164–165. 3703: 3162:( ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 3087:. Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus. Archived from 2913: 2911: 1587:

territorial integrity, but had the opposite effect: the

1236:

Military operations during the Invasion of Cyprus (1974)

1152:

that had led to Cyprus' independence – wanted to send a

6349:

Germany assuages Greek Cypriot fears over Kosovo ruling

5615:"Partitions of Memory: Wounds and Witnessing in Cyprus" 5562: 2735:

Pierpaoli, Paul G. Jr. (2014). Hall, Richard C. (ed.).

1310:, led by its Greek officers, overthrew the government. 392:

11,000–13,500 men, up to 20,000 under full mobilisation

7250: 2020:

Declaration of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

1022:, EOKA started its activity against Turkish Cypriots. 778:, and the Hellenic Republic of Cyprus to be declared. 5429:"JUDGEMENT IN THE CASE OF CYPRUS v. TURKEY 1974–1976" 5231: 3385: 2908: 1244: 909:

British colonial policies, such as the principle of "

6801: 6478: 6476: 5310: 4245: 4243: 3367:"Operation "Niki" 1974: A suicide mission to Cyprus" 2302: 1393: 3899:, by Mehmet Fatih Öztarsu (Strategic Outlook, 2011) 3530:

Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5

3503: 1787: 885:) a protectorate of the British Empire and later a 5312: 4418: 4391: 3667:. Oxford: University Press of America. p. 29. 3286:"Kıbrıs Meselesi Ekseninde 1974 Kıbrıs Müdahalesi" 2701:Resolving the Cyprus Conflict: Negotiating History 1649:found Turkey guilty of repeated violations of the 1374:, on the eve of the Turkish invasion US president 7427:Turkish Resistance Legion for the Movement Legion 6753: 6473: 4396:. E Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 17–20. 4240: 4195: 4145: 4143: 4071: 4069: 3957:Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2007). 3742: 3740: 3738: 3583: 1738:, 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred. 1194:, UNFICYP) and the designation of a UN mediator. 1084:Ethnic map of Cyprus according to the 1960 census 8397: 6397:"Kosovo's independence is legal, UN court rules" 6015:"Cyprus: Portrait of a Christianity Obliterated" 5959:"Akatu (Tatlısu) ile çevresinin tarihi geçmişi…" 5752:, United Nations, Office of Public Information, 5276: 4986:Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition: 1950–1974 4841:. Vol. 1–49. The Group. 1983. p. 130. 4614:. Cyprus-conflict.net. July 1974. Archived from 4592:. 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Routledge. p. 2504:27 April 2017 at the 2426:Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı 2213: 2202: 2182: 2172: 2160: 2121:Greek Orthodox Church 2087: 2078:Further information: 2040:declared independence 2027: 1801: 1766: 1713: 1655: 1629: 1534: 1407: 1083: 946:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 843:Further information: 820:declared independence 683:1974 Turkish invasion 673:Cyprus crisis of 1967 431:Casualties and losses 8216:Settlers from Turkey 8166:World Heritage Sites 7777:Cypriot S-300 crisis 7068:at Wikimedia Commons 6632:. 2 September 2020. 6567:www.pmddtc.state.gov 6560:"DDTC Public Portal" 6354:27 July 2010 at the 5737:7 April 2022 at the 5249:Government of Cyprus 4215:. 19 February 1964. 3915:24 July 2008 at the 3894:7 April 2019 at the 3814:, USAK Books, 2008, 3748:"Treaty of Lausanne" 2949:Tony Jaques (2007). 2832:Keser, Ulvi (2006). 2565:on 21 September 2022 2258:occupied territories 2189:acquis communautaire 2132:UN Secretary-General 2074:Ongoing negotiations 1880:from the village of 1688:by the conservative 1553:"Ayşe Tatile Çıksın" 955:These principles of 938:economic development 893:. Article 20 of the 869:in 1878 between the 758:in conjunction with 452:270 civilians killed 112:Greek military junta 8431:Invasions by Turkey 8426:Invasions of Cyprus 7627:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7449:Apostolides v Orams 7260:Military operations 7235:Civilian casualties 7072:Cyprus-Conflict.net 7011:Mediating in Cyprus 6875:Brewin, Christopher 6739:(in Greek). IANOS. 6695:Erickson, Edward J. 6606:on 27 December 2019 6521:on 12 February 2009 6490:on 6 February 2006. 6304:on 14 November 2011 6236:Treaty of Guarantee 6084:8 July 2011 at the 5457:on 1 September 2016 5396:"Reuniting Cyprus?" 4425:The Daily Telegraph 4342:. MRG. p. 13. 4338:Keith Kyle (1997). 4177:on 25 November 2002 4149:Arif Hasan Tahsin, 3777:Uzer, Umut (2011). 3365:Solanakis, Mihail. 3337:Uzer, Umut (2011). 2451:Cyprus Intervention 2250:freedom of movement 1518:. When the Cypriot 1516:population transfer 1418:Treaty of Guarantee 1365:Treaty of Guarantee 1292:Dimitrios Ioannidis 970:Turkish nationalism 942:Turkish nationalism 877:on the side of the 556:July-August Clashes 528:Military Operations 345:Dimitrios Ioannidis 8491:Cold War conflicts 8359:The Aegean Dispute 8010:Telecommunications 7733:Post-1878 overview 7506:Two-state solution 7463:Loizidou v. Turkey 7359:Demographic issues 7230:Battle of Tillyria 7130:Republic of Cyprus 6990:Panteli, Stavros. 6906:. London: Quartet. 6850:Books and articles 6500:Hoffmeister 2006, 6330:on 20 October 2021 5858:. Cmp-cyprus.org. 5771:Paul Sant Cassia, 5718:Paul Sant Cassia, 5696:Oberling, Pierre. 5142:on 21 October 2007 4588:Oberling, Pierre. 4362:Oberling, Pierre. 4287:Eric Solsten, ed. 4213:The New York Times 3373:on 20 October 2008 3041:Hatziantoniou 2007 2745:. pp. 88–90. 2606:Joseph Weatherby, 2216: 2208: 2185: 2177: 2167: 2161:Cyprus joined the 2093: 2033: 2006:protests and riots 1808: 1773: 1720: 1686:abortion in Cyprus 1635: 1622:Turkish war crimes 1562:Louroujina Salient 1537: 1410: 1332:the next morning. 1330:de Havilland Comet 1319:Westland Whirlwind 1130:Makarios proposed 1086: 895:Treaty of Lausanne 867:Congress of Berlin 754:and staged by the 665:Battle of Tillyria 206:Republic of Cyprus 18:Division of Cyprus 8411:Conflicts in 1974 8393: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8304: 8303: 8264: 8263: 8228:Maronite Cypriots 8223:Armenian Cypriots 8076:COVID-19 pandemic 8038: 8037: 7972: 7971: 7959:Political parties 7925:Foreign relations 7870: 7869: 7795: 7794: 7716:Cyprus Convention 7647:Ptolemaic dynasty 7632:Ten city-kingdoms 7607:Cypriot syllabary 7529: 7528: 7402:9 September Front 7344:Enosis referendum 7298: 7297: 7194: 7193: 7064:Media related to 6958:on 27 March 2009. 6788:978-1-784-53997-9 6769:978-1-860-64439-9 6746:978-960-426-451-3 6722:978-1-7320030-8-8 6683:Brinkley, Douglas 6600:Channel News Asia 6209:Council of Europe 5781:978-1-84545-228-5 5728:978-1-84545-228-5 5599:978-1-84545-228-5 5381:978-0-312-23556-7 5368:978-0-275-97072-7 5349:978-90-411-1672-7 5330:978-1-930865-34-1 5305:978-1-85043-580-8 5288:978-0-275-96533-4 5121:978-0-275-96533-4 5095:978-1-84511-742-9 4881:978-1-85043-964-6 4533:, pp. 214–5. 4521:, pp. 213–5. 4403:978-90-04-15223-6 4349:978-1-897693-91-9 3866:978-0-7603-3080-7 3725:978-1-84885-678-3 3693:978-1-139-49124-2 3565:Allcock, John B. 3433:978-1-85043-580-8 3266:978-1-134-91667-2 3234:978-1-904578-00-0 3202:978-0-8122-9030-1 3141:978-1-4379-8040-0 2964:978-0-313-33538-9 2929:978-0-19-511059-3 2752:978-1-61069-031-7 2616:978-0-8013-3266-1 2610:, Longman, 2000, 2366:Cyprus Air Forces 2254:right to property 2150:months after the 2068:Guido Westerwelle 1990:Council of Europe 1694:Karpass Peninsula 1667:Karpass Peninsula 1465:airlift operation 1463:in a clandestine 1444:According to the 1380:Lyndon B. Johnson 1335:In the meantime, 863:Cyprus Convention 720: 719: 601: 600: 481: 480: 279:Necmettin Erbakan 154: 153: 145:Formation of the 16:(Redirected from 8498: 8344: 8343: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8308: 8307: 8284: 8277: 8201:Turkish Cypriots 8049: 8048: 7983: 7982: 7881: 7880: 7815: 7814: 7803: 7762:Turkish invasion 7675:Byzantine Cyprus 7580: 7579: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7499:2004 referendums 7456:Cyprus v. Turkey 7248: 7247: 7215:Cyprus Emergency 7202: 7168:Guarantor powers 7123:Island divisions 7120: 7119: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7079: 7078: 7063: 7014: 7005: 6986: 6977: 6968: 6967:. London: Hurst. 6959: 6957: 6951:. Archived from 6946: 6936: 6927: 6916: 6907: 6895: 6882: 6870: 6861: 6792: 6773: 6750: 6726: 6690: 6678: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6575: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6486:. 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Sansimera.gr. 4793: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4661:on 7 March 2008. 4647: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4499: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4455:, p. 211–2. 4450: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4389: 4378: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4167: 4161: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4112: 4106: 4093: 4087: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3927: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3856:James S. Corum, 3854: 3848: 3839:pp. 77, 81, 164. 3831: 3825: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3744: 3733: 3732: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3678:Quigley (2010). 3675: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3563: 3557: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3463: 3457: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3369:. 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8338: 8335: 8305: 8300: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8260: 8232: 8170: 8110: 8101:Public holidays 8034: 7968: 7908:Northern Cyprus 7866: 7804: 7791: 7699: 7661: 7657:Diaspora revolt 7613: 7569: 7560: 7530: 7525: 7521:2015–2017 talks 7511:2008–2012 talks 7475: 7436: 7390: 7319: 7294: 7285:Tochni massacre 7265:Military losses 7246: 7203: 7190: 7162: 7111: 7106: 7056: 7021: 7002: 6955: 6944: 6852: 6804: 6799: 6797:Further reading 6789: 6770: 6747: 6723: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6547:Wayback Machine 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6499: 6495: 6482: 6481: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6442:Wayback Machine 6433: 6429: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6356:Wayback Machine 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6288: 6282:Wayback Machine 6272: 6268: 6252: 6251: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6220:Wayback Machine 6207: 6203: 6183: 6182: 6178: 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1510:its plan for a 1504:James Callaghan 1473: 1414:Kyrenia (Girne) 1402: 1396: 1352:Henry Kissinger 1323:Royal Air Force 1296:Phaedon Gizikis 1288:Military Police 1253: 1247: 1242: 1232: 1224:Georgios Grivas 1175:Daily Telegraph 1124: 1118: 1078: 1020:Istanbul Pogrom 1013:Georgios Grivas 982: 919:Colonial Office 911:divide and rule 883:Egypt and Sudan 875:First World War 851: 841: 836: 721: 716: 639: 634: 632: 602: 597: 520: 515: 513: 511: 476: 474: 464: 458: 453: 451: 449: 426: 398: 377: 375: 361: 357:Phaedon Gizikis 349: 337: 327: 325: 313: 301: 295: 283: 271: 259: 247: 234: 224: 222: 212: 210: 198: 192: 180: 169: 167: 136: 98: 85: 71: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8504: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8456:1974 in Turkey 8453: 8451:1974 in Cyprus 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8416:Cyprus dispute 8413: 8408: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8302: 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7718: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7671: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7604: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7559: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7280:Operation Niki 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7254: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7186:United Kingdom 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7132: 7126: 7124: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7109:Cyprus problem 7105: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7069: 7055: 7054:External links 7052: 7051: 7050: 7048:World Factbook 7044:Europe: Cyprus 7041: 7031: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7006: 7000: 6987: 6978: 6969: 6960: 6937: 6928: 6917: 6908: 6896: 6883: 6871: 6862: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6774: 6768: 6751: 6745: 6727: 6721: 6691: 6679: 6669:(3): 505–525. 6654: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6617: 6587: 6551: 6532: 6506: 6493: 6472: 6446: 6427: 6414: 6388: 6366: 6341: 6315: 6286: 6266: 6224: 6201: 6176: 6150: 6120: 6090: 6070: 6051: 6032: 6006: 5995:on 8 July 2011 5980: 5961:(in Turkish). 5949: 5916: 5889:(1): 128–133. 5873: 5847: 5828: 5809: 5795: 5764: 5742: 5711: 5689: 5662: 5605: 5598: 5580: 5574:978-9041134387 5573: 5555: 5549:978-0816621385 5548: 5524: 5498: 5468: 5438: 5417: 5400:jacobinmag.com 5387: 5385: 5384: 5373: 5367: 5354: 5348: 5335: 5329: 5308: 5287: 5269: 5258:on 4 June 2019 5230: 5201: 5185: 5153: 5127: 5120: 5102: 5085:Jan Asmussen, 5078: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5024:978-9041112958 5023: 5001: 4995:978-9004043237 4994: 4976: 4970:978-0192183224 4969: 4948: 4939:978-0880330008 4938: 4917: 4911:978-0871960337 4910: 4890: 4880: 4858: 4848:978-0903114011 4847: 4830: 4821: 4788: 4779: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4705:978-1467887076 4704: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4629: 4603: 4594: 4581: 4575:978-0199757169 4574: 4556: 4547: 4545:, p. 215. 4535: 4523: 4511: 4502: 4483: 4471: 4467:, p. 513. 4465:Bolukbasi 1993 4457: 4445: 4409: 4402: 4379: 4355: 4348: 4330: 4324:978-1844150816 4323: 4301: 4276: 4270:978-3865964410 4269: 4251: 4239: 4230: 4200: 4188: 4162: 4139: 4107: 4088: 4065: 4059:978-0230392069 4058: 4036: 4030:978-0191045592 4029: 4007: 3974: 3968:978-1576079195 3967: 3949: 3922: 3901: 3880: 3849: 3826: 3803: 3794: 3788:978-1848855694 3787: 3769: 3734: 3724: 3702: 3692: 3670: 3655: 3623: 3617:978-0857711939 3616: 3594: 3582: 3558: 3535: 3521: 3515:978-1444390728 3514: 3496: 3474:(3): 253–270. 3458: 3439: 3432: 3410: 3384: 3354: 3348:978-1848855694 3347: 3329: 3316: 3303: 3276: 3265: 3243: 3233: 3211: 3201: 3179: 3173:978-0810862982 3172: 3150: 3140: 3118: 3105: 3073: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3019:(= 568 killed) 2973: 2963: 2938: 2928: 2907: 2876: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2825: 2810: 2804:978-0415579605 2803: 2781: 2762: 2751: 2720: 2714:978-1137016270 2713: 2691: 2685:978-0275965334 2684: 2662: 2656:978-1134123384 2655: 2630: 2599: 2576: 2559:www.mfa.gov.cy 2546: 2540:978-0691115122 2539: 2521: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2473: 2436:Barış Harekâtı 2407: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2330: 2316: 2300: 2297: 2280: 2277: 2223:Main article: 2220: 2217: 2204:Atatürk Square 2143:European Union 2139:Cyprus dispute 2113:United Kingdom 2075: 2072: 2021: 2018: 2001: 1998: 1968: 1965: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1878:St Charalampus 1840:Last Judgement 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1760: 1759:Missing people 1757: 1728:United Nations 1701: 1698: 1678:military court 1620:Main article: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605:European Union 1528: 1525: 1479:returned from 1472: 1469: 1423:Resolution 353 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1372:James W. Spain 1249:Main article: 1246: 1243: 1231: 1228: 1188:Resolution 186 1120:Main article: 1117: 1114: 1077: 1074: 981: 978: 950:six principles 915:Greek Cypriots 891:British Cyprus 879:Central Powers 871:United Kingdom 855:Ottoman Empire 849:British Cyprus 845:Ottoman Cyprus 840: 837: 835: 832: 828:European Union 766:and installed 718: 717: 715: 714: 713: 712: 702: 697: 696: 695: 690: 680: 675: 670: 669: 668: 662: 651: 644: 641: 640: 636:Cyprus problem 631: 630: 623: 616: 608: 599: 598: 596: 595: 590: 585: 580: 578:Agios Dometios 575: 570: 569: 568: 563: 553: 548: 541: 536: 525: 522: 521: 510: 509: 502: 495: 487: 479: 478: 461: 460: 455: 433: 432: 428: 427: 425: 424: 421: 418: 415: 408: 405: 401: 399: 397: 396: 393: 390: 387: 371: 368: 367: 363: 362: 360: 359: 347: 335: 323: 311: 298: 296: 294: 293: 281: 269: 257: 255:Fahri Korutürk 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 233: 232: 220: 208: 195: 193: 191: 190: 178: 164: 161: 160: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 138: 132: 131: 130: 129: 122: 119:Greek Cypriots 115: 104: 100: 99: 94: 92: 88: 87: 82: 74: 73: 63: 62: 60:Cyprus problem 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8503: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8332: 8327: 8325: 8320: 8318: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7888:Chief Justice 7886: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7695:Venetian rule 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7642:Ionian Revolt 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7552: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7481:Peace process 7478: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395:Organisations 7393: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7096: 7091: 7089: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7030: 7027:documentary, 7026: 7023: 7022: 7019:Other sources 7012: 7007: 7003: 7001:0-948853-32-8 6997: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6536: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6376: 6370: 6363: 6362: 6361:Today's Zaman 6358:24 July 2010 6357: 6353: 6350: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6262: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6055: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5074:975-470-510-0 5071: 5067: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4551: 4544: 4543:Brinkley 1992 4539: 4532: 4531:Brinkley 1992 4527: 4520: 4519:Brinkley 1992 4515: 4506: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4481:, p. 18. 4480: 4475: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4453:Brinkley 1992 4449: 4442: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4244: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4198:, p. 77. 4197: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4159:9963-7738-3-4 4156: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4085:960-03-3260-6 4082: 4078: 4075:Roni Alasor, 4072: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3043:, p. 557 3042: 3037: 3031:, p. 209 3030: 3025: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2843: 2842:975-451-220-5 2839: 2835: 2829: 2822:. p. 12. 2821: 2814: 2806: 2800: 2796: 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