Diseases of poverty

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family has to spend on additional educational programs; including summer camps and out of school assistance. In addition to finances, environmental toxins, including lead and stress and lack of nutritious food can diminish cognitive development. In later education, low-income individuals or those living in poverty are more likely to dropout of school or only receive a high school diploma. The failure to achieve higher levels of education attributes to the cycle of poverty which can continue for generations in the same family and even in the community. Studies have linked adults with low educational achievement to worse general health and increases in chronic conditions and disabilities. These individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that worsen health, such as smoke, have an unhealthy diet, and are less likely to exercise. Higher educational achievement correlates with more opportunities for secure jobs, which enables individuals to generate wealth that can be used to improve factors that impact health outcomes.

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malnourished, lack of access to clean water, and have improper sanitation. Because of a lack of clean water many people are plagued by intestinal parasites that significantly increase their chances of contracting HIV due to compromised immune system. Malaria, a disease still rampant in Africa also increases the risk of contracting HIV. These parasitic diseases, affect the body's immune response to HIV, making people more susceptible to contracting the disease once exposed. Genital schistosomiasis, also prevalent in the topical areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and many countries worldwide, produces genital lesions and attract CD4 cells to the genital region which promotes HIV infection. All these factors contribute to the high rate of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many of the factors seen in Africa are also present in Latin America and the Caribbean and contribute to the high rates of infections seen in those regions. In the United States, poverty is a contributing factor to HIV infections.

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poor education, low socioeconomic status, being part of an ethnic minority group, having a developmental disability, recent immigrants and people infected with HIV/AIDS. In Peru, poverty was found to be positively correlated with dental caries among children. According to a report by U.S. health surveillance, tooth decay peaks earlier in life and is more severe in children with families living below the poverty line. Tooth decay is also strongly linked to dietary behaviors, and in poor rural areas where nutrient dense foods, fruits and vegetables are unavailable, the consumption of sugary and fatty food increases the risk of dental decay. Because the mouth is a gateway to the respiratory and digestive tracts, oral health has a significant impact on other health outcomes. Gum disease has been linked to diseases such as cardiovascular disease.

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are able to live healthy lives and have equitable access to achieving a reasonable state of good health. Policies that governments craft and implement in all sectors have a significant and ongoing impact on public health, health equity, and the lives of their citizens. Increases in technology, medical innovation, and living conditions have led to the disappearance of diseases and other factors contributing to poor health. However, there are many diseases of poverty that still persist in developed and developing countries. Tackling these health inequalities and diseases of poverty requires a willingness to engage the whole government in health. The Helsinki Statement lays out a framework of action for countries and calls on governments to make a commitment to building health equity within their country.

383:(MDG) of halving the number of people who did not have access to clean water by 2015 was reached five years ahead of schedule in 2010, there are still 783 million people who rely on unimproved water sources. In 2010 the United Nations declared access to clean water a fundamental human right, integral to the achievement of other rights. This made it enforceable and justifiable to permit governments to ensure their populations access to clean water. There have been efforts to improve water quality using new technology, which allows water to be disinfected immediately upon collection and during the storage process. Clean water is necessary for cooking, cleaning, and laundry because many people come into contact with disease-causing pathogens through their food, or while bathing or washing. 913:. Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and there are disparities of morbidity between the rich and poor. Studies from around the world link heart disease to poverty. Low neighborhood income and education were associated with higher risk factors. Poor diet, lack of exercise and limited (or no) access to a specialist were all factors related to poverty, thought to contribute to heart disease. Both low income and low education were predictors of coronary heart disease, a subset of cardiovascular disease. Of those admitted to hospital in the United States for heart failure, women and African Americans were more likely to reside in lower income neighborhoods. In the developing world, there is a 10 fold increase in cardiac events in the black and urban populations. 832:

per year in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is the leading cause of death for people with HIV in Africa. Tuberculosis (TB) is closely related to lifestyles of poverty, overcrowded conditions, alcoholism, stress, drug addiction and malnutrition. This disease spreads quickly among people who are undernourished. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States, tuberculosis is more prevalent among foreign born persons, and ethnic minorities. The rates are especially high among Hispanics, Blacks and Asians. HIV infection and TB are also closely tied. Being infected with HIV increases the rate of activation of latent TB infections, and having TB, increases the rate of HIV replication, therefore accelerating the progression of AIDS.

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the medicines. The higher cost can be due to the higher manufacturing price or due to local or regional tax and Value Added Tax. There is a significant disparity in the research conducted in the health sector. It is claimed that only 10% of the health research conducted globally focuses on 90% disease burden. However, diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases etc. that traditionally were associated with the wealthier community are now becoming more prevalent in the poor communities as well. Hence, the research conducted now is relevant to poor population. Political priority is also one of the contributing factors of inaccessibility. The government of poor countries may allocate less funding to public health due to the scarcity of resources.

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poverty may also be limited in their healthcare access, leading to later diagnosis and management of chronic conditions like obesity. Conversely, chronic conditions such as obesity can also increase rates of poverty via increased healthcare expenditures, wage loss during peak productive years, and missed schooling. These points underscore the positive effect poverty alleviation has on improving health outcomes as it concerns obesity and other chronic NCDs. In spite of this data, pervasive attitudes remain that individual behavior, not SES, is responsible for obesity. These attitudes stigmatize individuals with obesity, which further hampers public health interventions to reduce obesity rates and accelerates health disparities along SES lines.

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emergency room is 330 percent higher than their white counterparts. The hospitalization rate is 220 percent higher and the death rate is 190 percent higher. Among Hispanics, Puerto Ricans are disporpotionatly affected by asthma with a disease rate that is 113 percent higher than non-Hispanic Whites and 50 percent higher than non-Hispanic Blacks. Studies have shown that asthma morbidity and mortality are concentrated in inner city neighborhoods characterized by poverty and large minority populations and this affects both genders at all ages. Asthma continues to have an adverse effects on the health of the poor and school attendance rates among poor children. 10.5 million days of school are missed each year due to asthma.

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poverty. Globally, two out of three cancer deaths are attributed to lifestyle and behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, and insufficient cancer screenings. Individuals living in LMIC have greater exposure to these risk factors in the setting of reduced access to health care services. Inadequate access to health care presents a major barrier as individuals are less likely to receive regular cancer screenings resulting in a late-stage diagnosis, which is associated with worse health outcomes. People living in poverty have also higher levels of chronic stress, which also increases an individual's risk of cancer due to inflammatory changes.

934:(BMI) greater than 30 kg/m. Generally, low-income populations, whether they live in high-income countries or in low-middle income countries (LMIC) suffer higher disease burden for chronic conditions including obesity when compared to their higher income counterparts. Higher obesity rates tend to be observed in LMICs and it has been believed that lower socioeconomic statuses (SES) leads to higher obesity rates because individuals living in poverty are limited in their abilities to engage in healthy exercising and dieting practices. In the United States, there tends to be higher obesity rates in lower SES neighborhoods, which are called food deserts. A 5933: 244:

modest, unsanitary homes; cohabiting with their animals. During this time people were unknowingly dying of infectious diseases in an event that; they touched their sick animals, had cuts in their skins, drank something that was not boiled or ate food that was contaminated by microbes. To exacerbate the situation, epidemics known as plagues then would emerge and wipe out the whole community. During this time, people had no knowledge on infectious diseases and their causes. After speculations that their illnesses were being caused by an invisible army of tiny living beings, microorganisms,

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involves improving the lives of women and girls so that their children are born in healthy environments and placing an emphasis on early childhood health. Their second recommendation is to tackle the inequitable distribution of money, power and resources. This would involve building stronger public sectors and changing the way in which society is organized. Their third recommendation is to measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action. This would involve training policy makers and healthcare practitioners to recognize problems and form policy solutions.

262:(TB), also known as "the big three", have been acknowledged as infectious diseases that disproportionately affect developing countries. HIV is a viral illness that can be transmitted sexually, by transfusion, shared needles and during child birth from mother to child. Due to its long latent period, there is a danger of its spread without action. It affects the human body by targeting T-cells, that are responsible for protection from uncommon infections and cancers. It is managed by life prolonging drugs known as antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). TB was discovered by 885:. The rate of asthma increases as countries become more urbanized and in many parts of the world those who develop asthma do not have access to medication and medical care. Within the United States, African Americans and Latinos are four times more likely to have severe asthma than whites. The disease is closely tied to poverty and poor living conditions. Asthma is also prevalent in children in low income countries. Homes with roaches and mice, as well as mold and mildew put children at risk for developing asthma as well as exposure to cigarette smoke. 717:

towards these neglected PRDs. However, the combined total number of deaths due to these diseases is dwarfed by the enormous number of patients affected by PRDs such as respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrhea and tuberculosis, besides many others. Similar to the spread of tropical neglected diseases in developing nations, these neglected infections disproportionately affect poor and minority populations in the United States. These diseases have been identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as priorities for

755:, HIV can also decrease the immunity to malaria. This contributes to the increase of the vulnerability to HIV and higher mortality from HIV, especially for women and infants. HIV and malaria interact in a cyclical manner—being infected with malaria increases susceptibility to HIV infection, and HIV infections increase malarial episodes. The co-existence of HIV and malaria infections helps spread both diseases, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. 425:

air pollution is especially prevalent in lower-resourced areas, contributing to the high burden of air pollution-related disease in locations considered "impoverished." Women and children, especially those who bear the burden of household chores in under-resourced areas, face increased risks of household air pollution associated complications because they are the most exposed to cooking, burning, and other household pollution emitting chores.

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principles in line with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The United Nations Millennium Development Declaration, and principles of good governance: legitimacy given by national and international law, accountability of government, transparency of policy making, participation of citizens, sustainability ensuring policies meet the needs of both present and future generations, and collaboration across sectors and levels of government.

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needles only account for 5 to 10 percent of primary HIV infections, studies show this mode of HIV transmission may be higher than reported. This increased risk of contracting HIV through non-sexual means has social consequences for women as well. Over half of the husbands of HIV-positive women in Africa tested HIV-negative. When HIV-positive women reveal their HIV status to their HIV-negative husbands, they are often accused of

7694: 25: 7706: 66: 7682: 815:. Moreover, more than 80 percent of the 200 million people worldwide who have schistosomiasis live in sub-Saharan Africa. Infections often occur in contaminated water where freshwater snails release larval forms of the parasite. After penetrating the skin and eventually traveling to the intestines or the urinary tract, the parasite lays eggs and infects those organs. It damages the 823:, and other organs and can lead to anemia and protein-energy deficiency. Along with malaria, schistosomiasis is one of the most important parasitic co-factors aiding in HIV transmission. Epidemiological data shows schistosome-endemic areas coincide with areas of high HIV prevalence, suggesting that parasitic infections such as schistosomiasis increase risk of HIV transmission. 1042:, malnutrition becomes more prevalent. Children are often collateral damage in the AIDS crisis. As dependents, they can be burdened by the illness and eventual death of one or both parents due to HIV/AIDS. Studies have shown that orphaned children are more likely to display physical symptoms of malnutrition than children whose parents are both alive. 455:

not only to the decreased health of an individual, but also to an increase in poverty. Diseases of this nature cause an inability to attend school and work, thus directly decreasing income as well as educational development. The problem of inadequate sanitation is cyclical in nature—just as it is caused by poverty, it also worsens poverty.

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parental concern for noise complaints. One in three children are physically active on a daily basis, and children spend seven or more hours a day is spent in front of a screen whether it be a computer, a TV, or video games. Children and adults who do not exercise frequently lower their quality of life, which will impact them as they age.

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of approximately 2,000 older adults aged 65 years and older from the New Haven Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly found that social engagement was associated with lower depression scores after adjustment for various demographic characteristics, physical activity and functional status.

467:. Malnutrition, the immune system, and infectious diseases operate in a cyclical manner: infectious diseases have deleterious effects on nutritional status, and nutritional deficiencies can lower the strength of the immune system which affects the body's ability to resist infections. Similarly, malnutrition of both 852:(vertical transmission), and through HIV-infected blood. Since rate of HIV transmission via heterosexual intercourse is so low, it is insufficient to cause AIDS disparities between countries. Critics of AIDS policies promoting safe sexual behaviors believe that these policies miss the biological mechanisms and 1050:

There are a number of proposals for reducing the diseases of poverty and eliminating health disparities within and between countries. The World Health Organization proposes closing the gaps by acting on social determinants. Their first recommendation is to improve daily living conditions. This area

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Women also have a higher risk of HIV transmission through the use of medical equipment such as needles. Because more women than men use health services, especially during pregnancy, they are more likely to come across unsterilized needles for injections. Although statistics estimate that unsterilized

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is the process through which families already in poverty are likely to remain in those circumstances unless there is an intervention of some kind. This cycle of poverty has an impact on the types of diseases that are experienced by these individuals, and will often be passed down through generations.

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In the United States, 11.1 percent of households struggle with food insecurity. Food insecurity refers to the lack of access to quality food for a healthy lifestyle. The rate of hunger and malnutrition in female headed households was three times the national average at 30.2 percent. According to the

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Education is affected by poverty, which is known as the income achievement gap. This gap shows that children living in poverty or have lower-income are less likely to have the cognitive development and early literacy levels of those who do not. The amount of income affects the amount of extra money a

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It is uncertain whether poverty induces depression or depression causes poverty. What is certain is that the two are closely linked. A reason for this link could be due to the lack of support groups such as community centers. Isolation plays an integral role in depression. Results from a cohort study

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Health in All Policies (HiAP) is an approach to public policies across all sectors of government that takes into account the health implications of all government and policy decisions to improve health equity across all populations residing within the borders of a country. This concept is built upon

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Women and children are often put at a high risk of being infected by schistosomiasis, which in turn puts them at a higher risk of acquiring HIV. Since the mode of schistosomiasis transmission is usually through contaminated water in streams and lakes, women and children who do their household chores

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is the gradual destruction of tooth enamel. Poverty is a significant determinant for oral health. Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. In the United States it is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Risk factors for dental caries includes living in poverty,

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According to WHO, medical strategies report, approximately 30% of the global population does not have regular access to medicines. In the poorest parts of Africa and Asia, this percent goes up to 50%. The population below the poverty line lacks access due to higher retail price and unavailability of

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in the birth canal, which also increases risk of mother-to-child transmission. Without these vital nutrients, the body lacks the defense mechanisms to resist infections. At the same time, HIV lowers the body's ability to intake essential nutrients. HIV infection can affect the production of hormones

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According to the World Health Organization, 2.4 billion people are exposed to household air pollution through the use of open fire cooking and inefficient stoves. This resulted in 3.2 million deaths per year in 2020 and countless cases of stroke, heart disease, and lung cancer. Exposure to household

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Finally the Framework lists and expands upon six steps for implementation that may be undertaken by a country in taking action towards Health in All Policies. These are components of action and not a rigid checklist of steps to adhere to. The most important aspect of this policy is that governments

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Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) such as cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and diabetes place a significant burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). NCD cause 41 million deaths each year, which account for 71% of all deaths globally of which 77% are in

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such as these tend to be neglected in research and development efforts. Of 1393 new drugs brought into use over a period of 25 years (1975–1999), only a total of thirteen, less than 1%, related to these diseases. Of 20 MNC drug companies surveyed for research on PRDs, only two had projects targeted

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Families living in poverty often struggle not only with housing problems, but neighborhood safety and affordability problems as well. Avoiding neighborhood safety problems often means staying home which reduces opportunity for exercise outside the home which exacerbates health issues due to lack of

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Further, one in four individuals lack access to a handwashing station with soap and water, thereby enabling the transmission of respiratory and diarrheal disease. In 2016, inadequate handwashing was attributed to 370,000 respiratory deaths and 165,000 diarrheal deaths. Diarrheal diseases contribute

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The 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion held in Helsinki in June 2013 has proposed an approach termed Health in All Policies. Health inequalities are shaped by many powerful forces and social, political, and economic determinants. Governments have a responsibility to ensure that their people

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Diseases of poverty reflect the dynamic relationship between poverty and poor health; while such diseases result directly from poverty, they also perpetuate and deepen impoverishment by sapping personal and national health and financial resources. For example, malaria decreases GDP growth by up to

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lacks supermarkets that offer healthy and fresh food options and instead have highly processed foods. Because of the limited access to healthy foods, it follows that individuals who live farther away from supermarkets tend to have higher rates of obesity. Besides food access, individuals living in

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Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death around the world for an infectious disease. This disease is especially prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Latin American and Caribbean region. While the tuberculosis rate is decreasing in the rest of the world, it is increasing by rate of 6 percent

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Africa accounts for a majority of malaria infections and deaths worldwide. Over 80 percent of the 300 to 500 million malaria infections occurring annually worldwide are in Africa. Each year, about one million children under the age of five die from malaria. Children who are poor, have mothers with

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disease and malnutrition, which can result in serious illness. Globally, 2.3 billion people do not have access to basic sanitation services, which include access to unshared facilities for disposal of human waste and waste management services. These inequalities in access result in open defecation

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While cancer affects all populations, certain populations are disproportionally affected by the disease due to differences in risk factor exposures. People living in poverty are at an increased risk of cancer incidence and mortality, with annual death rates being 12% higher in countries living in

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Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted infection affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. It is especially prevalent among young, poor and African American women. This infection is also common in poor communities in Sub-Saharan Africa and impoverished parts of Asia. This

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in 1882. It is characterised by fever, weight loss, poor appetite and night sweats. Throughout the years, there has been an improvement in mortality and morbidity caused by TB. This improvement has been attributed to the introduction of the TB vaccine in 1906. Despite this, each year the majority

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Nutrition Supplements: Focusing on reversing the pattern of malnutrition in sub-Saharan African and other poor countries is a one possible way of decreasing susceptibility to HIV infections. Micro-nutrients such as iron and vitamin A can be delivered and provided at a very low cost. For example,

888:

Unlike many other Western countries, the mortality rate for asthma has steadily risen in the United States over the last two decades. Mortality rates for African American children due to asthma are also far higher than that of other racial groups. For African Americans, the rate of visits to the

303:

Within low-income communities in the US, there is reduced access to environments that promote physical activity including parks, recreational facilities, and gyms. Only about one in five homes in low-income areas have parks within a half-mile distance, and about the same number have a fitness or

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and ubiquitous with malnutrition. Poverty increases the chances of having these diseases as the deprivation of shelter, safe drinking water, nutritious food, sanitation, and access to health services contributes towards poor health behaviour. At the same time, these diseases act as a barrier for

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31% of people living in poverty have reported at some point been diagnosed with depression compared with 15.8% of those not in poverty. There is evidence that low income or loss of income are associated with worsening mental health while wealth and gain of income are linked with improvements in

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In addition, concerns of unsafe neighborhoods in low-income areas may result in reduced physical activity in both adults and children. Children from low-income families are more likely to engage in sedentary, indoor activities due to challenges in obtaining adult supervision of outdoor play and

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Studies show that there is an association between low socioeconomic status and exposure to higher concentrations of air pollution. This relationship is especially apparent in North America, New Zealand, Asia, and Africa. Exposure to environmental toxins, like ambient particulate matter (or air

243:

Poverty and infectious diseases are causally related. Even before the time of vaccines and antibiotics, before 1796, it can be speculated that, leaders were adequately protected in their castles with decent food and standard accommodation, conversely, the vast majority of people were living in

859:

Many of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are ravaged with poverty and many people live on less than one United States dollar a day. The poverty in these countries gives rise to many other factors that explain the high prevalence of AIDS. The poorest people in most African countries are

227:, are diseases that are more prevalent in low-income populations. They include infectious diseases, as well as diseases related to malnutrition and poor health behaviour. Poverty is one of the major social determinants of health. The World Health Report (2002) states that diseases of 5858: 275:

The prevalence of unfavorable environmental and social factors that contribute to disease are highest among individuals living in poverty. These communities are at a higher risk of adverse health outcomes, particularly with infectious diseases and noncommunicable diseases.

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by the water are more likely to acquire the disease. Activities that women and children often do around waterfront include washing clothes, collecting water, bathing, and swimming. Women who have schistosomiasis lesions are three times more likely to be infected with HIV.

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Eliminating Co-factors: Tackling the very diseases that increase risk of HIV infections can help slow down the rates of HIV transmission. Co-factors such as malaria and parasitic infections can be combated in an effective and cost-efficient manner. For example,

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has serious health complications in developing fetuses, children, and adults. Children are particularly vulnerable to low levels of lead, and can display behavioral changes, hearing problems, and other neurologic consequences as a result of lead ingestion.

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and chronic diarrhea. Chronic worm infections can further burden the immune system. At the same time, chronic worm infections can cause immune activation that increases susceptibility of HIV infection and vulnerability to HIV replication once infected.

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Mental illnesses are particularly important when discussing the cycle of poverty, because these mental illnesses prevent individuals from obtaining gainful employment. The stressful experience of living in poverty can also exacerbate mental illnesses.

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that contributes to greater risks of HIV transmission from mother-to-child as well as those through sexual transmission. Increased mother-to-child transmission is related to specific deficiencies in micro-nutrients such as vitamin A. Further,

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Mental health is "a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity". Poverty has a profound

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Pinkerton, Kent E.; Harbaugh, Mary; Han, MeiLan K.; Jourdan Le Saux, Claude; Van Winkle, Laura S.; Martin, William J.; Kosgei, Rose J.; Carter, E. Jane; Sitkin, Nicole; Smiley-Jewell, Suzette M.; George, Maureen (July 1, 2015).

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since 2014. The issue of lead-contaminated water began after the source of drinking water was changed from Lake Huron to the Flint River, resulting in corrosion of supply pipes and lead leaching into the city's water supply.

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Yinusa-Nyahkoon L. S., Cohn E. S., Cortes D. E., Bokhour B. G. (2010). "Ecological Barriers and Social Forces in Childhood Asthma Management: Examining Routines of African American Families Living in the Inner City".

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John, Grace C.; Nduati, Ruth W.; Mbori-Ngacha, Dorothy; Overbaugh, Julie; Welch, Mary; Richardson, Barbra A.; Ndinya-Achola, Jeckoniah; Bwayo, Job; Krieger, John; Onyango, Francis; Kreiss, Joan K. (January 1997).

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and improperly treated wastewater that is used for food production. Countries where open defecation is seen have higher levels of poverty, adverse health outcomes, and death in children due to diarrheal disease.

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recreation center within that distance. Expanded availability of local environments enabling exercise is associated with an increase in physical activity and a decrease in individuals with an overweight status.

395:, and parts of Latin America, women are required to travel long distances in order to access a clean water source and then bring some water home. This has a significant impact on girls' educational attainment. 326:

mental health. Furthermore, individuals living in poverty are disproportionally exposed to air pollution, temperature extremes, and violence, which all negatively impact mental health. These factors can induce

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van Panhuis, Willem G.; Grefenstette, John; Jung, Su Yon; Chok, Nian Shong; Cross, Anne; Eng, Heather; Lee, Bruce Y.; Zadorozhny, Vladimir; Brown, Shawn; Cummings, Derek; Burke, Donald S. (November 28, 2013).

983:, when adequate medical care is not available. It is considered a disease of poverty because of its tendency to occur women in poor countries who do not have health resources comparable to developed nations. 595:

account for 95% of the global AIDS prevalence and 98% of active tuberculosis infections. Furthermore, 90% of malaria deaths occur in African countries. Together, these three diseases account for 10% of global

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can be easily used to prevent malaria. Parasites can be eliminated with medication that is cost-effective and easy to administer. Twice-yearly treatments range from $ 0.02 to $ 0.25 depending on the type of

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This cycle of poverty also impacts the familial diseases that are passed down each generation. By experiencing the same stressful situations for decades, individuals become more susceptible to diseases like

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Whitworth J, Morgan D, Quigley M, et al. (September 2000). "Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immunosuppression on malaria parasitaemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study".

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In addition, availability of cures and recent advances in medicine have led to only three diseases being considered neglected diseases, namely, African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis.

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Though access to water has improved for some, it continues to be especially difficult for women and children as they bear most of the burden for accessing water and supplying it to their households. In

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that contribute to the high HIV rates in poorer countries. In these developing countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa, certain health factors predispose the population to HIV infections.

751:. It increases viral load seven to ten times, which increases the chances of transmission of HIV through sexual intercourse from a patient with malaria to an uninfected partner. After the first 7563: 6978: 2996:

Prüss-Ustün, Annette; Wolf, Jennyfer; Bartram, Jamie; Clasen, Thomas; Cumming, Oliver; Freeman, Matthew C.; Gordon, Bruce; Hunter, Paul R.; Medlicott, Kate; Johnston, Richard (June 1, 2019).

649:, and diarrheal diseases, are also closely associated with poverty, and are often included with AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis in broader definitions and discussions of diseases of poverty. 1005:

1.3% in some developing nations, and by killing tens of millions in sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS alone threatens "the economies, social structures, and political stability of entire societies".

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economic growth to affected people and families caring for them which in turn results into increased poverty in the community. These diseases produced in part by poverty are in contrast to

3754:"Prevalence, Incidence, and Persistence or Recurrence of Trichomoniasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive Women and among HIV-Negative Women at High Risk for HIV Infection" 3234:"Genital Shedding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA during Pregnancy: Association with Immunosuppression, Abnormal Cervical or Vaginal Discharge, and Severe Vitamin A Deficiency" 1729: 5172:

Niessen, Louis W.; Mohan, Diwakar; Akuoku, Jonathan K.; Mirelman, Andrew J.; Ahmed, Sayem; Koehlmoos, Tracey P.; Trujillo, Antonio; Khan, Jahangir; Peters, David H. (May 19, 2018).

619:, malaria, and tuberculosis—account for 18% of diseases in poor countries. The disease burden of treatable childhood diseases in high-mortality, poor countries is 5.2% in terms of 7473: 6786: 4687:

Flores G (2009). "Urban Minority Children with Asthma: Substantial Morbidity, Compromised Quality and Access to Specialists, and the Importance of Poverty and Specialty Care".

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Poverty, race, and medication use are correlates of asthma hospitalization rates: a small area analysis in Boston. Gottlieb DJ, O'Connor GT, Beiser AS. CHEST.1995;108(1) 28–35

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infected by TB are the poor. Finally, malaria used to be prevalent throughout the world. It is now limited to developing and warm regions; Africa, Asia, and South America.

2998:"Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries" 231:

account for 45% of the disease burden in the countries with high poverty rate which are preventable or treatable with existing interventions. Diseases of poverty are often

300:, with a higher prevalence of sedentary lifestyles among less affluent groups. There are several factors which contribute to the barriers of exercise among these groups. 663:

Based upon the spread of research in cures for diseases, certain diseases are identified and referred to as "neglected diseases". These include the following diseases:

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of both themselves and their dependents. HIV can negatively affect work output, which impacts the ability to generate income. This is crucial in parts of Africa where

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Treatable childhood diseases are another set which have disproportionately higher rates in poor countries despite the availability of cures for decades. These include

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and poor sanitation, which enables the spread of poverty-related diseases. Contaminated water enables the spread of various waterborne-pathogens, including bacteria (

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 10 percent of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean are affected by hunger and malnutrition.

4165:"Host background immunity and human immunodeficiency virus protective vaccines, a major consideration for vaccine efficacy in Africa and in developing countries" 2448:

Singh Nandita, Wickenberg Per, Åström Karsten, Hydén Håkan (2012). "Accessing water through a rights-based approach: problems and prospects regarding children".

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Malnutrition disproportionately affects those in sub-Saharan Africa. Over 35 percent of children under the age of 5 in sub-Saharan Africa show physical signs of

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vitamin A supplements cost $ 0.02 per capsule if provided twice a year. Iron supplements per child cost $ 0.02 if provided weekly or $ 0.08 if provided daily.

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Gisselquist, David; Potterat, John J.; Salerno, Lilian (2007). "Injured and Insulted: Women in Africa Suffer from Incomplete Messages about HIV Risks".

5174:"Tackling socioeconomic inequalities and non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries under the Sustainable Development agenda" 1336: 1239: 248:

invented the first microscope that confirmed the existence of microorganisms that cannot be visualised with the naked eye (around the 17th century).

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Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG (December 2006). "Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa".

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Kjetland EF, Ndhlovu PD, Gomo E, et al. (February 2006). "Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women".

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149: 123: 38: 530:, mold and rodents within that home that can lead to an increased risk of illness due to these inadequate housing issues. 1123: 1068:

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721:

action based on the number of people infected, the severity of the illnesses, and the ability to prevent and treat them.

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Obesity is a chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) that is diagnosed in individuals who have a

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Freeing Latin America and the Caribbean from hunger

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(2008). 942: 5486:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4807:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4396: 4272: 4232:Scrimshaw NS, SanGiovanni JP (August 1997). 4205: 3792:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3576: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3284:Chilton, Mariana; Rose, Donald (July 2009). 3099:"Micronutrients and HIV infection: a review" 2523:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2474:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1396:Taking Charge of Your Health & Wellbeing 1084:Ensure monitoring, evaluation, and reporting 1078:Identify supportive structures and processes 881:More than 300 million people worldwide have 5816: 5805:. World Health Organization. Archived from 5680: 5606:"Holistic Healthcare: A Dental Perspective" 4993:"Poverty as a Risk Factor in Human Cancers" 4723: 4624: 4222: 3523:"RESULTS: World Health/Diseases of Poverty" 3512: 3283: 2154:"Poverty, Material Hardship and Depression" 1809:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 867: 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7578: 7571: 7557: 6986: 6972: 6824: 6810: 6636: 6622: 5967: 5953: 4540: 3136: 3134: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2574:"Flint Water Crisis | Casper | NCEH | CDC" 1694:Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 1675:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1187: 1072:Establish the need and priorities for HiAP 1045: 520: 5924:RESULTS: World Health/Diseases of Poverty 5892: 5580: 5531: 5521: 5420: 5379: 5319: 5285: 5262: 5244: 5148: 5091: 5072:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 5016: 4957: 4864: 4607: 4558: 4517: 4499: 4414: 4333: 4249: 4188: 3960: 3859: 3849: 3769: 3710: 3700: 3503: 3406: 3380: 3354: 3309: 3257: 3207: 3158: 3114: 3029: 2911: 2791: 2658: 2443: 2441: 2422: 2420: 2252: 2177: 1955: 1893: 1836: 1779: 1705: 1628: 1527: 1452: 1442: 1367: 1312: 1302: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1215: 1205: 1054: 892: 437: 208:Learn how and when to remove this message 190:Learn how and when to remove this message 7266:Social determinants of health in poverty 7101:Social determinants of health in poverty 6584:Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas 5068:"Poverty and health sector inequalities" 5065: 4686: 4543:"Protein, calories, and immune defenses" 3682: 3403:WHO, Medicines Strategy Report 2002–2003 2896:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628 2068: 1921: 999: 296:Lack of physical activity is related to 7628:National (subject specific deprivation) 7542:Measurements and definitions of poverty 6831: 6643: 5603: 5121:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 4986: 4984: 3800: 3655:"Ensuring skilled care for every birth" 3428:"Diseases of Poverty and the 10/90 gap" 3279: 3277: 3131: 3046: 2537: 1550: 1416: 1349: 876: 762: 446:each year. Poor sanitation can lead to 270: 7719: 7458:Scottish index of multiple deprivation 7146: 6111:Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5662:"UNFPA State of World Population 2002" 3489: 3450: 3448: 3326: 2991: 2989: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2935:Porter, Eduardo (September 10, 2014). 2934: 2681: 2598: 2438: 2417: 1613:"Domestication of Industrial Microbes" 1273: 862:There is also a large racial disparity 579: 7552: 7154:Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment 6967: 6805: 6617: 5948: 5394: 4590:Cunningham-Rundles S (January 1998). 3808:U.S. Government Accountability Office 3350: 3348: 3097:Friis H, Michaelsen KF (March 1998). 2873: 2871: 2869: 2842: 2840: 2813: 2811: 2349:"Can Poverty Lead To Mental Illness?" 2147: 2145: 2038: 2036: 1977: 1975: 1917: 1915: 1913: 652: 345: 7179:Social determinants of mental health 6563:Self-perceived quality-of-life scale 5929:Roll Back Malaria Global Partnership 4981: 4931: 3610:UNFPA State of World Population 2002 3586:WHO/WPRO-Poverty Issues Dominate RCM 3274: 2733:"Household air pollution and health" 2688:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2631:Current Environmental Health Reports 2346: 2075:American Journal of Health Promotion 1567: 1417:Plotkin, Stanley (August 26, 2014). 1356:European Journal of Dental Education 1081:Facilitate assessment and engagement 338:, and increased risk of infections. 279: 128:adding citations to reliable sources 99: 59: 18: 7599:Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000) 7546:Social responsibility organizations 5828: 5704:10.1097/01.aids.0000210614.45212.0a 3541: 3445: 2986: 2954: 2848:"Lack of Education Creates Poverty" 1508:The New England Journal of Medicine 1124:Effects of poverty on mental health 959:(hole) develops between either the 759:are an area of intensive research. 542: 321:. According to Alyssa Brown of the 13: 7658:Information graphics about poverty 6791:Deprivation and poverty indicators 4932:Moss, Jennifer (October 1, 2020). 4609:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01641.x 4560:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01649.x 4316:Harms G, Feldmeier H (June 2002). 3345: 3238:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2866: 2837: 2808: 2142: 2117: 2033: 1972: 1928:Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 1910: 1091: 947: 806: 319:effect on a person's mental health 14: 7763: 5912: 5292:American Journal of Public Health 4163:Borkow G, Bentwich Z (May 2002). 3671:World Health/Diseases of Poverty. 3426:Stevens, Philip (November 2004). 3290:American Journal of Public Health 2069:McDonald, Noreen C. (July 2008). 1285:Singh A. R., Singh S. A. (2008). 724: 568:, and mental illnesses including 534:Lack of access to health services 458: 34:This article has multiple issues. 7704: 7692: 7680: 7513:Gender-related Development Index 6139:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5894:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00750.x 5868: 5848: 5791: 5726: 5654: 5628: 5597: 5548: 5437: 5388: 5336: 5279: 5220: 5165: 5108: 5059: 5033: 4997:Iranian Journal of Public Health 4925: 4911:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00363.x 4890: 4881: 4824: 4335:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00893.x 3962:10.1097/00002030-199903110-00007 2503:10.1001/jama.1995.03520360062040 2347:Sohn, Emily (October 30, 2016). 2310:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03552.x 2170:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00645.x 1477:"Timeline | History of Vaccines" 1369:10.1111/j.1600-0579.2007.00476.x 1253:World Health organization(WHO). 415: 311: 104: 64: 23: 5856:"School Deworming At a Glance." 4815: 4757: 4739: 4680: 4661: 4636: 4583: 4534: 4493: 4481: 4390: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4309: 4266: 4156: 4121: 4012: 3977: 3930: 3884: 3825: 3813: 3745: 3727: 3676: 3664: 3629: 3597: 3483: 3397: 3224: 3183: 3090: 2928: 2750: 2675: 2618: 2599:US EPA, OW (February 2, 2016). 2592: 2566: 2531: 2482: 2392: 2366: 2340: 2285: 2220: 2194: 2062: 1853: 1796: 1747: 1722: 1681: 1663: 1645: 1604: 1561: 986: 840:AIDS is a disease of the human 826: 645:Three other diseases, measles, 115:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 7587:National (general deprivation) 7446:Physical Quality of Life Index 7440:Multidimensional Poverty Index 6106:Multidimensional Poverty Index 5781:Horn of Africa Journal of AIDS 5604:Ehrlich, Ron (November 2010). 3525:. July 3, 2009. Archived from 3433:. International Policy Network 2884:Annual Review of Public Health 1760:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 1544: 1494: 1469: 1410: 1384: 1343: 1246: 1149:Social determinants of obesity 1026:Relating to human capabilities 621:disability-adjusted life years 504:, a decrease in the number of 1: 7474:Progress out of Poverty Index 7401:Disability-adjusted life year 7370:Social determinants of health 6055:Sustainable Development Goals 5747:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06967-7 5638:. Rbm.who.int. Archived from 5458:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60031-2 5190:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30482-3 4950:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-0007 4899:Nursing & Health Sciences 4519:10.1093/jn/126.suppl_10.2611S 4181:10.1128/CDLI.9.3.505-507.2002 3998:10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01655-6 3908:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02727-6 3355:Hernández, Diana (May 2016). 3160:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)93056-2 2700:10.1016/s0194-5998(96)70181-x 1878:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 1772:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00372-9 1551:Falcini, Louise (July 2018). 1172: 1144:Social determinants of health 7727:Human diseases and disorders 7297:Homeless Vulnerability Index 6071:Homeless Vulnerability Index 5133:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.005 4779:10.3109/02770903.2010.485662 4142:10.1016/0167-5699(95)80119-7 3758:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3734:Centers For Disease Control. 3702:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000256 3660:. World Health Organization. 3554:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2682:Bryant, K. 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Diagn. Lab. Immunol 4107:10.1080/13545700802262923 2643:10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5 1821:10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004 1671:"History of World TB Day" 1657:World Health Organization 1630:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.025 1481:www.historyofvaccines.org 1398:. University of Minnesota 979:) after severe or failed 916: 402:has been taking place in 7391:India State Hunger Index 7318:Legatum Prosperity Index 7302:Misery index (economics) 6091:Legatum Prosperity Index 6076:Misery index (economics) 5861:January 3, 2012, at the 5304:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491 3457:Health & Social Work 3373:10.1177/0192513X14530970 3361:Journal of Family Issues 3302:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130229 2158:Social Science Quarterly 2045:"Facts & Statistics" 1940:10.12965/jer.1735060.350 1419:"History of vaccination" 868:Noncommunicable diseases 747:to the spread of HIV in 225:poverty-related diseases 7497:Feminization of poverty 7434:Human Development Index 6953:Priority review voucher 6765:Priority review voucher 5066:Wagstaff, Adam (2002). 4490:Retrieved January 2004. 4041:10.1126/science.1132338 3851:10.1186/1475-2875-11-15 3641:April 23, 2006, at the 3250:10.1093/infdis/175.1.57 3116:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600546 2245:10.1126/science.aay0214 1444:10.1073/pnas.1400472111 1304:10.4103/0973-1229.40567 1207:10.4103/0973-1229.40567 1046:Public policy proposals 835: 668:African trypanosomiasis 521:Poor housing conditions 330:, which result in high 323:Washington D.C. Gallup, 294:coronary heart disease. 246:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 7580:Indices of Deprivation 7350:Disability and poverty 7106:Violence against women 6040:Universal basic income 6005:Disability and poverty 5881:Trop. Med. Int. Health 5523:10.1186/1472-6831-9-16 4512:(10 Suppl): 2611S–5S. 4322:Trop. Med. Int. Health 4251:10.1093/ajcn/66.2.464S 3605:"HIV/AIDS and Poverty" 3591:April 3, 2011, at the 2552:10.1001/jama.292.3.318 2432:April 9, 2008, at the 2298:Clinical Endocrinology 2003:10.1542/peds.2005-0058 1582:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055 1055:Health in All Policies 903:coronary heart disease 893:Cardiovascular disease 558:cardiovascular disease 438:Sanitation and hygiene 75:is missing information 7169:psychological poverty 7127:Social Progress Index 6609:List of global issues 6568:Subjective well-being 5865:Retrieved March 2011. 5401:Public Health Reports 4837:Public Health Reports 4673:May 24, 2012, at the 4219:Retrieved March 2011. 3941:Plasmodium falciparum 3822:Retrieved March 2011. 3739:May 11, 2016, at the 2087:10.4278/ajhp.22.6.433 1520:10.1056/NEJMms1215400 1139:Inequality in disease 1000:Societal consequences 977:vesicovaginal fistula 238:diseases of affluence 139:"Diseases of poverty" 7662:Poverty-related maps 7656:Commons categories: 7375:Poverty and violence 7159:Learned helplessness 7096:Social vulnerability 7071:Relative deprivation 7046:Environmental racism 6548:Criticism of welfare 5995:Concentrated poverty 5812:on October 26, 2013. 5184:(10134): 2036–2046. 4751:May 2, 2013, at the 1983:Gordon-Larsen, Penny 1659:. November 30, 2020. 1291:Mens Sana Monographs 1194:Mens Sana Monographs 1075:Frame planned action 969:rectovaginal fistula 877:Respiratory diseases 768:Intestinal parasites 763:Intestinal parasites 683:Lymphatic filariasis 640:developing countries 593:Developing countries 352:clean drinking water 298:socioeconomic status 271:Contributing factors 124:improve this article 7519:Gender Parity Index 7468:Living Planet Index 7428:Human Poverty Index 7396:Global Hunger Index 7164:Psychological abuse 7036:Diseases of poverty 6841:Diseases of poverty 6833:Diseases of poverty 6653:Diseases of poverty 6645:Diseases of poverty 6579:Rural access issues 6518:Theories of poverty 6101:Human Poverty Index 6010:Diseases of poverty 5642:on November 8, 2012 5561:Academic Pediatrics 4033:2006Sci...314.1603A 2854:. November 17, 2014 2852:The Great Gathering 2462:10.2166/wp.2011.141 1730:"Tuberculosis (TB)" 1677:. January 28, 2021. 1435:2014PNAS..11112283P 1429:(34): 12283–12287. 1261:on December 2, 2002 1154:Social epidemiology 1119:Diseases of despair 854:social risk factors 580:Infectious diseases 290:high blood pressure 221:Diseases of poverty 7407:Global Peace Index 7211:Culture of poverty 7081:Social deprivation 7056:Governance failure 6889:Neglected diseases 6874:Diarrheal diseases 6701:Neglected diseases 6686:Diarrheal diseases 6599:Culture of poverty 5854:World Bank. 2003. 4602:(1 Pt 2): S27–37. 4553:(1 Pt 2): S84–92. 4281:(Suppl): S107–23. 4095:Feminist Economics 3689:PLOS Negl Trop Dis 3617:on October 5, 2012 3469:10.1093/hsw/hlt013 2239:(6522): eaay0214. 2208:. October 30, 2012 1134:Hygiene hypothesis 1032:human capabilities 846:sexual intercourse 786:and protozoa like 749:sub-Saharan Africa 653:Neglected diseases 632:maternal mortality 393:Sub-Saharan Africa 346:Contaminated water 7668: 7667: 7648: 7647: 7527: 7526: 7452:Laeken indicators 7416: 7415: 7331: 7330: 7323:Poverty gap index 7261:Secondary poverty 7246:Poverty threshold 7236:Human trafficking 7187: 7186: 7135: 7134: 6961: 6960: 6799: 6798: 6773: 6772: 6604:Causes of poverty 6506: 6505: 6096:Poverty gap index 6050:Poverty reduction 5990:Measuring poverty 5741:(9297): 1989–92. 5668:on August 6, 2009 5233:BMC Public Health 4944:(10): 1949–1954. 4767:Journal of Asthma 4689:Journal of Asthma 4238:Am. J. Clin. Nutr 3764:(10): 1406–1411. 3683:Hotez PJ (2008). 3561:978-0-323-55027-7 3196:Clin. Infect. Dis 3078:on April 23, 2014 2825:. August 22, 2016 1872:(9838): 219–229. 1766:(12): 1395–1407. 1623:(10): R381–R393. 1514:(22): 2152–2158. 971:) or between the 953:Obstetric fistula 714:Tropical diseases 497:viral replication 372:), and protozoa ( 280:Physical activity 218: 217: 210: 200: 199: 192: 174: 98: 97: 57: 7759: 7747:Health economics 7709: 7708: 7707: 7697: 7696: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7676: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7487: 7486: 7421:Complex measures 7340: 7339: 7307:Gini coefficient 7196: 7195: 7144: 7143: 7086:Social exclusion 7011: 7010: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6965: 6964: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6589:Post-materialism 6124: 6123: 6081:Gini coefficient 6030:Cycle of poverty 5969: 5962: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5907: 5906: 5896: 5872: 5866: 5852: 5846: 5839: 5826: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5535: 5525: 5501: 5492: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5424: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5298:(6): 1019–1028. 5283: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5248: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5047:. August 4, 2016 5037: 5031: 5030: 5020: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4961: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4761: 4755: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4684: 4678: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4562: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4244:(2): 464S–477S. 4229: 4220: 4214: 4203: 4202: 4192: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4090: 4061: 4060: 4027:(5805): 1603–6. 4016: 4010: 4009: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3902:(9235): 1051–6. 3888: 3882: 3881: 3863: 3853: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3773: 3749: 3743: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3704: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3651: 3645: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3601: 3595: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3384: 3352: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3296:(7): 1203–1211. 3281: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3162: 3153:(8913): 1593–7. 3138: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3070: 3061: 3044: 3043: 3033: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2875: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2662: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2514: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2465: 2445: 2436: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2400:"Drinking-water" 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2256: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2181: 2164:(5): 1051–1071. 2149: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2040: 2031: 2030: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1959: 1919: 1908: 1907: 1897: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1840: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1783: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1709: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1632: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1531: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1456: 1446: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1371: 1350:Sachs J (2008). 1347: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1326: 1316: 1306: 1282: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1257:. Archived from 1250: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1185: 1159:Typhus § History 991:Dental decay or 975:and vagina (see 757:Malaria vaccines 745:directly related 638:deaths occur in 628:infant mortality 574:bipolar disorder 549:cycle of poverty 543:Cycle of poverty 409:Exposure to lead 223:, also known as 213: 206: 195: 188: 184: 181: 175: 173: 132: 108: 100: 93: 90: 84: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7623: 7582: 7577: 7523: 7501: 7478: 7412: 7379: 7365:Sex trafficking 7355:Food insecurity 7327: 7280: 7256:Precarious work 7226:Extreme poverty 7183: 7131: 7115: 7002: 6992: 6962: 6957: 6936: 6922:River blindness 6912:Schistosomiasis 6883: 6835: 6830: 6800: 6795: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6748: 6734:River blindness 6724:Schistosomiasis 6695: 6647: 6642: 6558:Quality of life 6533:Welfare culture 6502: 6411: 6390: 6314: 6193: 6115: 6059: 6025:Chronic poverty 6000:Cost of poverty 5978: 5973: 5915: 5910: 5873: 5869: 5863:Wayback Machine 5853: 5849: 5840: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5777: 5770: 5731: 5727: 5688: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5602: 5598: 5553: 5549: 5510:BMC Oral Health 5502: 5495: 5479: 5478: 5452:(9555): 51–59. 5442: 5438: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5341: 5337: 5284: 5280: 5225: 5221: 5170: 5166: 5113: 5109: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5034: 4989: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4930: 4926: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4800: 4799: 4762: 4758: 4753:Wayback Machine 4744: 4740: 4735: 4724: 4685: 4681: 4675:Wayback Machine 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4588: 4584: 4539: 4535: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4439: 4432: 4409:(23): 1764–72. 4403:N. Engl. J. Med 4395: 4391: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4314: 4310: 4271: 4267: 4230: 4223: 4215: 4206: 4161: 4157: 4126: 4122: 4091: 4064: 4017: 4013: 3992:(12): 1265–70. 3986:Microbes Infect 3982: 3978: 3939:"The effect of 3935: 3931: 3889: 3885: 3838:Malaria Journal 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3785: 3784: 3750: 3746: 3741:Wayback Machine 3732: 3728: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3643:Wayback Machine 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3593:Wayback Machine 3584: 3577: 3562: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3529:on July 3, 2009 3521: 3520: 3513: 3488: 3484: 3453: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3353: 3346: 3340:Wayback Machine 3331: 3327: 3282: 3275: 3229: 3225: 3188: 3184: 3139: 3132: 3103:Eur J Clin Nutr 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3047: 2994: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2933: 2929: 2876: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2680: 2676: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2536: 2532: 2516: 2515: 2497:(12): 948–953. 2487: 2483: 2467: 2466: 2446: 2439: 2434:Wayback Machine 2427:UNICEF (Water). 2425: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2341: 2290: 2286: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2150: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2041: 2034: 1980: 1973: 1920: 1911: 1858: 1854: 1801: 1797: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1686: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1617:Current Biology 1609: 1605: 1566: 1562: 1549: 1545: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1415: 1411: 1401: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1348: 1344: 1328: 1327: 1283: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1251: 1247: 1231: 1230: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1114: 1094: 1092:HIV/AIDS policy 1087:Build capacity. 1057: 1048: 1040:food production 1028: 1011: 1002: 989: 950: 948:Maternal health 945: 932:body mass index 928: 919: 895: 879: 870: 838: 829: 809: 807:Schistosomiasis 765: 740: 727: 703:Schistosomiasis 661: 655: 586:Gastroenteritis 582: 545: 536: 523: 506:red blood cells 461: 440: 431: 418: 404:Flint, Michigan 374:schistosomiasis 348: 314: 286:type 2 diabetes 282: 273: 214: 203: 202: 201: 196: 185: 179: 176: 133: 131: 121: 109: 94: 88: 85: 78: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7765: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7714: 7713: 7701: 7689: 7666: 7665: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7576: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7553: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7360:Physical abuse 7357: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7276:Water scarcity 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7241:Income deficit 7238: 7233: 7231:Housing stress 7228: 7223: 7221:Energy poverty 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7150: 7148: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7066:Mental illness 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6917:Dracunculiasis 6914: 6909: 6904: 6902:Chagas disease 6899: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6729:Dracunculiasis 6726: 6721: 6716: 6714:Chagas disease 6711: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6386:United Kingdom 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5914: 5913:External links 5911: 5909: 5908: 5867: 5847: 5827: 5815: 5790: 5768: 5725: 5698:(4): 593–600. 5679: 5653: 5627: 5596: 5567:(6): 410–414. 5547: 5493: 5436: 5395:DYE B (2010). 5387: 5378: 5335: 5278: 5219: 5164: 5127:(5): 587–595. 5107: 5058: 5045:www.cancer.gov 5032: 5003:(3): 341–343. 4980: 4924: 4905:(4): 290–294. 4889: 4880: 4843:(2): 109–116. 4823: 4814: 4773:(7): 701–710. 4756: 4738: 4722: 4695:(4): 392–398. 4679: 4660: 4635: 4623: 4582: 4533: 4492: 4480: 4447:Int J STD AIDS 4430: 4389: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4308: 4265: 4221: 4204: 4155: 4130:Immunol. Today 4120: 4062: 4011: 3976: 3929: 3883: 3824: 3812: 3799: 3771:10.1086/340264 3744: 3726: 3675: 3663: 3646: 3628: 3596: 3575: 3560: 3540: 3511: 3482: 3463:(3): 147–157. 3444: 3405: 3396: 3367:(7): 921–946. 3344: 3325: 3273: 3223: 3209:10.1086/514565 3182: 3130: 3089: 3045: 3008:(5): 765–777. 2985: 2953: 2941:New York Times 2927: 2865: 2836: 2807: 2749: 2721: 2694:(2): 267–270. 2674: 2637:(4): 440–450. 2617: 2591: 2580:. May 28, 2020 2565: 2530: 2481: 2456:(2): 298–318. 2437: 2416: 2391: 2380:. May 19, 2021 2365: 2339: 2304:(6): 779–786. 2284: 2219: 2193: 2141: 2116: 2081:(6): 433–436. 2061: 2032: 1997:(2): 417–424. 1971: 1934:(4): 375–377. 1909: 1852: 1815:(3): 611–622. 1795: 1746: 1721: 1680: 1662: 1644: 1603: 1576:(2): 187–201. 1560: 1543: 1493: 1468: 1409: 1383: 1342: 1297:(1): 187–225. 1272: 1245: 1200:(1): 187–225. 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1027: 1024: 1010: 1007: 1001: 998: 988: 985: 949: 946: 944: 941: 927: 924: 918: 915: 894: 891: 878: 875: 869: 866: 837: 834: 828: 825: 808: 805: 764: 761: 739: 736: 726: 725:Trichomoniasis 723: 711: 710: 708:Trichomoniasis 705: 700: 698:Onchocerciasis 695: 688:Dracunculiasis 685: 680: 675: 673:Chagas disease 670: 657:Main article: 654: 651: 581: 578: 544: 541: 535: 532: 522: 519: 510:viral shedding 481:micronutrients 469:macronutrients 460: 459:Poor nutrition 457: 439: 436: 430: 427: 417: 414: 347: 344: 328:chronic stress 313: 310: 281: 278: 272: 269: 216: 215: 198: 197: 112: 110: 103: 96: 95: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7764: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7732:Public health 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7663: 7659: 7653: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7562: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Asset poverty 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140:Psychological 7138: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7111:Vulnerability 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:Social stigma 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7031:Disadvantaged 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941:Miscellaneous 6939: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927:Leishmaniasis 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753:Miscellaneous 6751: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:Leishmaniasis 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6627: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:United States 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6020:Child poverty 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5773: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5684: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5407:(6): 817–30. 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5078:(2): 97–105. 5077: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5051:September 16, 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4973:September 16, 4969: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4818: 4810: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4653:September 13, 4649: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4453:(3): 148–61. 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4328:(6): 479–88. 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136:(4): 187–91. 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3955:(4): 487–94. 3954: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3621:September 14, 3616: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3429: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3109:(3): 157–63. 3108: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3082:September 14, 3074: 3067: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2978:September 14, 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 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589: 587: 577: 575: 571: 570:schizophrenia 567: 563: 559: 553: 550: 540: 531: 529: 518: 514: 511: 507: 503: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 456: 452: 449: 445: 435: 426: 422: 416:Air pollution 413: 410: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 384: 382: 379:Although the 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358: 353: 343: 339: 337: 333: 329: 324: 320: 312:Mental health 309: 305: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 277: 268: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 247: 241: 239: 234: 230: 226: 222: 212: 209: 194: 191: 183: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 141: – 140: 136: 135:Find sources: 129: 125: 119: 118: 113:This article 111: 107: 102: 101: 92: 82: 76: 73:This article 71: 67: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 7742:Epidemiology 7536:Categories: 7271:Survival sex 7216:Debt bondage 7035: 6948:Malnutrition 6859:Tuberculosis 6840: 6832: 6760:Malnutrition 6671:Tuberculosis 6652: 6644: 6594:Pen's parade 6538:Welfare trap 6174:South Africa 6009: 5887:(7): 535–7. 5884: 5880: 5870: 5850: 5842: 5807:the 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Retrieved 1259:the original 1248: 1234:cite journal 1197: 1193: 1163: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1029: 1016: 1012: 1003: 990: 987:Dental decay 951: 929: 920: 911:heart attack 896: 887: 880: 871: 858: 839: 830: 827:Tuberculosis 810: 795: 766: 741: 732: 728: 712: 662: 644: 625: 602: 590: 583: 554: 546: 537: 524: 515: 508:, increases 465:malnutrition 462: 453: 441: 432: 423: 419: 397: 385: 378: 364:), viruses ( 355: 349: 340: 336:osteoporosis 322: 315: 306: 302: 283: 274: 260:tuberculosis 250: 242: 224: 220: 219: 204: 186: 177: 167: 160: 153: 146: 134: 122:Please help 117:verification 114: 89:January 2016 86: 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 7026:Child abuse 6995:Deprivation 6407:New Zealand 6371:Switzerland 6290:Philippines 6270:South Korea 6265:North Korea 6205:Afghanistan 6120:By location 5616:(3): 9–12. 4648:www.who.int 3695:(6): e256. 3533:January 29, 3505:10355/48996 2973:www.who.int 2890:: 273–289. 2737:www.who.int 2605:www.epa.gov 2578:www.cdc.gov 2404:www.who.int 2378:www.cdc.gov 1734:www.who.int 1486:December 5, 936:food desert 692:Guinea worm 366:hepatitis A 264:Robert Koch 7721:Categories 7076:Self-image 7061:Hikikomori 7021:Acting out 7001:indicators 6523:Well-being 6235:East Timor 6215:Bangladesh 5787:(1): 15–8. 5239:(1): 373. 3570:1118693541 2206:Gallup.com 1991:Pediatrics 1866:The Lancet 1653:"HIV/AIDS" 1402:January 2, 1173:References 1020:infidelity 981:childbirth 817:intestines 813:trematodes 800:blood loss 796:Leishmania 780:roundworms 150:newspapers 39:improve it 7699:Economics 7594:Carstairs 7506:Measures: 7384:Measures: 7285:Measures: 7251:Precariat 7120:Measures: 7051:Fushūgaku 6869:Pneumonia 6681:Pneumonia 6498:Venezuela 6453:Guatemala 6423:Argentina 6402:Australia 6300:Sri Lanka 6295:Singapore 6245:Indonesia 5622:1328-8040 5474:204616785 5312:0090-0036 5255:1471-2458 5198:1474-547X 5141:0749-3797 5084:0042-9686 5009:2251-6085 4596:Nutr. 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Rev 4115:154082747 3844:(1): 15. 3498:: 82–94. 3437:March 20, 3022:1438-4639 2946:April 27, 2904:0163-7525 2784:1535-4970 2708:0194-5998 2651:2196-5412 2318:1365-2265 2279:218528740 2263:1095-9203 2134:March 26, 2095:0890-1171 2054:March 26, 2011:1098-4275 1948:2288-176X 1886:0140-6736 1829:0891-5520 1557:(Thesis). 1362:: 17–21. 1009:For women 776:hookworms 772:helminths 753:pregnancy 694:disease") 647:pneumonia 609:pertussis 598:mortality 483:(such as 471:(such as 448:diarrheal 429:Education 370:norovirus 233:co-morbid 81:talk page 45:talk page 7687:Medicine 7619:Townsend 7336:Physical 7192:Economic 6932:Trachoma 6783:See also 6744:Trachoma 6553:Wellness 6478:Paraguay 6463:Honduras 6443:Colombia 6416:Americas 6285:Pakistan 6275:Malaysia 6220:Cambodia 6189:Zimbabwe 6179:Tanzania 6149:Ethiopia 5903:11469947 5859:Archived 5763:33545603 5755:11747942 5720:37689433 5712:16470124 5672:July 11, 5646:July 11, 5591:19945075 5542:19583867 5466:17208642 5431:21121227 5373:22367850 5365:17869255 5330:20075322 5273:28464915 5206:29627160 5159:25217097 5102:11953787 5027:23641414 4968:32998949 4919:17958679 4875:15842111 4857:20056761 4795:13115946 4787:20726827 4749:Archived 4717:25018323 4709:19484676 4671:Archived 4577:39913872 4475:15180099 4467:12665437 4425:11396444 4344:12031069 4303:23506348 4199:11986252 4049:17158329 4006:12467769 3971:10197377 3924:19776584 3916:11009139 3870:22236358 3780:11981738 3737:Archived 3721:18575621 3639:Archived 3589:Archived 3477:24437020 3391:27057078 3336:Archived 3320:19443834 3177:20540787 3040:31088724 2922:29328865 2858:April 2, 2829:April 2, 2802:25945507 2669:26381684 2560:15265835 2430:Archived 2334:30994530 2326:19226268 2271:33303583 2188:25530634 2103:18677884 2019:16452361 1966:29114499 1904:22818936 1847:21896362 1790:37696278 1781:10665202 1716:28515626 1639:31112692 1590:15209075 1538:24283231 1463:25136134 1378:18289264 1323:22013359 1226:22013359 1112:See also 636:neonatal 566:diabetes 493:vitamins 332:cortisol 180:May 2019 7737:Poverty 7711:History 7673:Portals 7490:Topics: 7403:(DALYs) 7343:Topics: 7199:Topics: 7147:Topics: 7014:Topics: 6999:poverty 6897:Cholera 6864:Measles 6854:Malaria 6709:Cholera 6676:Measles 6666:Malaria 6528:Welfare 6493:Uruguay 6468:Jamaica 6428:Bolivia 6395:Oceania 6381:Ukraine 6366:Romania 6351:Moldova 6336:Germany 6305:Vietnam 6260:Lebanon 6210:Armenia 6169:Nigeria 6159:Namibia 6134:Algeria 6064:Metrics 5983:Aspects 5976:Poverty 5582:2862385 5533:2713218 5422:2966663 5321:2866597 5264:5414181 5214:4709102 5150:4205193 5093:2567730 5018:3633807 4959:7534551 4866:1497701 4618:9481122 4569:9481128 4528:8861922 4506:J. Nutr 4384:cdc.gov 4295:8115176 4260:9250134 4150:7734046 4057:7862764 4029:Bibcode 4021:Science 3878:1648013 3861:3295708 3712:2430531 3492:Lucerna 3382:4819250 3311:2696644 3268:8985196 3259:3372419 3218:9524850 3169:7911919 3125:9537299 3031:6593152 2913:5880718 2793:4511423 2716:8637748 2660:4626327 2511:7884954 2353:NPR.org 2233:Science 2179:4269256 2111:8555906 2049:HHS.gov 2027:5925679 1957:5667611 1895:3645500 1838:3168775 1707:5432783 1598:8297229 1529:4175560 1454:4151719 1431:Bibcode 1314:3190550 1217:3190550 1036:farming 973:bladder 957:fistula 926:Obesity 897:Though 821:bladder 792:amoebas 788:giardia 738:Malaria 605:measles 562:obesity 473:protein 362:cholera 357:E. coli 256:malaria 254:(HIV), 229:poverty 164:scholar 7483:Gender 7448:(PQLI) 7007:Social 6879:Plague 6691:Plague 6574:Stress 6473:Mexico 6438:Canada 6433:Brazil 6376:Turkey 6361:Poland 6356:Norway 6341:Greece 6331:France 6326:Cyprus 6319:Europe 6250:Israel 6230:Cyprus 6184:Uganda 6127:Africa 5901: 5761: 5753: 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