161:
hygiene and hand-washing is one of the first things recommended. Other interventions may be added as the investigation moves forward and more information is obtained. Waiting until the end of an investigation to implement prevention and control measures is a sure way to lose ones job. In outbreaks identified through notifiable disease surveillance, reports are often linked to laboratory results and verifying the diagnosis is straight forward. In outbreaks of unknown etiology, determining and verifying the diagnosis can be a significant part of the investigation with respect to time and resources. Several steps are usually going on at any point in time during the investigation. Steps may be repeated. For example, initial case definitions are often established to be intentionally broad but later refined as more is learned about the outbreak. The above list has 9 steps, others have more. Implementing active surveillance to identify additional cases is often added.
29:
109:
308:
294:
59:
when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or season. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent. The number of cases varies according to the disease-causing agent, and the size and type of previous and existing exposure
160:
The order of the above steps and relative amount of effort and resources used in each varies from outbreak to outbreak. For example, prevention and control measures are usually implemented very early in the investigation, often before the causative agent is known. In many situations, promoting good
279:
253:
of the infectious disease has elapsed without identification of any new case, however, for organisms with a short incubation period (e.g. fewer than ten days), a period of three times the incubation period is preferred.
228:– a communicable disease, such as influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, colds, viruses, and smallpox, which is characteristic of a particular place, or among a particular group, or area of interest or activity.
234:– when this disease is found to infect a significantly larger number of people at the same time than is common at that time, and among that population, and may spread through one or several communities.
262:
Outbreak legislation is still in its infancy and not many countries have had a direct and complete set of the provisions. However, some countries do manage the outbreaks using relevant acts, such as
88:
The terms "outbreak" and "epidemic" have often been used interchangeably. Researchers
Manfred S. Green and colleagues propose that the latter term be restricted to larger events, pointing out that
172:
There are several outbreak patterns, which can be useful in identifying the transmission method or source, and predicting the future rate of infection. Each has a distinctive
341:
755:
1639:
116:
When investigating disease outbreaks, the epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps. As described by the United States
164:
Outbreak debriefing and review has also been recognized as an additional final step and iterative process by the Public Health Agency of Canada.
2077:
1631:
748:
2472:
517:
346:
117:
275:
2485:
741:
2412:
2399:
1013:
769:
419:"Investigating outbreaks of initially unknown aetiology in complex settings: findings and recommendations from 10 case studies"
710:
1684:
624:
326:
1026:
2201:
1659:
575:
336:
321:
606:
1338:
124:
Identify the existence of the outbreak (Is the group of ill persons normal for the time of year, geographic area, etc.?)
2404:
640:
1408:
667:
1834:
1829:
1439:
2373:
1913:
1320:
936:
271:
2465:
1507:
331:
96:
28:
2248:
1846:
1565:
1543:
974:
497:"Canada's Food-borne Illness Outbreak Response Protocol (FIORP) 2010: To guide a multi-jurisdictional response"
2216:
914:
2834:
2243:
1396:
1159:
874:
204:
184:
Common source – All victims acquire the infection from the same source (e.g. a contaminated water supply).
1068:
2569:
2285:
2156:
2092:
2060:
2008:
1305:
1287:
689:
2890:
2458:
1841:
1254:
994:
538:
550:
496:
2345:
2335:
2030:
1966:
1689:
1654:
1457:
1434:
1220:
1033:
562:
267:
187:
Continuous source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs over multiple incubation periods
22:
2163:
2025:
1900:
1754:
869:
859:
190:
Point source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs in less than one incubation period
2350:
2268:
2134:
1664:
1462:
1169:
1107:
941:
909:
1021:
1937:
1722:
1472:
1345:
951:
808:
798:
225:
138:
33:
217:– The infectious agent is endemic to an animal population, infection is transferred to humans.
2885:
2258:
1890:
1759:
1267:
1174:
1093:
1038:
727:
525:
2540:
2340:
2233:
2179:
2107:
2097:
1789:
1644:
1517:
1124:
733:
351:
249:
By convention, a communicable disease outbreak is declared over when a period of twice the
466:
404:
8:
2450:
2427:
2417:
2383:
1988:
1426:
1262:
1073:
616:
372:
90:
65:
605:
Ghebrehewet S, Stewart AG, Baxter D, Shears P, Conrad D, Kliner M, eds. (October 2016).
443:
418:
2151:
2146:
2055:
2035:
1669:
1512:
1477:
1331:
1297:
847:
1083:
417:
Perrocheau A, Jephcott F, Asgari-Jirhanden N, Greig J, Peyraud N, Tempowski J (2023).
2849:
2559:
2493:
2437:
2378:
2238:
2191:
1993:
1495:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1129:
946:
929:
793:
620:
448:
387:
263:
250:
69:
2781:
2775:
2577:
2481:
2432:
2368:
2355:
2184:
2173:
2065:
2045:
1880:
1794:
1500:
1447:
1386:
1277:
924:
852:
612:
524:. Center for New Media Teaching and Learning at Columbia University. Archived from
438:
430:
278:. WHO member states are holding a special session in November 2021 to consider the
2680:
2300:
2295:
2139:
2087:
1895:
1872:
1717:
1694:
1078:
1043:
919:
864:
583:
313:
131:
76:
are near-global disease outbreaks when multiple and various countries around the
1048:
434:
2633:
2549:
2330:
2263:
2206:
1978:
1867:
1859:
1784:
1737:
1732:
1679:
1403:
1184:
1179:
1139:
1088:
1053:
891:
827:
371:
Green MS, Swartz T, Mayshar E, Lev B, Leventhal A, Slater PE, Shemer J (2002).
299:
173:
2879:
2844:
2642:
2211:
2168:
2127:
2020:
2003:
1961:
1674:
1225:
1194:
815:
1061:
644:
2839:
2761:
2756:
2589:
2554:
2502:
2422:
2360:
2122:
2102:
2050:
1998:
1949:
1749:
1699:
1310:
881:
452:
391:
208:
48:
2854:
2740:
2673:
2652:
2647:
2525:
2315:
2117:
2040:
2015:
1764:
1744:
1649:
1609:
1533:
904:
899:
820:
803:
2535:
2253:
2228:
2196:
1973:
1954:
1944:
1932:
1779:
1391:
1363:
1189:
1149:
416:
68:, as well as diseases with an environmental origin, such as a water or
282:
to establish further legal obligations in managing disease outbreaks.
2864:
2859:
2807:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2515:
2510:
2325:
1804:
837:
832:
765:
177:
73:
61:
2814:
2802:
2707:
2607:
2308:
2223:
1799:
1774:
1727:
1272:
842:
785:
237:
231:
214:
41:
37:
108:
72:. They may affect a region in a country or a group of countries.
2797:
2771:
2732:
2668:
2599:
2520:
2112:
1983:
1236:
56:
2320:
1885:
1538:
1134:
144:
Develop a hypothesis (What appears to be causing the outbreak?)
687:
604:
2628:
2582:
1549:
77:
763:
293:
2765:
1002:
280:
International Treaty for
Pandemic Preparedness and Response
244:
2480:
641:"Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program"
494:
347:
2019–present coronavirus pandemic by country and territory
342:
2014 Democratic
Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
730:, audio hour on media coverage of outbreaks and epidemics
407:, EXCITE | Epidemiology in the Classroom | Outbreak Steps
195:
Propagated – Transmission occurs from person to person.
467:"Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice"
611:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 210.
370:
289:
153:
Develop and implement control and prevention systems
147:
Study hypotheses (collect data and perform analysis)
2877:
565:. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
553:. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
541:, Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
711:"WHA to hold pandemic treaty talks in November"
21:"Outbreak" redirects here. For other uses, see
2466:
1115:
749:
665:
150:Refine hypothesis and carry out further study
240:– occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide.
127:Verify the diagnosis related to the outbreak
16:Sudden increase in occurrences of a disease
2473:
2459:
756:
742:
474:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
118:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
442:
364:
103:
55:is a sudden increase in occurrences of a
245:Condition for Declaring an Outbreak Over
134:to define who/what is included as a case
107:
27:
1830:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
1003:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
576:"Health Topic: Behavioral Risk Factors"
257:
156:Release findings to greater communities
2878:
2413:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
2305:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2454:
737:
327:1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak
141:as diagnosis is reported to insurance
137:Map the spread of the outbreak using
60:to the agent. Outbreaks include many
1660:Compartmental models in epidemiology
688:The State of Queensland Government.
659:
337:2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak
322:1947 New York City smallpox outbreak
681:
668:"Outbreak actions protected by law"
13:
633:
617:10.1093/med/9780198745471.001.0001
405:Steps of an Outbreak Investigation
380:Israel Medical Association Journal
373:"When is an epidemic an epidemic?"
64:, which term is normally only for
14:
2902:
721:
690:"Legislation and Powers of Entry"
2409:Economics of Infectious Diseases
495:Public Health Agency of Canada.
306:
292:
272:International Health Regulations
703:
598:
568:
332:2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak
270:member states are obligated by
203:Behavioral risk related (e.g.,
180:of case infections and deaths.
120:, these include the following:
2418:Infectious disease informatics
2249:Transmission-based precautions
563:Glossary of Epidemiology Terms
556:
551:Glossary of Epidemiology Terms
544:
539:Glossary of Epidemiology Terms
532:
510:
488:
459:
410:
398:
100:acknowledge this distinction.
1:
1835:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
1610:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
971:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
357:
205:sexually transmitted diseases
83:
32:Difference between outbreak,
2835:Potentially hazardous object
1397:Aerosol-generating procedure
1175:Silent/Subclinical infection
875:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
522:epiville.ccnmtl.columbia.edu
221:Patterns of occurrence are:
97:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
7:
2061:Vaccine-preventable disease
2009:Monoclonal antibody therapy
285:
91:Chambers Concise Dictionary
10:
2907:
2202:Respiratory source control
580:Center for Disease Control
20:
2827:
2790:
2749:
2731:
2700:
2693:
2661:
2627:
2620:
2598:
2568:
2534:
2501:
2492:
2392:
2346:Global Health Initiatives
2336:Evolutionary epidemiology
2284:
2076:
2031:Post-exposure prophylaxis
1967:Antimicrobial stewardship
1925:
1912:
1817:
1708:
1690:Multiplicity of infection
1655:Basic reproduction number
1630:
1602:
1588:
1574:
1558:
1526:
1488:
1431:Percutaneous inoculation
1417:
1379:
1372:
1354:
1286:
1253:
1246:
1210:
1203:
1106:
993:
915:Host–pathogen interaction
890:
784:
777:
435:10.1093/inthealth/ihac088
268:World Health Organization
23:Outbreak (disambiguation)
2164:Protective sequestration
2026:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1317:Generational difference
870:Horizontal gene transfer
860:Antimicrobial resistance
207:, increased risk due to
167:
2351:Microbial phylogenetics
2269:Wastewater surveillance
1790:Geographic distribution
1665:Critical community size
1463:Surgical site infection
1311:Iatrogenic/Medical care
1230:Microbial translocation
1226:Endogenous reactivation
1221:Normal flora overgrowth
1170:Opportunistic infection
942:Opportunistic infection
518:"SARS Outbreak Study 2"
199:Outbreaks can also be:
2423:Microbial bioterrorism
2046:efficacy/effectiveness
1454:Surgical intervention
1346:Breakthrough infection
968:Genetic predisposition
952:Susceptible individual
799:Germ theory of disease
139:Information technology
113:
104:Outbreak investigation
44:
2259:Universal precautions
1217:Endogenous overgrowth
1069:Poultry and livestock
586:on September 28, 2008
111:
31:
2361:Genomic reassortment
2341:Genetic epidemiology
2180:Health communication
2108:Flattening the curve
2098:Disease surveillance
1881:Systemic/Generalized
1645:Animal disease model
1125:Asymptomatic carrier
423:International Health
352:Superspreading event
258:Outbreak legislation
2428:Pandemic prevention
2384:Viral phylodynamics
2365:Re-emerging disease
2254:Travel restrictions
1458:Postoperative wound
1427:Blood-borne disease
1409:Respiratory droplet
1321:Vertical/Congenital
1306:Nosocomial/Hospital
1263:Spillover infection
728:Plague of Suspicion
666:Star Publications.
80:are soon infected.
66:infectious diseases
2486:list by death toll
2374:Selection pressure
1670:Force of infection
1298:Contagious disease
1233:Endogenous seeding
1130:Chain of infection
1054:Injection drug use
965:Vaccination status
848:Case fatality rate
766:infectious disease
528:on March 19, 2009.
114:
45:
2891:Disease outbreaks
2873:
2872:
2850:Geomagnetic storm
2823:
2822:
2689:
2688:
2616:
2615:
2560:Soil liquefaction
2482:Natural disasters
2448:
2447:
2438:Tropical medicine
2379:Synthetic biology
2280:
2279:
2239:Social distancing
2192:Outbreak response
1813:
1812:
1640:Agent-based model
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1165:Natural reservoir
1155:Infectious period
1145:Incubation period
1102:
1101:
1058:Natural disaster
1027:Tropical diseases
1010:Biodiversity loss
947:Risk of infection
937:Microbiome health
930:Immunosuppression
626:978-0-19-874547-1
608:Health Protection
264:public health law
251:incubation period
70:foodborne disease
2898:
2782:Tropical cyclone
2776:Tornado outbreak
2698:
2697:
2625:
2624:
2578:Pyroclastic flow
2570:Volcano eruption
2499:
2498:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2433:Tropical disease
2369:Reverse zoonosis
2356:One Health Model
2185:Health education
2174:Community health
2093:Cordon sanitaire
2066:Ring vaccination
2036:Repurposed drugs
1923:
1922:
1842:Gastrointestinal
1685:Machine learning
1489:Gastrointestinal
1440:Intravenous line
1377:
1376:
1291:/Cross-infection
1278:Reverse zoonosis
1251:
1250:
1208:
1207:
1113:
1112:
1094:War and conflict
962:Nutrition status
925:Immunodeficiency
782:
781:
758:
751:
744:
735:
734:
715:
714:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
663:
657:
656:
654:
652:
643:. Archived from
637:
631:
630:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
582:. Archived from
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
529:
514:
508:
507:
505:
503:
492:
486:
485:
483:
481:
471:
463:
457:
456:
446:
414:
408:
402:
396:
395:
377:
368:
316:
311:
310:
309:
302:
297:
296:
276:report outbreaks
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2819:
2786:
2750:Cyclonic storms
2745:
2727:
2685:
2681:Limnic eruption
2657:
2631:
2612:
2600:Natural erosion
2594:
2564:
2538:
2530:
2488:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2388:
2301:Antigenic shift
2296:Antigenic drift
2287:
2276:
2140:Barrier nursing
2088:Contact tracing
2079:
2072:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1819:
1809:
1710:
1704:
1695:Serial interval
1614:
1598:
1589:Cervico-vaginal
1584:
1575:Trans-placental
1570:
1554:
1522:
1484:
1420:Vascular system
1419:
1413:
1368:
1356:
1350:
1290:
1282:
1242:
1199:
1117:
1098:
989:
920:Immune response
886:
865:Drug resistance
809:Infectious dose
773:
762:
724:
719:
718:
709:
708:
704:
694:
692:
686:
682:
672:
670:
664:
660:
650:
648:
647:on 3 March 2016
639:
638:
634:
627:
603:
599:
589:
587:
574:
573:
569:
561:
557:
549:
545:
537:
533:
516:
515:
511:
501:
499:
493:
489:
479:
477:
469:
465:
464:
460:
429:(15): 537–546.
415:
411:
403:
399:
375:
369:
365:
360:
314:Medicine portal
312:
307:
305:
298:
291:
288:
260:
247:
170:
132:case definition
112:Epidemic curves
106:
86:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2694:Meteorological
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Seismic hazard
2546:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Emergent virus
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2264:Vector control
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:N95 respirator
2199:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2080:pharmaceutical
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1926:Pharmaceutical
1920:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:Cardiovascular
1875:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1856:Nervous system
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Infection rate
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
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816:Pathogenicity
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19:
2886:Epidemiology
2840:Impact event
2828:Astronomical
2762:Thunderstorm
2757:Bomb cyclone
2621:Hydrological
2590:Volcanic ash
2555:Seismic risk
2503:Mass wasting
2152:Notification
2123:Hand washing
2118:Food hygiene
2103:Disinfection
1999:Immunization
1950:Anthelmintic
1938:prophylactic
1826:Respiratory
1769:
1750:Hyperendemic
1700:WAIFW matrix
1355:Environment-
1108:Transmission
1084:Urbanization
882:Host tropism
778:Determinants
764:Concepts in
705:
693:. Retrieved
683:
671:. Retrieved
661:
649:. Retrieved
645:the original
635:
607:
600:
588:. Retrieved
584:the original
579:
570:
558:
546:
534:
526:the original
521:
512:
500:. Retrieved
490:
478:. Retrieved
473:
461:
426:
422:
412:
400:
383:
379:
366:
261:
248:
220:
209:malnutrition
198:
171:
163:
159:
115:
95:
89:
87:
52:
49:epidemiology
46:
18:
2855:Solar flare
2741:Megadrought
2701:Temperature
2674:Megatsunami
2653:Storm surge
2648:Flash flood
2526:Debris flow
2405:Eradication
2316:Biosecurity
2041:Vaccination
2016:Inoculation
1994:Drug safety
1989:Combination
1916:and Control
1864:Soft tissue
1818:Anatomical
1785:Seasonality
1765:Mesoendemic
1745:Holoendemic
1738:Farr's laws
1650:Attack rate
1448:Animal bite
1444:Insect bite
1380:Respiratory
1007:Air quality
995:Environment
905:Comorbidity
821:Attack rate
804:Infectivity
2880:Categories
2536:Earthquake
2494:Geological
2288:infections
2229:Sanitation
2197:Quarantine
2056:resistance
1974:Antiseptic
1955:Ascaricide
1945:Antifungal
1933:Antibiotic
1914:Prevention
1847:Intestinal
1780:Prevalence
1760:Inequality
1709:Occurrence
1508:Breastmilk
1392:Bioaerosol
1364:Sapronosis
1339:Horizontal
1211:Endogenous
1190:Viral load
1150:Index case
386:(1): 3–6.
358:References
84:Definition
2865:Hypernova
2860:Supernova
2808:Firestorm
2723:Heat wave
2718:Ice storm
2713:Cold wave
2516:Avalanche
2511:Landslide
2400:Discovery
2326:Disease X
2286:Emerging
2234:Screening
2135:Isolation
1979:Antiviral
1805:Twindemic
1755:Incidence
1632:Modelling
1595:Perinatal
1527:Cutaneous
1418:Linked to
1328:Perinatal
1247:Exogenous
1239:formation
981:Pregnancy
838:Endotoxin
833:Virulence
178:histogram
130:Create a
74:Pandemics
62:epidemics
2815:ARkStorm
2803:Wildfire
2708:Blizzard
2608:Sinkhole
2309:EARS-Net
2224:Safe sex
2176:services
2147:Lockdown
1918:measures
1820:location
1800:Syndemic
1795:Sporadic
1775:Pandemic
1770:Outbreak
1728:Epidemic
1581:Prenatal
1473:Mosquito
1357:to-human
1332:Neonatal
1325:Prenatal
1273:Zoonosis
1118:concepts
1049:Humidity
1034:Commerce
910:Diabetes
843:Exotoxin
695:2 August
673:2 August
651:2 August
590:30 March
502:22 March
480:6 August
453:36630891
444:10472873
392:11802306
286:See also
238:Pandemic
232:Epidemic
215:Zoonotic
53:outbreak
42:pandemic
38:epidemic
2798:Derecho
2772:Tornado
2733:Drought
2669:Tsunami
2521:Mudflow
2113:Hygiene
2051:booster
1984:Asepsis
1723:Endemic
1718:Cluster
1302:Source
1237:Biofilm
1074:Poverty
1044:Ecology
1022:El Niño
975:Smoking
853:factors
794:Biofilm
770:Outline
226:Endemic
57:disease
34:endemic
2321:CRISPR
2273:Zoning
2128:Gloves
1539:Fomite
1373:Routes
1268:Vector
1135:Fomite
1116:Basic
1079:Travel
959:Gender
623:
451:
441:
390:
2791:Other
2662:Other
2629:Flood
2583:Lahar
2393:Other
1901:Fetus
1896:Mouth
1891:Tooth
1886:Blood
1873:Joint
1733:Curve
1603:Other
1550:wound
1548:Open
1518:Feces
1513:Water
1204:Modes
1062:Flood
786:Agent
476:. CDC
470:(PDF)
376:(PDF)
176:, or
168:Types
78:Earth
51:, an
2766:Hail
2634:List
2541:List
2157:list
2078:Non-
1868:Bone
1860:Skin
1544:Soil
1534:Burn
1496:Food
1478:Tick
1140:Host
900:Burn
892:Host
697:2008
675:2008
653:2008
621:ISBN
592:2020
504:2013
482:2016
449:PMID
388:PMID
94:and
40:and
2217:PPE
1905:Eye
1566:Sex
1387:Air
956:Age
613:doi
439:PMC
431:doi
274:to
47:In
2882::
2484:–
619:.
578:.
520:.
472:.
447:.
437:.
425:.
421:.
382:.
378:.
266:.
36:,
2778:)
2774:(
2768:)
2764:(
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2632:(
2543:)
2539:(
2474:e
2467:t
2460:v
772:)
768:(
757:e
750:t
743:v
699:.
677:.
655:.
629:.
615::
594:.
506:.
484:.
455:.
433::
427:5
394:.
384:4
211:)
25:.
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