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vacancies. A 2016 study found that there was a direct correlation between doctor and nurse density, and the mortality rate and loss-to-follow-up (LTFU) on individual patients. They found that increasing the doctor density from one to two doctors per 10,000 people decreased the predicted probability of death by 27%. Their proposed temporary solution is to redistribute healthcare workers equitably throughout the country, which would bring down the mortality rate and LTFU, while the government addressed their difficulty in retaining migrant healthcare workers and improve their domestic training programs.
108:
revenue which meant the government did not have to earmark any tax dollars for healthcare funding. 39% of the country's healthcare funding came from companies and individuals, with donors only accounting for 7%. Historically, a lot of
Botswana's healthcare funding came from donors as part of an international effort to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa. In recent years, these donations have decreased as the international effort to combat HIV/AIDS has slowed and Botswana has increased its internal revenue. The
226:(IMR) in Botswana has also reduced over the last 15 years; in 1990 the infant mortality rate was 42, and this has since decreased to 35 in 2015. A 2020 estimate from the CIA World Factbook found that Botswana's total IMR was 26.8 deaths per 1,000 live births. The gender break down has the male IMR at 29.2 deaths per 1,000 live births and the female IMR at 24.2 deaths per 1,000 live births. Botswana has the 66th highest IMR in the world according to the
161:. The first tier has 16 hospitals located in rural areas that each serve a maximum of 10,000 people. Each hospital has between 20 and 70 beds. The second tier is made up of seven district hospitals located in larger villages and cities. They have between 71 and 250 beds. The third tier has three referral based hospitals that are specialized. Botswana's hospital bed density in 2010 was 1.8 beds per 1000 people.
279:. The prevention of diarrhea in this continent has become a public health challenge since its multiple sources of determinants, such as the insecurity of breastfeeding from HIV positive mothers, the unpredictability of climate changes and unqualified public hygiene preparation, thus highlighting the importance of understanding the nature of the disease and relevant strategies to address the issue.
74:(PHC) services in Botswana are integrated within overall hospital services, being provided in the outpatient sections of all levels of hospitals. It is through these structures that a complement of preventive, promotive and rehabilitative health services as well as treatment and care of common problems are provided.
456:
Although
Botswana has a relatively high healthcare worker density for the region, they are mostly concentrated in urban areas. The country is also grappling with a high rate of vacancies in health worker positions in multiple regions of the country. Botswana has been unable to retain internationally
107:
estimates that the government has allocated 11% of their total budget on healthcare. In a 2016 health financing profile by the Health Policy
Project found that Botswana's government funded 57% of the country's total healthcare expenditure. The vast majority of that funding came from mineral resource
402:
UNICEF estimates that only 1 in 5 babies are exclusively breastfed in their first 6 months and only 46% of children are given food as well as being breastfed at 6–9 months. These factors contribute to high rates of stunted growth and to
Botswana's high rate of deaths among children under the age of
174:
In 2018, life expectancy at birth in
Botswana was 64 for men and 68 for women. The probability of dying under the age of five is 36 per 1,000 live births. According to UNICEF, the high amount of hospital births and the high rate of death among young children points to a lack of quality of care for
282:
Studies reveal that between 2006 and 2011, there are 171,280 cases of diarrhea in
Botswana and they led to 1820 deaths among children under 5 years old. This result is massive since the whole population in this country is only a little over 2,000,000 and it has one of the highest HIV prevalence in
210:
rate; there was an average of 44 deaths per 1,000 live births (this equates to 2000 children dying under the age of 5). Although high, this was an improvement from 1990 – when the child mortality rate was 54. UNICEF's most recent data states that
Botswana's under-five mortality rate is now down to
34:
access for much of
Botswana's population. The majority of the Botswana's 2.3 million inhabitants now live within five kilometres of a healthcare facility. As a result, the infant mortality and maternal mortality rates have been on a steady decline. The country's improving healthcare infrastructure
460:
A 2014 study on
Botswana's human resources for health, stated that the country must begin to attract and retain migrant health workers while also fostering domestic training programs. To avoid inequities in health services, the government must also distribute the workforce in a way that will fill
259:
Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day (or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual). Individuals who are diagnosed with diarrhea would suffer from loose or watery stools at least three times a day or more frequently than normal compared
85:
and equipped to deal with most diseases and immediate threats to health, district hospitals, which have more beds and are equipped to deal with more serious medical issues, and referral hospitals, which are highly advanced facilities equipped to deal with specialized problems. There are also two
69:
system, but privately run healthcare is also available. The government operates 98% of all medical facilities. Healthcare in
Botswana is delivered through a decentralised model with primary healthcare being the pillar of the delivery system. Botswana has an extensive network of health facilities
444:
The government declared a state of emergency starting April 3, 2020, until further notice. President Masisi called for a six-month state of emergency while the country battles the COVID-19 outbreak. On 8 April 2020, cabinet members and members of Botswana's parliament were exposed to a COVID-19
340:
Exposure to early sexual debuts, forced marriages and gender-based violence has made women in Botswana more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Botswana’s government has tried to address these inequalities through increased social services for young women, investment in female economic empowerment and more
440:
on 31 March 2020. In response to the spread of COVID-19, Botswana closed their borders to everyone except Botswana residents. Botswana residents returning to Botswana from high risk countries are required to enter a government mandated 14-day quarantine at government approved locations.[
199:(MMR) (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) in Botswana was 129 in 2015; this is compared to almost double in 1990, when the MMR was 243. Between 1990 and 2015 there was a 47% decrease in maternal mortality, this is below the 75% reduction target of
268:(WHO) that approximately nine million children under the same age category die each year, among which four million cases are caused by diarrhea and 2.2 million are diarrhea-related, with the majority of young children coming from
112:(PEPFAR) has decreased its funding from $ 90 million in 2010 to $ 40 million in 2015. In 2016, funding was decreased again to $ 35 million with a set goal of continuing to decrease funding by $ 10 million per year.
2106:
336:
Women have consistently been more impacted by HIV/AIDS in Botswana. In 2016, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate for adult women was 26.3%. In contrast, the HIV/AIDS prevalence for men of the same age was 17.6%.
70:(hospitals, clinics, health posts, mobile stops) in the 27 health districts. In addition to an extensive network of 104 clinics with beds, 195 clinics without beds, 338 health posts and 844 mobile stops
30:'s healthcare system has been steadily improving and expanding its infrastructure to become more accessible. The country's position as an upper middle-income country has allowed them to make strides in
158:
260:
with unaffected people. At present, diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of the mortality and morbidity globally, besides, it is identified as the second leading sources of mortality except for
418:
mortality rate was 97 deaths per 100,000 people. In 2015 the tuberculosis mortality rate was reduced by 76% to 22 deaths per 100,000; this means that Botswana achieved one of the targets for the 6th
283:
the world with an estimated national prevalence of 17.6% in 2008. The situation has put the effected individuals under a vulnerable status to infectious disease and diarrhea disease in particular.
457:
trained health workers which has contributed to the high rate of vacancies. Associated with this problem is their dependence on migrant health workers and out-of-country training programs.
399:
In 2007, 11.2% of children under the age of 5 in Botswana were considered malnourished, up from 10.1% in 2000. As a result of malnourishment, 31.4% children under the age of 5 are stunted.
1771:
1245:
Arvelo, Wences; Kim, Andrea; Creek, Tracy; Legwaila, Ketumetse; Puhr, Nancy; Johnston, Stephanie; Masunge, Japhter; Davis, Margarett; Mintz, Eric; Bowen, Anna (November 2010).
2132:
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mothers and newborns once they leave the hospital. The probability of dying between 15 and 60 years was 294 per 1,000 people for men and 208 per 1,000 people for women.
1070:
Wardlaw, Tessa; Salama, Peter; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Chopra, Mickey; Mason, Elizabeth (March 2010). "Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done".
81:, unless they are under five or over 65, in which case check-ups are free. The network of public hospitals is organized between primary hospitals, which function as
809:
1299:
Popoola, Tosin; Mchunu, Gugu (May 2015). "Application of PRECEDE-PROCEED model to tackle problems identified with diarrhoea burden among under-5s in Botswana".
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to people that had tested positive for HIV/AIDS. As a result, in 2018, 85% of adults and 38% of children living with HIV/AIDS were on antiretroviral treatment.
1344:"Overcoming barriers in evaluating outbreaks of diarrheal disease in resource poor settings: assessment of recurrent outbreaks in Chobe District, Botswana"
2158:
2149:
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391:, from November to June. In 2013 there were 456 confirmed malaria cases reported; there were seven deaths from confirmed and probable cases of malaria.
1247:"Case–control study to determine risk factors for diarrhea among children during a large outbreak in a country with a high prevalence of HIV infection"
2136:
886:"Assessing performance of Botswana's public hospital system: the use of the World Health Organization Health System Performance Assessment Framework"
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infected health care worker who was screening them for COVID-19. As a result, all lawmakers, including President Masisi, went into quarantine.
1696:"Impact of Health System Inputs on Health Outcome: A Multilevel Longitudinal Analysis of Botswana National Antiretroviral Program (2002-2013)"
46:
and other infectious diseases. In 2013, about 25% of the population was infected with HIV/AIDS. Botswana is also grappling with high rates of
109:
35:
has also been reflected in an increase of the average life expectancy from birth, with nearly all births occurring in healthcare facilities.
264:
in under-5s, leading to more deaths than HIV, measles and malaria integrated together in this age group. It is further estimated by the
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17:
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In 2018, Botswana had 8,500 new cases and 4,800 deaths from HIV/AIDS, down from the country’s peak of 18,000 deaths in 2002.
86:
private hospitals in the country. The government pays for the treatment of patients referred abroad for medical procedures.
1881:
1639:"Stakeholders' Perceptions on Shortage of Healthcare Workers in Primary Healthcare in Botswana: Focus Group Discussions"
817:
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301:. This is down from 25% of the population in 2013. Botswana has the fourth highest HIV prevalence in the world, after
191:
In 2012 0.5 million (26%) of Botswana's estimated 2 million population were women of reproductive age; thus the total
183:
Botswana's birth rate was 20.9 births per 1,000 people in 2020, giving them the 72nd highest birth rate in the world.
215:, which suggests that child well-being is higher in Botswana than in the majority of the continent. Botswana is an
38:
Access to healthcare has not alleviated all of the country's healthcare concerns because, like many countries in
239:
50:
among children under the age of 5 which has led to other health concerns such as diarrhea and stunted growth.
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In 2016 18.9% of Botswana's population was obese giving them the 114th highest rate of obesity in the world.
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Botswana has 26 hospitals spread across the country that are part of a three tiered system overseen by the
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The global influence of diarrhea is particularly serious in sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to the high
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Botswana had its first three confirmed cases of COVID-19 on 30 March 2020 and one confirmed death from
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Fischer Walker, Christa L.; Aryee, Martin J.; Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia; Black, Robert E. (2012-01-03).
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1936:
1587:"Human resources for health in Botswana: The results of in-country database and reports analysis"
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36.5. Although Botswana's child mortality is relatively high, it is lower than most countries in
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The Botswana Health Professions Council does not have an online register of healthcare providers.
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Seitio-Kgokgwe, Onalenna; Gauld, Robin DC; Hill, Philip C; Barnett, Pauline (2014-09-13).
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1180:"Estimating Diarrhea Mortality among Young Children in Low and Middle Income Countries"
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The State of Nursing and Nursing Education in Africa: A Country-by-country Review
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Botswana was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to provide universal free
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969:"State of the World's Midwifery 2014 | UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund"
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552:"Africa :: Botswana — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
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On 8 May 2020 the government began to ease social distancing restrictions.
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1123:"How Much Disease Burden can be Prevented by Environmental Interventions?"
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1459:"Botswana registers first Covid-19 cases as three people test positive"
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1558:"Botswana coronavirus: road transport resumes, regulations gazetted"
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1426:"GHO | By country | Botswana - statistics summary (2002 - present)"
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Botswana's physician density in 2016 was 0.37 per 1,000 people.
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1533:"Botswana Places Cabinet, Parliament in Quarantine Over Virus"
945:"Botswana (BWA) - Demographics, Health & Infant Mortality"
883:
693:
Association of medicine and psychiatry primary care psychiatry
644:. Kieran Walshe, Judith Smith (Third ed.). London. 2016.
1017:"UNFPA Botswana | Botswana introduces contraceptive implants"
968:
1643:
African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine
696:. Robert M. McCarron (Second ed.). Philadelphia. 2019.
1121:
Pr??ss-??st??n, Annette; Corval??n, Carlos (January 2007).
131:
1591:
African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine
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20.3% of Botswana’s adult population, ages 15 to 49, have
593:. AVERT International HIV & Aids Charity. 2020-04-23
99:
Botswana's total expenditure on health is 5.4% of their
1483:"Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦"
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In 2015, Botswana ranked 55 out of 193 in the world in
1244:
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International Journal of Health Policy and Management
1341:
425:
861:"Competing Pressures for U.S. PEPFAR in Botswana"
359:Adults aged 15 and over living with HIV: 350,000
148:allows finding of providers by name or specialty.
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387:in the northern half of Botswana, including the
362:Women aged 15 and over living with HIV: 200,000
356:Adults aged 15 to 49 HIV prevalence rate: 20.3
341:effective HIV prevention programmes for girls.
103:or $ 871 per person. Over the last five years,
77:For a general check-up, citizens are charged 5
865:Center For Strategic and International Studies
368:Children aged 0 to 14 living with HIV: 14,000
365:Men aged 15 and over living with HIV: 150,000
1792:
1766:
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792:"Ministry Of Health & Wellness, Botswana"
353:Adults and children living with HIV: 370,000
344:
1251:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
186:
89:
1342:Alexander, KA; Blackburn, JK (2013-08-26).
254:
42:, Botswana is still battling high rates of
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724:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
672:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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110:President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief
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1301:International Journal of Nursing Practice
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374:Orphans due to AIDS aged 0 to 17: 65,000
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132:Online databases of healthcare providers
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320:Universal free antiretroviral treatment
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993:"Maternal mortality country profiles"
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832:"Health Financing Profile, Botswana"
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242:, 52.8% of women were using modern
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1637:Nkomazana, Oathokwa (2015-08-18).
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1585:Nkomazana, Oathokwa (2014-11-21).
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1140:10.1097/01.ede.0000239647.26389.80
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934:
810:"Botswana:The Health System - AHO"
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1531:Mguni, Mbongeni (April 9, 2020).
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219:country with a small population.
2107:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1877:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1694:Mansoor, Farahani (2016-08-04).
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426:Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)
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140:Medpages: Healthcare providers
859:Cooke, Jennifer (2012-11-30).
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1772:CIA World Factbook - Botswana
1762:Ministry of Health - Botswana
1084:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61798-0
491:
481:COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana
476:List of hospitals in Botswana
451:
432:COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana
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1721:10.1371/journal.pone.0160206
1205:10.1371/journal.pone.0029151
615:"Botswana Nutrition Profile"
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119:The Princess Marina Hospital
7:
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420:Millennium Development Goal
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123:
10:
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1264:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.06.014
587:"HIV and Aids in Botswana"
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371:Deaths due to AIDS: 4,800
345:HIV/AIDS estimates in 2018
290:
65:to all citizens through a
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997:World Health Organization
486:World Health Organization
266:World Health Organization
187:Maternal and child health
90:Healthcare infrastructure
1862:Central African Republic
1511:U.S. Embassy in Botswana
1361:10.1186/1471-2458-13-775
383:There is a high risk of
326:antiretroviral treatment
255:Diarrhoea among under-5s
197:maternal mortality ratio
619:Global Nutrition Report
250:Prevalent health issues
1663:10.4102/phcfm.v6i1.716
1603:10.4102/phcfm.v6i1.716
1507:"COVID-19 Information"
902:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.85
515:"Health and nutrition"
332:Inequalities for women
142:by category and region
120:
18:Disability in Botswana
2022:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1882:Republic of the Congo
839:Health Policy Project
728:) CS1 maint: others (
676:) CS1 maint: others (
641:Healthcare management
224:infant mortality rate
195:was 2.6 in 2012. The
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95:Expenditure on health
1042:"Diarrhoeal disease"
814:www.aho.afro.who.int
471:HIV/AIDS in Botswana
293:HIV/AIDS in Botswana
270:developing countries
63:universal healthcare
32:universal healthcare
2097:States with limited
1712:2016PLoSO..1160206F
1655:2015PLoSO..1035846N
1257:(11): e1002–e1007.
1196:2012PLoSO...729151F
755:Statistics Botswana
217:upper middle income
72:primary health care
2211:Health in Botswana
1023:. 5 September 2016
1021:botswana.unfpa.org
820:on August 3, 2014.
228:CIA World Factbook
159:Ministry of Health
121:
40:Sub-Saharan Africa
2198:
2197:
2124:other territories
1897:Equatorial Guinea
1808:Health in Africa
1348:BMC Public Health
1313:10.1111/ijn.12328
1078:(9718): 870–872.
703:978-1-4963-4921-7
651:978-0-335-26352-3
83:general hospitals
67:public healthcare
54:Healthcare system
16:(Redirected from
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2037:Sierra Leone
1842:Burkina Faso
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1566:. Retrieved
1564:. 2020-05-10
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1513:. 2020-04-01
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1127:Epidemiology
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1049:. Retrieved
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1000:. Retrieved
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864:
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843:. Retrieved
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818:the original
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759:. Retrieved
757:. 2016-05-09
754:
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621:. 2020-02-17
618:
595:. Retrieved
590:
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555:
522:. Retrieved
518:
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416:tuberculosis
413:
410:Tuberculosis
405:
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398:
395:Malnutrition
382:
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303:South Africa
296:
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277:HIV pandemic
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127:
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48:malnutrition
37:
26:
2099:recognition
2052:South Sudan
1942:Ivory Coast
1649:(1): E1-8.
1597:(1): E1-8.
1562:Africa News
1046:www.who.int
949:UNICEF DATA
556:www.cia.gov
2154:(Portugal)
2112:Somaliland
2032:Seychelles
1997:Mozambique
1982:Mauritania
1967:Madagascar
1922:The Gambia
1857:Cape Verde
1568:2020-05-10
1517:2020-04-27
1492:2020-05-27
1468:2020-04-27
1448:WHO (2015)
1435:2017-09-10
1411:2020-05-08
1402:"Botswana"
1354:(1): 775.
1072:The Lancet
1051:2020-05-27
1027:2017-09-08
1002:2017-09-08
978:2017-09-08
954:2020-05-08
870:2020-05-10
845:2020-05-10
841:. May 2016
761:2020-04-27
712:1088810484
625:2020-05-11
597:2020-05-11
561:2020-04-27
524:2020-05-08
492:References
452:Criticisms
179:Birth rate
1987:Mauritius
1537:Bloomberg
1370:1471-2458
1321:1322-7114
1307:: 67–70.
1273:1201-9712
1214:1932-6203
1149:1044-3983
1092:0140-6736
910:2322-5939
720:cite book
668:cite book
660:961878358
262:pneumonia
246:in 2016.
153:Hospitals
61:provides
2205:Category
2178: /
2174: /
2167:(France)
2161: /
2139: /
2135: /
2087:Zimbabwe
2062:Tanzania
1912:Ethiopia
1907:Eswatini
1887:Djibouti
1852:Cameroon
1837:Botswana
1740:27490477
1700:PLOS ONE
1681:26245420
1621:26245420
1542:April 9,
1388:23971427
1329:26125574
1281:20932791
1232:22235266
1184:PLOS ONE
1165:33669179
1157:16971860
1108:29645246
1100:19833382
928:25279380
751:"Health"
465:See also
438:COVID-19
349:Source:
311:Eswatini
299:HIV/AIDS
287:HIV/AIDS
124:Staffing
59:Botswana
44:HIV/AIDS
28:Botswana
2163:RĂ©union
2159:Mayotte
2150:Madeira
2145:(Spain)
2141:Melilla
2072:Tunisia
2042:Somalia
2027:Senegal
2012:Nigeria
2002:Namibia
1992:Morocco
1957:Liberia
1952:Lesotho
1902:Eritrea
1872:Comoros
1847:Burundi
1822:Algeria
1731:4974006
1708:Bibcode
1672:4564932
1651:Bibcode
1612:4564932
1379:3765974
1223:3250411
1192:Bibcode
919:4181967
385:malaria
379:Malaria
307:Lesotho
2182:
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2082:Zambia
2077:Uganda
2017:Rwanda
1972:Malawi
1932:Guinea
1827:Angola
1757:UNAIDS
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781:(2012)
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309:, and
213:Africa
146:Search
105:UNICEF
2137:Ceuta
2057:Sudan
2007:Niger
1962:Libya
1947:Kenya
1927:Ghana
1917:Gabon
1892:Egypt
1832:Benin
1161:S2CID
1104:S2CID
835:(PDF)
591:Avert
240:UNFPA
201:MDG 5
2067:Togo
1977:Mali
1867:Chad
1736:PMID
1677:PMID
1617:PMID
1544:2020
1384:PMID
1366:ISSN
1325:PMID
1317:ISSN
1277:PMID
1269:ISSN
1228:PMID
1210:ISSN
1153:PMID
1145:ISSN
1096:PMID
1088:ISSN
924:PMID
906:ISSN
730:link
726:link
708:OCLC
698:ISBN
678:link
674:link
656:OCLC
646:ISBN
222:The
79:pula
1726:PMC
1716:doi
1667:PMC
1659:doi
1607:PMC
1599:doi
1430:WHO
1374:PMC
1356:doi
1309:doi
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