642:
575:
44:
658:
670:
31:
423:
341:
630:
552:, which could be made uniform and do not require constant replacement as the teasel heads wear. However, some people who weave wool still prefer to use teasels for raising the nap, claiming that the result is better; in particular, if a teasel meets serious resistance in the fabric, it will break, whereas a metal tool would rip the cloth.
548:(i.e. 'fulling'). It differs from the wild type in having stouter, somewhat recurved spines on the seed heads. The dried flower heads were attached to spindles, wheels, or cylinders, sometimes called teasel frames, to raise the nap on fabrics (that is, to tease the fibres). By the 20th century, teasels were largely replaced by metal
484:
is truly carnivorous. A 2011 study revealed increased seed production (but not height) dependent on both amount and nature of introduced animal supplementation, while 2019 experiments suggested that the increased seed set was a response to poor soil conditions rather than proof of proto-carnivory.
461:. The first flowers begin opening in a belt around the middle of the spherical or oval flowerhead, and then open sequentially toward the top and bottom, forming two narrow belts as the flowering progresses. The dried head persists afterwards, with the small (4–6 millimetres or 0.16–0.24 inches)
566:
Teasels have been naturalised in many regions away from their native range, partly due to the import of fuller's teasel for textile processing, and partly by the seed being a contaminant mixed with crop seeds. It can sometimes become a
571:
outside its native range. It forms large monocultures (displacing other species) in areas it invades that have favourable climates and none of the species which feed upon it in its native range.
457:
that form a head on the end of the stem(s). The inflorescence is ovoid, 4–10 centimetres (1.6–3.9 in) long and 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) broad, with a basal whorl of spiny
859:
Krupa, James J., and J. Matthew Thomas. “Is the Common Teasel (Dipsacus
Fullonum) Carnivorous or Was Francis Darwin Wrong?” Botany 97, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 321–28.
446:
is lanceolate, 20–40 centimetres (7.9–15.7 in) long and 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) broad, with a row of small spines on the underside of the midrib.
641:
1281:
1369:
756:
610:
was able to be reared in high numbers and its presence was found in nearly 100% of teasel plants surveyed in
Slovakia, by the second moth,
997:
1020:
1451:
933:
657:
960:
1219:
724:
1307:
1232:
380:. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa, but it is known in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand as an
1430:
1335:
970:
434:
leaves merge at the stem. Rain water can collect in this receptacle; this may perform the function of preventing sap-sucking
1584:
1312:
480:. Contemporary attempts to replicate Darwin's experiments on the common teasel continue to fuel debate over whether or not
1579:
715:
1011:
1518:
1374:
874:"Advice from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds on how to attract Goldfinch to your garden with teasel"
1528:
1268:
618:
and caused a high level of damage. The USDA has not approved either of these moths for introduction as of 2018.
1513:
406:. It may be 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long. The dried inflorescence of a cultivar was historically used in
1469:
1356:
1116:
1211:
1136:
757:
https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores
1477:
1294:
1098:
1069:
873:
1003:
1464:
1237:
989:
597:
in 2003-2004 (following the identification of seven insects associated with the plant), including the
1384:
1330:
43:
1146:
430:
The genus name is derived from the word for thirst and refers to the cup-like formation made where
1348:
1172:
1574:
1456:
777:
602:
1538:
1286:
1206:
1031:
407:
160:
1410:
1260:
1180:
814:
937:
669:
8:
1443:
818:
694:
1546:
837:
798:
590:
582:
498:
431:
381:
184:
38:
402:
is a cylindrical array of lavender flowers which dries to a cone of spine-tipped hard
1405:
1154:
966:
842:
907:
1551:
1159:
832:
822:
574:
556:
1090:
1392:
1322:
1103:
1015:
827:
629:
395:
81:
1505:
1482:
1361:
1438:
1420:
1080:
506:
473:
469:
391:
127:
68:
771:
1568:
1054:
962:
Proceedings of the XII International
Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds
648:
541:
477:
450:
399:
176:
1299:
1495:
846:
568:
449:
Teasels are easily identified with their prickly stem and leaves, and the
1343:
1245:
1126:
1063:
1008:
598:
1397:
860:
372:, although the latter name is usually applied to the cultivated variety
1224:
443:
388:
117:
751:
Schaefer, John. “Dipsacus and
Drosera: Frank’s Favourite Carnivores.”
1250:
1193:
560:
30:
1025:
1490:
1048:
594:
522:
137:
107:
94:
1273:
1198:
728:
422:
1167:
549:
533:
518:
411:
349:
340:
1185:
1111:
614:
was not targeted by local parasitic wasps as frequently as was
502:
454:
435:
426:
youngish leaf low to the ground, before flower stem development
345:
773:
White Gloves of
Destiny (Random Researcher) - Objectivity #72
458:
439:
403:
55:
1000:. Lists general information and resources for common teasel.
803:— the effect of experimental feeding on growth and seed set"
364:, is a species of flowering plant known by the common names
545:
537:
494:
462:
797:
Shaw, P. J. A.; Shackleton, K. (2011). Joly, Simon (ed.).
934:"Teasel Handles and Teasel Gigs in the Trowbridge Museum"
663:
Teasel leaves after flower stem development, high on stem
493:
The seeds are an important winter food resource for some
398:) growing to 1–2.5 metres (3.3–8.2 ft) tall. The
695:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
1566:
996:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
796:
647:Dried teasel flower heads, used to raise the
998:United States National Agricultural Library
769:
29:
958:
836:
826:
725:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
573:
421:
339:
965:. CAB International. pp. 216–218.
555:Teasels are also occasionally grown as
512:
1567:
468:Carnivory in teasels was discussed by
1030:
1029:
861:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0008
708:
1519:38ed0ef6-3b2b-467e-9e81-6cbfaf9542bb
1385:56740bff-1a33-4327-8809-e34e8ad57f67
714:
581:is identifiable in the 6th-century
13:
559:, and the dried heads are used in
14:
1596:
983:
589:Two moths potentially useful for
453:of purple, dark pink or lavender
1470:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319260-1
990:Species Profile- Common Teasel (
668:
656:
640:
628:
536:processing, providing a natural
42:
952:
926:
780:from the original on 2021-12-22
311:Schltdl. ex Roem. & Schult.
959:Sforza, R.; Bon, M.C. (2008).
900:
887:
866:
853:
790:
762:
753:Darwin Correspondence Project.
745:
687:
532:) was formerly widely used in
417:
1:
895:The Oxford English Dictionary
680:
501:. Teasels are often grown in
828:10.1371/journal.pone.0017935
442:from climbing the stem. The
7:
1585:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
540:for cleaning, aligning and
10:
1601:
770:Objectivity (2016-05-31),
621:
488:
16:Species of flowering plant
1038:
799:"Carnivory in the teasel
544:on fabrics, particularly
476:) in a paper held by the
190:
183:
166:
159:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1580:Plants described in 1753
1009:Virginia Tech Weed Guide
768:Mentioned in episode of
465:maturing in mid-autumn.
1004:Jepson Manual Treatment
912:Encyclopedia Britannica
616:Endothenia gentianaeana
603:Endothenia gentianaeana
505:and encouraged on some
586:
427:
394:(rarely a short-lived
352:
227:Dipsacus connatofolius
219:Dipsacus carminatorius
940:on September 27, 2011
577:
425:
408:textile manufacturing
343:
292:Dipsacus purpurascens
528:Sativus Group; syn.
513:Cultivation and uses
236:Dipsacus divaricatus
819:2011PLoSO...617935S
755:November 27, 2020.
362:Dipsacus sylvestris
316:Dipsacus sylvestris
1014:2019-08-21 at the
591:biological control
587:
583:Vienna Dioscurides
499:European goldfinch
428:
382:introduced species
353:
344:Flowers and head,
300:Dipsacus silvester
284:Dipsacus palustris
268:Dipsacus morisonii
260:Dipsacus mirabilis
203:Dipsacus arcimusci
1562:
1561:
1421:Dipsacus_fullonum
1406:Open Tree of Life
1147:dipsacus-fullonum
1117:dipsacus-fullonum
1070:Dipsacus fullonum
1040:Dipsacus fullonum
1032:Taxon identifiers
992:Dipsacus fullonum
972:978-1-84593-506-1
801:Dipsacus fullonum
557:ornamental plants
526:Dipsacus fullonum
509:to attract them.
357:Dipsacus fullonum
338:
337:
328:
324:Dipsacus vulgaris
320:
312:
308:Dipsacus sinuatus
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
244:Dipsacus horridus
240:
231:
223:
215:
211:Dipsacus botterii
207:
170:Dipsacus fullonum
1592:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1532:
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1522:
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1509:
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1362:NHMSYS0100001301
1352:
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1339:
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1059:
1058:
1057:
1027:
1026:
977:
976:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
936:. Archived from
930:
924:
923:
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919:
904:
898:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
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864:
857:
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794:
788:
787:
786:
785:
766:
760:
749:
743:
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740:
739:
733:
727:. Archived from
722:
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
691:
672:
660:
644:
632:
612:Cochylis roseana
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
229:
221:
213:
205:
172:
152:D. fullonum
47:
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33:
21:
20:
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1393:Observation.org
1391:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1320:MichiganFlora:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
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1184:
1179:
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1125:
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1097:
1089:
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1079:
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1053:
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1047:
1034:
1016:Wayback Machine
986:
981:
980:
973:
957:
953:
943:
941:
932:
931:
927:
917:
915:
906:
905:
901:
897:. 2nd ed. 1989.
892:
888:
878:
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867:
858:
854:
795:
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767:
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746:
737:
735:
731:
720:
713:
709:
699:
697:
693:
692:
688:
683:
676:
675:Teasel seedling
673:
664:
661:
652:
645:
636:
633:
624:
608:E. gentianaeana
593:were tested in
542:raising the nap
515:
507:nature reserves
491:
420:
396:perennial plant
370:fuller's teasel
334:
331:
276:Dipsacus orsini
252:Dipsacus meyeri
196:
195:
179:
174:
168:
155:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Caprifoliaceae
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:wfo-0000651022
1543:
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1523:
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1487:
1474:
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984:External links
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717:BSBI List 2007
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523:cultivar group
514:
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497:, notably the
490:
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474:Charles Darwin
470:Francis Darwin
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410:as a tool for
392:biennial plant
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1021:Photo gallery
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929:
914:. 24 May 2019
913:
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890:
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834:
829:
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813:(3): e17935.
812:
808:
804:
802:
793:
779:
775:
774:
765:
758:
754:
748:
734:on 2015-06-26
730:
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719:
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696:
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686:
671:
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531:
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504:
500:
496:
486:
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479:
478:Royal Society
475:
471:
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460:
456:
452:
451:inflorescence
447:
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400:inflorescence
397:
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214:Maly ex Nyman
212:
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161:Binomial name
158:
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69:Tracheophytes
67:
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61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1039:
991:
961:
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
928:
916:. Retrieved
911:
902:
894:
889:
877:. Retrieved
868:
855:
810:
806:
800:
792:
782:, retrieved
772:
764:
752:
747:
736:. Retrieved
729:the original
716:
710:
698:. Retrieved
689:
615:
611:
607:
601:
588:
578:
569:noxious weed
565:
554:
529:
525:
521:teasel (the
516:
492:
481:
467:
448:
429:
386:
377:
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202:
169:
167:
151:
150:
138:
101:
88:
75:
62:
24:Wild teasel
18:
1444:kew-2771857
1344:NatureServe
1246:iNaturalist
1064:Wikispecies
944:October 16,
879:October 16,
635:Teasel comb
599:monophagous
579:D. fullonum
418:Description
374:D. fullonum
366:wild teasel
232:nom. inval.
82:Angiosperms
1569:Categories
1536:WisFlora:
1439:Plant List
1134:Calflora:
893:"Teasel."
784:2016-05-31
738:2014-10-17
681:References
530:D. sativus
444:leaf shape
389:herbaceous
118:Dipsacales
1212:200022574
1144:Cal-IPC:
700:April 19,
585:, fol. 99
561:floristry
327:C.C.Gmel.
146:Species:
52:Kingdom:
1514:VicFlora
1503:VASCAN:
1496:11200089
1491:Tropicos
1418:PalDat:
1349:2.159982
1287:11157254
1274:319260-1
1124:BioLib:
1049:Wikidata
1012:Archived
918:11 March
908:"Teasel"
847:21445274
807:PLOS ONE
778:archived
651:on cloth
595:Slovakia
519:fuller's
482:Dipsacus
472:(son of
438:such as
387:It is a
279:Sanguin.
185:Synonyms
139:Dipsacus
124:Family:
108:Asterids
95:Eudicots
1331:MoBotPF
1225:2888815
1168:Ecocrop
1055:Q160099
838:3060873
815:Bibcode
622:Gallery
534:textile
503:gardens
489:Ecology
455:flowers
436:insects
432:sessile
412:fulling
378:sativus
360:, syn.
350:Ontario
303:A.Kern.
287:Salisb.
255:Chabert
239:C.Presl
222:Salisb.
134:Genus:
114:Order:
56:Plantae
1529:teasel
1452:PLANTS
1411:994148
1382:NZOR:
1375:183561
1336:279868
1300:119605
1186:467215
1112:ARKive
1091:142622
1088:APDB:
969:
845:
835:
459:bracts
440:aphids
404:bracts
346:Ottawa
271:Boreau
230:Gilib.
206:Lojac.
1526:WiO:
1457:DIFU2
1431:11569
1428:PFI:
1313:35404
1282:IRMNG
1258:IPA:
1251:56002
1238:14380
1199:DIWSI
1173:13746
1160:6CXBL
1127:40507
1104:79729
1078:APA:
732:(xls)
721:(xls)
550:cards
495:birds
463:seeds
376:var.
319:Huds.
295:Gand.
263:Gand.
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
63:Clade
1539:3420
1506:5355
1483:5959
1465:POWO
1398:6698
1370:NCBI
1323:1171
1308:ITIS
1269:IPNI
1261:3018
1233:GRIN
1220:GBIF
1194:EPPO
1137:2737
1099:APNI
1081:1699
967:ISBN
946:2011
920:2024
881:2011
843:PMID
702:2014
546:wool
538:comb
517:The
247:Opiz
194:List
1547:WFO
1478:RHS
1357:NBN
1295:ISC
1207:FNA
1181:EoL
1155:CoL
994:L.)
833:PMC
823:doi
649:nap
368:or
1571::
1549::
1516::
1493::
1480::
1467::
1454::
1441::
1408::
1395::
1372::
1359::
1346::
1333::
1310::
1297::
1284::
1271::
1248::
1235::
1222::
1209::
1196::
1183::
1170::
1157::
1114::
1101::
1066::
1051::
910:.
841:.
831:.
821:.
809:.
805:.
776:,
723:.
606:.
563:.
414:.
384:.
348:,
177:L.
104::
91::
78::
65::
975:.
948:.
922:.
883:.
863:.
849:.
825::
817::
811:6
759:.
741:.
704:.
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