Diplomatic history of Australia

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wondered why we had followed the United States into a war that they thought had nothing to do with them and were concerned at our apt readiness to fall in line with American foreign policy. The slogan used by Harold Holt - "All the way with L.B.J." - directly demonstrates this partnership which perhaps could be considered rather inequitable and profitable for the US. They were tired of military solutions and "power politics", and as one Labor politician said, "tired of anti-communism as a substitute for common sense." By 1970, the anti-war sentiment in the society had exploded into huge rallies, church services and candlelight processions. The moratorium movement represented a great range of people's opinions, from young political radicals to people who would not normally challenge government decisions and from mothers of conscripted men to prominent politicians, writers, academics, artists and church leaders.

726:(present-day Indonesia), and has been identified as a milestone in the early development of Australian foreign policy. Latham publicly identified the mission as one of "friendship and goodwill", but also compiled a series of secret reports to cabinet on economic and strategic matters. He "actively sought information about trading opportunities across Asia, entering into frequent and detailed discussions with prime ministers, foreign ministers, premiers and governors about Australia‘s trading and commercial interests, custom duties and tariffs". His recommendations proved influential in the development of the Department of External Affairs as an independent department from the Prime Minister's Department and the appointment of Australia's first diplomats in Asia. 1325: 683: 46: 1439:

despite their continuing maltreatment of the East Timorese people. When John Howard was elected in 1996, he saw the opportunity to distinguish himself from the previous Labor approach to the East Timor conflict. Immediately he sent peacekeeping forces into East Timor and advocated Australia's support for their independence. The role of this support of an essentially Christian country against a Muslim nation was detrimental to Australia's reputation with other Muslim countries.

453: 1146: 1364:. In response to the Australian participation in the invasion, there were large protests in Australian cities during March 2003, and Prime Minister Howard was heckled from the public gallery of Parliament House. While opinion polls showed that opposition to the war without UN backing was between 48 and 92 per cent, Howard remained preferred prime-minister over the Leader of the Opposition, 502:. Following the global change in the dynamics of international state of affairs in the 20th century, this saw a transition within Australia's diplomatic situation to broaden outside of exclusively commonwealth and western European nations. Its core relationship was with Great Britain until 1941, and with the United States and New Zealand since then as represented by 944:

the United States Government. In late 1972, when Nixon bombed North Vietnam, the controversial Tom Uren and two other left-wing politicians publicly attacked Nixon, resulting in an immediate halt in Australian/American cooperation. Instead Whitlam reached out to our geographically nearer neighbours, Asia. He eliminated the last remaining remnants of the

994:, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States all attended. APEC would subsequently grow to become one of the most pre-eminent high-level international forums in the world, particularly after the later inclusions of China and Russia, and the 1415:

has exacerbated tensions after Australia called for an international, independent inquiry into the origins of the disease. The subsequent restrictions that China made to its trade policies have been attacked as political retaliation and economic coercion against Australia. In 2021 Canberra disallowed

1402:

Relations between the two countries began to deteriorate in 2018 due to growing Australian concerns regarding Chinese political influence in various sectors of Australian society including Chinese students and residents, the national and state governments, universities and the media. There is sharp

948:

and introduced a new quota/permit system. With race no longer a barrier, substantial immigration from Asia began, especially from Vietnam. This immigration provided impetuous for the swing in Australia's foreign policy from the US to Asia and increased Australia's trade relations with Asia. In 1973,

943:

The Whitlam government, a new type of Labor government, developed a general opposition to the US and especially President Nixon who they viewed as especially conservative and paranoid. Whitlam announced that Australia was not automatically going to follow US defence policy any more and this annoyed

865:

infiltration of South Korea in 1950, Australia's foreign policy was influenced by growing concern over communist aggression. Australia increasingly looked to the US, as its new "great and powerful friend" for help to contain and fight communism. The Menzies government made a great effort of linking

746:

announced, "Great Britain has declared war on Germany, and as a result, Australia is also at war... There can be no doubt that where Great Britain stands, there stand the people of the entire British world". Australia was the first nation to come to Great Britain's aid, sending its combat divisions

669:

undertook a trade mission to China in 1922 at the instigation of Hughes, and in the same year Egbert Sheaf was appointed as a trade commissioner to "the East", based in Singapore. The initial trade commissioner service was partially funded by state governments and ultimately failed due to a lack of

910:

infiltrated South Vietnam, the Western Bloc viewed it as a fundamental step in what could result in the communist subjugation of the democratic world. In a country gripped by this fear, the government's defence policy was dominated by the idea of "forward defence", in which Australia would seek to

1438:

by Indonesian troops in 1975 because maintaining good diplomatic relations with Indonesia was considered the highest priority at the time. The government could only express regret for the Timorese people as they were not prepared to go to war. Hawke and especially Keating also supported Indonesia

1238:

The translation of the word "recalcitrant" into Malaysian rendered the word a more egregious insult, and Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, threatening to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian

977:

One of the most significant foreign policy achievement of the Government took place in 1989, after Hawke proposed a south-east Asian region-wide forum for leaders and economic ministers to discuss issues of common concern. After winning the support of key countries in the region, this led to the

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government in London regarding Germany. However, as a consequence of supporting Chamberlain, many Australians experienced fear due to Japan's strong military and aggressive foreign policy whereas Australia was still an evolving nation to wield any independent force in world affairs in the 1930s.

926:

to visit Australia. The visit came in the light of increasing international criticism over the war in Vietnam. The majority of Australians seemed to support the war, obvious from the return of the Liberal/Country Party in late 1966. Many Australians were however protesting against the war. They

1376:

This focus of multiculturalism and a focus on Asia in Australia foreign policy was not lost because of the dismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975; contact and understanding continued to grow during the following decade. Australia’s imports of major weapons increased 65 per cent between

1280:

launched a violent "scorched-earth" campaign in retaliation to the referendum's overwhelming vote in favour of independence. The successful mission was widely supported by Australian voters, but the government was criticised for "foreign policy failure" following the violence and collapse of

646:'s June 1918 report recommended the appointment of trade commissioners in Canada, Japan, Russia, South Africa and the United States, who "would link with but not rely upon the British consular service". However, for post-war budgetary reasons the scheme was significantly scaled back. 814:. By September 1943, more than 120,000 American soldiers were in Australia. The Americans were warmly welcomed at first but tensions grew evident. MacArthur worked very closely with the Australian government and took command of its combat operations. Fighting continued throughout 547:

in 1908. His actions "set a precedent for unilateralism" in foreign policy that was followed by his immediate successors as prime minister, with a continued reliance on the British diplomatic service and policy-making apparatus and no efforts to develop Australian equivalents.

1217:

to expand APEC to a full Leaders' Meeting. This led to APEC becoming one of the most significant high-level international summits, and at the 1994 APEC Leaders' Meeting, hosted by Indonesia, members agreed to the Keating government's proposals for what became known as the

1190:, were also strongly criticised by these same groups. It was alleged by some that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia. 834:(USSR) and the United States co-operated during World War II, the tensions between the two superpowers over economics (Communism versus capitalism), political authority (totalitarianism versus liberalism) and the fate of Europe (East versus West) escalated into the 534:

was in favour of a uniform foreign policy for the British Empire, suggesting Australia could have no "foreign policy of its own" but expected that the British government would defer to the Australian perspective for "regional" imperial policy. Barton's successor

1272:, his subsequent snap decision for a referendum on the territory's independence triggered a Howard and Downer orchestrated shift in Australian policy. In September 1999, Howard organised an Australian-led international peace-keeping force to East Timor ( 2507: 1162:

Throughout his time as Prime Minister, Keating took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than

1312:

despite widespread opposition. Howard developed a strong personal relationship with the President, and they shared often similar ideological positions – including on the role of the United States in world affairs and their approach to the

934:

immediately abolished conscription and withdrew troops from Vietnam. The US Signed a peace treaty for Vietnam in 1973, after withdrawing all of its troops in 1972. South Vietnam, however, was invaded and overwhelmed by North Vietnam in 1975.

569:

World War I brought about an increase in direct Australian interactions with nations outside the British Empire, prompted by strategic concerns including the fate of German territories captured by Allied troops during the war. Prime Minister

1222:, which set targets for a significant increase in free trade and investment between industrialised APEC countries by 2010 and between developing APEC countries by 2020. In December 1993, Keating became involved in a diplomatic incident with 1457:

started coming), wave after wave of refugees from distressed countries in Asia and elsewhere have sought haven in Australia. Many have died making the hazardous journey. How to deal with them has been a highly contentious political issue.

1033:

to over 42,000 Chinese students who were living in Australia at the time, many of whom had publicly supported the Tiananmen protesters. Hawke did so without even consulting his Cabinet, stating later that he felt he simply had to act.

2416:

The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke during a speech in Seoul, Korea, on 30 January 1969. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra, Australia, to establish

613:

of 1922 and the subsequent decline in British influence. However, in the short-term Australia continued to rely on "the UK and its imperial machinery for diplomatic representation and economic and material security". Following the

957:

and Australian understanding and appreciation of China's history and culture was encouraged. The Whitlam government was leaving behind the racist "yellow peril" past and was poised for the move towards a multicultural Australia.

551:

Deakin repeatedly lobbied the British government for greater consultation on imperial foreign policy and suggested the establishment of an imperial department of state to coordinate policy, as part of his broader support for an

560:

remained the most significant figure conduit for Australian foreign relations. The significance of the role was emphasised by the fact that its first three appointees (spanning from 1910 to 1927) were former prime ministers.

787:

appealed to the US instead, "Australia looks to America free of any pangs as to our traditional links of kinship with Great Britain." This speech announced the shift of reliance from Great Britain to the United States.

649:

While not establishing formal diplomatic relations, Australia made a number of "quasi-diplomatic" appointments in the post-war period, who functioned as official representatives of the Australian government but held no

778:

was strategically crucial for the British defence plan, however it was poorly defended and surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, with thousands of Australians as prisoners of war. British Prime Minister

618:, attempts to formulate a uniform imperial foreign policy were largely abandoned in favour of a system of dominion ratification of British decisions. Governmental interest in foreign policy declined during the 1049:; this led to a degree of controversy when the Government supported the US's plans to test ballistic missiles off the coast of Tasmania in 1985, as well as seeking to overturn Australia's long-standing ban on 758:

The unprecedented Japanese attack on an American naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, led to the formal entry of the United States into the war. Japanese attacks continued through

1029:

in 1989; despite having spent years trying to get closer relations with China, Hawke gave a tearful address on national television describing the massacre in graphic detail, and unilaterally offered

702:

During the 1930s, Australian foreign policy was centralised around the fear of war and an eagerness to appease Germany, Japan and Italy. The Australian government gave considerable support to the

857:

were all in one camp. Australians were once again reminded that the initiation of this cold war was similar to that of WWII, thus reinforcing the fear and need for security, from Asia. After the

530:. In the view of early governments, foreign policy meant "relations with London on matters of imperial foreign policy on which Australia might have an interest". Australia's first prime minister 949:

the People's Republic of China was officially recognised as the "real" China and it was realised that the move towards a more open political and trading relationship with China was a priority.

2921:

Mike Cherney, "Australia Cancels China Infrastructure Deal, Citing National Interest: Decision deepens diplomatic dispute; Beijing says Australian government has no sincerity to improve ties"

1127:

in October 1990, months after the latter's release from a 27-year stint in prison. During the visit, Mandela publicly thanked the Hawke government for the role it played in the boycott.

841:

As the international community polarised into opposing alliances led by the respective superpowers, Australia too moved to strengthen its alliance with the United States. Along with the

1167:, and undertook his first overseas visit to the country, becoming the first Australian Prime Minister to do so. Keating made a conscious effort to develop a personal relationship with 658:

to the United States in 1918 with the title of "commissioner" and the appointment of Clive Voss as "commercial agent" in France in 1919. The American posting endured until 1930, with

822:" for his American troops while he suggested that the Australian troops should continue clearing and rounding up the Japanese from New Guinea, New Britain, Borneo and Bougainville. 642:

The Hughes government sought to establish an independent trade commissioner service, having rejected a previous offer to share the British trade service. Trade and customs minister

3972: 722:

to East Asia and South-East Asia, Australia's first diplomatic mission outside of the British Empire. The mission visited seven territories, concentrating on China, Japan and the

574:

visited the United States in 1918 and "in a series of meetings and speeches, called on the US to cooperate with Australia in ensuring postwar security in the Far East". At the

543:

that it "expected Australia to conduct any dealings with a foreign power through London". He also dealt directly with the U.S. consul in Sydney to engineer the visit of the

665:

In 1921, Australia appointed its first official representative in Asia, with the appointment of Edward S. Little as trade commissioner to China, based in Shanghai. Senator

2791:

When it was reported that Iraq did not possess weapons of mass destruction, 70% of Australians believed Howard misled them with most believing he did so unintentionally.

1281:

diplomatic relations with Indonesia. By Howard's fourth term, relations with Indonesia had recovered to include counter-terrorism cooperation and Australia's $ 1bn

2090: 1174:, and to include Indonesia in multilateral forums attended by Australia. Keating's friendship with Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of 2667: 950: 1119:, who initially favoured a more cautious approach. The resulting boycott, led by the Commonwealth, was widely credited with helping bring about the collapse of 4358: 2247: 818:

for the next two years. When the European war was declared over, Australia and the US still had a war to win against Japan. MacArthur promoted a policy of "

3989: 1357: 930:

The intensity of conflict in Australia over this issue contributed to the 1972 election of the first Labor government in 23 years. The new Prime Minister,

662:

serving as the only "commissioner-general for Australia in the United States" until the position was abolished by the Scullin government for cost reasons.

506:. In the 21st century trade has soared with China. However relations have cycled back and forth from friendly to strained. For recent relations see also 2922: 1304:

in the days before the 11 September terrorist attacks and was in Washington the morning of the attacks. In response to the attacks, Howard invoked the

557: 1053:

exports. Although the US ultimately withdrew the plans to test the missiles, the furore led to a fall in Hawke's approval ratings. Shortly after the

1007: 866:

Australia to US foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region. Two major alliance agreements were made between members of the Western Bloc in the 1950s:

609:

The 1920s marked "the genesis of a distinct Australian foreign policy", largely in response to changing power dynamics in the Pacific following the

539:

took some of the first steps towards diplomatic independence by dealing directly with the Japanese consul-general, for which he was reminded by the

146: 2298: 2115: 3870: 2302: 634:

that "no parliament which is responsible for its own foreign policy has less discussion on foreign affairs than does the Australian Parliament".

2368: 915:

was viewed as an attempt by the Menzies Government to strengthen the alliance with the USA following Great Britain's withdrawal "east of Suez".

519: 481: 2462: 3875: 838:

by 1947. Australia unequivocally stood by the American side and the Cold War became the preponderant influence on Australian foreign policy.

4140: 2188:"A Parting of the Ways: the British Military Withdrawal from Southeast Asia and its Critical Impact on Anglo-Australian Relations, 1965–68" 1211: 2810: 2771: 2696: 3302:

Suri, Navdeep. "Australia-China Relations: The Great Unravelling," (ORF Issue Brief No. 366, June 2020, , Observer Research Foundation.)

2480: 1408: 330: 3396: 3349: 2604: 1096:. The success of the campaign, and the lack of any Australian casualties, led to a brief increase in the popularity of the Government. 527: 221: 141: 69: 2717: 878:, an agreement guaranteeing defensive action in the event of an attack against the US, Australia, Great Britain, France, New Zealand, 3643: 291: 3110: 1887: 1105: 1015: 4363: 97: 2637: 3917: 3727: 3535: 3449: 3021: 742:, and expected the United Kingdom would guarantee its security in any conflict with Japan. On 3 September 1939, Prime Minister 226: 74: 3303: 2883: 2434: 1478: 3813: 3653: 3283: 1871: 1309: 1239:

officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; Keating subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.

797: 3929: 3469: 3464: 3459: 1113: 181: 92: 87: 82: 4316: 4260: 4155: 3661: 3495: 3409: 1797: 1266: 1108:, Hawke played a leading role in ensuring the Commonwealth initiated an international boycott on foreign investment into 831: 419: 156: 121: 3270: 1321:

in Texas, after which Bush said that Howard "...is not only a man of steel, he's showed the world he's a man of heart."

4323: 3454: 3434: 3025: 2906: 2526: 474: 2659: 1236:"APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants." 3865: 3766: 3666: 3586: 3520: 3123: 3061: 3003: 2579: 2008: 1930: 1429: 1396: 1231: 1199: 979: 354: 271: 2273: 2038:

Crises and Commitments: The Politics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948-1965

1399:. Along with many other nations, Australia ceased diplomatic and trade relations with China for the next two years. 1042:

The Hawke government pursued a close relationship with the United States, assisted by Hawke's close friendship with

3593: 3530: 3515: 1395:

Relationships with China continued to improve until the Chinese government massacred thousands of students in the

1333: 1054: 1043: 296: 276: 231: 211: 191: 116: 4034: 3833: 3823: 3759: 3474: 1448: 1404: 136: 2978:

Katrina Stats, "Welcome to Australia? A reappraisal of the Fraser government's approach to refugees, 1975–83."

1744: 4120: 4019: 3739: 3717: 3623: 3429: 3389: 2606:'Indonesia – Australian Relations: East Timor, Bali Bombing, Tsunami and Beyond' by Ambassador Imron Cotan 1757: 1062: 923: 507: 499: 264: 151: 55: 2534: 4270: 4187: 4063: 3912: 3905: 3776: 3722: 3525: 3505: 1390: 619: 467: 281: 216: 206: 166: 2232:

James Curran, "Beyond the Euphoria: Lyndon Johnson in Australia and the Politics of the Cold War Alliance."

1972: 4255: 4049: 3786: 3749: 3628: 3618: 3490: 1140: 1112:, building on work undertaken by his predecessor Malcolm Fraser, and in the process clashing publicly with 858: 631: 414: 259: 3112:

The Genesis of a Policy: Defining and Defending Australia's National Interest in the Asia-Pacific, 1921–57

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had given priority to the European war and was unable to assist the Australians. Australia Prime Minister

4024: 3982: 3977: 3924: 3671: 3638: 3566: 2830:

Neville Meaney, "The end of ‘white Australia’ and Australia's changing perceptions of Asia, 1945–1990."

1353: 610: 575: 186: 2463:"More than 40,000 Chinese were offered asylum in Australia exactly 31 years ago. Here are their stories" 1006:

Elsewhere in Asia, the Hawke government played a significant role in the build-up to the United Nations

4090: 3994: 3848: 3803: 3707: 3212:

McLean, David. "From British Colony to American Satellite? Australia and the USA during the Cold War,"

2882:

Navdeep Suri, “Australia-China Relations: The Great Unravelling,” (ORF Issue Brief No. 366, June 2020)

1822: 719: 695: 439: 378: 342: 196: 2023:

David McLean, "From British colony to American satellite? Australia and the USA during the cold war."

1539: 4210: 4167: 4115: 4014: 3860: 3828: 3744: 3734: 3702: 3382: 3364: 1069: 1026: 1018: 286: 201: 126: 4125: 4110: 3957: 3793: 3754: 3581: 2391:

Looking Forward: Australia's Relations with the People's Republic of China in the Twentieth Century

2051:

The English-Speaking Alliance: Britain, the United States, the Dominions and the Cold War 1945-1951

1946: 1417: 1289: 1206:, Keating developed the idea further, winning the support in 1993 of recently-elected US President 643: 615: 599: 2271: 586:. Hughes lobbied powerfully for Australian interests at the conference, including the granting of 4275: 4150: 4130: 4105: 4085: 3838: 3808: 3633: 3510: 3439: 1434:

Australia had a developing relationship was Indonesia. Whitlam did not object to the invasion of

1332:

In April 2002, Howard was the first Australian prime minister to attend a royal funeral, that of

819: 523: 176: 64: 3231: 4182: 4160: 4135: 4100: 4080: 4044: 3882: 3853: 3843: 3818: 3781: 3712: 3549: 3444: 2897: 2802: 2763: 2688: 1454: 1403:

criticism regarding China's human rights policies regarding the treatment of Hong Kong and the

1168: 945: 603: 1922: 4245: 4177: 4075: 4029: 3892: 3798: 3685: 3571: 2063: 1998: 1361: 1277: 919: 803: 366: 3207: 3190:

Search for Security: The Political Economy of Australia's Postwar Foreign and Defence Policy

3084:

Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s,

2610: 2317:

A Nation at War: Australian Politics, society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965-1975

2248:"Issues that swung elections: Labor's anti-war message falls flat in landslide loss in 1966" 1861: 1186:. The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the 4309: 4280: 4202: 4039: 4009: 3945: 3900: 3613: 3608: 3576: 3561: 3417: 2962: 2723: 2088: 1318: 1286: 1259: 1025:

for his role in negotiations. Hawke also took a major public stand in the aftermath of the

579: 407: 236: 31: 2950:

East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia

8: 4230: 4172: 4004: 3967: 3697: 2272:

corporateName=Department of Veterans' Affairs; address=21 Genge St, Civic/Canberra City.

1030: 983: 811: 707: 553: 402: 390: 383: 371: 335: 254: 3217: 2330: 1183: 1088:

to the war effort, which successfully concluded in February 1991, with the expulsion of

4332: 4290: 4265: 4250: 4240: 4235: 4225: 4192: 4095: 3999: 3603: 3598: 3337: 3313: 3243: 3103: 3075: 3046: 2844: 2369:"Fact check: Did former prime minister Harold Holt abolish the White Australia policy?" 2215: 2168: 2160: 1282: 1136: 995: 627: 2744: 2556: 1718:

Isolationism and appeasement in Australia: reactions to the European crises, 1935-1939

1377:

2005–2009 and 2010–14, making it the sixth largest importer in the world according to

4220: 3962: 3279: 3227: 3160: 3119: 3057: 2999: 2902: 2631: 2329:

Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs.

2328: 2292: 2219: 2207: 2172: 2152: 2109: 2004: 1926: 1915: 1867: 1753: 1412: 1337: 1248: 1179: 1116: 1065: 1022: 807: 780: 767: 723: 687: 591: 587: 544: 395: 359: 347: 911:

prevent the Communist "thrust into South-East Asia". The committal of troops to the

4337: 3771: 3091:

Australian Foreign Policy under the Howard Government: Australia as a Middle Power?

2407: 2199: 2144: 1435: 1230:

as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993

1227: 1187: 967: 715: 457: 171: 2148: 682: 3297: 3176:

A Dictionary of Australian Military History - from Colonial Times to the Gulf War

3169:

Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy

3157:

Prime ministers and diplomats: the making of Australian foreign policy, 1901-1949

3054:

J. A. Lyons, The Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932–39

2993: 1731:

J. A. Lyons, the Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932-39

1077: 1057:, Hawke would lead Australia into its first overseas military campaign since the 659: 651: 540: 578:, Hughes led an Australian section within the British delegation and signed the 4215: 1301: 1124: 842: 815: 771: 743: 739: 2633:

Howard accepts Presidential Medal of Freedom, AM program transcript, ABC Radio

2203: 637: 4352: 3369: 3354: 2211: 2156: 1752:. Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. p. 37. 1407:. Furthermore Canberra has been troubled by China's aggressive stance on the 1341: 1314: 1046: 931: 907: 895: 671: 666: 655: 623: 536: 531: 2557:"The World Today – 5/10/99: Howard hits back at Keating over criticism" 2187: 45: 3359: 3272:

Emissaries of Trade: A History of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service

3143: 2937:

Reluctant saviour: Australia, Indonesia, and the independence of East Timor

2089:

corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra.

1305: 1262: 1207: 1150: 1109: 854: 850: 752: 735: 571: 1746:

Within China's Orbit?: China Through the Eyes of the Australian Parliament

4285: 4145: 3327:

Documents on Australian Foreign Policy: Australia and the World 1920-1930

2040:(Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1992) 1365: 1324: 1058: 912: 891: 887: 871: 862: 784: 748: 703: 3263: 3222:

McLean, David. "Australia in the Cold War: a Historiographical Review."

2164: 2131: 3137: 1368:, although his approval ratings were lower compared to before the war. 1285:

relief efforts, and were assisted by good relations between Howard and

1269: 1175: 691: 3204:

The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 4: 1901-42, the Succeeding Age

3032: 1340:

with calls for solidarity. Howard re-dedicated his government to the "

1328:

Howard maintained a strong friendship with US President George W. Bush

3405: 3374: 1308:. In October 2001, he committed Australian military personnel to the 1203: 1164: 1120: 1081: 775: 626:

concentrated on internal economic matters. In 1929, internationalist

131: 3197:

Menzies and the 'Great World Struggle': Australia's Cold War 1948-54

3072:

The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942-1995. The Middle Way

1371: 870:, an agreement for aid in the event of an attack between Australia, 1273: 1223: 1073: 1011: 987: 883: 879: 835: 583: 3329:(Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2019), 960 pp. 1145: 1130: 1242: 1214: 1171: 1085: 1050: 3262:(Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008) 2995:

Migration and Refugee Law: Principles and Practice in Australia

1093: 991: 853:

region. China (after 1949), North Vietnam (after 1954) and the

846: 763: 3334:

Documents on Australian foreign policy, 1937-49: vol 1 1937-38

3240:

Australia in peace and war : external relations 1788-1977

1378: 1219: 954: 875: 867: 759: 595: 503: 1265:

had some months earlier agreed to grant special autonomy to

961: 2449:

Cambodia From Red to Blue: Australia's Initiative for Peace

1860:

Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (October 1999).

1089: 1479:"Alfred Deakin and the roots of Australian foreign policy" 2719:

John Howard's Bali memorial speech – TVNZ Smartphone

1973:"War and Time Preference: The American Army in Australia" 1416:

the effort by the state of Victoria to join China's vast

802:

In March 1942 after the Japanese attacks on Darwin, U.S.

3132:

Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds.

2967:

Australia's foreign relations: in the world of the 1990s

1947:"GENERAL MACARTHUR TAKES COMMAND OF AUSTRALIA'S DEFENCE" 1317:". In May 2003, Howard made an overnight stay at Bush's 953:

was appointed as the first Australian ambassador to the

2803:"Poll: majority of Australians 'feel misled' by Howard" 2132:"Australia in the Cold War: A Historiographical Review" 1099: 990:

in November 1989; the economic ministers of Australia,

564: 2354:

R. Catley, "Australia and the great powers 1933–83."

1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1638: 1626: 1614: 1602: 3310:

The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965,

3253:

Harvest of Fear: A History of Australia's Vietnam War

3022:

Foreign relations of Australia § Further reading

2559:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 October 1999 1912: 1778: 1766: 1014:, culminating in the Transitional Authority; Hawke's 3148:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History.

3043:

Dependent ally: a study in Australian foreign policy

2869:Kaushik Kapisthalam, "Australia and Asia's rise." 1510: 1508: 998:'s later establishment of the APEC Leaders' Forum. 791: 513: 2851:. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2130: 1914: 1863:The Pearl Harbor Papers: Inside the Japanese Plans 1520: 1372:Multiculturalism and the end of ‘white Australia’ 810:to move the American base from the Philippines to 558:Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom 3100:Australian foreign policy: towards a reassessment 2843: 1566: 1554: 825: 638:Trade service and "quasi-diplomatic" appointments 4350: 2571: 1590: 1578: 1505: 1493: 738:, Australia was part of the commonwealth of the 3216:(2006) 52 (1), 64–79. Rejects satellite model. 3136:(2001) online at many academic libraries; also 2898:Silent Invasion: China's influence in Australia 1859: 1420:as a potential threat to Australia's security. 1131:Foreign policy under Paul Keating, 1991 to 1996 2901:. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. p. 376. 2036:Peter Geoffrey Edwards and Gregory Pemberton, 1243:Foreign policy under John Howard, 1996 to 2007 582:on behalf of Australia, as with other British 498:encompasses the historical events surrounding 4359:History of the foreign relations of Australia 3390: 2991: 2845:"Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014" 2794: 2755: 2722:, tvnz.co.nz, 18 October 2002, archived from 2481:"US rocket plan became Hawke's first setback" 1888:"How the fall of Singapore changed Australia" 849:, Australia was a main ally of the US in the 475: 3214:Australian Journal of Politics & History 2508:"Australia campaigned for Mandela's freedom" 2297:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2114:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2025:Australian Journal of Politics & History 2000:Australia 1943: The Liberation of New Guinea 1720:(Australian National University Press, 1970) 1352:In March 2003, Australia joined the US-led " 3278:. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2980:Australian Journal of International Affairs 2871:Australian Journal of International Affairs 2832:Australian Journal of International Affairs 2429: 2427: 2425: 2388: 2356:Australian Journal of International Affairs 1970: 526:, but largely remained an appendage of the 3397: 3383: 3350:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation 3134:The Oxford Companion to Australian History 2460: 2402: 2400: 2301:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1996: 1123:, and resulted in a high-profile visit by 482: 468: 3258:Schreuder, Deryck, and Stuart Ward, eds. 2681: 2461:Fang, Jason; Weedon, Alan (8 June 2020). 2393:. Università Ca' Foscari. pp. 30–31. 2185: 962:Foreign Policy under Bob Hawke, 1983–1991 938: 3268: 2894: 2657: 2651: 2524: 2422: 1704: 1692: 1680: 1668: 1656: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1608: 1323: 1144: 1106:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 681: 2660:"Ally of Bush Is Defeated in Australia" 2397: 2245: 1784: 1772: 1742: 1733:(Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008) 24:This article is part of a series on the 4351: 3404: 2813:from the original on 25 September 2008 2774:from the original on 25 September 2008 2609:, Kbri-canberra.org.au, archived from 2577: 2505: 2128: 1472: 1470: 3378: 3108: 2800: 2761: 2689:"Bush lauds Howard as 'man of steel'" 2274:"All the way with LBJ | Anzac Portal" 2186:Benvenuti, Andrea (1 December 2006). 1572: 1560: 1526: 1476: 1336:. In October Howard responded to the 1295: 677: 556:. Outside of the prime minister, the 524:federation of the Australian colonies 3181:Gyngell; Allan, and Michael Wesley. 3051: 2699:from the original on 7 February 2008 2527:"Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel" 1823:"Menzies Speech: Declaration of War" 1596: 1584: 1514: 1499: 1358:sending 2,000 troops and naval units 1100:Commonwealth boycott of South Africa 565:1914–1931: World War I and aftermath 182:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 3056:. Australian Scholarly Publishing. 2992:John Vrachnas; et al. (2011). 2636:, Australia: ABC, 14 January 2009, 2331:"Ending the Vietnam War, 1973-1975" 1798:"BBC - WW2 People's War - Timeline" 1477:Brett, Judith (19 September 2017). 1467: 832:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 694:(present-day Indonesia) during the 13: 3319: 3294:Dictionary of Australian Biography 3185:(Cambridge University Press, 2003) 3086:(Melbourne University Press 1991). 3026:Bibliography of Australian history 3015: 2969:(Melbourne University Press, 1991) 2670:from the original on 28 March 2019 2658:Johnston, Tim (25 November 2007), 2640:from the original on 27 March 2010 2580:"Malaysia Premier Demands Apology" 2578:Shenon, Philip (9 December 1993). 2525:Sheriden, Greg (28 January 2008). 1300:Howard had first met US President 918:With his arrival in October 1966, 14: 4375: 2801:Riley, Mark (24 September 2003), 2435:"Back to Canberra: Founding APEC" 1397:Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 1226:when he described Prime Minister 1200:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 980:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 798:Australia–United States relations 686:Australian deputy prime minister 3183:Making Australian Foreign Policy 3146:, Ewan Morris, and Robin Prior. 2745:"Malaysian PM condemns Iraq war" 2137:The International History Review 2003:. Cambridge UP. pp. 26–43. 1334:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 1061:, forming a close alliance with 1037: 792:Relations with the United States 654:. These included appointment of 514:1901–1914: Post-Federation years 451: 44: 3045:(1988), on ties to US and UK; 2985: 2972: 2955: 2942: 2929: 2915: 2888: 2876: 2863: 2837: 2824: 2785: 2764:"Support for the fight growing" 2737: 2710: 2624: 2597: 2549: 2518: 2499: 2473: 2454: 2441: 2382: 2361: 2348: 2322: 2309: 2265: 2239: 2226: 2179: 2122: 2082: 2064:"US Enters the Korean Conflict" 2056: 2043: 2030: 2017: 1990: 1964: 1939: 1906: 1880: 1866:. Potomac Books, Incorporated. 1853: 1840: 1815: 1790: 1736: 1723: 1710: 729: 496:diplomatic history of Australia 4364:Political history of Australia 3089:Chieocharnpraphan, Thosaphon. 2998:. Cambridge University Press. 1913:Francis Gordon Clarke (2002). 1542:. National Museum of Australia 1532: 1423: 1347: 1198:Following the creation of the 901: 826:Communism and the Cold War era 520:Department of External Affairs 508:Foreign relations of Australia 1: 2506:Lennon, Troy (18 July 2019). 2149:10.1080/07075332.2001.9640932 1971:kanopiadmin (10 April 2014). 1430:Australia–Indonesia relations 1253: 3224:International History Review 2939:(Scribe Publications, 2004). 2762:Riley, Mark (1 April 2003), 2389:Basosi, Duccio (2011–2012). 2192:Contemporary British History 1848:Menzies and Churchill at War 1157: 1149:Keating with U.S. President 859:Chinese Communist Revolution 670:support from Prime Minister 500:Australian foreign relations 7: 3343: 3218:online at Blackwell-Synergy 2234:Journal of Cold War Studies 1449:Australia–Vietnam relations 1354:Multinational force in Iraq 1001: 611:Washington Naval Conference 576:1919 Paris Peace Conference 528:Prime Minister's Department 75:European exploration (land) 10: 4380: 3019: 1446: 1442: 1427: 1388: 1246: 1134: 965: 955:People's Republic of China 795: 720:Australian Eastern Mission 696:Australian Eastern Mission 598:and opposition to Japan's 440:List of years in Australia 70:European exploration (sea) 4303: 4201: 4071: 4062: 3953: 3944: 3891: 3767:Intelligence and security 3693: 3684: 3652: 3557: 3548: 3483: 3425: 3416: 3365:Pacific class patrol boat 3031:Australian War Memorial. 2693:The Sydney Morning Herald 2485:The Sydney Morning Herald 2451:(Allen & Unwin, 1997) 2319:(Allen & Unwin, 1997) 2246:Piccini, Jon (May 2019). 2204:10.1080/13619460600612941 2091:"ANZUS After Fifty Years" 1743:Kendall, Timothy (2008). 1716:Eric Montgomery Andrews, 1391:Australia–China relations 1202:(APEC) Economic Forum by 1193: 1027:Tiananmen square massacre 590:mandates over the former 3269:Schedvin, Boris (2008). 2895:Hamilton, Clive (2018). 2873:(2006) 60#3 pp: 369-375. 2834:(1995) 49#2 pp: 171-189. 2315:Peter Geoffrey Edwards, 1917:The History of Australia 1461: 1418:Belt and Road Initiative 1384: 1290:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 1141:Hawke–Keating government 1104:Through his role on the 616:1923 Imperial Conference 600:Racial Equality Proposal 3264:excerpt and text search 3226:(2001) 23(2): 299–321. 3138:excerpt and text search 1409:South China Sea dispute 972: 4161:Indigenous Australians 3662:States and territories 2982:(2015) 69#1 pp: 69-87. 2278:anzacportal.dva.gov.au 2129:McLean, David (2001). 2027:(2006) 52#1 pp: 64-79. 1455:Vietnamese boat people 1453:Since the 1970s (when 1329: 1154: 1114:British Prime Minister 1021:was nominated for the 946:White Australia Policy 939:Détente with communism 699: 604:White Australia policy 3455:Territorial evolution 3312:(Cambridge UP, 1967) 3292:Serle. Percival, ed. 3109:Cuffe, Honae (2021). 3038:with scores of topics 2961:Gareth J. Evans, and 2807:Sydney Morning Herald 2768:Sydney Morning Herald 2358:37.3 (1983): 143-149. 1951:www.pacificwar.org.au 1921:. Greenwood. p. 1327: 1278:pro-Indonesia militia 1247:Further information: 1178:independence, and by 1148: 1135:Further information: 1044:US Secretary of State 966:Further information: 951:Dr Stephen Fitzgerald 920:Lyndon Baines Johnson 685: 522:was created upon the 3901:Cabinet of Australia 3876:Government ministers 3644:World Heritage Sites 3450:European exploration 3052:Bird, David (2008). 1319:Prairie Chapel Ranch 1287:Indonesian President 1260:Indonesian President 1169:Indonesian President 1080:contributed several 734:At the beginning of 674:and state premiers. 580:Treaty of Versailles 458:Australia portal 57:Timeline and periods 3973:Gross state product 3325:Cotton, James, ed. 3202:Macintyre, Stuart. 2935:Clinton Fernandes, 2924:Wall Street Journal 2512:The Daily Telegraph 2335:2001-2009.state.gov 1997:Peter Dean (2013). 1729:David Samuel Bird, 1540:"Versailles Treaty" 1267:Indonesian-occupied 986:duly took place in 812:Brisbane, Australia 804:President Roosevelt 554:Imperial Federation 4291:Australian studies 4226:Australian English 4035:Telecommunications 3871:Government leaders 3814:Political ideology 3260:Australia's Empire 3082:Bridge, Carl ed., 3070:Bolton, Geoffrey. 2664:The New York Times 2584:The New York Times 2053:(Routledge, 1985). 2049:Ritchie Ovendale, 1894:. 14 February 2017 1360:to support in the 1330: 1310:War in Afghanistan 1296:War in Afghanistan 1283:Boxing Day Tsunami 1155: 1137:Keating government 996:Keating government 984:first APEC meeting 700: 678:1930s: Appeasement 628:Frederic Eggleston 624:Scullin government 355:Northern Territory 265:Chinese Australian 255:African Australian 222:Telecommunications 142:Capital punishment 16:Australian history 4346: 4345: 4299: 4298: 4121:Human trafficking 4058: 4057: 3940: 3939: 3740:Foreign relations 3680: 3679: 3544: 3543: 3491:Asian Australians 3285:978 1 921244 57 5 2952:(Routledge, 2004) 2613:on 7 January 2010 2068:National Archives 1873:978-1-57488-222-3 1413:COVID-19 pandemic 1338:2002 Bali bombing 1249:Howard government 1220:Bogor Declaration 1180:Nobel Peace Prize 1117:Margaret Thatcher 1066:George H. W. Bush 1023:Nobel Peace Prize 922:became the first 808:Douglas MacArthur 781:Winston Churchill 768:Dutch East Indies 724:Dutch East Indies 592:German New Guinea 588:League of Nations 545:Great White Fleet 492: 491: 425: 424: 415:Western Australia 277:Jewish Australian 272:Indigenous people 35: 4371: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4188:Waste management 4069: 4068: 3990:Household income 3951: 3950: 3913:Governor-General 3723:Electoral system 3691: 3690: 3555: 3554: 3423: 3422: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3332:Neale, R.G. Ed. 3289: 3277: 3167:Firth, Stewart. 3129: 3117: 3067: 3010: 3009: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2751:. 24 March 2003. 2741: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2537:on 22 March 2016 2533:. Archived from 2522: 2516: 2515: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2487:. 1 January 2013 2477: 2471: 2470: 2458: 2452: 2447:See Ken Berry, 2445: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2404: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2326: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2296: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2252:The Conversation 2243: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2070:. 15 August 2016 2060: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2034: 2028: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1920: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1827:australianscreen 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1751: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1481:. Lowy Institute 1474: 1436:Portuguese Timor 1362:invasion of Iraq 1234:. Keating said, 1228:Mahathir Mohamad 1188:Timor Gap Treaty 1184:José Ramos-Horta 1016:Foreign Minister 978:creation of the 968:Hawke government 806:ordered General 774:. The island of 770:(Indonesia) and 747:to fight in the 716:Lyons government 706:policies of the 632:Senate committee 630:complained to a 620:Great Depression 484: 477: 470: 456: 455: 454: 315: 314: 260:Asian Australian 172:Eureka Rebellion 58: 48: 38: 33: 25: 19: 18: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4295: 4256:Public holidays 4197: 4141:Life expectancy 4054: 3936: 3887: 3676: 3648: 3634:Protected areas 3540: 3479: 3412: 3403: 3346: 3322: 3320:Primary sources 3286: 3275: 3155:Edwards, P. G. 3142:Dennis, Peter, 3126: 3115: 3098:Clark, Claire, 3064: 3028: 3018: 3016:Further reading 3013: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2760: 2756: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2671: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2614: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2523: 2519: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2423: 2406: 2405: 2398: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2227: 2184: 2180: 2127: 2123: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2018: 2011: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1977:Mises Institute 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1451: 1445: 1432: 1426: 1405:Uyghur minority 1393: 1387: 1374: 1350: 1298: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1212:Chinese Premier 1196: 1160: 1153:(left) in 1993. 1143: 1133: 1102: 1078:Australian Navy 1040: 1004: 975: 970: 964: 941: 906:When communist 904: 874:and the US and 828: 800: 794: 732: 718:despatched the 680: 660:Herbert Brookes 652:diplomatic rank 640: 602:to protect the 567: 541:Colonial Office 516: 488: 452: 450: 445: 444: 435: 427: 426: 379:South Australia 343:New South Wales 319:State/Territory 312: 304: 303: 250: 242: 241: 112: 104: 103: 102: 60: 56: 36: 32: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4377: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4050:Welfare system 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4025:Superannuation 4022: 4020:Stock exchange 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3983:Public housing 3978:Home ownership 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3925:Prime Minister 3922: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3883:Shadow Cabinet 3880: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3863: 3861:Public Service 3858: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3742: 3737: 3735:Federal budget 3732: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3567:Climate change 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3496:Constitutional 3493: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3330: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3306: 3300: 3298:online edition 3290: 3284: 3266: 3256: 3251:Murphy, John. 3248: 3247: 3238:Millar, T. B. 3235: 3234: 3220: 3210: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3152: 3151: 3140: 3130: 3124: 3106: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3062: 3049: 3039: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2984: 2971: 2954: 2948:James Cotton, 2941: 2928: 2914: 2908:978-1743794807 2907: 2887: 2875: 2862: 2836: 2823: 2793: 2784: 2754: 2736: 2726:on 11 May 2011 2709: 2695:, 4 May 2003, 2680: 2650: 2623: 2596: 2570: 2548: 2531:The Australian 2517: 2498: 2472: 2467:www.abc.net.au 2453: 2440: 2421: 2396: 2381: 2360: 2347: 2321: 2308: 2264: 2238: 2225: 2198:(4): 575–605. 2178: 2143:(2): 299–321. 2121: 2095:www.aph.gov.au 2081: 2055: 2042: 2029: 2016: 2009: 1989: 1963: 1938: 1931: 1905: 1892:www.abc.net.au 1879: 1872: 1852: 1850:(1993) pp 1-21 1839: 1814: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1758: 1735: 1722: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1589: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1531: 1519: 1504: 1492: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1447:Main article: 1444: 1441: 1428:Main article: 1425: 1422: 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1373: 1370: 1349: 1346: 1302:George W. Bush 1297: 1294: 1255: 1252: 1244: 1241: 1195: 1192: 1159: 1156: 1132: 1129: 1125:Nelson Mandela 1101: 1098: 1039: 1036: 1003: 1000: 974: 971: 963: 960: 940: 937: 903: 900: 843:United Kingdom 827: 824: 820:island hopping 816:Southeast Asia 796:Main article: 793: 790: 744:Robert Menzies 740:British Empire 731: 728: 679: 676: 639: 636: 566: 563: 515: 512: 490: 489: 487: 486: 479: 472: 464: 461: 460: 447: 446: 443: 442: 436: 433: 432: 429: 428: 423: 422: 417: 411: 410: 405: 399: 398: 393: 387: 386: 381: 375: 374: 369: 363: 362: 357: 351: 350: 345: 339: 338: 333: 327: 326: 321: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 284: 279: 274: 269: 268: 267: 257: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 234: 229: 227:Rail transport 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 187:Historiography 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 101: 100: 95: 90: 85: 79: 78: 77: 72: 67: 61: 54: 53: 50: 49: 41: 40: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4376: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Ethnic groups 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995:Manufacturing 3993: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3849:Republicanism 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804:National debt 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3370:Petrov Affair 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3355:Canberra Pact 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195:Lowe, David. 3194: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3125:9781760464684 3121: 3118:. ANU Press. 3114: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3063:9781740971577 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3041:Bell, Coral. 3040: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3007: 3005:9781139505635 3001: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2850: 2849:www.sipri.org 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2788: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2713: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2669: 2666:, p. 8, 2665: 2661: 2654: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2558: 2552: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2117: 2111: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2039: 2033: 2026: 2020: 2012: 2010:9781107470880 2006: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1934: 1932:9780313314988 1928: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1849: 1843: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1803: 1802:www.bbc.co.uk 1799: 1793: 1787:, p. 42. 1786: 1781: 1775:, p. 40. 1774: 1769: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1707:, p. 36. 1706: 1705:Schedvin 2008 1701: 1695:, p. 34. 1694: 1693:Schedvin 2008 1689: 1683:, p. 31. 1682: 1681:Schedvin 2008 1677: 1671:, p. 28. 1670: 1669:Schedvin 2008 1665: 1659:, p. 23. 1658: 1657:Schedvin 2008 1653: 1647:, p. 24. 1646: 1645:Schedvin 2008 1641: 1635:, p. 19. 1634: 1633:Schedvin 2008 1629: 1623:, p. 18. 1622: 1621:Schedvin 2008 1617: 1611:, p. 17. 1610: 1609:Schedvin 2008 1605: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1557: 1541: 1535: 1529:, p. 16. 1528: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1501: 1496: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1342:War on Terror 1339: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1315:War on Terror 1311: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258:Although new 1250: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:East Timorese 1173: 1170: 1166: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:1990 election 1052: 1048: 1047:George Shultz 1045: 1038:United States 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:peace process 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 969: 959: 956: 952: 947: 936: 933: 932:Gough Whitlam 928: 925: 921: 916: 914: 909: 908:North Vietnam 899: 897: 896:South Vietnam 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 830:Although the 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 799: 789: 786: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 745: 741: 737: 727: 725: 721: 717: 714:In 1934, the 712: 709: 705: 697: 693: 689: 684: 675: 673: 672:Stanley Bruce 668: 667:Thomas Bakhap 663: 661: 657: 656:Henry Braddon 653: 647: 645: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 562: 559: 555: 549: 546: 542: 538: 537:Alfred Deakin 533: 532:Edmund Barton 529: 525: 521: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 485: 480: 478: 473: 471: 466: 465: 463: 462: 459: 449: 448: 441: 438: 437: 431: 430: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 308: 307: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 266: 263: 262: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 246: 245: 238: 237:Unfree labour 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 108: 107: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 59: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 39: 30: 29: 26: 21: 20: 4324:Bibliography 4211:Architecture 4168:Prostitution 4151:Demographics 4116:Homelessness 4015:Reserve Bank 3829:Conservatism 3777:Constitution 3745:Human rights 3703:Constitution 3654:Subdivisions 3500: 3435:Bibliography 3360:Colombo Plan 3333: 3326: 3309: 3308:Watt, Alan. 3293: 3271: 3259: 3252: 3239: 3223: 3213: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3188:Lee, David. 3182: 3175: 3174:Grant, Ian. 3168: 3156: 3147: 3144:Jeffrey Grey 3133: 3111: 3099: 3090: 3083: 3071: 3053: 3042: 3034:Encyclopedia 3033: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2957: 2949: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2896: 2890: 2878: 2870: 2865: 2853:. Retrieved 2848: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2815:, retrieved 2806: 2796: 2787: 2776:, retrieved 2767: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2728:, retrieved 2724:the original 2718: 2712: 2701:, retrieved 2692: 2683: 2672:, retrieved 2663: 2653: 2642:, retrieved 2632: 2626: 2615:, retrieved 2611:the original 2605: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2583: 2573: 2561:. Retrieved 2551: 2539:. Retrieved 2535:the original 2530: 2520: 2511: 2501: 2489:. Retrieved 2484: 2475: 2466: 2456: 2448: 2443: 2415: 2411: 2390: 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2363: 2355: 2350: 2338:. Retrieved 2334: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2281:. Retrieved 2277: 2267: 2255:. Retrieved 2251: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2140: 2136: 2124: 2098:. Retrieved 2094: 2084: 2072:. Retrieved 2067: 2058: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2024: 2019: 1999: 1992: 1980:. Retrieved 1976: 1966: 1954:. Retrieved 1950: 1941: 1916: 1908: 1896:. Retrieved 1891: 1882: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1842: 1830:. Retrieved 1826: 1817: 1805:. 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