Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church

1269:

between the eighth and tenth centuries, and was revived for a few decades in the twelfth century. The diocese of Rishʿaina is attested between the seventh and eleventh centuries; and the diocese of Rish Kipa between the eighth and tenth centuries. An ephemeral diocese of Kfartutha, normally associated with Mardin, is attested in the seventh century, but may have been later revived; and a single bishop is also attested for Baghdashiya in the thirteenth century. In the first half of the twelfth century the dioceses of Dara, Nisibis, Harran, Khabur, Kfartutha and Tel Beshme were temporarily united with the diocese of Mardin owing to a steep decline in the number of Christians in the region. With the exception of Mardin itself, it is doubtful whether any of these dioceses persisted into the fourteenth century.

1301:(Qartmin Abbey), is attested from the sixth century onwards; and the diocese of Tur ʿAbdin, whose bishops sat in the monastery of the Cross near the village of Hah, from the eleventh century. Confusingly, bishops of both these dioceses often bore the title 'Tur ʿAbdin'. By the end of the thirteenth century there was a third diocese, whose bishops sat in the monastery of Mar Yaʿqob the Recluse near the village of Salah, and possibly a fourth, whose bishops sat in the monastery of Mar Abai near the village of Sawro. The dioceses of Salah and Sawro, both of which persisted for several centuries, are first reliably attested in 1283 and 1312 respectively, and references in hagiographies to sixth- and seventh-century bishops of these dioceses cannot be trusted. 1340:) respectively. They were among the Syriac Orthodox dioceses placed under the jurisdiction of the maphrians towards the end of the sixth century. Several bishops of Beth ʿArabaye are attested between the sixth and ninth centuries, and again between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. They were variously styled bishops of 'Beth ʿArabaye', 'Balad' or 'the monastery of Mar Sargis', and probably resided in the monastery of Mar Sargis near Balad. Several bishops of Shigar are attested between 630 and 818, but the diocese is not again mentioned until 1277. It is possible that for much of the intervening period Shigar was under the jurisdiction of the bishops of Beth ʿArabaye. The dioceses of Balad and Shigar both survived into the fourteenth century. 3245: 1507:(for which no bishops are known for the whole of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries), the monastery of Mar Mattai (for which no bishops are known for the whole of the thirteenth century), Gargar (for which no bishops are known for the whole of the thirteenth century), Hisn Ziyad (for which no bishops are known for the whole of the fourteenth century), and Maiperqat, may also have persisted undisturbed, but at present there is insufficient evidence to be certain, and they may all have been revived after lapsing for long periods. The diocese of Edessa seems to have come to an end after the city's depopulation in 1283, and by the beginning of the sixteenth century Edessa was included in the title of the metropolitans of Gargar. 3335: 3216: 2385: 1251:, attested between the seventh and thirteenth centuries; the diocese of Arsamosata, attested between the ninth and twelfth centuries; and the diocese of Hattakh, first mentioned towards the end of the thirteenth century. Bar Hebraeus also mentions a bishop of Aspharin, an ephemeral diocese carved out of the diocese of Amid by the patriarch Iwanis I (740–55), which existed for only a few years in the middle of the eighth century. The dioceses of Amid and Maiperqat persisted into the fourteenth century. The diocese of Hattakh, first mentioned in 1293, is not again mentioned until 1479, and it is not clear whether it survived into the fourteenth century or was later revived. 1103:. Tarsus, the metropolis of the Chalcedonian province of Cilicia Prima, is first mentioned as a Syriac Orthodox diocese in the seventh century, and survived as the seat of a Syriac Orthodox bishop or metropolitan until the end of the thirteenth century, the only Cilician diocese which appears to have persisted for so long. Syriac Orthodox bishops, and later metropolitans, of both Adana and Anazarbus are attested between the seventh and twelfth centuries. Other Syriac Orthodox dioceses attested between the seventh and tenth centuries include Citidiopolis (seventh century), Hamam (ninth to twelfth centuries), Hanzit (ninth century), Kinisa (ninth century) and 2331: 3320: 3202: 938: 2543: 2358: 2529: 2562: 3231: 760: 2670: 3260: 930: 2346: 740: 1514:. In 1330 the dioceses of Beth ʿArabaye and Sinjar were combined, with the consecration of a bishop 'of the monastery of Mar Sargis and Sinjar', who probably resided in the monastery of Mar Sargis near Balad. This diocese is not mentioned again, and by the sixteenth century the small Syriac Orthodox communities remaining in the Beth ʿArabaye region came under the authority of the bishops of Tur ʿAbdin, who occasionally included Sinjar in their titles. 2655: 6408: 3357: 788: 2370: 2682: 1546:

is first mentioned in 1312. A third diocese, Beth Rishe, whose bishops sat in the monastery of Mar Malke near the village of Hbab, is attested before the end of the fourteenth century. A fourth diocese, Natfa near Mardin, was created in the fourteenth century and persisted into the nineteenth century. A new diocese seems to have been created for Midyat in the fourteenth century. The title of the diocese also included

2262:(until 20 years ago). The identity characteristics defining the Tur Abdin Syriacs is the Neo-Aramaic language and the Syriac Orthodox Church, and their religious identity correlates to an ethnic identity. Intermarriage between Syriacs and other Christian groups (Armenians and Greeks) is therefore very rare. Unlike some other Syriac Christian religious communities in the Middle East, the Syriacs in Turkey still speak 770: 830: 750: 1518: 1526:

of a Jacobite bishop, two Jacobite dioceses are attested in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, one for Hama and Hardin and the other for Tripoli. A Jacobite diocese was also established in Cyprus in the thirteenth century, initially for Jacobite refugees and later for Jacobite merchants from the Mosul region, which persisted into the seventeenth century despite sporadic Latin persecution. In

1114:. Part of Cilicia was settled by Syriac Orthodox Christians in the tenth century, and a diocese of Gihon, created at this period, persisted into the twelfth century. Its bishops sat in the monastery of Barid, and the diocese is sometimes referred to as 'Gihon and Barid'. A Syriac Orthodox diocese of Kalinag, in eastern Cilicia, is attested in the eleventh century. A Syriac Orthodox diocese for 1614: 1656:, ʿAmuda and Ra's al-ʿAïn was placed in 1929 under the jurisdiction of the bishop Athanasius Thomas Qsir of Aleppo, who took the title Aleppo, Jazira and Khabur. In 1933 these districts were detached and organised into a separate diocese of Jazira and Khabur (renamed Jazira and Euphrates in 1943), whose bishops sat in the town of Hassakeh. 2076:. An estimated 15–20,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians lived there in 1991. Since the 1960s many have moved south, to Baghdad. The most recent estimations (2014) of their total population in Iraq number between 30,000 and 40,000 or 50,000–70,000. Historically, The Syriacs of the Nineveh Plains and Northern Iraq originated from 2162:(1687–1768) noted that many Maronite families were of Jacobite origin. A Jacobite community was present in Tripoli in the 17th century. The 1915 events forced Syriac Orthodox from Tur Abdin to flee to Lebanon, where they formed communities in the Beirut districts of Zahlah and Musaytbeh. Syriac Refugees from 1545:

region during the Mongol and post-Mongol period. The diocese of Salah, whose bishops sat in the monastery of Mar Yaʿqob the Recluse, is first mentioned in 1283, and was probably created in the second half of the thirteenth century. The diocese of Sawro, whose bishops sat in the monastery of Mar Abai,

1434:

Even if I wanted to be patriarch, as many others do, what is there to covet in the appointment, since so many dioceses of the East have been devastated? Should I set my heart on Antioch, where sighs and groans will meet me? Or the holy diocese of Gumal, where nobody is left to piss against a wall? Or

1171:

in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; and Guma in the thirteenth century. There were also ephemeral dioceses for Arabissus around the end of the tenth century and for Romana in the twelfth century. It is doubtful whether any of these dioceses, with the possible exceptions of Gargar and Hisn Ziyad,

1039:

district in 1155. It is unlikely that any of these dioceses, with the possible exception of Aleppo, persisted beyond the early years of the fourteenth century. Although an almost unbroken succession of bishops of Aleppo is attested from the early years of the sixteenth century onwards, no fourteenth-

1027:

between the eighth and eleventh centuries; Cyrrhus between the eighth and eleventh centuries; Qenneshrin between the eighth and tenth centuries; Mabbugh between the ninth and twelfth centuries; Gishra between the eighth and tenth centuries; and Karshena (Gudpaï) in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

2293:

region was the epicenter of the Syriac population of Turkey, with 50-70,000 Assyrians and Syriacs being recorded as living there prior to their exodus. As of 2012 2,400 live in Tur Abdin, although it might be around 3-5,000 now due to refugees from Iraq and Syria settling there, and Syriacs from the

1525:

However, the picture was not all gloom. Several Jacobite dioceses were created or revived between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries, particularly in the Tur ʿAbdin region, which increasingly became the heartland of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In Lebanon, which had never previously been the seat

1393:

Two other dioceses are mentioned only once, and may have been ephemeral. The unlocalised diocese of Khorasan, apparently to be distinguished from both Aprah and Herat, is mentioned in the first half of the ninth century in the lists of Michael the Syrian. The diocese of Beth Parsaye (literally, 'the

1074:

in the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries. Jerusalem was the seat of a Syriac Orthodox bishop at least as early as the eighth century. For most of the period covered by the lists of Michael the Syrian, both dioceses had metropolitan bishops. The diocese of Tiberias lapsed in the twelfth century but

1313:

region before the end of the sixth century, and were among the dioceses placed under the jurisdiction of the maphrians. The diocese of Beth Nuhadra, whose bishops sat initially in the monastery of Nardos near Deir Jundi and later in the town of Maʿaltha near Dohuk, is attested between the sixth and

1268:

Four stable Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed at various periods before the fourteenth century in the Mardin district. The diocese of Mardin is first attested in the seventh century, and has persisted without interruption up to the present day. The diocese of Tel Beshme is attested

1260:

also established at the end of the eighth century for Qalinqala (ancient Theodosiopolis, modern Erzerum), 'a city of Armenia'. Wastan, a city on the shore of Lake Van, was also a Jacobite diocese in the second half of the tenth century, but does not seem to have persisted into the eleventh century.

1259:

The Arzun region had three stable Syriac Orthodox dioceses before the fourteenth century: Arzun, attested between the seventh and twelfth centuries; Armenia (Akhlat), attested between the ninth and eleventh centuries; and Hesna d’Kifa, first attested in the eighth century. A short-lived diocese was

1919:, when many Christian people fled Turkey. In the mid-1970s it was estimated that 82,000 Syriac Orthodox lived in the country, but this number is now estimated at 400,000 in 2016 including other Assyrian groups. Part of the reason for this increase is due to an influx of Iraqi refugees after the 1728:

The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch originally covered the whole region of the Middle East and India. However, in recent centuries, its parishioners started to emigrate to other countries all over the world. Today, the Syriac Orthodox Church has several Archdioceses and Patriarchal Vicariates

1122:

rule, was established in the second half of the thirteenth century, whose bishops normally resided in the monastery of Gawikath. One of the bishops of Sis claimed the title of patriarch around the end of the thirteenth century and founded a line of patriarchs which persisted into the fifteenth

50: 1172:

persisted into the fourteenth century. The dioceses of Gargar and Hisn Ziyad are again attested from the late fourteenth and mid-fifteenth century respectively, but may have been revived, as no bishops of either diocese are known for more than a century before they are again mentioned.

1417:

cannot be even approximately localised: Harara (attested in 685), Dirig (end of the eighth century), Deboraitha (ninth century), Dula (ninth and tenth centuries), Helbon (ninth to eleventh centuries), Qadmanaye (eighth and ninth centuries), and Shalabdin (twelfth century).

1554:

or in the monastery of the Cross near Hesna d'Kifa. By the end of the sixteenth century the diocese was divided, and thereafter both Midyat and Hesna d'Kifa had their own bishops, with the bishops of Hesna d’Kifa sitting in the monastery of the Cross at al-ʿItafiya.

1204:

between the ninth and twelfth centuries; Raʿban between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries; and Tel Bshir (an ephemeral diocese in Crusader territory) in the twelfth century. It is doubtful whether any of these dioceses persisted into the fourteenth century.

1318:, which seems to have covered the Marga district, is attested between the sixth and tenth centuries, but may have persisted into the thirteenth century. The last-known bishop of Beth Nuhadra was consecrated in 1284, and is unlikely to have had a successor. 2170:(1975–1990), there were 65,000 Syriac Orthodox in the country. Half of the community emigrated as a result of violence, with many going to Sweden which protected "stateless people". As of 1987 there were only a few thousand Syriac Orthodox in Lebanon. The 1573:

By the sixteenth century certain names had become relatively firmly associated with particular dioceses, and were almost invariably taken by their bishops. The name Yohannan, for example, was associated with the diocese of Qartmin, and Dionysius with

1227:, attested between the seventh and fourteenth centuries; Callinicus (Raqqa), which also became the seat of a metropolitan in the ninth century, between the eighth and thirteenth centuries; Sarugh (Batna) between the eighth and twelfth centuries; 1075:

the diocese of Jerusalem, whose bishops may have resided in Tripolis for several decades after the recapture of Jerusalem by the Moslems in 1240, seems to have persisted into the fourteenth century. A short-lived Syriac Orthodox diocese of

2639:, It is an organization with several Churches, Educational Institutions, Orphanages, Old Age Home, Dayara, Convent, Publications, Mission Centers, Gospel Team, Care Mission, Missionary Training Institute. It is registered in 1949 under 1004:, Evaria, Iabruda, Abila and Chonochora), though Iabruda certainly had a Syriac Orthodox community. As far as the southern part of the Chalcedonian province of Euphratensis is concerned, a Syriac Orthodox diocese is attested for 921:, in the territory of the patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem. Syriac Orthodox Christians envisaged their church as the legitimate patriarchate of Antioch and appear to have tried to duplicate the hierarchy already existing. 977:, first attested in the seventh century. The diocese persisted into the fourteenth century and appears to have been one of the few Syriac Orthodox dioceses which continued undisturbed into the fifteenth century and beyond. 1040:

or fifteenth-century bishops of Aleppo are known. It seems likely that the diocese of Aleppo lapsed after the death of its bishop Mikha'il, attested in 1298, and was only revived at the beginning of the sixteenth century.

1406:, Gulia (in the Melitene district), Kfar Bat (unlocalised) and Kfar Kila (in Lebanon) in the ninth century, Halys (in northeast Turkey) and Hassassa (near Tagrit) in the tenth century, Gudpaï (southern Turkey), 1351:

diocese was created for Syriac Orthodox refugees from the Mosul region who settled in and around the Erbil village of Beth Sayyade, with the title of Beth Takshur (a Syriac Orthodox village near Mosul).

5604: 1231:

between the seventh and thirteenth centuries; Sibaberek (Severek) in the twelfth century; Khabur between the eighth and thirteenth centuries; and Tella d'Mauzalath (ancient Constantina, modern

1530:

new dioceses were created for Maʿdan towards the end of the fourteenth century, and for Zargel (whose bishops sat in the monastery of Mar Quriaqos) by the middle of the fifteenth century. The

2158:. A Jacobite community settled in Lebanon among the Maronites after Mongol invasions in the Late Middle Ages, however, this community was either dispersed or absorbed by the Maronites. 1000:

near Homs, attested in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. No record has survived of Syriac Orthodox bishops in the other towns in Phoenicia Libanesia with known Chalcedonian dioceses (

2033:

under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Nicodimus Dawood Sharaf. Served previously by the retired Archbishop but currently Patriarch Advisor Gregorius Saliba Shamoun.

1293:

Despite its later central importance in the history of the Syriac Orthodox Church, only two Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed before the thirteenth century in the

6268: 2316: 713: 5728: 2777:. In 1952, Patriarchal Vicariate for the USA and Canada was created, and in 1995, it was divided in three regional vicariates, for: Eastern America, Western America, and Canada. 4663: 2833: 1479:

came to an end in the fourteenth century. Only six Syriac Orthodox dioceses which existed at the end of the thirteenth century definitely persisted into the sixteenth century:

2211: 5091: 2143: 2128: 973:, in the areas covered by the Chalcedonian province of Phoenicia Libanesia and the southern part of the province of Euphratensis. There was a Syriac Orthodox diocese for 3160: 3100: 2222: 3048: 2135: 2102: 1329:, in the seventh century. This diocese seems to have persisted without a break up to the present day. A diocese was also established for Gazarta in the ninth century. 5749: 3137: 2041: 1601:, the Syriac Orthodox church revived the old diocese of Nisibis. Four Syriac Orthodox bishops of Nisibis sat in the monastery of Mar Awgin up to the outbreak of the 2233: 1110:

As a frontier province of the Roman empire, Cilicia was affected by the varying fortunes of war, and three later dioceses reflected Christian successes against the

1394:

country of the Persians') also features in the lists of Michael the Syrian for the same period, and has been tentatively localised by Dauvillier in eastern Iran.

3179: 2113: 949:

dioceses and around a thousand bishops are attested between the sixth and thirteenth centuries. The main sources for these dioceses and bishops are the lists of

3334: 3244: 3062: 1390:

between the eighth and tenth centuries; Aprah in Segestan between the eighth and eleventh centuries; and Herat, also between the eighth and eleventh centuries.

2964:

for economic and political reasons. Dayro d-Mor Ephrem in Netherlands is the first Syriac Orthodox monastery in Europe established in 1981. Dayro d-Mor Awgen,

1989: 1031:

The diocese of Gishra was incorporated into the diocese of Mabbugh during the reign of Athanasius IV (987–1003), and Mabbugh in turn was incorporated into the

17: 1347:

region there were dioceses for Beth Ramman and Beth Waziq (seventh to thirteenth centuries) and for Shahrzur. In the second half of the thirteenth century an

5410: 2278:

traditionally speaks Arabic due to historical reasons. Intermarriage between Syriacs and other Christian groups (Armenians and Greeks) is very rare as well.

1410:(near the Syrian border with Jordan) and Hezza (near Maiperqat) in the eleventh century, and Hisn Jaʿbar (on the Euphrates, in Iraq) in the twelfth century. 6261: 1758:

and the diaspora, numbering between 150,000 and 200,000 people in their indigenous area of habitation in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey according to estimations.

708: 1079:

was also established in the Crusader stronghold of Acre in the thirteenth century, which doubtless lapsed after the fall of Acre to the Mamluks in 1291.

816: 5381: 2384: 1139:, which seems to have been the seat of a metropolitan from the late ninth century onwards, is attested between the seventh and thirteenth centuries; 957:, written in the second half of the thirteenth century. Several bishops not known either to Michael the Syrian or Bar Hebraeus are mentioned in the 3215: 1188:, which appears to have been the seat of a metropolitan from the late eighth century onwards, is attested between the sixth and twelfth centuries; 1963:

in 2012 damaged the city and dispersed much of its population, which was until then home to a large Christian community of various denominations.

6254: 5352: 2286: 1550:, whose Syriac Orthodox diocese lapsed in the eleventh century, and it is not clear whether its bishops sat in the monastery of Mar Abraham near 5815: 395: 1359:, the capital of the ʿAbbasid caliphate, is attested between the ninth and thirteenth centuries. There were also Syriac Orthodox dioceses for 3201: 858: 5493: 1363:, Karma (seventh to thirteenth centuries), Bahrin, Piroz Shabur, Karsabak, ʿAqula, and the Bani Taghlib Arabs (seventh to tenth centuries). 1011:

Nine Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed at various periods before the fourteenth century in northern Syria. The diocese of

1659:

Since the Second World War the Syriac Orthodox Church has established a number of dioceses and patriarchal vicariates for its diaspora in

1332:

Two Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed in the Beth ʿArabaye region between the sixth and fourteenth centuries, centred on

1426:

It is clear that the late thirteenth century was a period of disruption for the Syriac Orthodox Church. According to a famous passage of

763: 4704: 2330: 5685: 2419: 1062:(whose bishops sat first at Paneas and later at Tiberias) and the other for Jerusalem. The Syriac Orthodox bishops of Golan resided at 208: 5967:"From Religious Association to Ethnic Community: A Research Project on Identity Formation among the Syrian Orthodox under Muslim Rule" 4671: 953:, compiled in the twelfth century. Many other dioceses and bishops are mentioned in other literary sources, particularly the works of 5334: 2542: 1378:

Four substantial Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed before the fourteenth century in eastern Iran and Central Asia:

6387: 5095: 2734: 2631:

is the missionary association of Syriac Orthodox Church founded in 1924 by 'Malphono Naseeho' Geevarghese Athunkal Cor-Episcopa at

773: 6346: 3319: 2687: 1531: 1167:

in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; Hisn Mansur, Hisn Ziyad (Harput) and Semha between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries;

809: 163: 6392: 989:) in the ninth century; and an ephemeral Jacobite diocese for Sadad, a town between Damascus and Homs, in the twelfth century. 6068:

Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition

1923:

along with natural population growth over a 40-year period. Other centers of Syriac Orthodox people outside of Jazira include

1402:

Several other Syriac Orthodox dioceses appear to have been ephemeral, including Ibidinge (in Isauria) in the seventh century,

6218: 6168: 6147: 6076: 6055: 6034: 5838: 5529: 5049: 5007: 4980: 4920: 4841: 4796: 3207: 2166:

arrived in 1921 to bolster their numbers. In 1944 it was estimated that 3,753 Syriac Orthodox lived in Lebanon. Prior to the

623: 5630: 3389: 2528: 6382: 5577: 2620: 2567: 1049: 658: 5757: 5666: 5190: 2357: 2561: 753: 3370: 2765:, and that name was used for legal incorporation of first parishes (1919). By the middle of the 20th century, the term 802: 167: 95: 5418: 5156: 1510:

Several dioceses in Iraq came to an end during the fourteenth century, some possibly during the terrible campaigns of

1430:, several Syriac Orthodox dioceses were depopulated in the 1270s, and some (though not all) may never have recovered: 969:

Eight Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed at various periods before the fourteenth century in southern

6433: 6126: 6100: 6011: 5955: 5931: 5907: 5866: 5614: 5587: 5209:"Missionary Training Institute,Mission centres-The Evangelistic Association of the East,EAE,Perumbavoor,Kerala,India" 4820: 2669: 2640: 2534: 1891:

Syriac Orthodox Church is one of eight Christian denominations in the country. They are most heavily concentrated in

1235:) between the seventh and tenth centuries. None of these dioceses seem to have survived into the fourteenth century. 132: 100: 6377: 6356: 3259: 3230: 2830: 2492: 2434: 1907:

where they make up a majority along with other Syriac Christian people groups. They also established the cities of

1314:

thirteenth centuries, usually under the name Beth Nuhadra but occasionally under the name Maʿaltha. The diocese of

1164: 1015:, which was the seat of a metropolitan by the eighth century, is attested between the seventh and tenth centuries; 176: 80: 6291: 2877: 2312: 1131:

Seventeen Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed at various periods before the fourteenth century in

1100: 668: 237: 5830:

Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom

5208: 6326: 6316: 4621: 1464: 1136: 997: 558: 2080:, but immigrated to the north during a period between 1089 and the 1400s due to persecution and a genocide by 6361: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6321: 6296: 6115:"Negotiating Identity with the Homeland: The Syriac Orthodox of North America in the Early Twentieth Century" 5389: 4742: 3236: 2281:

It was estimated in 2016 that there were 10,000 Syriac Orthodox in Turkey, with most living in Istanbul. The

1460: 1452: 1448: 1356: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1140: 985:

also had Syriac Orthodox dioceses. There was an ephemeral Jacobite diocese for the coastal port of Laodicea (

316: 194: 154: 6351: 6311: 5714: 3123: 2710: 1092: 468: 6306: 6301: 2200: 1456: 1315: 1243:

Four substantial Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed before the fourteenth century in the

1148: 743: 31: 1936: 673: 311: 5360: 4722: 1590:, hitherto under the jurisdiction of the diocese of Mar Mattai, in response to the consecration of a 1214: 346: 247: 159: 75: 2594:

with the patriarch as its spiritual head. They are the followers of the Syrian merchant Knāy Thoma (

4611: 2948:

Earlier in 20th century many Syrian Orthodox immigrated to Western Europe diaspora, located in the

2159: 894: 528: 518: 252: 5237: 1192:(Marʿash) between the seventh and twelfth centuries; Urim between the eighth and ninth centuries; 6210:

The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery

6004:

Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300-1100

5172: 1563: 1559: 508: 444: 282: 232: 218: 123: 2681: 6178:

Swiderski, Richard Michael (1988). "Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians".

5238:"Valiapally, St. Mary's Knanaya Church, Pilgrim Centre, Kottayam, Kerala, India Kerala Tourism" 3081: 2438: 1892: 1851: 1713: 1591: 842: 618: 588: 371: 366: 361: 272: 262: 172: 150: 128: 119: 70: 65: 6137: 6045: 6022: 5828: 5065: 4997: 2654: 6158: 5824: 4970: 4910: 2458: 2369: 2263: 1781:, sometimes Turkish. The traditional cultural and religious center of the Syriac Orthodox is 1766: 1562:, a new diocese was created in the middle of the sixteenth century, whose bishops sat in the 1298: 1200:

between the eighth and eleventh centuries; Kaishum between the eighth and twelfth centuries;

1180:

Nine Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed before the fourteenth century in the

958: 870: 834: 683: 287: 267: 257: 6208: 5947:

Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux

5693: 5315: 4786: 4745:. Malankara Archdiocese of the Syriac Church in North America. 10 April 2019. Archived from 2345: 1854:

and Euphrates under the spiritual guidance and direction of acting Archbishop Maurice Amsih.

1382:(or Segestan), attested between the seventh and thirteenth centuries; Gurgan (later renamed 5750:"HE Archbishop Mor Malatius Malki thank you letter to ACM Australian Coptic Movement (ACM)" 3341: 2636: 2462: 2446: 2155: 2037: 1527: 1326: 277: 8: 6412: 6246: 5037: 3362: 3005: 2798: 2591: 2245: 1778: 1770: 1440: 1224: 1104: 937: 846: 792: 653: 493: 213: 85: 6229: 5648: 2590:

Syriac Orthodox Church is an archdiocese under the guidance and direction of Archbishop

6195: 5986: 5809: 2814: 2702: 2661: 2628: 2485: 2175: 2167: 2163: 1981: 1900: 1835: 1629:

were ruined in the First World War (Dioscorus Bar Sawma, the Syriac Orthodox bishop of

1472: 1414: 1282: 1055: 950: 678: 593: 563: 415: 405: 292: 242: 39: 4893: 3390:"Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East ( Christianity, Britannica)" 917:. The Syriac Orthodox movement was initially confined to the eastern provinces of the 6214: 6164: 6143: 6122: 6096: 6072: 6051: 6030: 6007: 5990: 5951: 5941: 5927: 5917: 5903: 5862: 5834: 5610: 5583: 5439: 5045: 5003: 4976: 4916: 4837: 4816: 4792: 4617: 2887: 2866: 2598:) in the 4th or 8th century, while another legend traces their origin to Jews in the 2454: 1916: 1896: 1794: 1652:

mandate of Syria. As a result, the Syriac refugee population of the districts around

1597:

In the 1840s, shortly after it recovered the ancient monastery of Mar Awgin from the

1344: 1201: 1189: 1067: 1032: 693: 608: 533: 90: 5603:

Brock, Sebastian P.; Kiraz, George; Butts, Aaron Michael; Rompay, Lucas Van (2011).

5530:"New Archbishop His Eminence John Ghassali Mor Chrysostom is Enthroned in Argentina" 2721:, and that term was used as a denominational designation. In order to achieve legal 2705:

emerged in the United States, as a result of emigration from various regions of the

1703:. The church also has a 'diocese of patriarchal institutions', whose bishop sits at 6187: 5978: 5537: 5511: 5353:"Archbishop Clemis Eugene Kaplan, Member of the Suryoyo Assyrian Hall of the Shame" 4613:

Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics

2714: 2635:. This Arch Diocese is under the direct control of Patriarch under the guidance of 2285:

region is an historical stronghold of Orthodox Syriacs. Prior to the 1970s and the

2271: 2171: 1751: 1598: 850: 583: 578: 356: 341: 1988:

was under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Gabriel Dahho . (see

1883:

under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Timothius Matta AlKhouri.

1876:

under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Selwanos Petros AL-Nemeh.

1746:

Syriac Orthodox Christians in the Middle East, known simply as Assyrians/Syriacs (

1716:

at that time had a total of 130,000 members, of whom 115,000 members lived in the

1421: 996:(Baalbek), attested between the seventh and eleventh centuries; and a diocese for 6114: 6110: 6090: 6086: 6066: 5999: 5945: 5921: 5897: 5856: 5039: 5016: 2883: 2862: 2510: 2499: 1928: 1862: 1774: 1602: 1547: 1016: 946: 890: 866: 703: 698: 553: 498: 473: 410: 400: 6231:

Lingerings of light in a dark land: researches into the Syrian church of Malabar

5457: 3803:, pp. 169–70 (ʿArqa), 199–200 (Gargar), 227–8 (Laqabin) and 256–7 (Qlaudia) 5877: 3173: 3167: 2595: 2513:. This is because almost all Syriac Christians in India hail from the State of 2502: 2057: 1696: 1638: 1634: 1012: 902: 603: 568: 463: 439: 376: 203: 5982: 5899:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

1309:

Two Syriac Orthodox dioceses, Beth Nuhadra and Gumal, were established in the

6427: 5475: 4936: 3222: 2901: 2783: 2098: 2018:

under the spiritual guidance and direction of Archbishop Severius Jamil Hawa.

1920: 1668: 1059: 538: 351: 5966: 2729:

religious communities and associations had to accept the fact that the term

2484:

Simhasana Churches and Honavar Mission is under direct control of Patriarch

1765:

in the Middle Ages. The Syriac Orthodox Christians of the Middle East speak

1087:

Eleven separate Syriac Orthodox dioceses are attested at various periods in

893:

movement began in the sixth century, the Christian world was organised into

5579:

Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation

4728:

A Center of Transnational Syriac Orthodoxy: St. Mark's Convent in Jerusalem

4607: 2839: 1944: 1940: 1834:

and All the East, the Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church

1427: 1143:(also the seat of a metropolitan) between the tenth and twelfth centuries; 1115: 1076: 954: 918: 598: 458: 434: 306: 1704: 1683:

in 1982. In Europe the church established a diocese of Central Europe and

929: 3309: 3294: 3270: 3150: 3144: 3117: 3075: 3069: 2981: 2969: 2961: 2953: 2632: 2599: 2549: 2478: 2391: 2061: 1755: 1739: 1717: 1692: 1633:, was among the members of the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy murdered by the 1538:

was restored in 1556 and became the seat of a bishop shortly afterwards.

1476: 1387: 1024: 1005: 613: 513: 381: 6000:"Ethnicity, Ethnogenesis and the Identity of Syriac Orthodox Christians" 941:

Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch during the Middle Ages

6199: 4705:"King receives Patriarch of Antioch and head of Syriac Orthodox Church" 3026: 2470: 2337: 1653: 1581: 1558:

In the Mosul region, which had long had only the single diocese of the

1511: 1333: 1232: 1132: 910: 648: 543: 1608: 5878:"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians" 5778: 5216: 3305: 3288: 2914: 2908: 2891: 2870: 2811: 2706: 2506: 2290: 2282: 2073: 2030: 1970: 1924: 1904: 1827: 1782: 1762: 1680: 1644:

In 1921 there was a large migration of Syriac Orthodox refugees from

1618: 1542: 1500: 1294: 1248: 1193: 1181: 1036: 914: 523: 6191: 5558: 5038:

Aphram I. Barsoum; Ighnāṭyūs Afrām I (Patriarch of Antioch) (2008).

4834:

Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day

4726: 3326: 2695: 2498:

Unlike most other patriarchal churches abroad, the language of the

2229: 2218: 2192: 2069: 2065: 1952: 1932: 1912: 1880: 1844: 1786: 1660: 1586:

In 1792 or 1793 a separate Syriac Orthodox diocese was created for

1567: 1484: 1220: 1185: 1071: 1001: 974: 933:

Map showing historical localities in Northern Mesopotamia and Syria

884: 878: 841:

In the period of its greatest expansion, in the tenth century, the

837:', seat of the Syriac Orthodox patriarchs after the First World War 663: 548: 429: 5494:"New Archbishop for Syriac Orthodox Church Enthroned in Argentina" 4746: 4639:"Kafram: An Ancient Syriac Town Famous for Gorgeous Nature Charms" 49: 6407: 6092:

The Syriac Orthodox in North America (1895–1995): A Short History

5822: 5022: 3356: 3278: 3251: 3154: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3018: 3012: 2977: 2973: 2957: 2587: 2139: 2124: 2091: 2011: 1908: 1831: 1802: 1684: 1630: 1626: 1535: 1488: 1403: 1383: 1310: 1278: 1168: 1119: 1088: 993: 986: 982: 906: 854: 787: 688: 503: 5248: 2449:

as its supreme head. The local head of the church in Malankara (

829: 5158:

The Christians of Kerala: A Brief Profile of All Major Churches

3131: 3113: 3107: 3022: 2997: 2990: 2949: 2942: 2930: 2924: 2852: 2846: 2790: 2514: 2474: 2450: 2376: 2275: 2267: 2207: 2196: 2185: 2120: 2077: 2026: 2015: 1985: 1977: 1948: 1858: 1790: 1700: 1688: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1649: 1645: 1575: 1551: 1504: 1492: 1475:, it seems likely that a number of Syriac Orthodox dioceses in 1444: 1436: 1422:

The Syriac Orthodox Church in the Mongol and Post-Mongol Period

1407: 1379: 1360: 1337: 1228: 1197: 1063: 1020: 862: 718: 5092:"Middle Eastern Christians Flee Violence for Ancient Homeland" 4664:"Fearful Christmas for Syrian Christian town threatened by IS" 2495:, is not affiliated with the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church. 2445:, is an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, with the 1297:. The diocese of Qartmin, whose bishops sat in the celebrated 857:

remained, reduced in the twentieth century to 10. The seat of

6027:

Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century

4768: 4766: 4764: 4638: 3094: 3088: 2553: 2466: 2442: 2400: 2109: 2081: 2053: 2022: 1820: 1806: 1798: 1587: 1322: 1111: 1096: 970: 924: 643: 573: 5114: 5112: 5033: 5031: 4743:"Consecration of Archbishop Patriarchal Vicar for Jerusalem" 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 1517: 1219:

Seven Syriac Orthodox dioceses are known to have existed in

5800:

Abbeloos, Jean Baptiste; Lamy, Thomas Joseph, eds. (1877).

5124: 5072: 3266: 2965: 2004: 1960: 1956: 1955:, where Their Patriarchate is centered in since 1959., and 1873: 1869: 1810: 1496: 1480: 1413:

Several Syriac Orthodox dioceses mentioned in the lists of

1372: 1244: 1223:

before the fourteenth century: the metropolitan diocese of

1155:

between the ninth and thirteenth centuries; ʿArqa, Gargar,

978: 898: 874: 6276: 5260: 5173:"Ministry Of Corporate Affairs - societiesregistrationact" 5136: 4947: 4761: 1641:

auxiliaries in 1915), and were not revived after the war.

5923:

Communautés syriaques en Iran et Irak des origines à 1552

5109: 5028: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4569: 2315: