25:
1124:
3933:
1104:
3943:
105:
1152:
350:
3953:
1134:
3963:
1114:
1480:
1601:
1731:, from the perspective of the Alexandrine Christology, has deviated from the approved Cyrillian terminology and declared that Christ was one hypostasis in two natures. However, in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, "Christ was conceived of the Holy Spirit and of the Virgin Mary," thus the foundation of the definition according to the non-Chalcedonian adherents, according to the Christology of
1705:
1859:, which refers to a conjoined nature for Christ, both human and divine, united indivisibly in the Incarnate Logos. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria believes that Christ is perfect in His divinity, and he is perfect in his humanity, but his divinity and his humanity were united in one nature called "the nature of the incarnate word", which was reiterated by
1946:, in return for defense from the Caliphate as non-Muslims were not allowed to serve in the army. The payment of the jizya tax also meant that Copts were required to wear special clothing to distinguish them from Muslims and that they could practice their own Coptic Law exempt from Shari'a law courts. This tax was abolished in 1855 under
1653:
acted quickly to correct this breach with orthodoxy, requesting that
Nestorius repent. When he would not, the Synod of Alexandria met in an emergency session and a unanimous agreement was reached. Pope Cyril I of Alexandria, supported by the entire See, sent a letter to Nestorius known as "The Third
1694:
for you have borne unto us the
Saviour of the world. Glory to you O our Master and King: Christ, the pride of the Apostles, the crown of the martyrs, the rejoicing of the righteous, firmness of the churches and the forgiveness of sins. We proclaim the Holy Trinity in One Godhead: we worship Him, we
1451:
was born in Egypt and was instrumental in the formation of the Coptic
Orthodox Church character of submission, simplicity and humility, thanks to the teachings and writings of the Great Fathers of Egypt's Deserts. By the end of the 5th century, there were hundreds of monasteries, and thousands of
1411:
Many scholars such as Jerome visited the school of
Alexandria to exchange ideas and to communicate directly with its scholars. The scope of this school was not limited to theological subjects; science, mathematics and humanities were also taught there. The question-and-answer method of commentary
1832:
By anathemizing Pope Leo, because of the tone and content of his Tome, as per
Alexandrine theology perception, Pope Discoros was found guilty of doing so, without due process, in other words, the Tome of Leo was not a subject of heresy in the first place, but it was a question of questioning the
1828:
To make thing even worse, the Tome of Pope Leo of Rome was, according to the
Alexandria school of theology, particularly in regards to the definition of Christology, considered influenced by Nestorian heretical teachings. So, due to the above-mentioned, especially in the consecutive sequences of
1824:
and the unfortunate turnouts of the Second
Council of Ephesus in 449 AD, where Eutichus misled Pope Dioscoros and the council in confessing the Orthodox faith in writing and then renouncing it after the council, which in turn, had upset Rome, especially that the tome which was sent was not read
1815:
regards itself as having been misunderstood at the
Council of Chalcedon. There was an opinion in the church that viewed that perhaps the council understood the Church of Alexandria correctly, but wanted to curtail the existing power of the Alexandrine Hierarch, especially after the events that
1590:
We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, who proceeds from the Father, who with the Father and the Son is worshipped and glorified who spoke by the
Prophets and in One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. We confess one Baptism for the remission of sins and we look for the
414:
1866:
Copts, thus, believe in two natures "human" and "divine" that are united in one hypostasis "without mingling, without confusion, and without alteration". These two natures "did not separate for a moment or the twinkling of an eye" (Coptic
Liturgy of Saint Basil of Caesarea).
1787:
Almost the entire Egyptian population rejected the terms of the Council of Chalcedon and remained faithful to the native Egyptian Church (now known as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria). Those who supported the Chalcedonian definition remained in
1912:
The Arab Muslim conquest of Egypt took place in 639. Despite the political upheaval, historians estimate that the majority of the Egyptian population remained Christian until somewhere between the 9th century and the middle of the 14th century.
1562:. The creed, which is now recited throughout most of the Christian world, was based largely on the teaching put forth by an Egyptian deacon Athanasius of Alexandria, patriarch of Alexandria and the chief opponent of Arius and his teachings.
1557:
325 AD was convened by the Roman Emperor Constantine I under the presidency of Hosius of Cordova and Pope Alexander I of Alexandria to resolve the dispute and eventually led to the formulation of the Symbol of Faith, also known as the
1829:
events, the Hierarchs of Alexandria were considered holding too much of power from one hand, and on the other hand, due to the conflict of the schools of theology, an impasse was to be and there was a scape goat, i.e. Pope Disocoros.
1840:
Copts also believe that the Pope of Alexandria was forcibly prevented from attending the third congregation of the council from which he was ousted, apparently the result of a conspiracy tailored by the Roman delegates.
1685:
into two hypostases was anathema, as Cyril had said that there is "One Nature for God the Word Incarnate" (Mia Physis tou Theou Logou Sesarkōmenē). Also, the introduction to the creed was formulated as follows:
1471:
founded the Benedictine Order in the 6th century on the model of Pachomius, but in a stricter form. Countless pilgrims have visited the "Desert Fathers" to emulate their spiritual, disciplined lives.
1424:
Many Egyptian Christians went to the desert during the 3rd century, and remained there to pray and work and dedicate their lives to seclusion and worship of God. This was the beginning of the
1459:
Archbishop of Caesaria of Cappadocia, founder and organiser of the monastic movement in Asia Minor, visited Egypt around 357 AD and his rule is followed by the Eastern Orthodox Churches;
1658:." This epistle drew heavily on the established Patristic Constitutions and contained the most famous article of Alexandrian Orthodoxy: "The Twelve Anathemas of Saint Cyril." In these
1077:
3782:
2815:
1400:, who was considered the father of theology and who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative Biblical studies. Origen wrote over 6,000 commentaries of the
2225:. O'Sullivan concludes in favor of an early date for Islamization during the 9th century, but cites Tamer el-Leithy as a recent defense of a later date during the 14th.
2810:
2805:
1274:
the prophet, in Chapter 19, Verse 19 says "In that day there will be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar to the LORD at its border."
2251:
1970:
in Egypt, the first display of Egyptian identity with respect to its homogeneity of Egypt's modern society with both its Muslim and Christian components occurred.
1978:
Over the centuries, many Coptic historians recorded the history of the Copts and that of the Coptic Church. The most prominent of these Coptic historians are:
1886:
Patriarchs, appointed by the emperors as both spiritual leaders and civil governors, massacred the Egyptian population whom they considered heretics. Many
1072:
149:
1180:
1452:
cells and caves scattered throughout the Egyptian desert. A great number of these monasteries are still flourishing and have new vocations to this day.
3337:
1890:
were tortured and martyred to accept the terms of Chalcedon, but Egyptians remained loyal to the faith of their fathers and to the Cyrillian view of
2334:
The Story of the Church of Egypt: Being an Outline of the History of the Egyptians Under Their Successive Masters from the Roman Conquest Until Now
2584:
2119:
336:
759:
3206:
1754:
teach. This is the doctrinal perception that makes the apparent difference which separated the Oriental Orthodox from the Eastern Orthodox.
1724:
that the emperor, through the Imperial delegates, enforced harsh disciplinary measures against Pope Dioscorus in response of his boldness.
1848:", though the Coptic Orthodox Church in reality regards monophysitism as a heresy. The Chalcedonian doctrine in turn came to be known as "
1127:
254:
1844:
Before the current positive era of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox dialogues, Chalcedonians sometimes used to call the non-Chalcedonians "
1662:, Cyril excommunicated anyone who followed the teachings of Nestorius. For example, "Anyone who dares to deny the Holy Virgin the title
2832:
2800:
2075:
572:
1521:
313 AD marked an end of anti-Christianity; afterwards Constantine made Christianity legal, which may have led to the decline of many
1505:. Two types of thread were used, but only the white linen threads have survived, and the red woolen threads have mostly deteriorated.
3661:
3189:
2671:
2154:
1738:
In terms of Christology, the Oriental Orthodox (non-Chalcedonians) understanding is that Christ is "One Nature—the Logos Incarnate,"
3673:
3064:
1137:
1720:– the Pope of Alexandria who was later exiled – was that the emperor should not intervene in the affairs of the church. It was at
3108:
2842:
1993:
1933:
1384:, the school of Alexandria became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as
1173:
527:
378:
300:
295:
3997:
2385:
1797:
3910:
2315:
1369:
987:
1266:
The Egyptian Church, which is now more than nineteen centuries old, regards itself as the subject of many prophecies in the
3734:
3388:
3332:
3288:
3101:
2775:
2765:
2725:
1812:
1793:
1624:
joined with human nature, but rather dwelt in the man Jesus. As a consequence of this, he denied the title "Mother of God"
1251:: "When he arose, he took the young Child and His mother by night and departed for Egypt, and was there until the death of
1217:
1022:
3582:
2263:
3393:
3133:
3019:
1776:
From that point onward, Alexandria would have two patriarchs: the non-Chalcedonian native Egyptian one, now known as the
1667:
1117:
274:
2191:
3846:
3777:
3656:
3278:
3155:
2822:
2703:
2630:
2618:
2579:
2351:
1166:
531:
459:
1545:
began a theological dispute about the nature of Christ that spread throughout the Christian world and is now known as
3381:
2910:
496:
464:
68:
46:
39:
3514:
3177:
2900:
540:
444:
290:
280:
264:
2090:
3992:
3873:
3841:
3594:
3320:
2730:
2450:
1817:
1575:
1032:
601:
3442:
3236:
3199:
1962:'s dynasty. The Coptic community ceased to be regarded by the state as an administrative unit and, by 1855 the
922:
285:
3729:
3524:
2930:
2455:
2438:
1936:
680:
558:
518:
3641:
3705:
3509:
3477:
3293:
2925:
2795:
2718:
1605:
832:
1958:
The position of the Copts began to improve early in the 19th century under the stability and tolerance of
3956:
3868:
3710:
3452:
3342:
3165:
2960:
2827:
2770:
2666:
2541:
1967:
1784:" or Imperial Patriarch, now known as the Greek Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa.
1107:
395:
371:
3863:
3668:
3565:
3548:
3531:
3472:
3298:
3253:
3184:
3123:
3096:
2740:
2599:
2378:
1037:
675:
2116:
3829:
3772:
3739:
3504:
3414:
3376:
3371:
3359:
3258:
2950:
2920:
2905:
2657:
2136:
1834:
1770:
1633:
710:
611:
523:
439:
3905:
3885:
3693:
3519:
3315:
3303:
3140:
3118:
2785:
2735:
2676:
2635:
2511:
2506:
2472:
2433:
1925:
1907:
1674:
1357:
began to spread to the rural areas, and scriptures were translated into the local language, namely
1333:
spread throughout Egypt within half a century of Mark's arrival in Alexandria as is clear from the
892:
882:
616:
33:
3987:
3814:
3437:
3172:
3024:
2997:
2982:
2977:
2713:
2613:
1717:
1571:
1554:
1429:
872:
808:
646:
596:
582:
487:
182:
1666:
is Anathema!" Nestorius however, still would not repent and so this led to the convening of the
3966:
3895:
3824:
3646:
3614:
3308:
3246:
3241:
2955:
2420:
1988:
1766:
1437:
1209:
982:
952:
735:
730:
725:
636:
626:
536:
514:
492:
483:
434:
429:
364:
331:
326:
321:
50:
2158:
1837:
in 449 AD. Pope Dioscorus of Alexandria was never labeled as heretic by the council's canons.
3900:
3792:
3762:
3651:
3631:
3577:
3489:
3128:
3086:
3081:
3059:
2867:
2857:
2642:
2521:
2489:
2371:
2037:
1959:
1921:
1389:
1385:
1286:
1047:
651:
631:
621:
2072:
3767:
3717:
3587:
2691:
2681:
1895:
1879:
1778:
Coptic Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic See of St. Mark
1777:
1728:
1455:
All Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example:
1298:
641:
209:
1966:
tax was lifted. Shortly thereafter, Christians started to serve in the Egyptian army. The
8:
3878:
3858:
3678:
3626:
3621:
3560:
3462:
3145:
3076:
3071:
2790:
2494:
1860:
1732:
1650:
1646:
1377:
1302:
1290:
1156:
1017:
857:
577:
449:
354:
124:
2205:
3688:
3599:
3499:
3366:
3194:
3160:
3113:
3091:
2987:
2889:
2760:
2647:
2594:
2284:
2014:
1805:
1747:
1742:
the full humanity and full divinity. The Chalcedonians understanding is that Christ is
1690:
We magnify you O Mother of the True Light and we glorify you O saint and Mother of God
1468:
1255:, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying,
1042:
957:
927:
779:
769:
656:
606:
403:
270:
204:
194:
3942:
3836:
3636:
3543:
3494:
3447:
3432:
3347:
3263:
3150:
3048:
3029:
2862:
2536:
2531:
2462:
2445:
2428:
2347:
2311:
2052:
1999:
1947:
1757:
The council's findings were rejected by many of the Christians on the fringes of the
1393:
1260:
1057:
972:
897:
454:
214:
177:
164:
3698:
3797:
3754:
3724:
3572:
3354:
3283:
3225:
2940:
2935:
2915:
2837:
2652:
2553:
2484:
2467:
2408:
2216:
2008:
1876:
1758:
1282:
1197:
947:
942:
720:
705:
260:
250:
3609:
3787:
3604:
3555:
3457:
3273:
3009:
2992:
2623:
2548:
2123:
2079:
2042:
1929:
1821:
1416:, wood-carving techniques were in use there by blind scholars to read and write.
1358:
1346:
1252:
1067:
1062:
917:
862:
837:
774:
764:
305:
219:
169:
159:
134:
3936:
3890:
3744:
3683:
3467:
3268:
2708:
2567:
2501:
1789:
1621:
1514:
1342:
1294:
967:
932:
827:
803:
740:
245:
240:
235:
1942:
During Islamic rule, the Copts were required to pay a special tax, called the
1612:
Another theological dispute in the 5th century occurred over the teachings of
3981:
3819:
3807:
3802:
3482:
2572:
2047:
2024:
1982:
1845:
1801:
1678:
1518:
1334:
1267:
1221:
1220:
are on display in many museums around the world and a large number is in the
902:
715:
1341:, in Middle Egypt, which date around the year 200 AD, and a fragment of the
3946:
3536:
2945:
2604:
2178:
1856:
1849:
1751:
1638:
1579:
1559:
1354:
1353:
and can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century. In the 2nd century,
1330:
1306:
1225:
1201:
962:
822:
798:
670:
189:
144:
2965:
2696:
2686:
2479:
2003:
1891:
1583:
1502:
1494:
1483:
1456:
1448:
1425:
1350:
1338:
1244:
977:
877:
745:
199:
3014:
2972:
1381:
1278:
1012:
907:
129:
1463:
who translated the Bible into Latin, came to Egypt, while en route to
3853:
3325:
2220:
1991:(died 987), bishop, theologian, and historian; first compiler of the
1887:
1762:
1721:
1713:
1655:
1627:
1613:
1538:
1464:
1441:
1433:
1316:
887:
139:
1924:(reigned 996–1021) and Copts were massacred during the reign of the
1916:
There were major persecutions during and following the reign of the
1695:
glorify Him, Lord have mercy, Lord have mercy, Lord bless us, Amen.
1574:
presided over the second ecumenical council known as the Ecumenical
1479:
1467:, around 400 AD and left details of his experiences in his letters;
2526:
1673:
The First Ecumenical Council of Ephesus confirmed the teachings of
1659:
1550:
1546:
1498:
1486:
1027:
912:
793:
16:
Aspect of the history of Egypt focusing on the history of the Copts
413:
1917:
1883:
1781:
1704:
1413:
1405:
1309:
1151:
1052:
867:
349:
1833:
reasons behind not having it either acknowledged or read at the
1419:
2558:
2516:
2363:
1953:
1870:
1750:
contends that such a formulation is no different from what the
1682:
1591:
resurrection of the dead and the life of the coming age, Amen.
1460:
1397:
1376:
records that the Christian School of Alexandria was founded by
1373:
1320:
1271:
1082:
104:
1600:
2589:
2394:
1943:
1894:. One of the most renowned Egyptian saints of that period is
1804:. The non-Chalcedonian party became what is today called the
1617:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1401:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1205:
1007:
937:
89:
1800:, and became the Greek-speaking (and later Arabic-speaking)
3002:
1716:
attempted to heal divisions in the church, the response of
1380:
himself. Around 190 AD under the leadership of the scholar
1312:
1213:
1616:, the Patriarch of Constantinople who taught that God the
1216:
to the present day. Many of the historic items related to
1324:
1932:
as a liturgical language took place under the papacy of
2310:(2nd ed.). Cairo: American University in Cairo.
1816:
happened several years before at Constantinople from
1645:
When reports of this reached the Apostolic Throne of
1681:". It also clearly stated that anyone who separated
2256:Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law
2228:
2206:"Coptic Conversion and the Islamization of Egypt"
2055:, a slave girl who became one of Muhammed's wives
1636:, declaring her instead to be "Mother of Christ"
3979:
2245:
2243:
1901:
1855:A term that comes closer to Coptic Orthodoxy is
1372:is the oldest catechetical school in the world.
2252:"A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law"
2249:
2203:
2155:"Split of the Byzantine and Oriental Churches"
1746:two natures, full humanity and full divinity.
1582:with this confirmation of the divinity of the
2379:
2240:
1420:Cradle of Monasticism and its missionary work
1293:addresses in the introductory chapter of his
1174:
372:
1954:From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution
1871:From Chalcedon to the Arab invasion of Egypt
1565:
1549:(not to be confused with the Nazi ideology
2386:
2372:
2346:. The American University in Cairo Press.
2104:Art in Needlework: A Book About Embroidery
1489:discovered in a Coptic tomb in Upper Egypt
1181:
1167:
379:
365:
2344:Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity
2341:
2291:. Egypt: Middle East Council of Churches.
2179:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
2102:Day, Lewis Foreman; Buckle, Mary (1901).
2101:
2073:Coptic history on Egypt state information
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1703:
1599:
1478:
32:This article includes a list of general
2331:
1994:History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria
1708:St. Mark Coptic Cathedral in Alexandria
1699:
1604:Coptic Icon in the Coptic Altar of the
1231:
3980:
2011:(1899–1930), historian and theologian.
1364:
1212:period, and covers the history of the
3412:
3223:
3046:
2887:
2406:
2367:
2305:
2283:
2250:Rowberry, Ryan; Khalil, John (2010).
2234:
1875:Copts suffered under the rule of the
1595:
1412:began there, and 15 centuries before
1370:The Catechetical School of Alexandria
1200:that begins with the introduction of
3962:
1973:
1813:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
1677:and confirmed the title of Mary as "
1670:(431), over which Cyril I presided.
1113:
18:
3952:
2134:
1985:(fl. 680-690), bishop and historian
1792:with the other leading churches of
1668:First Ecumenical Council of Ephesus
1537:In the 4th century, an Alexandrian
1532:
1133:
13:
2325:
2192:Leo of Rome's Support of Theodoret
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4009:
3333:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
2308:Coptic Egypt: History and a Guide
1508:
1208:in the 1st century AD during the
3961:
3951:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3190:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
2393:
1327:) embraced the Christian faith.
1243:as the place of refuge that the
1150:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1103:
1102:
541:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
412:
348:
103:
23:
3674:Identification card controversy
2277:
1818:Pope Theophilus I of Alexandria
2580:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
2342:Meinardus, Otto F. A. (2010).
2336:. Smith, Elder, & Company.
2299:
2197:
2184:
2172:
2147:
2128:
2110:
2095:
2084:
2066:
1501:was found in a Coptic tomb in
1315:, a great multitude of native
1:
3998:History of Oriental Orthodoxy
2888:
2141:Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia
2059:
1902:Arab-Muslim conquest of Egypt
1825:during the council sessions.
681:Non-Chalcedonian Christianity
559:History of Oriental Orthodoxy
519:French Coptic Orthodox Church
3207:Twin towns and sister cities
3047:
2719:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
1606:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1517:issued by the Roman Emperor
1257:Out of Egypt I called My Son
7:
3735:Vehicle registration plates
3413:
3389:Water supply and sanitation
3224:
2407:
2031:
1555:Ecumenical Council of Nicea
10:
4014:
3394:Water resources management
2332:Butcher, Edith L. (1897).
2204:O'Sullivan, Shaun (2006).
1905:
1654:Epistle of Saint Cyril to
1432:, Paul (the world's first
1404:in addition to his famous
1396:, and the native Egyptian
1247:sought in its flight from
1038:Apostolic Church-Ordinance
676:Oriental Orthodox Theology
421:Oriental Orthodox churches
3927:
3753:
3425:
3421:
3408:
3289:Impact on the environment
3279:Entrepreneurship policies
3232:
3219:
3055:
3042:
2896:
2883:
2851:
2753:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2122:October 13, 2007, at the
2027:(1906–1984), Egyptologist
1835:Second Council of Ephesus
1576:Council of Constantinople
1566:Council of Constantinople
1474:
1428:, which was organized by
711:Anaphora of Saint Gregory
3060:Administrative divisions
2736:2011 Egyptian revolution
2677:1952 Egyptian revolution
2473:Lighthouse of Alexandria
2262:: 81–139. Archived from
1908:Muslim invasion of Egypt
1806:Oriental Orthodox Church
1305:during the reign of the
893:Athanasius of Alexandria
3264:Egyptian stock exchange
2017:(1910–1994), author of
1572:Timothy I of Alexandria
1157:Christianity portal
923:Dioscorus of Alexandria
878:Nine Saints of Ethiopia
873:Gregory the Illuminator
809:Orthodox Tewahedo Bible
583:Saint Thomas Christians
355:Christianity portal
84:Part of a series on the
53:more precise citations.
3993:Coptic Orthodox Church
3595:International rankings
2600:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
2289:The Story of the Copts
2019:The Story of the Copts
2002:(1898–1988), Egyptian
1989:Severus Ibn al-Muqaffa
1709:
1697:
1609:
1593:
1578:, which completed the
1490:
1442:Pachomius the Cenobite
983:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
736:Liturgy of Saint Cyril
731:Liturgy of Saint Basil
726:Liturgy of Saint James
327:Coptic Catholic Church
322:Coptic Orthodox Church
3200:Terrorism and tourism
2658:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2490:Library of Alexandria
2213:Mamluk Studies Review
1922:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1712:When in 451, Emperor
1707:
1688:
1651:Cyril I of Alexandria
1603:
1588:
1482:
1349:, which was found in
1281:in Egypt were mainly
1239:is identified in the
988:Geevarghese Gregorios
699:Anaphora & Rites:
694:Liturgy and practices
3911:World Heritage Sites
3730:Units of measurement
3185:Proposed new capital
2931:Environmental issues
2692:United Arab Republic
2585:Muhammad Ali dynasty
2306:Kamil, Jill (1990).
1896:Samuel the Confessor
1880:Eastern Roman Empire
1729:Council of Chalcedon
1700:Council of Chalcedon
1570:In the year 381 AD,
1525:practices including
1444:in the 4th century.
1299:Church of Alexandria
1232:Apostolic foundation
1023:Patriarch of Antioch
590:Ecumenical Councils:
553:History and theology
478:Independent churches
3583:Freedom of religion
3478:Mass sexual assault
2843:Timekeeping devices
2741:2013 Rabaa massacre
2714:Egyptian–Libyan War
2190:Romanides, John S.
1861:Cyril of Alexandria
1733:Cyril of Alexandria
1365:Catechetical School
1303:Mark the Evangelist
1291:Luke the Evangelist
1218:Coptic Christianity
1196:is the part of the
1096:Links and resources
1018:Catholicos of India
858:Cyril of Alexandria
509:Autonomous churches
497:Malabar Independent
3773:Art (contemporary)
3453:Capital punishment
3343:Telecommunications
3020:Towns and villages
2988:Qattara Depression
2801:Muslim Brotherhood
2771:Cigarette industry
2631:British occupation
2542:Crusader invasions
2512:Rashidun Caliphate
2135:Johnson, David W.
2078:2007-08-24 at the
2015:Iris Habib Elmasry
1937:Gabriel ibn-Turaik
1934:Pope of Alexandria
1820:towards Patriarch
1748:Oriental Orthodoxy
1710:
1610:
1596:Council of Ephesus
1491:
1438:Macarius the Great
1337:writings found in
1043:Coptic monasticism
958:Michael the Syrian
933:Abraham of Farshut
928:Severus of Antioch
405:Oriental Orthodoxy
337:Evangelical Church
3975:
3974:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3847:Football stadiums
3778:Botanical gardens
3657:Catholic dioceses
3549:Gender inequality
3473:Human trafficking
3404:
3403:
3338:Tallest buildings
3299:Military industry
3215:
3214:
3156:Political parties
3109:Islamic extremism
3097:Foreign relations
3038:
3037:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2619:French occupation
2537:Fatimid Caliphate
2532:Ikhshidid dynasty
2317:978-977-424-242-7
2091:Coptic Church.net
2000:Aziz Suryal Atiya
1974:Coptic historians
1430:Anthony the Great
1426:monastic movement
1191:
1190:
1058:Coonan Cross Oath
973:Giyorgis of Segla
898:Ephrem the Syrian
455:Orthodox Tewahedo
389:
388:
79:
78:
71:
4005:
3965:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3740:Waste management
3505:Academic grading
3423:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3382:Railway stations
3360:Cultural tourism
3259:Economic regions
3221:
3220:
3044:
3043:
2885:
2884:
2554:Mamluk Sultanate
2485:Diocese of Egypt
2468:Battle of Actium
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2388:
2381:
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2365:
2364:
2357:
2337:
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2221:10.6082/M16Q1VB4
2210:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2157:. Archived from
2151:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2106:. B.T. Batsford.
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2070:
2009:Menassa Youhanna
1928:. Acceptance of
1759:Byzantine Empire
1533:Council of Nicea
1283:Alexandrian Jews
1198:history of Egypt
1183:
1176:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1078:Tewahedo fasting
1033:Ethiopian titles
948:Gregory of Narek
943:Simon the Tanner
833:St. Thomas Cross
721:West Syriac Rite
706:Alexandrian Rite
602:Constantinople I
573:Tewahedo history
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3906:Public holidays
3896:National anthem
3749:
3662:Coptic Churches
3605:Egyptian Arabic
3515:Medical schools
3417:
3400:
3316:Nuclear program
3228:
3211:
3141:Nationality law
3134:Supreme Council
3119:Law enforcement
3051:
3034:
3010:Sinai Peninsula
2993:Red Sea Riviera
2892:
2871:
2847:
2749:
2636:1919 revolution
2624:Revolt of Cairo
2549:Ayyubid dynasty
2527:Tulunid dynasty
2411:
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2326:Further reading
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2043:Coptic alphabet
2038:Christian Egypt
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1968:1919 revolution
1956:
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1822:John Chrysostom
1702:
1598:
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1457:Basil the Great
1422:
1367:
1319:(as opposed to
1301:was founded by
1253:Herod the Great
1234:
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1068:Fast of Nineveh
1063:Ethiopian chant
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3988:Coptic history
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3438:Animal welfare
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3321:Power stations
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3269:Egyptian pound
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3173:Prime Minister
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2978:Northern coast
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2053:Maria the Copt
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1906:Main article:
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1869:
1798:Constantinople
1773:, and others.
1718:Pope Dioscorus
1701:
1698:
1622:hypostatically
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1567:
1564:
1534:
1531:
1515:Edict of Milan
1510:
1509:Edict of Milan
1507:
1476:
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1421:
1418:
1366:
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1343:Gospel of John
1233:
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1194:Coptic history
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1073:Coptic fasting
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1001:Related topics
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804:Armenian Bible
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3610:Saʽidi Arabic
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3247:National Bank
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2266:on 2015-09-27
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2048:Coptic Saints
2046:
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2026:
2025:Labib Habachi
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
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1998:
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1983:John of Nikiu
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1679:Mother of God
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1344:
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1264:
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1048:Coptic saints
1046:
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883:Tiridates III
881:
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851:Major figures
848:
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332:Protestantism
330:
328:
325:
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320:
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314:Denominations
313:
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301:South America
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294:
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73:
70:
62:
59:February 2024
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3793:Coat of arms
3763:Architecture
3652:Christianity
3632:Prostitution
3578:Human rights
3537:Abaza family
3525:Universities
3490:Demographics
3443:Billionaires
3087:Constitution
3082:Conscription
3065:Governorates
2946:Halfaya Pass
2816:1954–present
2780:
2776:Constitution
2731:2010s Crisis
2643:World War II
2605:Urabi revolt
2522:Islamization
2456:31st Dynasty
2451:27th Dynasty
2360:
2343:
2333:
2307:
2288:
2285:Miṣrī, Ī. Ḥ.
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:the original
2259:
2255:
2235:Kamil (1990)
2230:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2149:
2140:
2130:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2086:
2068:
2018:
1992:
1977:
1963:
1960:Muhammad Ali
1957:
1941:
1915:
1911:
1874:
1865:
1854:
1846:monophysites
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1810:
1786:
1775:
1761:, including
1756:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1711:
1691:
1689:
1672:
1663:
1644:
1639:Christotokos
1637:
1625:
1611:
1589:
1580:Nicene Creed
1569:
1560:Nicene Creed
1536:
1512:
1497:fragment of
1492:
1454:
1446:
1423:
1410:
1368:
1355:Christianity
1331:Christianity
1329:
1276:
1265:
1256:
1235:
1226:Coptic Cairo
1202:Christianity
1193:
1192:
963:Bar Hebraeus
823:Coptic cross
799:Coptic Bible
671:Miaphysitism
647:Capharthutha
567:
154:
125:Architecture
65:
56:
37:
3957:WikiProject
3718:Scientology
3588:LGBT rights
3510:Law schools
3294:Lighthouses
3237:Agriculture
2966:Mount Sinai
2926:Earthquakes
2726:Mubarak era
2697:Six-Day War
2687:Suez Crisis
2682:Land reform
2429:Prehistoric
2300:Works cited
2137:"Nestorius"
2004:Coptologist
1948:Sa'id Pasha
1892:Christology
1692:(Theotokos)
1634:Virgin Mary
1608:, Jerusalem
1584:Holy Spirit
1503:Upper Egypt
1495:embroidered
1484:Embroidered
1449:Monasticism
1386:Athenagoras
1351:Upper Egypt
1297:. When the
1245:Holy Family
1138:WikiProject
978:Mar Thoma I
746:Holy Qurobo
617:Ephesus III
210:Persecution
205:Nationalism
195:Monasticism
174:Literature
51:introducing
3982:Categories
3869:Newspapers
3859:Mass media
3711:Synagogues
3679:Irreligion
3627:Literature
3622:Liberalism
3561:Healthcare
3463:Corruption
3146:Parliament
3077:Corruption
3072:Civil Code
3015:Suez Canal
2973:Nile Delta
2858:Alexandria
2828:Population
2823:Parliament
2791:Healthcare
2672:Nasser era
2446:Achaemenid
2421:Chronology
2270:2019-11-26
2165:2009-10-26
2060:References
1857:miaphysite
1850:dyophysite
1752:Nestorians
1735:is valid.
1675:Athanasius
1647:Saint Mark
1529:in Egypt.
1447:Christian
1382:Pantanaeus
1287:Theophilus
1279:Christians
1277:The first
1263:2:12-23).
1013:Catholicos
908:Frumentius
753:Calendars:
652:Shirakavan
612:Ephesus II
215:Philosophy
34:references
3864:Magazines
3854:Egyptians
3689:Ahmadiyya
3600:Languages
3566:Hospitals
3500:Education
3367:Transport
3326:Aswan Dam
3254:Companies
3195:Terrorism
3161:President
3124:Massacres
3114:Judiciary
3092:Elections
2961:Mountains
2890:Geography
2868:Port Said
2811:1939–1954
2806:1928–1938
2761:Anarchism
2704:Sadat era
2648:Sultanate
2595:Khedivate
2495:Christian
2463:Ptolemaic
2215:: 65–79.
2117:calcademy
1888:Egyptians
1877:Byzantine
1790:communion
1780:and the "
1771:Armenians
1763:Egyptians
1722:Chalcedon
1714:Marcianus
1664:Theotokos
1660:anathemas
1656:Nestorius
1628:Theotokos
1614:Nestorius
1539:presbyter
1465:Jerusalem
1434:anchorite
1317:Egyptians
1128:Templates
953:Nerses IV
888:Mar Awgin
863:Mor Addai
780:Gregorian
770:Ethiopian
664:Theology:
642:Manzikert
607:Ephesus I
532:Jerusalem
460:Ethiopian
271:Australia
140:Coptology
3937:Category
3901:Olympics
3837:Football
3669:Hinduism
3637:Religion
3544:Feminism
3532:Families
3495:Diaspora
3458:Censuses
3448:Cannabis
3433:Abortion
3377:Airports
3372:Airlines
3348:Internet
3151:Passport
3129:Military
3102:Missions
3049:Politics
3030:Wildlife
2754:By topic
2667:Republic
2502:Sassanid
2287:(1978).
2120:Archived
2076:Archived
2032:See also
1620:was not
1551:Aryanism
1547:Arianism
1499:tapestry
1487:tapestry
1469:Benedict
1285:such as
1108:Category
1028:Maphrian
913:Shenoute
794:Peshitta
760:Armenian
632:Dvin III
597:Nicaea I
524:Armenian
465:Eritrean
440:Armenian
396:a series
394:Part of
306:Diaspora
275:churches
265:churches
255:churches
170:Language
165:Toponymy
160:Identity
135:Calendar
3967:Commons
3886:Museums
3830:regions
3798:Cuisine
3783:Castles
3755:Culture
3725:Smoking
3706:Judaism
3694:Mosques
3573:Housing
3520:Schools
3426:General
3415:Society
3355:Tourism
3284:Fishing
3242:Banking
3226:Economy
2951:Islands
2941:Geology
2936:Fossils
2921:Deserts
2916:Climate
2906:Borders
2852:By city
2838:Saladin
2786:Genetic
2766:Capital
2653:Kingdom
2568:Ottoman
2434:Ancient
2409:History
2338:2 vols.
1926:Mamluks
1920:caliph
1918:Fatimid
1884:Melkite
1782:Melkite
1767:Syrians
1649:, Pope
1632:to the
1553:). The
1414:Braille
1406:Hexapla
1394:Didymus
1390:Clement
1339:Bahnasa
1310:emperor
1289:, whom
1261:Matthew
1053:Debtera
868:Abgar V
657:Hromkla
637:Dvin IV
627:Dvin II
488:British
450:Cilicia
273: (
263: (
253: (
228:Regions
155:History
150:Fasting
117:Culture
47:improve
3947:Portal
3788:Cinema
3642:Baháʼí
3556:Health
3304:Mining
3274:Energy
2998:Rivers
2911:Cities
2833:Postal
2614:Modern
2559:Mamluk
2517:Fustat
2507:Muslim
2439:topics
2397:topics
2350:
2314:
2021:(1978)
1930:Arabic
1882:. The
1683:Christ
1541:named
1475:Crafts
1461:Jerome
1398:Origen
1374:Jerome
1359:Coptic
1347:Coptic
1321:Greeks
1295:gospel
1272:Isaiah
1083:Timkat
816:Cross:
787:Bible:
775:Julian
765:Coptic
622:Dvin I
537:Syriac
515:Coptic
493:Syriac
484:Coptic
445:Indian
435:Syriac
430:Coptic
291:Europe
281:Africa
261:Canada
183:Arabic
178:Coptic
36:, but
3891:Music
3874:Radio
3815:Films
3745:Women
3699:Niqāb
3684:Islam
3468:Crime
3309:Mines
3025:Wadis
2983:Oases
2956:Lakes
2901:Biota
2863:Cairo
2781:Copts
2590:Nahda
2480:Roman
2395:Egypt
2209:(PDF)
1964:Jizya
1944:jizya
1618:Logos
1543:Arius
1523:Pagan
1402:Bible
1307:Roman
1249:Judea
1241:Bible
1237:Egypt
1214:Copts
1210:Roman
1206:Egypt
1118:Media
1008:Abuna
938:Yared
246:Libya
241:Sudan
236:Egypt
200:Names
190:Music
145:Cross
91:Copts
3825:list
3820:Flag
3808:Wine
3803:Beer
3483:Rape
3178:list
3166:list
3003:Nile
2796:Jews
2348:ISBN
2312:ISBN
1811:The
1796:and
1794:Rome
1727:The
1513:The
1440:and
1378:Mark
1325:Jews
1313:Nero
286:Asia
2217:doi
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