20:
567:. No surviving Coptic manuscript, however, can be linked to Alexandria. Another links it to Christian monasteries and the need to translate Greek teaching into the vernacular. The high proportion of borrowed Greek vocabular in early Coptic texts, however, makes their practical utility as translations questionable. More recently, it has been suggested that the revival of Egyptian as a literary language (in the form of Coptic) was part of an "effort to revive a national Egyptian culture." Paola Buzi refers to it as an "identity operation", an assertion of distinctness. Conversely, since the rise of the Coptic writing system paralleled the rise of Christianity, it may have been stimulated by desire to distance itself from the pagan associations of traditional Egyptian writing.
1344:, which are addressed to outsiders and mainly concern ethics. His letters are a separate collection that may not have been supervised by him. This tripartite classification was apparently made by him. He also prohibited his works from being disseminated outside his monastic federation, limiting their impact. They were, however, highly revered there, since the manuscript tradition reveals very few variants, indicating that they were treated almost on par with the Bible. His influence on Coptic literature may extend beyond his own writings, if his monastery was also the site of many translations of Greek works, as Tito Orlandi has argued.
759:
1019:
1292:(died 465), head of the White Monastery, was "perhaps the most prolific writer" in the Coptic language. He is its "one truly remarkable individual author", whose writing is by far "its most sophisticated". He raised Coptic to the rank of literary language. He was, however, almost unknown outside the Coptic tradition. His works were never translated into Greek. They were gradually brought to the attention of western scholars between about 1750 and 1900.
96:
341:
663:. It may have been the earliest literary text put into Coptic. The history of its translation can be divided into three phases. Between the 2nd and 4th centuries, many individuals were working on translations in many dialects. In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Sahidic translation was standardized. Finally, by the 9th century, the Bohairic translation was standardized. By the early 4th century, the Bible in Coptic—or at least the
633:
1470:
A major movement to translate Coptic works into Arabic began around 1000 or shortly before and lasted into the 13th century. Many bilingual church texts with
Bohairic on the left and Arabic on the right are a product of this period. During the period of translation, Coptic was still widely and deeply
1462:
argues that Coptic went through three stages in its contact with Arabic. First, it borrowed the odd Arabic word. Second, while still a living language, some texts were written in Arabic but in Coptic script. Finally, after having been completely supplanted as the spoken language by Arabic, Coptic was
570:
Literary Coptic first appears in the 3rd century. The earliest literary texts are translations of Greek texts, either
Christian or Gnostic. The five literary texts dated to the 3rd century are all biblical, either marginal annotations to Greek bibles or bilingual Greek–Coptic biblical texts. There is
1438:
Coptic seems to have been in decline as a literary language by the early 9th century, since few original works later than that can be attributed to a named author. For reasons not fully understood, it was moribund as a language of original composition by the 11th century. Much Coptic literature is
608:
from Greek. No Greek version survives and it is not known if some or all of them were originally composed in Greek or Coptic. These letters demonstrate
Anthony's familiarity with the controversies engulfing the contemporary church, including that over Arianism. They would provide a link, otherwise
1213:
is an original work in Coptic. It survives only in a fragmentary manuscript. It is probably a product of
Egyptian monasticism also, but its themes are "rooted in a long Egyptian religious tradition that pits the forces of Chaos against those of Order". It can be dated to between the 5th and 9th
534:
probably began in the 1st century BC. The earliest text known is from the 1st century AD. This first phase of written Coptic is called Old Coptic and lasts into the 4th or 5th century. The earliest stage of experimentation with the
Egyptian language in the Greek alphabet is often called Pre-Old
1189:
attained its definitive form in the 6th century. What survives is a fragmentary text from the White
Monastery. The original manuscript had 220 pages and was divided into 37 chapters, each introduced with a verse from the Bible. The surviving fragments concern Alexander among the
863:. There were two main phases in the production of Coptic apocrypha. In the first, in the 4th century, the works translated were mainly associated with founding figures like Peter and Paul. In a second phase, in the 5th century, a new genre of "apostolic memoir" appears. The
840:
in
Sahidic are found on papyrus, parchment and paper from the 6th–12th centuries. Predictions based on the day of the week and the direction of the wind are often found in the same manuscript. There are also Bohairic papyrus fragments from the 6th–8th centuries.
1034:. Most, however, date to a slightly later phase, the 4th through 6th centuries. The translations were notably selective, with a stronger preference for the "edifying and pastoral" over the "theological and exegetical". The earliest identifiable are the homilies
697:
texts date from the same period as the early biblical translations and demonstrate a diversity of thought and community at the earliest stage of Coptic literary production. The most important collection of
Gnostic or "gnosticizing" texts is the
670:
The circumstances of the earliest translation work are obscure. The relatively early standardization of the
Sahidic text, which remains largely unchanged throughout Coptic history, attests to the high standards of the original translation work.
1479:
Greek had been dominant language of writing in Egypt for centuries before the rise of Coptic and "Greek literature was at the base of Coptic literature." Nevertheless, certain connections have been proposed between Coptic literature and
1118:
of anonymous treatises shows traces of
Clementine thought. Works were generally treated individually and rarely was a whole body of work translated, although there are corpora of homilies by Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa and
729:
originals and sometimes from Greek intermediaries. This makes the Manichaean translations slightly later than the Gnostic and biblical texts. The Manichaean manuscripts all date from the 4th and 5th centuries and all were found at
483:
came to dominate. Almost all surviving manuscripts are incomplete (fragmentary) codices. Scrolls continued to be used into the Christian period for magical texts. There are also some short works, such as school texts, found on
1351:. Several of his letters and sermons, written in Shenoutean style, survive. His work is less colourful than his predecessor's although equally refined. Besa's writings, unlike Shenoute's, belong mainly to the period after the
714:. The quality of Gnostic texts is generally lower than that of orthodox Christian ones. Their orthography is less consistent and they contain more grammatical errors. On the whole, they are less professional productions.
624:. Only a few fragments survive of the original Coptic version of the rule, but several of Pachomius' letters in Coptic are preserved. These "represent the oldest original Coptic texts with true literary characteristics."
1471:
understood. In the 13th–14th centuries, as knowledge of Coptic declined, grammars of the language, called "prefaces", and word lists, called "ladders", were written in Arabic to help priests read and pronounce Coptic.
554:
letters of standard Coptic, while others use more Demotic letters than became standard. The production of pagan magical texts written in Egyptian in Greek letters continued into the period of Coptic literature proper.
542:
writings of a magical or divinatory nature. These texts lack the consistent script style and borrowed Greek vocabulary of later Coptic literature, which is entirely Christian or para-Christian (i.e.,
409:
In a broader sense, "Coptic" may include Greek literature produced in Egypt that circulated in the Coptic community. The literature that the Copts wrote in Arabic is generally treated separately as
1385:
1280:(which may have been originally written in Greek). A biography of Pachomius, originally written in Coptic, survives in a later Bohairic version and in translations in Greek, Latin and Arabic.
1295:
Shenoute made unprecedented use of features of Coptic grammar not directly translatable into Greek. His writing is highly literary and often difficult. He received a classical education in
1158:
Some patristic works were translated into both Sahidic and Bohairic, although it is not known if the Bohairic translations were made from the Greek originals or from the Sahidic versions.
453:. The identification of a text's dialect can narrow down its place of origin. All of the dialects are represented in the literature to some degree, especially Bohairic in the late period.
1251:
background, were a major influence on European monasticism. His literary influence, however, was relatively meagre. Besides his rules and letters, there are also letters of his disciples
1263:, in which the Pachomian style attains its most literary form. He also wrote a set of rules. Both Pachomius and Horsiesi make use of the "spiritual alphabet", an alphabetic cipher.
1407:
rule and introduced Arabic. Its immediate impact on Coptic literature, however, was small. Important Coptic writers from the latter half of the 7th century include the Patriarchs
1502:. This may not reflect familiarity with ancient literature or even readership, but may be "a pale memory" picked up during Pachomius' education in "Egyptian letters". The
1412:
1348:
1115:
140:
1030:
into Coptic also date from the period of the first biblical translations, the 2nd and 3rd centuries. One of the earliest manuscripts of such works is the
1276:
1364:, has been falsely attributed to Besa. It is a collection of various stories of independent and anonymous authorship and questionable historical value.
1420:
1389:
2835:
1428:
1360:
327:
810:
796:
on which it begins or the direction of the wind during the first week). The first day of the year is regarded as the sixth day of the month of
19:
1236:
The writings of Pachomius the Great and his milieu form a distinctive body of work that was early translated into Greek. It is preserved on
2802:
2614:
2450:
771:
245:
413:. "Literature", too, may be taken in a strict sense that excludes documentary and subliterary texts, such as magical and medical texts.
1256:
1206:
and his poisoning. Alexander is treated as a prophet who foreshadowed Christ and the romance was clearly intended for monks' reading.
2811:
1271:
725:
Manichaeism was introduced to Egypt around 350. Within a few decades they began translating their texts into Coptic, some from the
462:
2455:
369:
291:
286:
390:), there is the propensity for ambiguity in the term "Coptic literature". Coptic literature is usually defined as that in the
2577:
398:). It also includes texts believed to have been composed in Coptic, but which are preserved only in translation (mainly in
265:
2623:
23:
1380:
and hence isolate from the Chalcedonian mainstream. Important writers from the latter half of the 5th century include
2540:
2481:
1133:
was re-titled and misattributed to Athanasius, probably to raise his profile. Among Athanasius authentic works, the
1441:
281:
271:
255:
2501:
Coptic Literature in Context (4th–13th cent.): Cultural Landscape, Literary Production, and Manuscript Archaeology
2919:
2914:
503:. The local library collection consists of some 5000 volumes, a few fragments of which have been acquired by the
425:
and the majority of surviving texts are in that dialect. There are up to six other recognized dialects of Coptic—
604:(died 356). Seven of his authentic letters are known, some in Coptic fragments. They were also translated into
496:
276:
394:. It is not usually limited to original compositions, but includes also translations into Coptic (mainly from
1102:
1002:. The selection of New Testament apocrypha suggests direct contacts with Asia unmediated by Alexandria. The
650:
2789:
2740:
1481:
1129:—false attribution—is common in Coptic literature, especially with the writings of the Fathers. Melito's
362:
2680:
597:
and psalmody in Greek and Coptic. The only surviving work attributed to him is of dubious authenticity.
2904:
2888:
2753:
1498:
808:. These texts are derived or translated from Greek originals. They are also influenced by concept of
1340:, which are addressed to his monastic community and mainly concern discipline, and the eight-volume
2909:
1408:
1393:
1073:
2706:
2647:
2509:
2693:
2514:
2437:
1167:
956:
920:
854:
850:
410:
173:
1031:
499:
comprises 58 volumes discovered in 1910 in the library of the Monastery of Saint Michael in the
1400:
1252:
395:
355:
322:
317:
312:
31:
491:
Most manuscripts have been recovered from abandoned monasteries, the most important being the
2604:
1107:
1085:
938:
865:
758:
586:
2598:
1106:. Notably absent are works by two of the most outstanding early Egyptian Christian writers,
382:
Since the term "Coptic" can have, besides a linguistic sense, an ethnic sense (referring to
2718:
Orlandi, Tito (2013). "A Terminology for the Identification of Coptic Literary Documents".
2667:
1516:
1352:
1069:
950:
914:
884:
870:
684:
610:
200:
8:
2772:
1077:
1057:
932:
908:
902:
699:
680:
617:
387:
345:
115:
535:
Coptic or Graeco-Egyptian. Other authors distinguish between early and late Old Coptic.
2820:
2776:
2663:
2487:
1522:
1459:
1120:
1097:
998:
896:
890:
740:
563:
One traditional theory links the origin of literary Coptic to the Gnostic community in
261:
195:
185:
2636:
620:(died 346). He wrote rules for a community of monks that was translated into Latin by
2806:
2780:
2651:
2618:
2536:
2491:
2477:
1548:
1432:
1416:
1219:
1172:
1093:
1081:
1061:
878:
822:
601:
594:
539:
205:
155:
53:
27:
2883:
2824:
2768:
2727:
2555:
2528:
2469:
1486:
1484:. The rules of Pachomius contain a quotation from the "Negative Confession" in the
1373:
1317:
1312:
1300:
1195:
1178:
1065:
1043:
926:
590:
579:
There are several possible candidates for earliest Coptic author. According to the
571:
a single documentary text, a private letter on an ostracon, dated to this century.
551:
251:
241:
1431:. Official documents and correspondence were sometimes written in Coptic into the
815:
1507:
1492:
1089:
1018:
859:
793:
504:
492:
391:
296:
210:
160:
150:
125:
57:
45:
2593:
2532:
1535:
1511:
1454:
1248:
1126:
1027:
992:
986:
944:
776:
531:
236:
231:
226:
145:
2473:
2898:
2731:
2523:
Depuydt, Leo (2010). "Coptic and Coptic Literature". In Alan B. Lloyd (ed.).
1464:
1424:
1381:
1139:
974:
857:. In some cases, the Coptic is the main or only witness to a text, as in the
660:
637:
1244:
of the 4th to 6th centuries, often made with recycled parchment or papyrus.
2839:
2632:
2586:
Coptic Society, Literature and Religion from Late Antiquity to Modern Times
1322:
1304:
1152:
1047:
980:
968:
962:
805:
797:
788:
731:
707:
446:
180:
135:
2754:"Embedding Conquest: Naturalizing Muslim Rule in the Early Islamic Empire"
1445:
deplore the loss of Coptic, but are themselves now only extant in Arabic.
722:
shows, however, that such texts were widely read in orthodox communities.
2464:
Brakke, David (2018). "Coptic". In Scott McGill; Edward J. Watts (eds.).
1330:
783:
711:
703:
442:
434:
190:
2674:. Vol. 9, Part 2. Paris: Librairie Letouzey et Ané. col. 1599–1635.
2597:
1399:
The next most pivotal moment in Coptic history after Chalcedon was the
1377:
1247:
Pachomius' rules for communal monastic living, inspired in part by his
738:, since they were written in the Lycopolitan dialect. They include the
694:
656:
564:
547:
525:
120:
2874:
Coptic Scriptorium: Digital Research in Coptic Language and Literature
1336:
Shenoute's writings are divided into two collections, the nine-volume
1143:
were translated, but none of his historical works or writings against
1326:
1266:
Two later and anonymous texts belong to the Pachomian tradition, the
746:
735:
468:
130:
61:
2878:
2551:
2181:
2179:
1296:
1289:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1144:
715:
581:
450:
438:
430:
426:
403:
2713:. Vol. 5. New York: Macmillan Publishers. cols. 1450b–1460a.
2658:. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan Publishers. cols. 2059b–2061a.
1308:
1241:
869:
is an example of an apocryphal text composed in Coptic after the
801:
769:
A variety of prognostic texts are known in Coptic. These include
726:
690:
550:). Some use exclusively Greek letters, with none of the borrowed
543:
485:
472:
422:
340:
35:
2873:
2844:
Coptic Civilization: Two Thousand Years of Christianity in Egypt
2176:
1506:
may also owe something to Demotic literature. Its conflation of
632:
600:
The first author in literary Coptic whose works survives may be
2700:. Vol. 5. New York: Macmillan Publishers. cols. 444b–445a.
1237:
1111:
664:
621:
500:
476:
399:
95:
2863:
1439:
now lost, as the Copts began to use Arabic. Texts such as the
2584:. In Paola Buzi; Alberto Camplani; Federico Contardi (eds.).
1404:
616:
The earliest certain original author with surviving works is
605:
508:
480:
383:
80:
49:
2858:
2552:"Coptic Literature in the Byzantine and Early Islamic World"
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
1710:
1708:
1706:
60:. The study of the Coptic language and literature is called
2569:
The Rise of Coptic: Egyptian versus Greek in Late Antiquity
2355:
2353:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2137:
2135:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1892:
1890:
1799:
1797:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
826:
2745:
The Oxford Handbook of the Literatures of the Roman Empire
2365:
2033:
2021:
1474:
2262:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1814:
1812:
1347:
Shenoute was succeeded as head of the White Monastery by
609:
unattested, between the origins of Coptic literature and
2350:
2283:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2191:
2132:
2076:
1964:
1945:
1914:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1794:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1683:
1166:
The only non-religious literary texts in Coptic are two
2846:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 123–130.
2217:
2215:
2213:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1303:. He quotes extensively from the Bible, especially the
667:
and New Testament—was in official use in the churches.
2868:
2389:
2377:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1926:
1860:
1809:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1325:. He wrote treatises against Gnosticism, Manichaeism,
876:
Examples of Old Testament apocrypha in Coptic include
574:
2638:
Ancient Christian Magic: Coptic Texts of Ritual Power
2295:
2239:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2064:
2009:
1976:
1872:
1824:
1737:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1022:
7th-century liturgical codex from the White Monastery
2672:
Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie
2210:
1988:
849:
Coptic translations are an important source of both
804:) of January, the official start of the year in the
655:
The Bible was translated into Coptic from the Greek
2307:
2227:
2093:
2045:
1902:
1836:
1782:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1664:
1625:
2683:. In Birger A. Pearson; James E. Goehring (eds.).
2413:
2401:
2147:
1754:
1560:
792:(which give predictions for the year based on the
475:and ultimately paper. Early texts were written on
1848:
782:(which give prognostications for each day of the
2896:
2787:
1720:
16:Body of writings in the Coptic language of Egypt
2743:. In Daniel L. Selden; Phiroze Vasunia (eds.).
674:
2562:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–102.
2448:
2435:
2344:
2277:
1714:
1299:and was influenced by the Greek style of the
1151:was translated, but not his writings against
734:, although they were most likely produced at
363:
2796:. Oxford University Press. pp. 571–588.
2578:"Two Newcomers in the B5 Family: The Naqlūn
2444:. Oxford University Press. pp. 224–246.
1223:has sometimes been classified as a romance.
421:The standard literary dialect of Coptic was
2879:Digital Edition of the Coptic Old Testament
2794:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Literature
2662:
2185:
1259:. Horsiesi also wrote a book, known as the
1231:
2631:
1283:
825:. Predictions relating to the flow of the
558:
370:
356:
2864:Archaeological Atlas of Coptic Literature
2588:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1339–1348.
2468:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 61–74.
2812:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
2704:
2691:
2612:
2592:
2332:
2003:
1788:
1776:
1677:
1658:
1017:
821:(lucky and unlucky days) in the ancient
757:
644:
631:
479:, but with the rise of Christianity the
463:List of Coptic New Testament manuscripts
18:
2833:
2819:
2800:
2751:
2738:
2717:
2678:
2566:
2522:
2456:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2336:
2320:
2301:
2289:
2204:
2141:
2122:
2087:
2070:
1970:
1958:
1920:
1896:
1881:
1866:
1830:
1818:
1803:
1772:
1748:
1619:
1475:Relation to earlier Egyptian literature
2897:
2869:Corpus dei Manoscritti Copti Letterari
2645:
2466:A Companion to Late Antique Literature
2463:
2158:
1010:, however, are native Egyptian works.
2575:
2560:Egypt in the Byzantine World, 300–700
2549:
2442:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity
2440:. In Scott Fitzgerald Johnson (ed.).
2233:
2039:
2027:
2015:
1982:
1939:
1842:
1760:
1403:in 641, which placed the Copts under
844:
2773:10.1553/medievalworlds_no17_2022s198
2507:
2498:
2419:
2407:
2256:
2221:
2170:
2126:
2110:
2058:
1908:
1854:
1731:
1533:has been seen as a reworking of the
1226:
2594:Hyvernat, Eugène Xavier Louis Henri
1448:
1372:Coptic writing after 451 is mostly
1367:
1100:. There is a Coptic version of the
829:are a distinctly Egyptian feature.
800:, which corresponded to the first (
753:
575:Appearance of original compositions
52:, the last stage of the indigenous
13:
2788:Papaconstantinou, Arietta (2021).
2685:The Roots of Egyptian Christianity
2624:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2125:, pp. 71–72. Quotations from
1185:Translated from Greek, the Coptic
924:. New Testament apocrypha include
14:
2931:
2852:
2834:Youssef, Youhanna Nessim (2014).
2687:. Fortress Press. pp. 51–81.
1149:Scholia de incarnatione unigeniti
2792:. In Stratis Papaioannou (ed.).
2615:"Coptic Language and Literature"
2518:. Claremont Graduate University.
1442:Apocalypse of Samuel of Kalamoun
1435:period in the late 8th century.
1147:. Cyril's theologically weighty
1026:The earliest translation of the
339:
94:
2829:. University of Michigan Press.
2613:MacCoull, Leslie S. B. (1991).
2527:. Blackwell. pp. 732–754.
2326:
2116:
627:
530:Efforts to write Coptic in the
44:is the body of writings in the
2709:. In Aziz Suryal Atiya (ed.).
2696:. In Aziz Suryal Atiya (ed.).
1766:
1490:and possible allusions to the
456:
1:
2641:. Princeton University Press.
2571:. Princeton University Press.
2453:. In Oliver Nicholson (ed.).
1554:
1103:Sayings of the Desert Fathers
1013:
519:
67:
2525:A Companion to Ancient Egypt
2510:"Literature, Coptic: Update"
675:Gnostic and Manichaean texts
651:Coptic versions of the Bible
7:
1542:
1482:earlier Egyptian literature
1161:
1056:From the later period, the
416:
10:
2936:
2815:. Oxford University Press.
2801:Wilfong, Terry G. (2001).
2747:. Oxford University Press.
2627:. Oxford University Press.
2567:Fournet, Jean-Luc (2020).
2533:10.1002/9781444320053.ch33
2459:. Oxford University Press.
2428:
1452:
1358:Shenoute's biography, the
1315:. In one place, he quotes
1092:. Also translated are the
678:
648:
523:
514:
460:
2752:Palombo, Cecilia (2022).
2720:Journal of Coptic Studies
2635:; Smith, Richard (1999).
2599:"Coptic Literature"
2499:Buzi, Paola, ed. (2020).
2474:10.1002/9781118830390.ch4
1775:includes such texts, but
1499:Instructions of Amenemope
640:of the 4th or 5th century
589:, the 3rd-century writer
386:) and a religious sense (
30:from a late 12th-century
2732:10.2143/JCS.15.0.3005414
2449:Boud'hors, Anne (2018).
2436:Boud'hors, Anne (2012).
1394:Timothy II of Alexandria
1232:Pachomius and his milieu
1074:Athanasius of Alexandria
963:Letter of Abgar to Jesus
2889:Encyclopædia Britannica
2711:The Coptic Encyclopedia
2705:Orlandi, Tito (1991b).
2698:The Coptic Encyclopedia
2692:Orlandi, Tito (1991a).
2656:The Coptic Encyclopedia
2646:Müller, Detlef (1991).
2550:Emmel, Stephen (2007).
2515:The Coptic Encyclopedia
1284:Shenoute and his milieu
957:Protevangelium of James
921:Apocalypse of Zephaniah
855:New Testament apocrypha
851:Old Testament apocrypha
762:Fragment of a Bohairic
689:Coptic translations of
559:Rise of literary Coptic
538:Old Coptic consists of
411:Copto-Arabic literature
346:Christianity portal
75:Part of a series on the
56:. It is written in the
2920:Literature by language
2915:Coptic Orthodox Church
2739:Orlandi, Tito (2016).
2679:Orlandi, Tito (1986).
2576:Ghica, Victor (2016).
2438:"The Coptic Tradition"
1463:rendered as needed in
1401:Arab conquest of Egypt
1253:Theodorus of Tabennese
1194:, his rescue from the
1060:are well represented (
1023:
766:
720:Against the Origenists
641:
467:Coptic was written on
318:Coptic Catholic Church
313:Coptic Orthodox Church
38:
2605:Catholic Encyclopedia
2042:, pp. 1343–1345.
2030:, pp. 1340–1341.
1514:is also found in the
1453:Further information:
1108:Clement of Alexandria
1086:Epiphanius of Salamis
1021:
939:Gospel of Bartholomew
866:Gospel of the Saviour
761:
702:. There are also the
679:Further information:
645:Biblical translations
635:
587:Epiphanius of Salamis
461:Further information:
22:
2707:"Literature, Coptic"
2508:Buzi, Paola (2021).
1517:Oracle of the Potter
1353:Council of Chalcedon
1131:On the Soul and Body
1070:Gregory of Nazianzus
1040:De anima et corpore
1032:Crosby-Schøyen Codex
1004:Apocalypse of Elijah
951:Epistula Apostolorum
915:Apocalypse of Elijah
885:Testament of Abraham
871:Council of Chalcedon
685:Medinet Madi library
611:Alexandrian theology
2859:The 'PAThs' Project
2836:"Coptic Literature"
2821:Worrell, William H.
2803:"Coptic Literature"
2681:"Coptic Literature"
2668:"Litterature Copte"
2451:"Coptic Literature"
2374:, pp. 207–208.
1217:The hagiographical
1078:Cyril of Alexandria
1058:Cappadocian Fathers
1051:De templo Salomonis
1008:Ascension of Isaiah
933:Gospel of Nicodemus
909:Apocalypse of Moses
903:Ascension of Isaiah
700:Nag Hammadi library
681:Nag Hammadi library
618:Pachomius the Great
388:Coptic Christianity
2503:. Edizioni Quasar.
1523:Oracle of the Lamb
1202:, his meeting the
1121:Severus of Antioch
1116:Berlin Coptic Book
1098:Hippolytus of Rome
1024:
999:Apocalypse of Paul
897:Testament of Jacob
891:Testament of Isaac
845:Biblical apocrypha
767:
741:Manichaean Psalter
642:
328:Evangelical Church
39:
2905:Coptic literature
2884:Coptic literature
2807:Donald B. Redford
2652:Aziz Suryal Atiya
2619:Alexander Kazhdan
2362:, pp. 69–70.
2292:, pp. 64–66.
2259:, pp. 10–11.
2207:, pp. 60–62.
2173:, pp. 15–16.
2144:, pp. 71–72.
2090:, pp. 57–59.
1973:, pp. 56–57.
1961:, pp. 55–56.
1942:, pp. 87–88.
1923:, pp. 53–55.
1899:, pp. 63–64.
1806:, pp. 52–53.
1549:Coptic philosophy
1531:Legend of Hilaria
1417:Samuel of Qalamun
1277:Visit of Horsiesi
1227:Original writings
1220:Legend of Hilaria
1173:Alexander Romance
1094:Apostolic Fathers
1082:Ephrem the Syrian
1062:Basil of Caesarea
879:Wisdom of Solomon
823:Egyptian calendar
602:Anthony the Great
595:biblical exegesis
497:Morgan Collection
380:
379:
54:Egyptian language
42:Coptic literature
28:baptism of Christ
2927:
2847:
2830:
2816:
2797:
2784:
2758:
2748:
2735:
2714:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2664:O'Leary, De Lacy
2659:
2642:
2628:
2609:
2601:
2589:
2572:
2563:
2556:Roger S. Bagnall
2546:
2519:
2504:
2495:
2460:
2445:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2260:
2254:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2224:, pp. 9–10.
2219:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1943:
1937:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1681:
1675:
1662:
1656:
1623:
1617:
1536:Tale of Bentresh
1504:Cambyses Romance
1487:Book of the Dead
1449:Coptic in Arabic
1421:Isaac of Qalamun
1390:Makarius of Tkow
1376:, theologically
1374:non-Chalcedonian
1368:Later literature
1313:Pauline epistles
1301:Second Sophistic
1211:Cambyses Romance
1179:Cambyses Romance
1066:Gregory of Nyssa
1044:Melito of Sardis
927:Gospel of Thomas
819:
780:
754:Prognostic texts
372:
365:
358:
344:
343:
98:
83:
72:
71:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2910:Coptic language
2895:
2894:
2855:
2850:
2761:Medieval Worlds
2756:
2608:. Vol. 16.
2543:
2484:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2263:
2255:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2192:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2129:, pp. 7–8.
2121:
2117:
2113:, pp. 7–8.
2109:
2094:
2086:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:, pp. 4–5.
2057:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:, p. 1340.
2014:
2010:
2002:
1989:
1985:, p. 1341.
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1946:
1938:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:, pp. 8–9.
1907:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1869:, pp. 7–9.
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:, pp. 5–6.
1817:
1810:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1684:
1676:
1665:
1657:
1626:
1618:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1493:Teaching of Ani
1477:
1460:William Worrell
1457:
1451:
1370:
1286:
1234:
1229:
1164:
1135:Life of Anthony
1114:, although the
1090:John Chrysostom
1048:Pseudo-Basilian
1016:
860:Gospel of Judas
847:
813:
794:day of the week
774:
756:
687:
677:
653:
647:
630:
593:wrote works of
577:
561:
528:
522:
517:
505:Egyptian Museum
493:White Monastery
465:
459:
419:
392:Coptic language
376:
338:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
81:
70:
58:Coptic alphabet
46:Coptic language
17:
12:
11:
5:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2853:External links
2851:
2849:
2848:
2831:
2817:
2798:
2785:
2749:
2736:
2715:
2702:
2694:"Calendologia"
2689:
2676:
2660:
2643:
2629:
2610:
2590:
2573:
2564:
2547:
2541:
2520:
2505:
2496:
2482:
2461:
2446:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2398:, p. 735.
2388:
2386:, p. 122.
2376:
2364:
2349:
2345:Boud'hors 2012
2325:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2278:Boud'hors 2012
2261:
2238:
2226:
2209:
2190:
2175:
2163:
2146:
2131:
2115:
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2020:
2008:
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1963:
1944:
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1913:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1808:
1793:
1781:
1779:excludes them.
1765:
1753:
1751:, p. 123.
1736:
1719:
1715:Boud'hors 2018
1682:
1663:
1624:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1476:
1473:
1455:Garshunography
1450:
1447:
1429:Menas of Nikiu
1392:and Patriarch
1369:
1366:
1285:
1282:
1261:Liber Orsiesii
1249:Roman military
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1163:
1160:
1140:Festal Letters
1127:Pseudepigraphy
1028:Church Fathers
1015:
1012:
993:Acts of Pilate
987:Acts of Andrew
945:Gospel of Mary
846:
843:
755:
752:
750:among others.
676:
673:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
629:
626:
576:
573:
560:
557:
532:Greek alphabet
524:Main article:
521:
518:
516:
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26:depicting the
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2826:Coptic Sounds
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2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:Meyer, Marvin
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2542:9781444320053
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:9781118830390
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2422:, p. 16.
2421:
2416:
2410:, p. 10.
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:Orlandi 1991b
2329:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2304:, p. 69.
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2236:, p. 87.
2235:
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2195:
2187:
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2143:
2138:
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2128:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2073:, p. 58.
2072:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2004:Orlandi 1991a
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1884:, p. 60.
1883:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1845:, p. 84.
1844:
1839:
1833:, p. 59.
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1789:Hyvernat 1913
1785:
1778:
1777:Orlandi 1991b
1774:
1769:
1763:, p. 83.
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
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1728:
1726:
1724:
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1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:MacCoull 1991
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1659:Orlandi 1991b
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1466:
1465:Arabic script
1461:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:John of Nikiu
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Paul of Tamma
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:Vita Sinuthii
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1350:
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975:Acts of Peter
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832:Fragments of
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668:
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661:New Testament
658:
652:
639:
638:Codex Glazier
636:The biblical
634:
625:
623:
619:
614:
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323:Protestantism
321:
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305:Denominations
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292:South America
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287:North America
285:
283:
280:
278:
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267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
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247:
243:
242:United States
240:
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107:
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73:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2887:
2843:
2840:Gawdat Gabra
2825:
2810:
2793:
2764:
2760:
2744:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2655:
2637:
2622:
2603:
2585:
2580:Kalandologia
2579:
2568:
2559:
2524:
2513:
2500:
2465:
2454:
2441:
2415:
2403:
2396:Depuydt 2010
2391:
2384:Worrell 1934
2379:
2372:Palombo 2022
2367:
2360:Orlandi 1986
2340:
2337:Orlandi 2016
2328:
2321:Orlandi 2016
2302:Orlandi 1986
2297:
2290:Orlandi 1986
2285:
2229:
2205:Orlandi 1986
2188:, col. 1620.
2186:O'Leary 1930
2166:
2142:Orlandi 1986
2123:Orlandi 1986
2118:
2088:Orlandi 1986
2071:Orlandi 1986
2066:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1978:
1971:Orlandi 1986
1966:
1959:Orlandi 1986
1921:Orlandi 1986
1916:
1904:
1897:Orlandi 1986
1882:Orlandi 1986
1867:Fournet 2020
1862:
1857:, p. 2.
1850:
1838:
1831:Orlandi 1986
1826:
1819:Fournet 2020
1804:Orlandi 1986
1784:
1773:Orlandi 1986
1768:
1756:
1749:Youssef 2014
1734:, p. 1.
1620:Wilfong 2001
1534:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1458:
1440:
1437:
1398:
1371:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1323:Aristophanes
1316:
1305:wisdom books
1294:
1287:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1246:
1235:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1153:Nestorianism
1148:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1101:
1055:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1007:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
981:Acts of John
979:
973:
969:Acts of Paul
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
875:
864:
858:
848:
838:kalandologia
837:
833:
831:
811:Tagewählerei
809:
806:Roman Empire
789:kalandologia
787:
770:
768:
764:hemerologion
763:
745:
739:
732:Medinet Madi
724:
719:
708:Berlin Codex
688:
669:
654:
628:Translations
615:
599:
580:
578:
569:
562:
537:
529:
490:
488:and boards.
466:
447:Oxyrhynchite
420:
408:
381:
168:
116:Architecture
41:
40:
34:copy of the
2767:: 198–216.
2159:Müller 1991
1331:Melitianism
1214:centuries.
834:hemerologia
814: [
784:lunar month
775: [
772:hemerologia
712:Bruce Codex
704:Askew Codex
457:Manuscripts
443:Subakhmimic
435:Lycopolitan
201:Persecution
196:Nationalism
186:Monasticism
165:Literature
32:illuminated
2899:Categories
2648:"Romances"
2234:Emmel 2007
2040:Ghica 2016
2028:Ghica 2016
2016:Ghica 2016
1983:Ghica 2016
1940:Emmel 2007
1843:Emmel 2007
1761:Emmel 2007
1555:References
1409:Benjamin I
1378:miaphysite
1342:Discourses
1268:Apocalypse
1072:), as are
1014:Patristics
695:Manichaean
657:Septuagint
565:Alexandria
548:Manichaean
526:Old Coptic
520:Old Coptic
206:Philosophy
68:Definition
2781:254356682
2726:: 87–94.
2492:240297072
2420:Buzi 2021
2408:Buzi 2021
2257:Buzi 2021
2222:Buzi 2021
2171:Buzi 2021
2127:Buzi 2021
2111:Buzi 2021
2059:Buzi 2021
1909:Buzi 2021
1855:Buzi 2021
1732:Buzi 2021
1508:Assyrians
1327:Origenism
1318:The Birds
1288:The monk
1187:Alexander
1036:De pascha
747:Kephalaia
736:Lycopolis
469:parchment
451:idiolects
262:Australia
131:Coptology
62:Coptology
24:Miniature
2823:(1934).
2790:"Coptic"
2741:"Coptic"
2666:(1930).
2596:(1913).
1543:See also
1520:and the
1512:Persians
1496:and the
1386:Paphnute
1311:and the
1297:rhetoric
1290:Shenoute
1274:and the
1257:Horsiesi
1204:Brahmans
1200:Gedrosia
1192:Elamites
1176:and the
1168:romances
1162:Romances
1145:Arianism
1137:and the
1046:and the
744:and the
716:Shenoute
591:Hierakas
582:Panarion
439:Akhmimic
431:Fayyumic
427:Bohairic
417:Dialects
404:Ethiopic
297:Diaspora
266:churches
256:churches
246:churches
161:Language
156:Toponymy
151:Identity
126:Calendar
2886:at the
2842:(ed.).
2809:(ed.).
2654:(ed.).
2621:(ed.).
2558:(ed.).
2429:Sources
1433:Abbasid
1413:Agathon
1405:Islamic
1355:(451).
1309:Gospels
1238:scrolls
873:(451).
802:kalends
727:Aramaic
691:Gnostic
552:Demotic
544:Gnostic
515:Origins
486:ostraca
477:scrolls
473:papyrus
423:Sahidic
264: (
254: (
244: (
219:Regions
146:History
141:Fasting
108:Culture
36:Gospels
2779:
2539:
2490:
2480:
2341:Contra
1338:Canons
1307:, the
1272:Kiarur
1170:: the
1112:Origen
786:) and
665:Psalms
622:Jerome
501:Fayyum
495:. The
400:Arabic
282:Europe
272:Africa
252:Canada
174:Arabic
169:Coptic
2838:. In
2805:. In
2777:S2CID
2757:(PDF)
2650:. In
2617:. In
2554:. In
2488:S2CID
1242:rolls
1196:abyss
818:]
779:]
606:Latin
540:pagan
509:Cairo
481:codex
396:Greek
384:Copts
237:Libya
232:Sudan
227:Egypt
191:Names
181:Music
136:Cross
82:Copts
50:Egypt
2537:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2335:and
1529:The
1510:and
1427:and
1411:and
1349:Besa
1329:and
1255:and
1240:and
1209:The
1110:and
1096:and
1088:and
1068:and
1038:and
1006:and
996:and
918:and
853:and
836:and
827:Nile
798:Ṭūba
710:and
693:and
683:and
659:and
546:and
445:and
402:and
277:Asia
2769:doi
2728:doi
2529:doi
2470:doi
1321:of
1270:of
1198:in
1042:by
718:'s
585:of
507:in
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121:Art
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