519:(or occasionally vice versa) may stir social unrest, and thereby justify themselves in wrongfully detaining the subjects, insisting that they are simply taking steps to prevent likely social troubles from happening. In 2007, a Cairo administrative court denied 45 citizens the right to obtain identity papers documenting their reversion to Christianity after converting to Islam. However, in February 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court overturned the decision, allowing 12 citizens who had reverted to Christianity to re-list their religion on identity cards, but they will specify that they had adopted Islam for a brief period of time.
444:" ... other longstanding Coptic complaints include the under-representation of Christians in the police, judiciary, armed forces, civil service, government, and education system. There is also a virtual ban on access to state-controlled radio and television. One oft-cited example of official discrimination is a law that, until recently, required personal presidential approval to carry out even simple church repairs, such as fixing a toilet and which was blamed for delays of more than a decade in the issuing of permits to build churches. Mubarak eased the law in 2005, delegating such responsibility to local governors."
136:
265:
2311:
33:
523:
interpreted through the creation of the state of Israel, and the subsequent emigration of the
Egyptian Jews. There is no explanation for a 55% decline in the percentage of Christians in Egypt. It has been suggested that Egyptian censuses held after 1952 have been politicized to under-represent the Christian population.
127:, 2019). Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population," with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating much higher numbers. A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain.
352:
Many Coptic intellectuals hold to "Pharaonism," which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian, Pharaonic
Egyptian culture. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. Pharaonism was widely held by Coptic and Muslim scholars in the early 20th
547:
page of the Muslim
Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts", according to journalist Kirsten Powers. The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims" and that "The Pope of the Church is
498:
reports that there are no
Christian governors, university presidents, or deans in the country. Official and unofficial discrimination against Copts occurs in forms such as disadvantages in education and the judicial system, violence from Islamic militants, and restrictions on religious activity and
428:
reported increasing waves of mob attacks by
Muslims against Copts. Despite frantic calls for help, the police typically arrived after the violence was over. The police also coerced the Copts to accept "reconciliation" with their attackers to avoid prosecuting them, with no Muslims convicted for any
695:
reported: "The
Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15-18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population." In 2004, BBC News reported that Copts were 5–10% of the
510:
to Islam generally without difficulty, but
Muslims who convert to Christianity face difficulties in getting new identity papers and some have been arrested for allegedly forging such documents." The Coptic community, however, takes pains to prevent conversions from Christianity to Islam due to the
548:
involved in the removal of the first elected
Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary." On August 15, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group "Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights", released a statement saying,
552:
In
December … Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi … morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by … the continued
399:
The Coptic community has been targeted with hate crimes by
Islamic extremists. The most significant was the 2000–01 El Kosheh attacks, in which Muslims and Christians were involved in bloody inter-religious clashes following a dispute between a Muslim and a Christian. "Twenty Christians and one
395:
were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches. Although the law was eased in 2005 by handing down the authority of approval to the governors, Copts continue to face many obstacles and restrictions in building new churches. These restrictions do not apply for
337:
nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies, though they represented about 10–20% of the population. In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab, and
522:
The Egyptian Census of 1897 reported the percentage of Non-Muslims in Urban Provinces as 14.7% (13.2% Christians, 1.4% Jews). The Egyptian Census of 1986 reported the percentage of Non-Muslims in Urban Provinces as 6.1% (5.7% Christians, 0% Jews). The decline in the Jewish representation is
511:
ease with which Christians can often become Muslim. Public officials, being conservative themselves, intensify the complexity of the legal procedures required to recognize the religion change as required by law. Security agencies will sometimes claim that such conversions from
197:, and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of the total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salaries". According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the
491:(January 7) was recognized as an official holiday. However, many Copts continue to complain of being minimally represented in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion.
1184:
863:
404:
reported that in February 2001, Muslims burned a new Egyptian church and the homes of 35 Christians, and that in April 2001 a 14-year-old Egyptian Christian girl was kidnapped because her parents were believed to be harboring a person who had
1917:
690:
reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts." In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt. In 2015, the
260:
that Mark arrived in Egypt in the third year of Emperor Claudius (43 A.D.), marking the beginning of Christianity in Egypt. By 641 C.E., the Arab forces take over Egypt, marking the beginning of the Arab-Muslim period in
977:
The Copts, who were 7 percent of the population in the nineteenth century, still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20 percent of total state capital, 45 percent of government employment
378:
in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing
448:
Members of U.S. Congress have expressed concern about "human trafficking" of Coptic women and girls who are victims of abductions, forced conversion to Islam, sexual exploitation and forced marriage to Muslim men.
534:
on Coptic churches and institutions in Egypt by Morsi supports. According to at least one Egyptian scholar (Samuel Tadros), the attacks are the worst violence against the Coptic Church since the 14th century.
296:, in power from 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs.
1933:
433:, a Bedouin mob of 3,000 Muslims tried to attack the city's Coptic population, with 400 Copts having to barricade themselves in their church while the mob destroyed 18 homes, 23 shops and 16 cars.
1363:
892:
In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.
1891:"Joint Press Release: Non-peaceful assembly does not justify collective punishment - Rights groups condemn lethal violence against those in sit-in and terrorist acts of the Muslim Brotherhood"
911:
162:
types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically, many Copts were
1760:"Egypt's Coptic Christians report fresh attacks on churches: Christian leaders blame Muslim Brotherhood supporters for arson and other attacks, including shooting death of teenage girl"
2429:
299:
Some Copts participated in the Egyptian national movement for independence and occupied many influential positions. Two significant cultural achievements include the founding of the
1688:
1029:
119:
As of 2019, "Copts are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population," with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the
353:
century, and it helped bridge the divide between those groups. However, some Western scholars today argue that Pharaonism was a late development shaped primarily by
562:
An Egyptian court on February 25, 2016, convicted four Coptic Christian teenagers for contempt of Islam, after they appeared in a video mocking Muslim prayers.
1417:
1394:
1721:
845:
Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22
226:
estimated the family's net worth at $ 36 billion. According to scholars Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein argue that Copts have relatively higher
531:
904:
2296:
1973:
1741:
1536:
1508:
338:
certainly non-Arab identity which resulted in permits to construct churches to be delayed along with Christian religious courts to be closed.
1346:
420:, killing one person and injuring 5–16. The attacker was not linked to any organisation and described as "psychologically disturbed" by the
1816:
1065:
1629:
1612:
726:
2563:
1786:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt: Coptic Christians call for greater protection as wave of violence sweeps across Egypt"
1556:
2383:
1047:
764:
2583:
2224:
1271:
2578:
1842:
2573:
1966:
1759:
1670:
565:
Nearly all Egyptian Christians today are Copts, adherents of either the Coptic Orthodox Church or other Coptic churches.
543:
reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". The
1868:
1785:
1327:
1234:
970:
945:
652:
400:
Muslim were killed after violence broke out in the town of el-Kosheh, 440 kilometres (270 mi) south of Cairo".
2378:
2368:
272:
Under Muslim rule, the Copts were cut off from the mainstream of Christianity, and were compelled to adhere to the
2558:
829:
401:
527:
303:
in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are
2373:
1959:
1654:
1108:
1083:
702:
reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts).
1718:
1158:
1133:
2151:
2047:
1482:
1461:
421:
2025:
808:
289:
483:, an extremely successful businessman, is a Copt who lived in Egypt during that era. In 2002, under the
292:, 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive
2217:
2171:
2035:
2030:
2270:
600:
175:
1738:
2146:
1533:
615:
212:
and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egyptian Coptic Christian
1343:
1320:
Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I
471:
and Environment Minister Magued George. There was also one Coptic governor out of 25, that of the
2568:
2116:
425:
1553:
2278:
2260:
2241:
2176:
2166:
2040:
1597:
1185:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean"
1069:
864:"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean"
833:
227:
167:
151:
92:
88:
1633:
1315:
2210:
2191:
2020:
1982:
1609:
647:
632:
595:
590:
468:
452:
281:
251:
1030:"Naguib Sawiris: 'If God wanted women to be veiled, he would have created them with a veil'"
2506:
2464:
2121:
2003:
637:
507:
406:
366:
800:
220:, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology. In 2008,
8:
2424:
2399:
2008:
1421:
553:
anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage … throughout the sit-in.
494:
Copts are unrepresented and marginalized in Egyptian politics, bureaucracy, and society.
375:
239:
235:
159:
1572:
2516:
2459:
2454:
2353:
2288:
2126:
2101:
2096:
1693:
1593:
1204:
1011:
883:
698:
503:
495:
388:
322:
194:
1589:
746:
2485:
2469:
2444:
2252:
2141:
2013:
1990:
1925:
1442:
1376:
1323:
1267:
1230:
1208:
1051:
966:
941:
887:
782:
642:
370:
179:
2310:
384:
2363:
2358:
2136:
2068:
1714:
1296:
1196:
1003:
875:
846:
502:
While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Egyptian constitution, according to
293:
183:
124:
1890:
70:(Liturgical only; nearly extinct but it is in a process to be revived among Copts)
2537:
2521:
2490:
2439:
2409:
2345:
2161:
2156:
2131:
1745:
1725:
1674:
1616:
1540:
1350:
1287:
van der Vliet, Jacques (June 2009), "The Copts: 'Modern Sons of the Pharaohs'?",
657:
488:
437:
380:
326:
198:
64:
59:
178:
around the world in 2016, found that around 36% of Egyptian Christians obtain a
2434:
2335:
2330:
2186:
1998:
1630:"Egypt: National Unity and the Coptic issue. (Arab Strategic Report 2004-2005)"
667:
662:
610:
480:
213:
1667:
1200:
1007:
879:
2552:
2080:
1929:
1560:
1300:
627:
585:
580:
574:
430:
304:
300:
217:
139:
104:
1680:
850:
2449:
2419:
516:
315:
273:
190:
84:
1227:
Traditional Egyptian Christianity: A History of the Coptic Orthodox Church
189:
According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated
2181:
2106:
830:
Excluded and Unequal: Copts on the Margins of the Egyptian Security State
472:
460:
354:
264:
202:
163:
135:
1951:
1719:
Egypt court upholds right of converted Muslims to return to Christianity
2404:
1509:"House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages"
1015:
991:
605:
417:
392:
347:
312:
308:
171:
1409:
2414:
2063:
1369:
539:
1534:
Copts welcome Presidential announcement on Eastern Christmas Holiday
1455:
1453:
1451:
2511:
1495:
Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution
544:
334:
329:, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic.
209:
530:
and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were
2111:
1448:
484:
288:(a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Copts to enroll in the army.
479:, and the first Coptic governor in a few decades. In addition,
330:
280:
status. Their position improved dramatically under the rule of
277:
268:
President Nasser welcomes a delegation of Coptic bishops (1965)
231:
222:
155:
727:
Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness
2233:
512:
464:
456:
410:
285:
143:
108:
32:
476:
1918:"Egypt sentences 4 Coptic teenagers for contempt of Islam"
360:
963:
The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture
463:. During Mubarak regime, there were two Copts serving on
2202:
1655:
Egypt: Egypt Arrests 22 Muslim converts to Christianity
747:
Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws
1739:
Egypt allows converts to revert to Christianity on ID
765:"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians"
256:
The early church historian, Eusebius, states in his
1817:"The Muslim Brotherhood's War on Coptic Christians"
1497:by John R. Bradley, Palgrave MacMillan, 2008, p.97
1915:
166:, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the
2550:
1229:. North Carolina: Fisher Park Press. p. 9.
325:led some army officers in a coup d'état against
1573:Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt
416:In 2006, one person attacked three churches in
1689:"Egyptian Court Allows Return to Christianity"
721:
719:
242:encouraged the accumulation of human capital.
2218:
1967:
1869:"Coptic churches burn amid violence in Egypt"
1286:
1843:"FJP Helwan Facebook page on church attacks"
1610:Human Rights Watch. World report 2007: Egypt
938:Christians in Egypt: Strategies and Survival
284:in the early 19th century. He abolished the
1500:
741:
739:
716:
123:, 2017) or 10 million (figure cited in the
2225:
2211:
1974:
1960:
1322:. U. of California Press. pp. 258ff.
1195:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869.
1189:Comparative Studies in Society and History
989:
874:(4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869.
868:Comparative Studies in Society and History
557:
467:'s governmental cabinet: Finance Minister
16:Coptic people born in or residing in Egypt
1981:
1916:Michael | AP, Maggie (25 February 2016).
1897:. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
1810:
1808:
1806:
910:. Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011.
905:"Religion and Education Around the World"
759:
757:
755:
568:
130:
1883:
1418:"Coptic Christians attacked in churches"
1257:
1255:
1224:
960:
775:
736:
263:
158:index, and a stronger representation in
134:
1783:
1397:. The Free Lance-Star. 23 November 2002
1377:"Egyptian court orders clashes retrial"
935:
897:
824:
822:
820:
818:
749:, Associated Press (November 15, 2019).
725:Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif,
361:Persecution and discrimination in Egypt
150:In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher
2551:
1835:
1814:
1803:
1757:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1506:
1289:Church History & Religious Culture
1182:
1048:"Arabian Business: The Sawiris Family"
861:
793:
752:
2206:
1955:
1415:
1261:
1252:
1220:
1218:
917:from the original on 22 December 2016
1686:
1459:
1313:
990:Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982).
815:
459:'s foreign minister under President
1784:Khairat, Mohamed (16 August 2013).
1578:
1183:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014).
862:Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014).
13:
1815:Powers, Kirsten (22 August 2013).
1215:
1066:"The richest men in Africa – 2009"
783:"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed"
14:
2595:
2564:Egyptian people of Coptic descent
1758:Chulov, Martin (15 August 2013).
1364:Church Building Regulations Eased
1344:Church Building Regulations Eased
1159:"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com"
1109:"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com"
1084:"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com"
653:Christianity in Sohag Governorate
2309:
2090:Minorities and Foreign nationals
1687:Audi, Nadim (11 February 2008).
1507:Abrams, Joseph (21 April 2010).
1443:Egypt church attacks spark anger
1225:Partrick, Theodore Hall (1996).
440:writing around 2008 noted that
31:
1909:
1861:
1777:
1751:
1731:
1708:
1660:
1648:
1622:
1603:
1565:
1546:
1526:
1488:
1476:
1462:"Egypt's Persecuted Christians"
1435:
1387:
1356:
1336:
1307:
1280:
1243:
1176:
1151:
1134:"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com"
1126:
1101:
1076:
1058:
1040:
1022:
983:
954:
929:
402:International Christian Concern
114:
1849:. —mbinenglish. 16 August 2013
1554:Egypt's Endangered Christians.
855:
839:
680:
526:In August 2013, following the
238:emphasis on literacy and that
1:
2584:Eastern Christianity in Egypt
1677:Ahram Weekly, 3 – May 9, 2007
1590:Assessment for Copts in Egypt
1416:Miles, Hugh (15 April 2006).
1314:Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003).
1264:Minorities in the Middle East
709:
341:
311:and Secretary General of the
7:
2579:Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt
2297:Evangelical Church of Egypt
1615:September 28, 2008, at the
1539:September 30, 2007, at the
1460:Zaki, Moheb (18 May 2010).
992:"The Copts in Modern Egypt"
809:Central Intelligence Agency
621:
276:covenant, thus assigned to
10:
2600:
2574:Coptic diaspora by country
1724:November 21, 2011, at the
1342:WorldWide Religious News.
1266:. McFarland. p. 144.
572:
364:
357:, and doubt its validity.
345:
249:
245:
205:of Egypt were Christians.
2530:
2499:
2478:
2392:
2344:
2318:
2307:
2287:
2269:
2251:
2240:
2232:
2089:
2056:
1989:
1673:October 15, 2008, at the
1464:. The Wall Street Journal
1262:Nisan, Mordechai (2002).
1201:10.1017/S0010417514000425
1008:10.1080/00263208208700503
965:. Routledge. p. 83.
880:10.1017/S0010417514000425
696:Egyptian population. The
601:George Isaac (politician)
506:, "Egyptians are able to
455:was a Copt who served as
333:'s mainstream policy was
83:
78:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
1301:10.1163/187124109x407934
940:. Springer. p. 30.
936:B. Rugh, Andrea (2016).
673:
616:Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour
1744:April 16, 2009, at the
1349:March 18, 2009, at the
961:M. Farag, Lois (2013).
851:10.5339/connect.2013.22
558:Events related to Copts
426:The Wall Street Journal
107:born in or residing in
2559:Ethnic groups in Egypt
2279:Coptic Catholic Church
2261:Coptic Orthodox Church
1598:University of Maryland
996:Middle Eastern Studies
834:The Century Foundation
569:Notable Copts in Egypt
555:
446:
269:
230:and relatively higher
228:educational attainment
176:religion and education
152:educational attainment
147:
131:Socioeconomic overview
93:Coptic Catholic Church
89:Coptic Orthodox Church
1983:Demographics of Egypt
1668:"Fraud, not Freedom".
1362:Compass Direct News.
1072:on 21 September 2017.
1002:(2). JSTOR: 158–179.
828:Michael Wahid Hanna,
648:Demographics of Egypt
633:Christianity in Egypt
596:Youssef Boutros Ghali
591:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
550:
469:Youssef Boutros Ghali
453:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
442:
267:
252:Christianity in Egypt
250:Further information:
138:
46:10 million (estimate)
1636:on 12 September 2007
1571:Human Rights Watch.
1559:January 7, 2003, at
1543:. December 20, 2002.
1366:. December 13, 2005.
1353:. December 13, 2005.
638:Persecution of Copts
422:Ministry of Interior
367:Persecution of Copts
218:Orascom conglomerate
154:, relatively higher
1936:on 26 February 2016
1922:The Washington Post
1657:. November 03, 2003
1036:. 11 November 2019.
789:. 22 December 2004.
771:. 16 February 2015.
769:Wall Street Journal
731:Wall Street Journal
693:Wall Street Journal
688:Wall Street Journal
429:of the attacks. In
240:Coptic Christianity
236:Coptic Christianity
208:A number of Coptic
182:in institutions of
121:Wall Street Journal
26:
1694:The New York Times
1594:Minorities at Risk
1395:"Copts Under Fire"
805:The World Factbook
699:CIA World Factbook
532:widespread attacks
504:Human Rights Watch
496:Minorities at Risk
396:building mosques.
391:. Until recently,
389:Gamal Abdel Nasser
323:Gamal Abdel Nasser
270:
195:upper-middle class
148:
24:
2546:
2545:
2486:Egyptian language
2319:Traditional areas
2305:
2304:
2253:Oriental Orthodox
2200:
2199:
2074:Coptic Christians
2026:Oriental Orthodox
1748:. February, 2008.
1445:, April 15, 2006.
1273:978-0-7864-1375-1
733:(April 29, 2017).
643:Religion in Egypt
413:to Christianity.
376:Religious freedom
371:Religion in Egypt
180:university degree
105:Coptic Christians
98:
97:
71:
2591:
2313:
2271:Eastern Catholic
2249:
2248:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2031:Eastern Orthodox
1976:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1932:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1871:. 16 August 2013
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1790:Egyptian Streets
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1715:Associated Press
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1684:
1678:
1666:Shahine, Gihan.
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1632:. Archived from
1626:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1587:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1532:ArabicNews.com.
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1457:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1068:. Archived from
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:on 7 April 2010.
1050:. Archived from
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:Arabian Business
1026:
1020:
1019:
987:
981:
980:
958:
952:
951:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
916:
909:
901:
895:
894:
859:
853:
843:
837:
826:
813:
812:
811:. 10 April 2023.
797:
791:
790:
779:
773:
772:
761:
750:
745:Noha Elhennawy,
743:
734:
723:
703:
684:
528:3 July 2013 Coup
489:Coptic Christmas
184:higher education
160:white collar job
125:Associated Press
69:
41:Total population
36:
35:
27:
23:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2538:Coptic calendar
2526:
2500:Writing systems
2495:
2491:Coptic language
2474:
2388:
2340:
2314:
2301:
2283:
2265:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2201:
2196:
2085:
2052:
1985:
1980:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1847:August 16, 2013
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1752:
1746:Wayback Machine
1736:
1732:
1726:Wayback Machine
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1675:Wayback Machine
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1617:Wayback Machine
1608:
1604:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1552:Freedom House.
1551:
1547:
1541:Wayback Machine
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:. 30 July 2001.
1375:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1351:Wayback Machine
1341:
1337:
1330:
1312:
1308:
1295:(1–3): 279–90,
1285:
1281:
1274:
1260:
1253:
1249:Todros, ch 3–4.
1248:
1244:
1237:
1223:
1216:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1023:
988:
984:
973:
959:
955:
948:
934:
930:
920:
918:
914:
907:
903:
902:
898:
860:
856:
844:
840:
827:
816:
799:
798:
794:
781:
780:
776:
763:
762:
753:
744:
737:
724:
717:
712:
707:
706:
685:
681:
676:
658:Coptic diaspora
624:
577:
571:
560:
475:governorate of
438:John R. Bradley
424:. In May 2010,
383:after the 1952
381:marginalization
373:
365:Main articles:
363:
350:
344:
254:
248:
199:medical doctors
133:
117:
91:
87:
74:
60:Egyptian Arabic
30:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Egyptian Copts
2566:
2561:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1908:
1895:15 August 2013
1882:
1860:
1834:
1802:
1776:
1750:
1730:
1707:
1679:
1659:
1647:
1621:
1602:
1577:
1564:
1545:
1525:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1447:
1434:
1408:
1386:
1368:
1355:
1335:
1328:
1306:
1279:
1272:
1251:
1242:
1235:
1214:
1175:
1163:www.forbes.com
1150:
1138:www.forbes.com
1125:
1113:www.forbes.com
1100:
1088:www.forbes.com
1075:
1057:
1039:
1021:
982:
971:
953:
946:
928:
896:
854:
838:
836:(May 9, 2019).
814:
792:
774:
751:
735:
714:
713:
711:
708:
705:
704:
678:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
668:Copts in Libya
665:
663:Copts in Sudan
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
623:
620:
619:
618:
613:
611:Naguib Sawiris
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
573:Main article:
570:
567:
559:
556:
481:Naguib Sawiris
473:upper Egyptian
362:
359:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
247:
244:
234:index, due to
216:that owns the
214:Sawiris family
168:Egyptian banks
132:
129:
116:
113:
101:Copts in Egypt
96:
95:
81:
80:
76:
75:
73:
72:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
38:
37:
25:Copts in Egypt
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2596:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:South America
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:United States
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:denominations
2239:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Syro-Lebanese
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Roma (Romani)
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1870:
1864:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1823:. Daily Beast
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1728:. 2008-02-09.
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:archive.today
1558:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1423:
1422:The Telegraph
1419:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1329:9780520240698
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1238:
1236:0-9652396-0-8
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
979:
974:
972:9781134666843
968:
964:
957:
949:
947:9781137566133
943:
939:
932:
913:
906:
900:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
852:
848:
842:
835:
831:
825:
823:
821:
819:
810:
806:
802:
796:
788:
784:
778:
770:
766:
760:
758:
756:
748:
742:
740:
732:
728:
722:
720:
715:
701:
700:
694:
689:
686:In 2017, the
683:
679:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Coptic people
626:
625:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:Boutros Ghali
584:
582:
581:Youssef Wahba
579:
578:
576:
575:List of Copts
566:
563:
554:
549:
546:
542:
541:
536:
533:
529:
524:
520:
518:
514:
509:
505:
500:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
439:
434:
432:
431:Marsa Matrouh
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
403:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
372:
368:
358:
356:
349:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:Salama Moussa
302:
301:Coptic Museum
297:
295:
294:Isma'il Pasha
291:
290:Pope Cyril IV
287:
283:
279:
275:
266:
262:
259:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
201:, 60% of the
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
140:Coptic Museum
137:
128:
126:
122:
112:
110:
106:
102:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
49:
44:
39:
34:
28:
19:
2425:Encyclopedia
2400:Architecture
2325:
2192:Palestinians
2073:
2021:Christianity
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:Aug 22, 2013
1820:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1764:The Guardian
1763:
1753:
1733:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1692:
1682:
1662:
1650:
1640:12 September
1638:. Retrieved
1634:the original
1624:
1605:
1567:
1548:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1371:
1358:
1338:
1319:
1309:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1263:
1245:
1226:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1070:the original
1060:
1052:the original
1042:
1033:
1024:
999:
995:
985:
976:
962:
956:
937:
931:
919:. Retrieved
899:
891:
871:
867:
857:
841:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
730:
697:
692:
687:
682:
564:
561:
551:
538:
537:
525:
521:
517:Christianity
501:
499:expression.
493:
487:government,
451:
447:
443:
435:
415:
398:
374:
351:
320:
316:Makram Ebeid
298:
282:Muhammad Ali
274:Pact of Umar
271:
257:
255:
221:
207:
188:
174:study about
149:
120:
118:
115:Demographics
100:
99:
85:Christianity
21:Ethnic group
18:
2507:Hieroglyphs
2465:Persecution
2460:Nationalism
2455:Monasticism
2122:Circassians
2057:Main groups
2036:Catholicism
1940:25 February
1513:foxnews.com
921:13 December
461:Anwar Sadat
436:Journalist
385:coup d'état
355:Orientalism
327:King Farouk
203:pharmacists
164:accountants
2553:Categories
2470:Philosophy
2445:Literature
2289:Protestant
2041:Protestant
1518:8 November
1485:uscirf.gov
1483:Egypt 2010
1420:. London:
1168:6 February
1143:6 February
1118:6 February
1093:6 February
710:References
606:Hany Ramzy
418:Alexandria
393:Christians
348:Pharaonism
342:Pharaonism
313:Wafd Party
309:Louis Awad
172:Pew Center
103:refers to
2415:Coptology
2354:Australia
2242:Christian
2127:Filipinos
2102:Albanians
2097:Armenians
2064:Egyptians
1991:Religions
1930:0190-8286
1901:22 August
1853:22 August
1827:22 August
1795:16 August
1769:16 August
1700:7 October
1427:7 October
1209:145603557
888:145603557
540:USA Today
407:converted
321:In 1952,
258:Chronicle
51:Languages
2531:Calendar
2512:Hieratic
2479:Language
2440:Identity
2410:Calendar
2346:Diaspora
2172:Sudanese
2157:Magyarab
2147:Japanese
2142:Italians
2014:Ismailis
1742:Archived
1722:Archived
1671:Archived
1613:Archived
1557:Archived
1537:Archived
1381:BBC News
1347:Archived
912:Archived
787:BBC News
622:See also
545:Facebook
335:pan-Arab
210:business
79:Religion
2517:Demotic
2435:History
2430:Fasting
2393:Culture
2152:Koreans
2137:Indians
2117:Chinese
2112:Bedouin
2081:Nubians
2069:Sa'idis
2048:Judaism
1401:10 June
1016:4282879
801:"Egypt"
508:convert
485:Mubarak
387:led by
246:History
2522:Coptic
2379:Europe
2369:Africa
2359:Canada
2187:Turkic
2182:Siwis
2162:Malays
2132:Greeks
1928:
1875:26 May
1575:. 2005
1468:4 June
1326:
1270:
1233:
1207:
1014:
969:
944:
886:
331:Nasser
278:Dhimmi
261:Egypt.
232:wealth
223:Forbes
191:middle
156:wealth
65:Coptic
2450:Music
2420:Cross
2336:Sudan
2331:Libya
2326:Egypt
2234:Copts
2004:Sunni
1999:Islam
1737:AFP.
1441:BBC.
1205:S2CID
1012:JSTOR
915:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
884:S2CID
674:Notes
513:Islam
465:Egypt
457:Egypt
411:Islam
409:from
286:Jizya
144:Cairo
109:Egypt
2374:Asia
2107:Beja
2009:Shia
1942:2016
1926:ISSN
1903:2013
1877:2017
1855:2013
1829:2013
1797:2013
1771:2013
1702:2008
1642:2007
1520:2010
1470:2010
1429:2008
1403:2011
1324:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1170:2019
1145:2019
1120:2019
1095:2019
967:ISBN
942:ISBN
923:2016
477:Qena
369:and
193:and
170:. A
2405:Art
1316:"7"
1297:doi
1197:doi
1004:doi
978:...
876:doi
847:doi
515:to
142:in
2555::
1924:.
1920:.
1893:.
1845:.
1819:.
1805:^
1788:.
1762:.
1717:.
1691:.
1596:,
1592:,
1580:^
1511:.
1450:^
1379:.
1318:.
1293:89
1291:,
1254:^
1217:^
1203:.
1193:56
1191:.
1187:.
1161:.
1136:.
1111:.
1086:.
1032:.
1010:.
1000:18
998:.
994:.
975:.
890:.
882:.
872:56
870:.
866:.
832:,
817:^
807:.
803:.
785:.
767:.
754:^
738:^
729:,
718:^
318:.
307:,
186:.
111:.
2226:e
2219:t
2212:v
1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
1944:.
1905:.
1879:.
1857:.
1831:.
1799:.
1773:.
1704:.
1644:.
1619:.
1600:.
1522:.
1472:.
1431:.
1405:.
1332:.
1304:.
1299::
1276:.
1239:.
1211:.
1199::
1172:.
1147:.
1122:.
1097:.
1018:.
1006::
950:.
925:.
878::
849::
146:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
