780:
1380:' disciplinary report, and American Medical Association Physician Profile Service, the 67 State Medical Boards continually self-report any adverse/disciplinary actions taken against a licensed physician in order that the other Medical Boards in which the physician holds or is applying for a medical license will be properly notified so that corrective, reciprocal action can be taken against the offending physician. In Europe, as of 2009 the health systems are governed according to various national laws, and can also vary according to regional differences similar to the United States.
1134:
47:
1342:(AHPRA) in most states, while Canadian provinces usually have a "College of Physicians and Surgeons". All American states have an agency that is usually called the "Medical Board", although there are alternate names such as "Board of Medicine", "Board of Medical Examiners", "Board of Medical Licensure", "Board of Healing Arts" or some other variation. After graduating from a first-professional school, physicians who wish to practice in the US usually take standardized exams, such as the
3020:
3807:
3837:
3847:
324:
3827:
3817:
3008:
1392:
1187:. The former commonly takes five or six years to complete. Programs that require previous undergraduate education (typically a three- or four-year degree, often in science) are usually four or five years in length. Hence, gaining a basic medical degree may typically take from five to eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university.
1367:, drug abuse, and other issues in physician professional behavior received significant attention across the world, in particular following a critical 2000 report which "arguably launched" the patient-safety movement. In the US, as of 2006 there were few organizations that systematically monitored performance. In the US, only the
570:
1058:
Some commentators have argued that physicians have duties to serve as role models for the general public in matters of health, for example by not smoking cigarettes. Indeed, in most western nations relatively few physicians smoke, and their professional knowledge does appear to have a beneficial
546:
Around the world, the combined term "physician and surgeon" is used to describe either a general practitioner or any medical practitioner irrespective of specialty. This usage still shows the original meaning of physician and preserves the old difference between a physician, as a practitioner of
1210:
Specialty training is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training, or even before. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (un-streamed) training for one or more years before commencing specialization. Hence, depending on the jurisdiction, a
742:." In the US, podiatrists are required to complete three to four years of podiatry residency upon graduating with a DPM degree. After residency, one to two years of fellowship programs are available in plastic surgery, foot and ankle reconstructive surgery, sports medicine, and wound care.
1354:
Most countries have some method of officially recognizing specialist qualifications in all branches of medicine, including internal medicine. Sometimes, this aims to promote public safety by restricting the use of hazardous treatments. Other reasons for regulating specialists may include
1211:
specialist physician (internist) often does not achieve recognition as a specialist until twelve or more years after commencing basic medical trainingâfive to eight years at university to obtain a basic medical qualification, and up to another nine years to become a specialist.
1219:
In most jurisdictions, physicians (in either sense of the word) need government permission to practice. Such permission is intended to promote public safety, and often to protect government spending, as medical care is commonly subsidized by national governments.
1063:
is slightly higher for physicians (73 years for white and 69 years for black) than lawyers or many other highly educated professionals. Causes of death which are less likely to occur in physicians than the general population include respiratory disease (including
1371:
randomly drug tests physicians, in contrast to drug testing practices for other professions that have a major impact on public welfare. Licensing boards at the US state-level depend upon continuing education to maintain competence. Through the utilization of the
681:
All boards of certification now require that physicians demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years.
1190:
Following the completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted, typically one or two years. This may be referred to as an
701:
doctors. Family doctors, or family physicians, are trained to care for patients of any age, while internists are trained to care for adults. Family doctors receive training in a variety of care and are therefore also referred to as
1493:. The image was used in posters and brochures along with the slogan, "Keep Politics Out of this Picture" implying that involvement of the government in medical care would negatively affect the quality of care. 65,000 Posters of
1227:, it is common for physicians to inflate their qualifications with the title "Dr" in correspondence or namecards, even if their qualifications are limited to a basic (e.g., bachelor level) degree. In other countries such as
898:. However, medical practitioners often work long and inflexible hours, with shifts at unsociable times. Their high status is partly from their extensive training requirements, and also because of their occupation's special
706:. Family medicine grew out of the general practitioner movement of the 1960s in response to the growing specialization in medicine that was seen as threatening to the doctor-patient relationship and continuity of care.
2176:
1338:), the licensing or registration of medical practitioners is done at a state or provincial level, or nationally as in New Zealand. Australian states usually have a "Medical Board", which has now been replaced by the
1977:
844:
is a term for the complete "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained", including mental attitudes. A particularly clear expression of this world view, currently dominant among conventional physicians, is
2669:
1314:
In some countries, including the United
Kingdom and Ireland, the profession largely regulates itself, with the government affirming the regulating body's authority. The best-known example of this is probably the
1111:. This manifests as a long-term stress reaction characterized by poorer quality of care towards patients, emotional exhaustion, a feeling of decreased personal achievement, and others. A study by the
2608:
749:. The overall scope of podiatric practice varies from state to state and is not similar to that of physicians holding an MD or DO degree. DPM is also available at one Canadian university, namely the
1841:
2025:
588:
is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This is the result of history and is often confusing. These meanings and variations are explained below.
2638:
2059:
2085:
307:
Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world. Degrees and other qualifications vary widely, but there are some common elements, such as
2313:
Galdston, Iago, ed. (1963). "Part 1: Medicine and primitive man (five chapters); Part 2: Medical man and medicine man in three North
American Indian societies (three chapters)".
3883:
1875:
2168:
1965:
2115:
551:, and a surgeon. The term may be used by state medical boards in the United States, and by equivalent bodies in Canadian provinces, to describe any medical practitioner.
1355:
standardization of recognition for hospital employment and restriction on which practitioners are entitled to receive higher insurance payments for specialist services.
2661:
1436:
981:
Physicians in the original, narrow sense (specialist physicians or internists, see above) are commonly members or fellows of professional organizations, such as the
264:, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatmentâknown as
1202:
or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for an internship or conditional registration.
2231:
Medicine, rationality, and experience: an anthropological perspective (based on the Lewis Henry Morgan
Lectures, at the University of Rochester, NY, in March 1990)
1010:
516:
are prevalent, describing any practitioner of medicine (whom an
American would likely call a physician, in the broad sense). In Commonwealth countries, specialist
577:
1943:
368:
This term is at least nine hundred years old in
English: physicians and surgeons were once members of separate professions, and traditionally were rivals. The
1195:", as the "foundation" years in the UK, or as "conditional registration". Some jurisdictions, including the United States, require residencies for practice.
1099:, and there is a well-known aphorism that "doctors make the worst patients". Causes of death that are shown to be higher in the physician population include
2598:
4041:
4036:
1829:
1772:
1527:
1198:
Medical practitioners hold a medical degree specific to the university from which they graduated. This degree qualifies the medical practitioner to become
746:
671:
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1910:
3998:
1514:
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in various guises: "As long as life had its own secret properties, it was possible to have sciences and medicines based on those properties". The US
268:âor they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communitiesâknown as
1339:
752:
2029:
3869:
2631:
857:, the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of the science of man and of nature;
4028:
2354:
1021:
interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate the mind's effect on bodily functions and symptoms; biologically based systems including
2145:
1036:
emphasize that all ways of thinking about health and disease have a significant cultural content, including conventional western medicine.
2365:
1541:
693:
guide patients in preventing disease and detecting health problems early while they are still treatable. They are divided into two types:
2081:
1807:
1343:
2051:
3336:
2570:
1112:
2391:
Man's image in medicine and anthropology: Monograph IV, Institute of social and historical medicine, New York
Academy of Medicine
2317:
Man's image in medicine and anthropology: Monograph IV, Institute of social and historical medicine, New York
Academy of Medicine
1863:
3677:
632:
537:
146:
330:, considered to be the founder of experimental biology, was the first to recognize and correctly describe details of many important
1776:
788:
378:
quotation making this contrast, from as early as 1400: "O Lord, whi is it so greet difference betwixe a cirugian and a physician."
722:
as physicians and surgeons who treat the foot, ankle, and associated structures of the leg. Podiatrists undergo training with the
3276:
361:). This meaning of physician conveys a sense of expertise in treatment by drugs or medications, rather than by the procedures of
2765:
Committee on
Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. (2000). To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System.
2695:
2269:
Osler, Sir
William (1902). "Chauvanism in medicine: address to the Canadian Medical Association, Montreal (17 September 1902)".
2107:
1017:
therapies into five categories or domains, including: alternative medical systems, or complete systems of therapy and practice;
4133:
2773:
1421:
1014:
715:
397:
4056:
4051:
2867:"Medical Board Licensing Service for Physicians seeking an Expedited Medical License with any of the 50 State Medical Boards"
2345:
1651:
1073:
675:
3576:
757:; students are typically required to complete an internship in New York prior to obtaining their professional degree. The
3973:
3928:
2003:
655:
635:
1107:, drug-related causes, traffic accidents, and cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart disease. Physicians are also prone to
4158:
4098:
4071:
3712:
3054:
1377:
758:
667:
647:
4023:
3983:
3908:
2419:
2297:
2238:
2210:
1933:
1635:
1603:
1523:
1119:
reported that more than half of all respondents chose "too many bureaucratic tasks" as the leading cause of burnout.
853:
The critical sense and sceptical attitude of the citation of medicine from the shackles of priestcraft and of caste;
370:
4189:
4093:
4011:
4006:
600:
1235:
has decided that the German medical doctorate does not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree.
922:
is an ancient reminder of medical duty, as it originally meant 'one who suffers'. The
English noun comes from the
1416:
1373:
560:
17:
1780:
997:
While contemporary biomedicine has distanced itself from its ancient roots in religion and magic, many forms of
3830:
3702:
3136:
2362:"Complementary and Alternative Medicine â U.S. National Library of Medicine Collection Development Manual"
1973:
1431:
1368:
982:
739:
639:
624:
608:
416:
154:
2435:
Appel JM (2009). "Smoke and mirrors: one case for ethical obligations of the physician as public role model".
1898:
4153:
4143:
3968:
3963:
1906:
954:
1511:
4018:
3978:
3682:
2603:
1486:
1116:
727:
723:
596:
297:
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and only lists US-granted MD, DO, and Canadian MD programs as medical schools for the respective regions.
4066:
4061:
3958:
3943:
3326:
3012:
1248:
986:
385:
1319:
of Britain. In all countries, the regulating authorities will revoke permission to practice in cases of
4118:
4088:
3306:
1681:
Wachter R; Goldman L (1996). "The emerging role of "hospitalists" in the American health care system".
1081:
906:
duties. The term traditionally used by physicians to describe a person seeking their help is the word
524:
are also described as specialist physicians who have sub-specialized by age of patient rather than by
3735:
2870:
1506:
1232:
1145:
1137:
393:
1231:, only physicians holding an academic doctorate may call themselves doctor â on the other hand, the
836:. Biomedicine "formulates the human body and disease in a culturally distinctive pattern", and is a
3953:
3923:
3527:
3449:
3444:
3364:
3124:
2387:
Galdston, Iago, ed. (1963). "Part V: Culture and the practice of modern medicine (two chapters)".
826:. This style of medicine is now dominant throughout the industrialized world, and is often termed
433:
who work largely or exclusively in hospitals. Such 'hospitalists' now make up about 19% of all US
4194:
4108:
4083:
3918:
3913:
3507:
3481:
1655:
1497:
were displayed, which helped to raise public skepticism for the nationalized healthcare campaign.
1441:
1316:
1256:
1184:
846:
442:
401:
2137:
4138:
4123:
3099:
3047:
2361:
1572:
969:
690:
2894:"Cross-border care and healthcare quality improvement in Europe: the MARQuIS research project"
2396:
1803:
861:, the high moral ideals, expressed in that most "memorable of human documents" (Gomperz), the
3993:
3933:
3750:
3636:
3609:
3582:
3534:
3488:
3183:
2322:
1104:
1100:
1085:
903:
663:
381:
277:
52:
2843:
2826:
849:. Within conventional medicine, most physicians still pay heed to their ancient traditions:
787:
Many countries in the developing world have the problem of too few physicians. In 2015, the
4163:
4148:
4113:
4103:
3948:
3770:
3730:
3597:
3411:
3406:
3386:
3321:
3173:
1461:
1133:
1108:
1033:
1002:
998:
833:
800:
703:
659:
564:
269:
265:
200:
188:
869:, the conception and realization of medicine as the profession of a cultivated gentleman.
448:
This original use, as distinct from surgeon, is common in most of the world including the
8:
4184:
4128:
4078:
3988:
3938:
3850:
3792:
3775:
3434:
3151:
2970:
Holloway, Sydney WF. "Medical education in England, 1830â1858: A sociological analysis".
1456:
1426:
1260:
1149:
1096:
964:
804:
779:
662:
in the specialty in which they will practice. Subspecialties require the completion of a
573:
501:
229:
3861:
3740:
3697:
3687:
3476:
3429:
3396:
3391:
3141:
3119:
2975:
2960:
2945:
2914:
2893:
2743:
2718:
2460:
1742:
1717:
1446:
1411:
1311:, civilian physicians must be members of the Order of Physicians to practice medicine.
1168:
1164:
931:
735:
628:
541:
350:
158:
150:
2501:
2484:
2340:(Revised ed.). Berkeley, California, US: North Atlantic Books. pp. 116â131.
1560:
1489:
in a campaign against a proposal for nationalized medical care put forth by President
1155:
Medical education and career pathways for doctors vary considerably across the world.
3836:
3810:
3692:
3662:
3641:
3604:
3587:
3502:
3466:
3456:
3351:
3271:
3215:
3178:
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3071:
3040:
2919:
2848:
2807:
2748:
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2547:
2506:
2452:
2415:
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2341:
2315:
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2234:
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1938:
1871:
1747:
1698:
1631:
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1599:
1564:
1128:
911:
698:
430:
405:
354:
344:
245:
241:
134:
3024:
2770:
2464:
1032:
In considering these alternate traditions that differ from biomedicine (see above),
311:
requiring that physicians show consideration, compassion, and benevolence for their
3820:
3512:
3497:
3374:
3249:
3205:
2909:
2901:
2838:
2799:
2790:
Wachter RM (2010). "Patient safety at ten: unmistakable progress, troubling gaps".
2738:
2730:
2537:
2496:
2444:
1737:
1729:
1690:
1593:
1556:
1180:
862:
774:
192:
130:
1999:
1659:
3840:
3785:
3646:
3631:
3614:
3554:
3549:
3493:
3471:
3168:
3114:
3094:
2777:
2410:
Joralemon, DonaldJ (1999). "chapter 1: What's so cultural about disease? (pbk)".
1837:
1518:
1490:
1397:
1199:
1115:
reported that time pressure was the greatest cause of burnout; a survey from the
1060:
989:
in the United Kingdom, and such hard-won membership is itself a mark of status.
815:
694:
525:
289:
217:
1694:
886:
In this Western tradition, physicians are considered to be members of a learned
818:
and over recent centuries, medicine has become increasingly based on scientific
404:. Newer universities would probably describe such an academic as a professor of
3672:
3626:
3439:
3369:
3188:
1252:
1192:
1172:
1069:
1059:
effect on their health and lifestyle. According to a study of male physicians,
1043:
899:
595:
describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The
449:
389:
375:
327:
308:
2803:
2448:
396:) its separate charter. In the same year, the English monarch established the
46:
4178:
3755:
3544:
3539:
3401:
3341:
3244:
2905:
2734:
2542:
2525:
2169:"U.S. faces 90,000 doctor shortage by 2025, medical school association warns"
1364:
1327:
943:
935:
891:
874:
841:
791:
warned that the US will face a doctor shortage of as many as 90,000 by 2025.
357:
or one of its many sub-specialties (especially as opposed to a specialist in
3760:
3745:
3571:
3296:
3146:
3131:
3077:
2923:
2852:
2811:
2752:
2510:
2456:
1830:"Choosing Between a Family Medicine Doctor and an Internal Medicine Doctor"
1751:
1718:"Growth in the care of older patients by hospitalists in the United States"
1568:
1179:. Depending on jurisdiction and university, entry may follow directly from
1026:
895:
819:
473:
86:
2551:
2201:
A. Gaines, R.A. Hahn, ed. (1985). "Chapter 1: Introduction (by editors)".
1733:
1702:
919:
3897:
3619:
3564:
3461:
3316:
3291:
3109:
1530:: ISCO-08 (www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm).
1320:
1089:
828:
823:
719:
465:
425:
102:
57:
3019:
2979:
2955:
Hamilton, Bernice. "The Medical Professions in the Eighteenth Century".
2949:
973:
939:
3707:
3592:
3559:
3331:
3281:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3239:
3229:
2964:
1176:
1163:
In all developed countries, entry-level medical education programs are
1047:
887:
837:
521:
517:
457:
285:
1806:. U.S. National Library of Medicine of National Institutes of Health.
1243:
Among the English-speaking countries, this process is known either as
569:
3522:
3517:
3381:
3359:
3234:
3198:
1652:"University of Cambridge: History of the School of Clinical Medicine"
1406:
1335:
1244:
1224:
1077:
1065:
1022:
493:
489:
477:
453:
331:
273:
249:
31:
2338:
Planet medicine: from stone age shamanism to post-industrial healing
1773:"The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians?"
3286:
3063:
1308:
1039:
1018:
1006:
915:
894:, often combined with expectations of a high and stable income and
745:
Podiatry residencies and/ or fellowships are not accredited by the
481:
469:
233:
176:
126:
98:
2719:"Quest for quality care and patient safety: the case of Singapore"
1627:
The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles
576:, the first female physician in the United States, graduated from
3893:
3765:
3225:
3193:
3086:
2233:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65, 65â87.
1292:
1228:
362:
358:
323:
312:
293:
281:
257:
253:
196:
3007:
1331:
1300:
1284:
505:
485:
261:
237:
172:
118:
2599:"Physician burnout: It's not you, it's your medical specialty"
1864:"The difference between family medicine and internal medicine"
1358:
761:
does not list US or Canadian schools of podiatric medicine as
666:
after residency. Both MD and DO physicians participate in the
236:, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring
2866:
1451:
1304:
1276:
1268:
1141:
923:
497:
461:
301:
1595:
A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Wordsworth Collection)
3032:
2940:
Bell, Whitfield J. "Medical practice in colonial America".
2414:. Needham Heights, MA, US: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 1â15.
674:-accredited residencies and fellowships across all medical
643:
2290:
Origins: a short etymological dictionary of modern English
1437:
List of countries and dependencies by number of physicians
1011:
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
631:
degree, and use the initials M.D. A smaller number attend
73:
Physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor or simply
3891:
2891:
1934:"Difference Between Internist & General Practitioner"
122:
2482:
429:, was introduced in 1996, to describe US specialists in
2395:. New York: International Universities Press. pp.
2321:. New York: International Universities Press. pp.
1715:
840:
learnt by medical students. Within this tradition, the
2989:(4 vol.; E. & S. Livingstone, 1957) on Royal Navy
2205:. Dordrecht (Netherlands): D. Reidel. pp. 3â22.
1716:
Kuo, YF; Sharma, G; Freeman, JL; Goodwin, JS (2009).
1349:
272:. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed
2827:"Problem doctors: is there a system-level solution?"
1528:
International Standard Classification of Occupations
1387:
2994:
Disease, Medicine and Society in England, 1550â1860
2335:
1205:
947:
388:in 1518. It was not until 1540 that he granted the
2824:
2485:"Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians"
2409:
2388:
2314:
2268:
1680:
1025:; and manipulative and body-based methods such as
730:(AMA), however, advocates for the definition of a
654:located in the United States. After completion of
338:
2306:
508:. In such places, the more general English terms
349:Around the world, the term physician refers to a
4176:
2380:
1539:
1340:Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
734:as "an individual possessing degree of either a
611:, established in 1915, does not: its title uses
2892:Suñol R; Garel P; Jacquerye A (February 2009).
2287:
2084:. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
603:, founded in 1897, both currently use the term
412:meant roughly what internal medicine does now.
1899:"Family Medicine or Internal Medicine Doctor?"
1238:
3877:
3048:
2662:"Medizin-Promotionen: Akademische Ramschware"
2483:Frank E; Biola H; Burnett CA (October 2000).
2228:
2028:. Office of Science Education. Archived from
1623:
794:
300:in its applied practice, which is the art or
1801:
1158:
942:, meaning 'I am suffering', and akin to the
750:
2403:
2256:The politics of the family and other essays
2253:
1591:
1359:Performance and professionalism supervision
1326:In the large English-speaking federations (
1050:are popular types of alternative medicine.
783:Medical doctors per 1,000 people as of 2018
3884:
3870:
3337:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3055:
3041:
2789:
2571:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
2523:
1113:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
591:In the United States and Canada, the term
452:and other Commonwealth countries (such as
45:
3678:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2913:
2842:
2742:
2541:
2500:
2281:
2224:
2222:
2200:
2166:
1741:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1122:
1053:
650:lists both MD and DO granting schools as
538:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2526:"'Doctoring' doctors and their families"
2478:
2476:
2474:
2434:
2386:
2312:
2229:Good, Byron J (1994). "Chapter (pbk)3".
2196:
2194:
1896:
1777:Royal Australasian College of Physicians
1587:
1585:
1144:, the primary teaching hospital for the
1132:
789:Association of American Medical Colleges
778:
568:
531:
322:
2844:10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008
2629:
2517:
2247:
1966:"Internal Medicine vs. Family Medicine"
1598:. NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company.
992:
625:physicians trained in the United States
14:
4177:
3999:Electrical and electronics engineering
3984:Developmental and reproductive biology
2716:
2659:
2262:
2219:
1931:
1612:
1422:Occupations of physicians and surgeons
1015:complementary and alternative medicine
716:American Podiatric Medical Association
618:
599:, established in 1847, as well as the
484:), as well as in places as diverse as
3865:
3036:
2825:Leape LL; Fromson JA (January 2006).
2471:
2368:from the original on 23 December 2019
2191:
1582:
1542:"The history of Italian parasitology"
1095:Physicians do experience exposure to
918:may also be so described). This word
753:Université du Québec à Trois-RiviÚres
3816:
3577:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2698:from the original on 29 January 2009
2630:Schmidt, Sarah (30 September 2017).
2611:from the original on 20 October 2021
2596:
2578:from the original on 20 October 2021
2148:from the original on 4 November 2021
2062:from the original on 13 October 2021
1913:from the original on 14 October 2021
1263:. Synonyms in use elsewhere include
292:, and their treatment, which is the
3826:
2996:(Cambridge University Press, 1995).
2942:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2692:"AMA Links to state medical boards"
2660:Kramer, Bernd (28 September 2015).
2118:from the original on 29 August 2021
2088:from the original on 29 August 2021
1980:from the original on 6 October 2021
1878:from the original on 6 October 2021
1844:from the original on 6 October 2021
27:Professional who practices medicine
24:
3713:Medical Scientist Training Program
2934:
2672:from the original on 12 April 2021
2641:from the original on 13 April 2019
2138:"Medical doctors per 1,000 people"
1946:from the original on 14 April 2021
1756:See also editorial by Hamel M. B.
1533:
1378:Federation of State Medical Boards
759:World Directory of Medical Schools
668:National Resident Matching Program
648:World Directory of Medical Schools
607:to describe members. However, the
318:
25:
4206:
4029:Genetics and evolutionary biology
3000:
2873:from the original on 2 April 2021
2258:. London: Tavistock Publications.
2179:from the original on 29 June 2021
2167:Bernstein, Lenny (3 March 2015).
1524:International Labour Organization
1223:In some jurisdictions such as in
371:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
3845:
3835:
3825:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3018:
3006:
2987:Medicine and the Navy, 1200â1900
1810:from the original on 5 July 2016
1804:"Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine"
1390:
1350:Specialists in internal medicine
1206:Specialists in internal medicine
968:to suffer) and its cognate noun
601:American Osteopathic Association
554:
384:granted a charter to the London
4033:Cellular and molecular biology
3846:
2885:
2859:
2818:
2783:
2759:
2710:
2684:
2653:
2632:"Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ..."
2623:
2590:
2558:
2428:
2329:
2160:
2130:
2100:
2082:"List of Available Fellowships"
2074:
2044:
2018:
2006:from the original on 1 May 2012
1992:
1958:
1925:
1890:
1856:
1822:
1795:
1374:National Practitioner Data Bank
1247:as in the United States, or as
685:
561:Physicians in the United States
339:Specialist in internal medicine
3703:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3137:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2900:. 18 Suppl 1 (Suppl_1): i3â7.
2412:Exploring medical anthropology
2203:Physicians of western medicine
1974:American College of Physicians
1932:Decker, Fred (9 August 2018).
1897:Bernat, Karl; Caplea, Andrea.
1765:
1760:. on pp1141â1143 of same issue
1709:
1674:
1644:
1500:
1475:
1432:International medical graduate
1369:Department of Veterans Affairs
983:American College of Physicians
809:
740:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
640:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
609:American College of Physicians
417:physician in the United States
408:. Hence, in the 16th century,
398:Regius Professorship of Physic
13:
1:
3023:The dictionary definition of
2502:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4
2336:Grossinger, Richard (1982) .
1907:Duke University Health System
1561:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00420-4
1468:
1214:
3683:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3450:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3062:
2959:4#2 1951, pp. 141â169.
2604:American Medical Association
2597:Berg, Sara (3 August 2018).
2524:Schneck SA (December 1998).
2271:The Montreal Medical Journal
1487:American Medical Association
1117:American Medical Association
728:American Medical Association
724:Doctor of Podiatric Medicine
642:degree and use the initials
597:American Medical Association
584:In modern English, the term
7:
2108:"Scope of Practice Support"
1695:10.1056/NEJM199608153350713
1417:Doctorâpatient relationship
1383:
1084:), alcohol-related deaths,
987:Royal College of Physicians
768:
709:
386:Royal College of Physicians
10:
4211:
4134:Probability and statistics
1942:. Hearst Newspapers, LLC.
1512:Classifying health workers
1481:In 1949, Fildes' painting
1346:for a Doctor in Medicine.
1126:
1092:, and bacterial diseases.
1082:chronic airway obstruction
948:
914:a physician for a routine
798:
795:Social role and world view
772:
714:In the United States, the
558:
535:
390:Company of Barber-Surgeons
342:
296:of medicine, and a decent
29:
3904:
3801:
3723:
3661:
3422:
3350:
3305:
3214:
3085:
3070:
2804:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0785
2449:10.1017/S0963180108090142
2056:policysearch.ama-assn.org
1540:Roncalli Amici R (2001).
1507:World Health Organization
1239:All medical practitioners
1233:European Research Council
1183:or require pre-requisite
1159:All medical practitioners
1146:Miller School of Medicine
1138:Jackson Memorial Hospital
751:
394:Royal College of Surgeons
374:, third edition, gives a
182:
164:
140:
113:
108:
92:
80:
69:
64:
44:
3637:Transplantation medicine
3528:Clinical neurophysiology
3445:Obstetric anesthesiology
3365:Interventional radiology
3125:Digestive system surgery
2974:49.167 (1964): 299â324.
2906:10.1136/qshc.2008.029678
2776:12 November 2014 at the
2767:National Academies Press
2735:10.1136/qshc.2002.004994
2717:Lim MK (February 2004).
2543:10.1001/jama.280.23.2039
2288:Partridge, Eric (1966).
1517:15 November 2020 at the
658:, physicians complete a
415:Currently, a specialist
30:Not to be confused with
4190:Health care occupations
3929:Artificial intelligence
3508:Intensive care medicine
3482:Mass gathering medicine
3327:Maternalâfetal medicine
2957:Economic History Review
2292:. New York: Macmillan.
1656:University of Cambridge
1549:Veterinary Parasitology
1522:. Source: Adapted from
1442:List of medical schools
1323:or serious misconduct.
1317:General Medical Council
1185:undergraduate education
1034:medical anthropologists
847:evidence-based medicine
834:medical anthropologists
691:Primary care physicians
615:in its original sense.
437:, who are often called
419:may be described as an
402:University of Cambridge
4159:Structural engineering
4099:Mechanical engineering
4072:Western and South Asia
3100:Cardiothoracic surgery
2944:31.5 (1957): 442â453.
1630:. Oxford : Clarendon.
1624:Brown, Lesley (2002).
1152:
1123:Education and training
1054:Physicians' own health
884:
879:Chauvanism in Medicine
784:
581:
335:
56:, an 1891 portrait by
4024:Environmental science
3909:Aerospace engineering
3751:Personalized medicine
3610:Reproductive medicine
3535:Occupational medicine
3489:Evolutionary medicine
2792:Health Aff (Millwood)
2437:Camb Q Healthc Ethics
2052:"Policy Finder | AMA"
1802:Medline Plus (2012).
1734:10.1056/NEJMsa0802381
1136:
1105:self-inflicted injury
1101:suicide among doctors
1029:and massage therapy.
851:
782:
704:general practitioners
678:to obtain licensure.
623:The vast majority of
572:
559:Further information:
536:Further information:
532:Physician and surgeon
326:
3771:Traditional medicine
3731:Alternative medicine
3598:Addiction psychiatry
3412:Transfusion medicine
3407:Medical microbiology
3322:Gynecologic oncology
3174:Reproductive surgery
3015:at Wikimedia Commons
2985:Keevil, John Joyce.
2898:Qual Saf Health Care
2723:Qual Saf Health Care
2254:Laing, R.D. (1971).
1592:H.W. Fowler (1994).
1462:Physicians in Canada
1109:occupational burnout
1097:occupational hazards
1005:continue to espouse
1003:alternative medicine
999:traditional medicine
993:Alternative medicine
801:Medical anthropology
565:Physicians in Canada
514:medical practitioner
278:academic disciplines
214:medical practitioner
201:Specialist physician
189:General practitioner
3793:History of medicine
3776:Veterinary medicine
3583:Preventive medicine
3435:Adolescent medicine
3277:Infectious diseases
2566:"Physician Burnout"
2173:The Washington Post
1578:on 23 October 2013.
1457:Physician-scientist
1427:Health care quality
1150:University of Miami
1013:(NCCAM) classifies
805:History of medicine
619:American physicians
574:Elizabeth Blackwell
304:of the profession.
290:underlying diseases
230:health professional
41:
3741:Molecular oncology
3698:Doctor of Medicine
3688:Master of Medicine
3605:Radiation oncology
3477:Emergency medicine
3430:Addiction medicine
3397:Clinical chemistry
3392:Clinical pathology
3184:Transplant surgery
3142:Orthopedic surgery
3120:Colorectal surgery
2869:. MedLicense.com.
1662:on 9 December 2012
1447:List of physicians
1171:, undertaken at a
1153:
932:present participle
910:(although one who
785:
736:Doctor of Medicine
726:(DPM) degree. The
670:(NRMP) and attend
629:Doctor of Medicine
582:
542:Doctor of Medicine
439:general physicians
435:general internists
336:
142:Education required
39:
4172:
4171:
4154:Scientific naming
4144:Quantum computing
3974:Computer hardware
3969:Clinical research
3964:Civil engineering
3859:
3858:
3693:Master of Surgery
3657:
3656:
3642:Tropical medicine
3588:Prison healthcare
3503:Hospital medicine
3467:Disaster medicine
3457:Aviation medicine
3272:Hospital medicine
3179:Surgical oncology
3164:Pediatric surgery
3158:
3105:Endocrine surgery
3011:Media related to
2347:978-1-55643-369-6
2142:Our World in Data
1939:Houston Chronicle
1872:Piedmont Hospital
1728:(11): 1102â1112.
1129:Medical education
967:
958:
890:, and enjoy high
875:Sir William Osler
699:internal medicine
431:internal medicine
406:internal medicine
392:(ancestor of the
355:internal medicine
345:Internal medicine
206:
205:
135:critical thinking
131:analytical skills
16:(Redirected from
4202:
3979:Computer science
3886:
3879:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3513:Medical genetics
3498:General practice
3375:Nuclear medicine
3250:Gastroenterology
3206:Vascular surgery
3156:
3083:
3082:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3022:
3010:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2831:Ann. Intern. Med
2822:
2816:
2815:
2787:
2781:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2480:
2469:
2468:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2032:on 29 April 2013
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2000:"About Podiatry"
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1779:. Archived from
1769:
1763:
1762:
1745:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1658:. Archived from
1648:
1642:
1641:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1571:. Archived from
1546:
1537:
1531:
1504:
1498:
1485:was used by the
1479:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1298:
1181:secondary school
1076:, but excluding
963:
953:
951:
950:
863:Hippocratic oath
775:Physician supply
756:
755:
423:. Another term,
270:general practice
193:Family physician
94:Activity sectors
49:
42:
38:
21:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4067:Hebrew toponyms
4062:Arabic toponyms
3900:
3890:
3860:
3855:
3797:
3786:Chief physician
3719:
3664:
3653:
3647:Travel medicine
3632:Sports medicine
3615:Sexual medicine
3555:Palliative care
3550:Pain management
3494:Family medicine
3472:Diving medicine
3418:
3346:
3308:
3301:
3217:
3210:
3169:Plastic surgery
3115:General surgery
3095:Cardiac surgery
3076:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3003:
2937:
2935:Further reading
2932:
2931:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2823:
2819:
2788:
2784:
2778:Wayback Machine
2764:
2760:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2635:Sueddeutsche.de
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2536:(23): 2039â42.
2522:
2518:
2481:
2472:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2408:
2404:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2334:
2330:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2286:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2199:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1838:Beaumont Health
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:on 6 March 2008
1771:
1770:
1766:
1714:
1710:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1622:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1519:Wayback Machine
1505:
1501:
1491:Harry S. Truman
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1412:Doctor's office
1398:Medicine portal
1396:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1361:
1352:
1296:
1259:countries, and
1241:
1217:
1208:
1161:
1131:
1125:
1061:life expectancy
1056:
995:
816:Western culture
812:
807:
799:Main articles:
797:
777:
771:
763:medical schools
718:(APMA) defines
712:
695:family medicine
688:
652:medical schools
636:medical schools
621:
567:
557:
544:
534:
382:Henry VIII
347:
341:
321:
319:Modern meanings
218:British English
199:
195:
191:
185:
169:
167:
143:
125:and science of
95:
83:
82:Occupation type
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Medical doctors
15:
12:
11:
5:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4195:Hospital staff
4192:
4187:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:Nanotechnology
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Machine vision
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3892:Glossaries of
3889:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3724:Related topics
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Medical school
3669:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:Sleep medicine
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3440:Anesthesiology
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3370:Neuroradiology
3367:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:Obstetrics and
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3189:Trauma surgery
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3152:Otolaryngology
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3078:subspecialties
3068:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3016:
3002:
3001:External links
2999:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2968:
2953:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2884:
2858:
2817:
2782:
2771:Free full-text
2758:
2709:
2683:
2652:
2622:
2589:
2557:
2516:
2470:
2427:
2420:
2402:
2379:
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2190:
2159:
2129:
2099:
2073:
2043:
2017:
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2030:the original
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3898:engineering
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3309:gynaecology
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3110:Eye surgery
3072:Specialties
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810:Biomedicine
720:podiatrists
676:specialties
638:and have a
633:osteopathic
466:New Zealand
445:countries.
426:hospitalist
109:Description
103:health care
58:Luke Fildes
4185:Physicians
4179:Categories
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4048:Geography
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3593:Psychiatry
3579:(PM&R)
3572:Phlebology
3560:Pediatrics
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1984:14 January
1950:14 January
1917:14 January
1882:14 January
1848:14 January
1787:5 February
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1495:The Doctor
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1469:References
1215:Regulation
1193:internship
1177:university
1080:and other
1048:homeopathy
888:profession
838:world view
664:fellowship
458:Bangladesh
351:specialist
298:competence
286:physiology
280:, such as
168:employment
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3199:Andrology
3026:physician
2122:29 August
1407:AI doctor
1336:Australia
1245:licensure
1225:Singapore
1078:emphysema
1066:pneumonia
1023:herbalism
1019:mind-body
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660:residency
613:physician
605:physician
593:physician
586:physician
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490:Hong Kong
478:Sri Lanka
454:Australia
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332:parasites
274:knowledge
254:treatment
250:prognosis
246:diagnosis
210:physician
177:hospitals
166:Fields of
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