378:
515:. Gregory IX urged King Andrew II of Hungary to allow the Teutonic Knights to return to Cumania in at least four letters between 1231 and 1234. Nevertheless, Hungary remained the principal ally of the Holy See in Southeastern Europe; Andrew II emphasized his claim to the newly conquered lands by adopting the title "King of Cumania" in the early 1230s. Pope Gregory wrote to Duke Béla on 25 October 1234, reminding him of his previous offer to build a church in Cumania and encouraging him to grant estates to the bishop of Cumania.
577:
544:
these pagans was increasing more and more, God's hidden judgment permitted a persecution from the . This not only impeded the preaching of our brothers, but forced many of them to go sooner to the heavenly kingdom. Up to ninety brothers flew to the kingdom of heaven, some by the sword, others by arrows, spears or fire. The mission to these pagans was interrupted while, as a result of the persecution, the Cumans were scattered to different parts of Greece,
2725:
500:
2713:
148:
404:, but especially the Cumans and other pagans" and expressed "his desire to go to the Cumans and other infidels". The Dominican province of Hungary, one of the order's first territories, was created in the early 1220s. Paulus Hungarus, its first head, "decided to send some virtuous brothers" to the Cumans in the early 1220s; according to
644:'s chaplain) bishop of Milkovia. Although the pope confirmed Vitus's ordination two years later, no evidence exists that the bishop ever visited his diocese. Other bishops were ordained to the see of Milkovia during the next century, but their attempts to regain the properties of the Diocese of Cumania were unsuccessful.
495:
The conversion of thousands of Cumans was followed by the creation of the bishopric of
Cumania. According to Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Archbishop Robert of Esztergom consecrated Theodoric bishop of the new diocese in 1228. The consecration of Theodoric, who had been a monk in the Dominican province
543:
After much hard work, by God's help, a convent was established, and the brothers began to preach confidently among the people. Only God can count the number of people who were converted to the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ day after day. While the brothers' fervour and zeal for the conversion of
510:
According to Pope
Gregory's 1228 letter, the nomadic Cumans were willing to settle in newly established villages and towns and build churches. However, relations between the Cumans and their priests were often tense; the pope advised Bishop Theodoric of Cumania in 1229 to show mercy to the newly
526:
from the
Catholic bishop, but "from some pseudo-bishops of the Greek rite". According to the pope, the Vlachs persuaded "Hungarians, Saxons and other Catholics" who had settled in Cumania to join the Orthodox church. Gregory IX authorized Bishop Theodoric to consecrate a Catholic bishop for the
300:
in the early 1210s. The reference to the Vlachs' participation in
Joachim's campaign is some of the earliest evidence of Vlach communities subjected to Hungarian rule. The Vlachs had a special status, distinct from other commoners in the Kingdom of Hungary. They paid in-kind taxes, such as a
429:
in
Hungary in 1227, asking the archbishop to baptize him and his 12 retainers. The Cuman nobleman also reported that his father and his 2,000 subjects were also willing to come to Transylvania to be baptized. Robert accepted the offer and went to Transylvania with three Hungarian prelates:
530:
The
Mongols again invaded the easternmost regions of the "Cuman steppes", forcing tens of thousands of Cumans to seek refuge in Hungary or Bulgaria around 1240. The Bishopric of Cumania was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Central Europe in 1241. According to the contemporaneous
230:(or Galicia)—"did harm to the Galician fishermen" on the Lower Danube (implying that portions of the lands between the Eastern Carpathians and the river were controlled by the princes of Halych). The Cumans were pagans who worshipped the sky, the earth and other natural elements.
337:
the neighboring Cumans. The king also authorized the
Knights to erect wooden fortresses and expand their authority over the Carpathians. The Knights were allowed to invite colonists to their lands, and settlers were exempted from church tithes. According to a non-authentic
668:, "Southeastern Transylvania was included within the bishopric most likely to secure a constant source of revenue from the collection of tithes for the emerging ecclesiastical structure during the first years after the conversion of the Cumans". Spinei wrote that the
272:
against
Byzantine rule, crossed the lower Danube to seek assistance from the Cumans in the summer of 1186 and returned "with their Cuman auxiliaries" to continue the fight. "Cumans, with a division of Vlachs, crossed" the lower Danube and invaded Thrace in 1199.
527:
Vlachs, and asked Duke Béla to help
Theodoric impose his authority over the Vlachs. The pope's letter suggests that the Vlachs were a significant group (possibly the majority) among the peoples of Cumania, and they had their own local church hierarchy.
346:
region) in 1222. Papal letters also stated that an unspecified number of Cumans and their wives and children were willing to convert after the
Knights defeated them. The Cumans' power diminished sharply after the Mongol victory over a coalition of
2086:"Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars" (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010);
640:, the Archbishop of Esztergom, he wrote that "the powerful of those lands" had seized the property of the Diocese of Cumania. Hoping to receive royal support for his plan, the pope decided to make the Franciscan Vitus de Monteferreo (
511:
converted Cumans who had attacked clerics and not punish them for minor crimes. The pope exempted the Diocese of Cumania from the authority of the Archbishops of Esztergom on 13 September 1229, subjecting its bishop directly to the
123:
in 1241, and its property was seized by neighboring landowners. A Franciscan friar was ordained to the see in 1334, but he and his successors (who bore the title Bishop of Milkovia) could not restore the bishopric and its estates.
735:, indicating that at least one chapel was built in the see of the bishopric. The 1278 letter of Pope Nicholas also referred to the cathedral which had been destroyed by the Mongols. The Dominican Theodoric served as bishop under
496:
of Hungary, was confirmed by Pope Gregory on 21 March. The pope urged the head of the Hungarian Dominicans to send new missionaries to the Cumans and praised Duke Béla, who had decided to visit Cumania with Archbishop Robert.
248:), captured him in 1164 at the borders of Halych. Choniates reported that Vlachs, Slavs and Cumans also inhabited the lands between the Carpathians and the Lower Danube, and the Vlachs' cooperation with the Cumans against the
2586:
588:
The Mongols conquered the steppes as far as the Lower Danube. They massacred or enslaved many Cumans, but significant Cuman groups survived and preserved their separate identity in the
618:
friars played an important role in Catholic missions to the lands east of the Carpathians. The Holy See had authorized the order to administer the sacraments, build churches and grant
483:, another Cuman chieftain who was "an even more important leader" was baptized "with about a thousand of his kinsmen". In a 31 July 1228 letter to Archbishop Robert of Esztergom,
475:
410:, written during the 1250s by Friar Gerard de Frachet, they were unsuccessful and returned. De Frachet wrote that the next Dominican mission to the Cumans reached the
2758:
2219:
Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
600:
mentioned in a 7 October 1278 letter that Catholics had disappeared from the Diocese of Cumania because no bishop lived there since the destruction of the
461:
The number of Cumans baptised with their chief varies from source to source. Emo specified a "large number", Alberic noted 15,000, and the Austrian chronicles
2630:
622:
in Cumania in 1239, renewing the authorization six years later. Missionaries risked their lives in the lands subject to the Mongols in the first half of the
708:
463:
2118:(Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (2004). Columbia University Press.
223:
535:, Bochetor and "other kings" led the Mongol army to the "land of the bishop of the Cumans" and annihilated the local army. The invaders destroyed the
2768:
175:
in 1166 "had passed through some wearisome and rugged regions and had gone through a land entirely bereft of men" before entering Hungary across the
1403:
1302:
584:
in the second half of the 13th century (the grey area east of the Székelys and the Banate of Severin was included in the bishopric of Cumania)
2276:
Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).
2240:"De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
167:
after about 1100. Archaeological research indicates that most settlements in the territory had been abandoned by that time. According to
210:", suggesting a lack of agriculture. However, archaeological research has indicated that local inhabitants practised agriculture in the
2773:
2606:
592:
until the end of the 14th century. The Holy See did not abandon the idea of proselytizing in Cumania after the Mongol invasion, and
518:
The pope's next letter, written on 14 November 1234, stated that there were "certain people within the Cuman bishopric named 'Walati
2611:
2596:
2542:
414:, but the friars "suffered hunger, thirst, lack of covering and persecutions; some of them were held captive and two were killed".
2753:
2547:
2519:
2763:
2591:
652:
The borders of the Diocese of Cumania cannot be exactly determined. Roger of Torre Maggiore wrote that the Mongols crossed the
2567:
2557:
2406:. History of Transylvania. Vol. I:From the Beginnings to 1606. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
2353:
2332:
2313:
2285:
2266:
2247:
2171:
2152:
2109:
2095:
2066:
2422:
Les trois ethnies de la Transylvanie (1172–1241): Les Roumains en Transylvanie et en Coumanie jusqu'à l'invasion des Mongols
656:
before entering the Diocese of Cumania, which indicates that the river was the diocese's eastern border. A 1235 list of the
2528:
679:
The location of the episcopal see is the subject of scholarly debate. In his 1278 letter, Pope Nicholas III wrote that the
342:
written almost a decade later, their territory extended as far as the lower Danube and the "borders of the Brodniks" (the
108:
were a significant part of the diocese's population. They did not follow the Catholic bishop, and persuaded many Catholic
2562:
626:; "Saracens" murdered Friar Pietro da Unghera near Transylvania in 1314, and Friars Blasius and Marcus were martyred in
2601:
664:
in Romania) was in the Cumanian diocese, suggesting that it included southeastern Transylvania. According to historian
17:
2687:
2651:
439:
2381:
2228:
2209:
2190:
2123:
2080:
523:
2552:
1276:
370:
the following year. Duke Béla, who wanted to expand his authority over the neighboring Cuman tribes, supported the
137:
362:
to protect their lands. The king invaded the Knights' domain, expelling them in 1225. Andrew made his oldest son,
2697:
736:
458:, fourth in rank among the major Cuman leaders" and baptized him and his retainers in the presence of Duke Béla.
426:
276:
However, conflicts between the Cumans and the Vlachs were also recorded. According to a 1250 royal charter, King
70:
417:
Historian Claudia F. Dobre wrote that the "way for the Cumans' conversion was opened" after their defeat at the
2692:
2577:
377:
202:
and Cumans, respectively). He described the territory as a "very fine hunting ground practically untouched by
2682:
2304:
Spinei, Victor (2008). "The Cuman bishopric—Genesis and evolution". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.).
549:
2325:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century
190:
wrote that the two Cuman groups (the Black Cumans and White Cumans) were separated from each other by the
2512:
2461:
Die drei Völker Siebenbürgens (1172–1241): Die Rumänen in Siebenbürgen und Kumanien bis zum Mongolensturm
605:
296:
and Pecheneg warriors to assist Boril in Bulgaria after "three chieftains from Cumania" rebelled against
727:(where small 13th-century forts were excavated). Two Cuman chieftains were buried "in the chapel of the
2677:
422:
269:
80:
Robert ordained a Hungarian Dominican friar, Theodoric, as the first bishop of Cumania in early 1228.
563:
406:
352:
120:
2646:
2489:
2450:
2403:
From the Hungarian Conquest to the Mongol invasion: The Cumanian Country and the Province of Severin
487:
expressed joy at the missionaries' success in "Cumania" and the neighboring "land of the Brodniks".
84:
confirmed Theodoric's consecration on 21 March of that year, and the diocese was subordinate to the
2621:
306:
105:
545:
532:
265:
2661:
739:
from 1228 to 1234 or later; papal documents note an unnamed bishop of Cumania in 1235 and 1238.
2505:
700:
447:
227:
49:) from 1228 to 1241. The lands incorporated into the diocese had been dominated by the nomadic
35:
443:
285:
238:
553:
363:
684:
641:
367:
334:
322:
289:
261:
164:
133:
113:
97:
96:, but its exact location is unknown. The diocese included Burzenland and lands east of the
93:
54:
8:
469:
431:
277:
176:
2717:
2477:
2438:
2141:
716:
657:
581:
421:, due to Duke Béla's support of the Dominican missionaries. The nearly-contemporaneous
187:
172:
2377:
2349:
2328:
2309:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2224:
2205:
2186:
2167:
2148:
2119:
2105:
2091:
2076:
2062:
1397:
1296:
597:
596:
praised the Dominicans for their successful missions to the Cumans in 1253. However,
455:
359:
297:
245:
242:
234:
74:
2280:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207.
637:
435:
593:
451:
381:
330:
257:
249:
195:
62:
2116:
The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his Continuator, Rahewin
281:
2459:
2420:
724:
609:
503:
484:
371:
81:
66:
669:
2729:
2497:
728:
633:
348:
219:
191:
183:
2401:
712:
673:
612:(his legate in Hungary) to investigate the situation in the former bishopric.
2747:
688:
665:
601:
589:
536:
411:
393:
343:
260:
to Cumans who invaded the Byzantine lands south of the Lower Danube in 1094.
168:
89:
400:, the founder of the Dominican Order "wanted to save all men, Christian and
397:
253:
160:
2374:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
552:
and other nearby regions. Finally most of them came to Hungary, where the
2104:(Translated by Harry J. Magoulias) (1984). Wayne State University Press.
1377:
653:
615:
418:
42:
2306:
The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans
696:
293:
194:. Describing the eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary around 1150,
619:
339:
326:
207:
109:
65:
in 1211. After Andrew expelled the Knights from the territory in 1225,
58:
720:
636:
considered restoring the bishopric in 1332. In a letter addressed to
199:
38:
2075:(Translated by Charles M. Brand) (1976). Columbia University Press.
661:
576:
2712:
512:
401:
358:
The Teutonic Knights attempted to overthrow King Andrew, and asked
85:
2259:
At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities
237:'s chronicle, "the Vlachs, who had heard rumors" of the escape of
46:
2183:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
198:
mentioned the "open land of the Patzinaks and the Falones" (the
704:
385:
333:
in 1211, tasking them with defending his kingdom's borders and
310:
156:
101:
50:
937:
627:
499:
672:
must have formed the diocese's northeastern border, and the
1541:
1024:
949:
506:, who confirmed the establishment of the Diocese of Cumania
211:
203:
1778:
1582:
813:
811:
256:, local Vlachs showed "the way through the passes" of the
147:
1978:
1920:
1802:
1737:
1725:
1684:
1642:
1529:
1485:
1449:
1382:
Lives of the Brothers (Translated by Joseph Kenny, O. P.)
1321:
1241:
1190:
316:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1949:
1947:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1659:
1657:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1502:
1500:
1415:
1413:
1371:
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1367:
1365:
1363:
1165:
1163:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1053:
1051:
784:
2061:(Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books.
1853:
1674:
1672:
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1515:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1180:
1178:
1014:
1012:
985:
855:
853:
808:
392:
According to Friar Rudolf of Faenza's testimony during
384:'s portrait of St. Dominic, who decided to convert the
2019:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
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1877:
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1437:
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1256:
1133:
1131:
1129:
748:
2631:
Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania
2031:
2002:
1990:
1944:
1889:
1841:
1814:
1790:
1696:
1654:
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1932:
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1214:
1175:
1114:
1075:
1009:
877:
865:
850:
823:
719:
and Anton Paragină, the see of the bishopric was in
2164:
Mendicants in Moldavia: Mission in an Orthodox Land
1959:
1865:
1826:
1749:
1345:
1309:
1253:
1229:
1126:
772:
760:
77:, an influential Cuman chieftain, two years later.
2140:
2073:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos
1277:"The process of canonization at Bologna (ch. 32.)"
1099:
1063:
803:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos
2299:. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Româna.
707:and then with Odobești, and Carol Auner with the
27:Latin-rite bishopric west of the Siret River 1228
2759:Religious organizations established in the 1220s
2745:
2527:
2143:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
2102:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs
1043:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
1004:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
920:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
490:
351:princes and Cuman chieftains in the 23 May 1223
53:since about 1100. Catholic missions began after
2344:Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301
2513:
660:' houses in Hungary noted that "Corona" (now
522:" (Vlachs). The Vlachs did not receive their
2348:. História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete.
1402:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1301:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
840:
838:
2587:Major Archeparchy of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia
425:wrote that a Cuman chieftain's son visited
270:1186 rebellion of the Bulgarians and Vlachs
142:
2520:
2506:
835:
571:
2769:Dioceses established in the 13th century
2275:
1859:
1547:
1208:
1030:
991:
955:
754:
575:
498:
479:described 10,000 converts. According to
376:
214:-region settlements during the 11th and
146:
2341:
2037:
1467:
687:) was the seat of the Cumanian bishop.
14:
2746:
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1196:
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1154:
1120:
1093:
1057:
1018:
979:
943:
931:
907:
895:
859:
829:
790:
317:Conversion of Cuman tribes (1211–1228)
2501:
2223:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243.
2180:
2161:
2138:
2025:
1972:
1914:
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1835:
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1443:
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1315:
1262:
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1223:
1184:
1137:
1081:
883:
871:
817:
778:
766:
171:, a Byzantine army which invaded the
119:The diocese was destroyed during the
2131:
647:
539:and murdered many Dominican friars:
329:in southeastern Transylvania to the
69:friars continued the Cuman mission.
2297:Moldavia in the 11th–14th Centuries
2237:
1108:
1069:
24:
2364:
2162:Dobre, Claudia Florentina (2009).
2051:
1378:"The mission to the Cumans (6.1.)"
1281:St. Dominic—Biographical Documents
1275:Lehner, Francis C., O. P. (1964).
159:controlled the lands north of the
116:to accept their Orthodox bishops.
25:
2785:
2774:1240s disestablishments in Europe
2392:
845:The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
252:is well-documented. According to
32:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania
2723:
2711:
2166:. Aurel Verlag und Handel Gmbh.
454:, they met the Cuman chieftain "
450:. According to the chronicle of
138:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
104:(Romanians) who belonged to the
2698:Apostolic Nunciature to Romania
1766:
1268:
1036:
997:
961:
913:
737:Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom
440:Bartholomew, Bishop of Veszprém
427:Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom
374:friars' missionary activities.
305:(one-fiftieth) on their herds;
71:Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom
2754:Former Roman Catholic dioceses
2376:. Cambridge University Press.
2278:History of Romania: Compendium
2147:. Cambridge University Press.
796:
715:. According to archaeologists
13:
1:
2764:1227 establishments in Europe
2683:Romanian Episcopal Conference
2202:Early Transylvania (895–1324)
742:
491:Creation and fall (1228–1241)
2529:Catholic dioceses in Romania
2464:(in German). Akadémiai Kiadó
2425:(in French). Akadémiai Kiadó
309:, they were exempt from the
241:(a rebellious cousin of the
7:
2308:. Brill. pp. 413–456.
676:its southeastern frontier.
313:paid by Catholic peasants.
10:
2790:
2693:Holy See–Romania relations
2678:Catholic Church in Romania
2257:Rădvan, Laurenţiu (2010).
2185:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
2046:
1376:De Frachet, Gerard, O. P.
423:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
131:
127:
2706:
2670:
2639:
2620:
2576:
2543:Archdiocese of Alba Iulia
2535:
2088:Anonymus and Master Roger
2059:Anna Comnena: The Alexiad
968:Anna Comnena: The Alexiad
733:The Lives of the Brethren
564:The Lives of the Brethren
561:Friar Gerard de Frachet:
481:The Lives of the Brethren
407:The Lives of the Brethren
353:Battle of the Kalka River
121:Mongol invasion of Europe
2548:Archdiocese of Bucharest
2342:Zsoldos, Attila (2011).
2238:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013).
946:, pp. 183, 187–188.
143:Background (before 1211)
2578:Romanian Greek Catholic
2458:Makkai, László (1990).
2419:Makkai, László (1992).
2400:Makkai, László (2001).
2372:Vásáry, István (2005).
2323:Spinei, Victor (2009).
2295:Spinei, Victor (1986).
2221:History of Transylvania
533:Roger of Torre Maggiore
2718:Catholicism portal
2612:Eparchy of Oradea Mare
2597:Eparchy of Cluj-Gherla
2558:Diocese of Oradea Mare
2242:. Peter Lang Edition.
2200:Kristó, Gyula (2003).
2139:Curta, Florin (2006).
1773:Master Roger's Epistle
701:Constantin C. Giurescu
585:
572:Aftermath (after 1241)
569:
507:
448:Bishop of Transylvania
389:
228:Principality of Halych
152:
579:
541:
502:
444:Raynald of Belleville
380:
288:, to lead an army of
286:Count of Hermannstadt
150:
132:Further information:
2662:Diocese of Moldovița
2607:Eparchy of Maramureș
2592:Eparchy of Bucharest
2568:Diocese of Timişoara
2563:Diocese of Satu Mare
1787:, pp. 432, 436.
1591:, pp. 426, 429.
642:Charles I of Hungary
368:Duke of Transylvania
323:Andrew II of Hungary
165:Carpathian Mountains
134:Founding of Moldavia
98:Carpathian Mountains
55:Andrew II of Hungary
2181:Engel, Pál (2001).
1987:, pp. 436–437.
1929:, pp. 179–180.
1811:, pp. 170–171.
1746:, pp. 166–167.
1734:, pp. 118–119.
1693:, pp. 433–434.
1651:, pp. 157–158.
1550:, pp. 172–173.
1538:, pp. 425–426.
1494:, pp. 423–424.
1458:, pp. 422–423.
1384:. www.dhspriory.org
1330:, pp. 414–415.
1283:. The Thomist Press
1250:, pp. 192–193.
1199:, pp. 417–418.
1033:, pp. 168–169.
958:, pp. 156–157.
820:, pp. 316–317.
793:, pp. 192–193.
476:Claustroneuburgense
432:Bartholomew le Gros
278:Andrew I of Hungary
239:Andronikos Komnenus
218:. According to the
177:Eastern Carpathians
2730:Romania portal
2688:List of cathedrals
2657:Diocese of Cumania
1045:(6.1.499), p. 275.
1006:(5.1.374), p. 206.
805:(6.3.261), p. 196.
717:Adrian Andrei Rusu
658:Premonstratensians
586:
582:Kingdom of Hungary
508:
390:
188:Muhammad al-Idrisi
173:Kingdom of Hungary
153:
151:Cuman stone statue
18:Diocese of Cumania
2738:
2737:
2622:Armenian Catholic
2355:978-963-9627-38-3
2334:978-90-04-17536-5
2315:978-90-04-16389-8
2287:978-973-7784-12-4
2268:978-90-04-18010-9
2249:978-3-631-64866-7
2204:. Lucidus Kiadó.
2173:978-3-938759-12-7
2154:978-0-521-89452-4
2132:Secondary sources
2110:978-0-8143-1764-8
2096:978-963-9776-95-1
2067:978-0-14-044958-7
2028:, pp. 25–26.
1917:, pp. 31–32.
1886:, pp. 65–66.
1775:(ch. 20), p. 167.
1446:, pp. 22–23.
922:(2.4.131), p. 74.
648:Territory and see
604:. The pope urged
598:Pope Nicholas III
360:Pope Honorius III
298:Boril of Bulgaria
268:, leaders of the
243:Byzantine Emperor
235:Niketas Choniates
226:—who claimed the
224:Ivan Rostislavich
16:(Redirected from
2781:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2652:Diocese of Bacău
2647:Diocese of Argeș
2602:Eparchy of Lugoj
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2387:
2359:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2291:
2272:
2253:
2234:
2215:
2196:
2177:
2158:
2146:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1694:
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1661:
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1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
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1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
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1429:
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1417:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1391:
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1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1290:
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1260:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1212:
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1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
970:(10.3.), p. 299.
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
848:
842:
833:
827:
821:
815:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
731:", according to
709:Crăciuna Citadel
693:civitas de Mylco
681:civitas de Mylco
625:
594:Pope Innocent IV
567:
521:
452:Emo of Friesland
388:before his death
382:Giovanni Bellini
331:Teutonic Knights
258:Balkan Mountains
250:Byzantine Empire
217:
196:Otto of Freising
182:Twelfth-century
163:and east of the
63:Teutonic Knights
45:(in present-day
21:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2710:
2702:
2666:
2640:Former dioceses
2635:
2616:
2572:
2553:Diocese of Iaşi
2531:
2526:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2409:
2407:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2367:
2365:Further reading
2362:
2356:
2335:
2316:
2288:
2269:
2250:
2231:
2212:
2193:
2174:
2155:
2134:
2129:
2054:
2052:Primary sources
2049:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
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1234:
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1195:
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1127:
1119:
1115:
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1100:
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1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
906:
902:
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
851:
843:
836:
828:
824:
816:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
745:
650:
623:
610:Bishop of Fermo
574:
568:
560:
519:
504:Pope Gregory IX
493:
485:Pope Gregory IX
319:
215:
184:Sicilian Muslim
145:
140:
130:
106:Orthodox Church
82:Pope Gregory IX
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2536:Latin dioceses
2533:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2455:
2416:
2396:
2394:
2393:External links
2391:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2320:
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2254:
2248:
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2229:
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2210:
2197:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2153:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2084:
2070:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2016:, p. 515.
2001:
1999:, p. 437.
1989:
1977:
1958:
1956:, p. 436.
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1905:, p. 178.
1888:
1876:
1864:
1862:, p. 197.
1852:
1850:, p. 444.
1840:
1825:
1823:, p. 170.
1813:
1801:
1799:, p. 170.
1789:
1777:
1765:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1710:, p. 193.
1695:
1683:
1681:, p. 408.
1668:
1666:, p. 433.
1653:
1641:
1639:, p. 435.
1629:
1627:, p. 430.
1617:
1615:, p. 432.
1605:
1603:, p. 429.
1593:
1581:
1579:, p. 154.
1564:
1562:, p. 154.
1552:
1540:
1528:
1511:
1509:, p. 424.
1496:
1484:
1482:, p. 423.
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1434:, p. 422.
1424:
1422:, p. 421.
1409:
1359:
1344:
1342:, p. 419.
1332:
1320:
1308:
1267:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1226:, p. 406.
1213:
1211:, p. 172.
1201:
1189:
1187:, p. 405.
1174:
1172:, p. 182.
1159:
1157:, p. 118.
1142:
1125:
1113:
1111:, p. 284.
1098:
1096:, p. 189.
1086:
1084:, p. 385.
1074:
1072:, p. 288.
1062:
1060:, p. 145.
1047:
1035:
1023:
1008:
996:
994:, p. 157.
984:
982:, p. 122.
972:
960:
948:
936:
934:, p. 132.
924:
912:
910:, p. 183.
900:
898:, p. 274.
888:
886:, p. 315.
876:
874:, p. 307.
864:
862:, p. 130.
849:
847:(1.32), p. 66.
834:
832:, p. 260.
822:
807:
795:
783:
781:, p. 304.
771:
769:, p. 311.
759:
757:, p. 156.
746:
744:
741:
729:Blessed Virgin
649:
646:
638:Csanád Telegdi
634:Pope John XXII
573:
570:
558:
556:welcomed them.
492:
489:
436:Bishop of Pécs
318:
315:
220:Hypatian Codex
216:12th centuries
192:Dniester River
144:
141:
129:
126:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2786:
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2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:jurisdictions
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
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2385:
2383:0-521-83756-1
2379:
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2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2230:963-05-6703-2
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2211:963-9465-12-7
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2192:1-86064-061-3
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2124:0-231-13419-3
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:; CEU Press;
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:0-231-04080-6
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2040:, p. 92.
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1975:, p. 25.
1974:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1941:, p. 56.
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1874:, p. 28.
1873:
1868:
1861:
1860:Sălăgean 2005
1856:
1849:
1844:
1838:, p. 27.
1837:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1763:, p. 26.
1762:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1722:, p. 58.
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1650:
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1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1548:Sălăgean 2005
1544:
1537:
1532:
1526:, p. 52.
1525:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1470:, p. 89.
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1357:, p. 18.
1356:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1318:, p. 14.
1317:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1265:, p. 95.
1264:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1238:, p. 21.
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:Sălăgean 2005
1205:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1140:, p. 90.
1139:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1123:, p. 49.
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1031:Sălăgean 2005
1027:
1021:, p. 47.
1020:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1000:
993:
992:Sălăgean 2005
988:
981:
976:
969:
964:
957:
956:Sălăgean 2005
952:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
909:
904:
897:
892:
885:
880:
873:
868:
861:
856:
854:
846:
841:
839:
831:
826:
819:
814:
812:
804:
799:
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
755:Sălăgean 2005
751:
747:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:Nicolae Iorga
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
666:Victor Spinei
663:
659:
655:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
629:
621:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
602:episcopal see
599:
595:
591:
590:Mongol Empire
583:
578:
566:
565:
557:
555:
551:
547:
540:
538:
537:episcopal see
534:
528:
525:
516:
514:
505:
501:
497:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:
472:
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2486:|work=
2468:15 February
2447:|work=
2429:15 February
2410:15 February
2014:Rădvan 2010
1997:Spinei 2008
1985:Spinei 2008
1954:Spinei 2008
1939:Spinei 1986
1927:Spinei 1986
1903:Spinei 1986
1848:Spinei 2008
1821:Spinei 1986
1809:Spinei 2009
1797:Spinei 2009
1785:Spinei 2008
1744:Spinei 2009
1732:Rădvan 2010
1720:Spinei 1986
1708:Makkai 1994
1691:Spinei 2008
1664:Spinei 2008
1649:Spinei 2009
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1577:Kristó 2003
1560:Spinei 2009
1536:Spinei 2008
1524:Spinei 1986
1507:Spinei 2008
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1420:Spinei 2008
1388:14 February
1340:Spinei 2008
1328:Spinei 2008
1287:14 February
1248:Makkai 1994
1197:Spinei 2008
1170:Makkai 1994
1155:Rădvan 2010
1121:Spinei 1986
1094:Makkai 1994
1058:Spinei 2009
1019:Spinei 1986
980:Spinei 2009
944:Makkai 1994
932:Spinei 2009
908:Makkai 1994
896:Spinei 2009
860:Spinei 2009
830:Spinei 2009
791:Spinei 2009
713:Câmpineanca
691:identified
674:Buzău River
654:Siret River
620:indulgences
419:Kalka River
280:dispatched
186:geographer
92:was on the
43:Siret River
2748:Categories
2026:Dobre 2009
1973:Dobre 2009
1915:Dobre 2009
1884:Dobre 2009
1872:Dobre 2009
1836:Dobre 2009
1761:Dobre 2009
1679:Curta 2006
1444:Dobre 2009
1355:Dobre 2009
1316:Dobre 2009
1263:Engel 2001
1236:Dobre 2009
1224:Curta 2006
1185:Curta 2006
1138:Engel 2001
1082:Curta 2006
884:Curta 2006
872:Curta 2006
818:Curta 2006
779:Curta 2006
767:Curta 2006
743:References
725:Vârteșcoiu
616:Franciscan
524:sacraments
340:papal bull
335:converting
327:Burzenland
110:Hungarians
59:Burzenland
36:Latin-rite
2580:eparchies
2488:ignored (
2478:cite book
2449:ignored (
2439:cite book
2327:. BRILL.
2261:. BRILL.
630:in 1340.
470:Leobiense
372:Dominican
292:, Vlach,
200:Pechenegs
73:baptized
67:Dominican
39:bishopric
2671:See also
1398:cite web
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1109:Pop 2013
1070:Pop 2013
697:Odobești
683:(on the
559:—
546:Bulgaria
513:Holy See
464:Vatzonis
456:Boricius
402:Saracens
325:granted
307:Orthodox
246:Manuel I
86:Holy See
75:Boricius
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294:Székely
282:Joachim
128:History
61:to the
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