Lumber - Knowledge

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and are doubled up in places where a wall will be aligned over them, and sometimes tripled where heavy roof-loaded support walls are placed above them. They consist of a top and bottom chord or flange made from dimensional lumber with a webbing in-between made from oriented strand board (OSB) (or, latterly, steel mesh forms which allow passage of services without cutting). The webbing can be removed up to certain sizes or shapes according to the manufacturer's or engineer's specifications, but for small holes, wooden I-joists come with "knockouts", which are perforated, pre-cut areas where holes can be made easily, typically without engineering approval. When large holes are needed, they can typically be made in the webbing only and only in the center third of the span; the top and bottom chords lose their integrity if cut. Sizes and shapes of the hole, and typically the placing of a hole itself, must be approved by an engineer prior to the cutting of the hole and in many areas, a sheet showing the calculations made by the engineer must be provided to the building inspection authorities before the hole will be approved. Some I-joists are made with W-style webbing like a truss to eliminate cutting and to allow ductwork to pass through.

2294:– trusses are used in home construction as a pre-fabricated replacement for roof rafters and ceiling joists (stick-framing). It is seen as an easier installation and a better solution for supporting roofs than the use of dimensional lumber's struts and purlins as bracing. In the southern U.S. and elsewhere, stick-framing with dimensional lumber roof support is still predominant. The main drawbacks of trusses are reduced attic space, time required for engineering and ordering, and a cost higher than the dimensional lumber needed if the same project were conventionally framed. The advantages are significantly reduced labor costs (installation is faster than conventional framing), consistency, and overall schedule savings. 2272:, 14, 16, 18 and 24 inches (240, 300, 360, 410, 460 and 610 mm), and are often doubled or tripled up. They function as beams to provide support over large spans, such as removed support walls and garage door openings, places where dimensional lumber is insufficient, and also in areas where a heavy load is bearing from a floor, wall or roof above on a somewhat short span where dimensional lumber is impractical. This type of lumber is compromised if it is altered by holes or notches anywhere within the span or at the ends, but nails can be driven into it wherever necessary to anchor the beam or to add hangers for I-joists or dimensional lumber joists that terminate at an LVL beam. 417: 60: 3021:

retard fires, was developed in 1936 by the Protexol Corporation, in which lumber is heavily treated with salt. Wood does not deteriorate simply because it gets wet. When wood breaks down, it is because an organism is eating it. Preservatives work by making the food source inedible to these organisms. Properly preservative-treated wood can have 5 to 10 times the service life of untreated wood. Preserved wood is used most often for railroad ties, utility poles, marine piles, decks, fences and other outdoor applications. Various treatment methods and types of chemicals are available, depending on the attributes required in the particular application and the level of protection needed.

2282:– solid dimensional lumber lengths typically are limited to lengths of 22 to 24 feet (6.7–7.3 m), but can be made longer by the technique of "finger-jointing" by using small solid pieces, usually 18 to 24 inches (460–610 mm) long, and joining them together using finger joints and glue to produce lengths that can be up to 36 feet (11 m) long in 2×6 size. Finger-jointing also is predominant in precut wall studs. It is also an affordable alternative for non-structural hardwood that will be painted (staining would leave the finger-joints visible). Care is taken during construction to avoid nailing directly into a glued joint as stud breakage can occur. 627:

final finished dimensions and the mill cuts the logs to whatever size it needs to achieve those final dimensions. Typically, that rough cut is smaller than the nominal dimensions because modern technology makes it possible to use the logs more efficiently. For example, a "2×4" board historically started out as a green, rough board actually 2 by 4 inches (51 mm × 102 mm). After drying and planing, it would be smaller by a nonstandard amount. Today, a "2×4" board starts out as something smaller than 2 inches by 4 inches and not specified by standards, and after drying and planing is minimally

1593: 530:. The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, and twelve feet in length. In Canada and the United States, the standard lengths of lumber are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 feet (1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.7, 4.3, 4.9, 5.5, 6.1, 6.7 and 7.3 m). For wall framing, precut "stud" lengths are available, and are commonly used. For ceilings heights of 8, 9 or 10 feet (2.4, 2.7 or 3.0 m), 47: 2605: 7230: 5547: 495: 3083:

the logging, saw milling and paper-making processes. In particular, they view it as a way to lower greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the consumption of oil and gas while supporting the growth of forestry, agriculture and rural economies. Studies by the U.S. government have found the country's combined forest and agriculture land resources have the power to sustainably supply more than one-third of its current petroleum consumption.

3269: 3204:(LCA). The study aimed to assess and compare the environmental impacts of wood waste management from building construction activities using different alternative management scenarios in Hong Kong. Despite various advantages of lumber and its waste, the contribution to the study of the circular economy of lumber is still very small. Some areas where improvements can be made to improve the circularity of lumber is as follows: 3009: 7240: 5569: 7250: 5557: 3025:

combinations of pressure and vacuum are used to force adequate levels of chemical into the wood. Pressure-treating preservatives consist of chemicals carried in a solvent. Chromated copper arsenate, once the most commonly used wood preservative in North America began being phased out of most residential applications in 2004. Replacing it are amine copper quat and copper azole.

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considerable volume of waste, which includes solid wood waste, harmful gases, and residual water. Therefore, it is important to identify and apply measures to reduce environmental contamination, giving a financial return to the industries (e.g., selling the waste to wood chippings manufacturers) and maintaining a healthy relationship between the environment and industries.

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controlling moisture. Once decay fungi are established, the minimum moisture content for decay to propagate is 22 to 24 percent, so building experts recommend 19 percent as the maximum safe moisture content for untreated wood in service. Water by itself does not harm the wood, but rather, wood with consistently high moisture content enables fungal organisms to grow.

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the buyer. The National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA) is responsible for writing, interpreting and maintaining Canadian lumber grading rules and standards. The Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB) monitors the quality of Canada's lumber grading and identification system. Their common grade abbrievation, CLS,

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hardwoods and those in most common use (in increasing strength) are D24, D30, D40, D50, D60, and D70. For these classes, the number refers to the required 5th percentile bending strength in newtons per square millimetre. There are other strength classes, including T-classes based on tension intended for use in

1539: in (21 mm). In 1928, that was reduced by 4%, and yet again by 4% in 1956. In 1961, at a meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Committee on Grade Simplification and Standardization agreed to what is now the current U.S. standard: in part, the dressed size of a 1-inch (nominal) board was fixed at 3416:

Small set of specified lengths: Fixed-length hardwood boards in the United States are most common in 4–6 ft (1.2–1.8 m) lengths, with a good representation of 8 ft (2.4 m) lengths in a variety of widths, and a few widths with occasional dimensional sizes to 12 ft (3.7 m)

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Timber undergo multiple processing stages before lumber of desired shapes, size, and standards are achieved for commercial use. The process generates a lot of waste which in most cases is disregarded. But being an organic waste, the positive aspect of such waste is that it can be used as a fertiliser

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The circular economy can be considered as a model that aims to eliminate waste by targeting materials, and products at their maximum value of utility and time. In short, it is a whole new model of production and consumption that ensures sustainable development over time. It is related to the reuse of

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The United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, Fiji, Madagascar, Mongolia, Russia, Denmark, Switzerland, and Eswatini governments all support an increased role for energy derived from biomass, which are organic materials available on a renewable basis and include residues and/or byproducts of

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There are two basic methods of treating: with and without pressure. Non-pressure methods are the application of preservatives by brushing, spraying, or dipping the piece to be treated. Deeper, more thorough penetration is achieved by driving the preservative into the wood cells with pressure. Various

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To avoid decay and termite infestation, untreated wood is separated from the ground and other sources of moisture. These separations are required by many building codes and are considered necessary to maintain wood elements in permanent structures at a safe moisture content for decay protection. When

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Also in North America, hardwood lumber is commonly sold in a "quarter" system, when referring to thickness; 4/4 (four quarter) refers to a 1-inch-thick (25 mm) board, 8/4 (eight quarter) is a 2-inch-thick (51 mm) board, etc. This "quarter" system is rarely used for softwood lumber; although

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The basic understanding of lumber, or "sawn planks", came about in North America in the seventeenth century. Lumber is the most common and widely used method of sawing logs. Plain sawn lumber is produced by making the first cut on a tangent to the circumference of the log. Each additional cut is then

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Wooden I-joists – sometimes called "TJI", "Trus Joists" or "BCI", all of which are brands of wooden I-joists, they are used for floor joists on upper floors and also in first floor conventional foundation construction on piers as opposed to slab floor construction. They are engineered for long spans

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As previously noted, less wood is needed to produce a given finished size than when standards called for the green lumber to be the full nominal dimension. However, even the dimensions for finished lumber of a given nominal size have changed over time. In 1910, a typical finished 1-inch (25 mm)

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of the tree it is milled from. In general the maximum length is 24 ft (7.32 m). Engineered wood products, manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood, together with adhesives, to form composite materials, offer more flexibility and greater structural strength

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was exporting 36 million feet of pine boards and at least 300 ship masts per year to the British Empire. The timber supply began to dwindle at the start of the twentieth century due to significant harvest volumes, so the logging industry was forced to seek timber elsewhere; hence, the expansion

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In early periods of society, to make wood for building, the trunks of trees were split with wedges into as many and as thin pieces as possible. If it was necessary to have them still thinner, they were hewn, by some sharp instrument, on both sides, to the proper size. This simple but wasteful manner

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Green building minimizes the impact or "environmental footprint" of a building. Wood is a major building material that is renewable and replenishable in a continuous cycle. Studies show manufacturing wood uses less energy and results in less air and water pollution than steel and concrete. However,

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used for sales and specification of softwoods – hardwood boards are often sold totally rough cut, or machine planed only on the two (broader) face sides. When hardwood boards are also supplied with planed faces, it is usually both by random widths of a specified thickness (normally matching milling

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In Europe, strength grading of rectangular sawn lumber/timber (both softwood and hardwood) is done according to EN-14081 and commonly sorted into classes defined by EN-338. For softwoods, the common classes are (in increasing strength) C16, C18, C24, and C30. There are also classes specifically for

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Lumber manufacturing globally is determined by the preferred style of building; areas with a "wood building culture" (homes were built from wood rather than other materials like brick) are the countries with significant sawmilling industries. Historical wood-frame home building regions are: Europe,

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Wood is among the most demanding materials, which makes it important to come up with a model of the circular economy. The lumber industry creates a lot of waste, especially in its manufacturing process. From log debarking to finished products, there are several stages of processing that generate a

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easily calculated, without resorting to specific figures for each scale. The dimensions of timbers in similar applications show a gradual diminution from the Sui dynasty (580–618) to the modern era; a 1st class timber during the Sui was reconstructed as 15×10 (Sui dynasty inches, or 29.4 mm).

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Canada has grading rules that maintain a standard among mills manufacturing similar woods to assure customers of uniform quality. Grades standardize the quality of lumber at different levels and are based on moisture content, size, and manufacture at the time of grading, shipping, and unloading by

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are larger than the actual standard dimensions of finished lumber. Historically, the nominal dimensions were the size of the green (not dried), rough (unfinished) boards that eventually became smaller finished lumber through drying and planing (to smooth the wood). Today, the standards specify the

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Wood waste can be recycled at its end of life to make new products. Recycled chips can be used to make wood panels, which is beneficial for both the environment and industry. Such practice reduces the use of virgin raw materials, eliminating emissions that would have otherwise been emitted in its

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Wood can be treated with a preservative that improves service life under severe conditions without altering its basic characteristics. It can also be pressure-impregnated with fire-retardant chemicals that improve its performance in a fire. One of the early treatments to "fireproof lumber", which

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There are two main natural forces responsible for causing defects in timber and lumber: abnormal growth and rupture of tissues. Rupture of tissue includes cracks or splits in the wood called "shakes". "Ring shake", "wind shake", or "ring failure" is when the wood grain separates around the growth

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Timber smaller than the 8th class were called "unclassed" (等外). The width of a timber is referred to as one "timber" (材), and the dimensions of other structural components were quoted in multiples of "timber"; thus, as the width of the actual timber varied, the dimensions of other components were

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The move to set national standards for lumber in the United States began with the publication of the American Lumber Standard in 1924, which set specifications for lumber dimensions, grade, and moisture content; it also developed inspection and accreditation programs. These standards have changed

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Pre-cut studs save a framer much time, because they are pre-cut by the manufacturer for use in 8-, 9-, and 10-foot ceiling applications, which means the manufacturer has removed a few inches or centimetres of the piece to allow for the sill plate and the double top plate with no additional sizing

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it is easy to manufacture prefabricated lumber, from which pieces can be assembled simultaneously (with relatively little labor). This reduces material waste, avoids massive on-site inventory, and minimizes on-site disruption. According to the softwood lumber industry, "Mass timber buildings are

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Biomass is already an important source of energy for the North American forest products industry. It is common for companies to have cogeneration facilities, also known as combined heat and power, which convert some of the biomass that results from wood and paper manufacturing to electrical and

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Circular economy practices offer effective solutions concerning waste. It targets its unnecessary generation through waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. There is no clear explicit evidence of circular economy in the wood panel industry. However, based on the circular economy concept and its

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The primary objective when addressing moisture loads is to keep water from entering the building envelope in the first place and to balance the moisture content within the building itself. Moisture control by means of accepted design and construction details is a simple and practical method of

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The circular saw, as used in modern sawmills, was invented by an Englishman named Miller in 1777. It was not until the nineteenth century, however, that it was generally applied, and its great work belongs to that period. The first insertable teeth for this saw were invented by W. Kendal, an

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material, which means it naturally absorbs and releases water to balance its internal moisture content with the surrounding environment. The moisture content of wood is measured by the weight of water as a percentage of the oven-dry weight of the wood fiber. The key to controlling decay is

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An EPA study showed the typical end-of-life scenario for wood waste from municipal solid waste (MSW), wood packaging, and other miscellaneous wood products in the US. Based on the 2018 data, about 67% of wood waste was landfilled, 16% incinerated with energy recovery, and 17% recycled.

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Covering exposed ground in any crawl spaces with 6-mil polyethylene film and maintaining at least 12 to 18 inches (300 to 460 mm) of clearance between the ground and the bottom of framing members above (12 inches to beams or girders, 18 inches to joists or plank flooring

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sent settlers to Madeira and the settlers started clearing the huge expanses of forest in order to grow crops. Felled trees were made into planks by water-powered mills and the timber (cedar and yew) was shipped to Portugal and Spain. About 1427, the first sawmill in Germany was built.

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of lumber is typically either kiln- or air-dried. Defects due to seasoning are the main cause of splits, bowing and honeycombing. Seasoning is the process of drying timber to remove the bound moisture contained in the walls of the wood cells to produce seasoned timber.

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Building materials and construction make up 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Though the exact amount will depend on tree species, forestry practices, transportation costs, and several other factors, that one cubic meter of lumber sequesters roughly one tonne of

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government in the early twelfth century, timbers were standardized to eight cross-sectional dimensions. Regardless of the actual dimensions of the timber, the ratio between width and height was maintained at 1:1.5. Units are in Song dynasty inches (31.2 mm).

600:(2×4s, 2×6s, 2×8s, 2×10s, and 2×12s), named for traditional board thickness in inches, along with the 4×4 (89 mm × 89 mm), are common lumber sizes used in modern construction. They are the basic building blocks for such common structures as 3102:

Substituting lumber for concrete or steel avoids the carbon emissions of those materials. Cement and concrete manufacture is responsible for around 8% of global GHG emissions while the iron and steel industry is responsible for another 5% (half a ton of

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North America, Japan. Different areas of the world are recognized as significant timber suppliers; however, these areas (Indonesia, Sarawak, New Guinea, etc.) are exporters of raw logs and do not have a significant domestic lumber producing industry.

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Fixed board lengths do not apply in all countries; for example, in Australia and the United States, many hardwood boards are sold to timber yards in packs with a common width profile (dimensions) but not necessarily consisting of boards of identical

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Hardwoods cut for furniture are cut in the fall and winter, after the sap has stopped running in the trees. If hardwoods are cut in the spring or summer the sap ruins the natural color of the lumber and decreases the value of the wood for furniture.

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Forest Products Laboratory. Design Values for Wood Construction, which is a supplement to the ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification® for Wood Construction, provides these lumber design values, which are recognized by the model building codes.

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First, regulations to support recycled lumber use. For example, establishing grading standards and enforcing penalties for improper disposal, especially in sectors that produce big quantities of wood waste, such as the construction and demolition

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of softwood dimensional lumber) and somewhat random lengths. But besides those older (traditional and normal) situations, in recent years some product lines have been widened to also market boards in standard stock sizes; these usually retail in

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Under proper conditions, wood provides excellent, lasting performance. However, it also faces several potential threats to service life, including fungal activity and insect damage – which can be avoided in numerous ways. Section 2304.11 of the

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Grading rules for African and South American sawn lumber have been developed by ATIBT according to the rules of the Sciages Avivés Tropicaux Africains (SATA) and is based on clear cuttings – established by the percentage of the clear surface.

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addresses protection against decay and termites. This section provides requirements for non-residential construction applications, such as wood used above ground (e.g., for framing, decks, stairs, etc.), as well as other applications.

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In the case of fire, the outer layer of mass timber will tend to char in a predictable way that effectively self-extinguishes and shields the interior, allowing it to retain structural integrity for several hours, even in an intense

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and follow the grain. Like shakes, checks can hold water promoting rot. A "split" goes all the way through a timber. Checks and splits occur more frequently at the ends of lumber because of the more rapid drying in these locations.

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All wood preservatives used in the United States and Canada are registered and regularly re-examined for safety by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Health Canada's Pest Management and Regulatory Agency, respectively.

2649:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 1600:

Individual pieces of lumber exhibit a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to knots, slope of grain, shakes and other natural characteristics. Therefore, they vary considerably in strength, utility, and value.

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In quarter sawn thicknesses, meaning the thickness and width dimensions as they come out of the sawmill's table. Because lengths vary most with temperature, hardwood boards in the US often have a bit of extra length.

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standards, which consider the effect of strength reducing characteristics, load duration, safety, and other influencing factors. The applicable standards are based on results of tests conducted in cooperation with the

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from many smaller widths, the industry generally only does minimal processing, preserving as much board width as is practicable. This leaves culling and width decisions totally in the hands of the craftsman building

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Lippke, B., E. Oneil, R. Harrison, K. Skog, L. Gustavsson, and R. Sathre. 2011. Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns. Carbon Management 2(3):

1668:. The result is a more precise understanding of the strength of each piece of lumber than is possible with visually graded lumber, which allows designers to use full-design strength and avoid overbuilding. 218:

Re-manufactured lumber is the result of secondary or tertiary processing of previously milled lumber. Specifically, it refers to lumber cut for industrial or wood-packaging use. Lumber is cut by ripsaw or

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U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Energy Biomass as a Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply, 2005 Executive Summary

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Lumber is a sustainable and environmentally friendly construction material that could replace modern building materials (e.g. concrete and steel) given its structural performance, capacity to fixate CO

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denotes waste material that has been recycled and injected back into use as productive material. Lumber has a high potential to be used as a secondary raw material at various stages, as listed below:

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Third, increase demand by introducing incentives to the construction sector and new homeowners to use recycled lumber. This can be in the form of reduced taxes for the construction of the new build.

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de Carvalho Araújo, Cristiane Karyn; Salvador, Rodrigo; Moro Piekarski, Cassiano; Sokulski, Carla Cristiane; de Francisco, Antonio Carlos; de Carvalho Araújo Camargo, Sâmique Kyene (January 2019).

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There are four recommended methods to protect wood-frame structures against durability hazards and thus provide maximum service life for the building. All require proper design and construction:

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Wood with less than 25% moisture (dry weight basis) can remain free of decay for centuries. Similarly, wood submerged in water may not be attacked by fungi if the amount of oxygen is inadequate.

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In rough-sawn lumber it immediately clarifies that the lumber is not yet milled, avoiding confusion with milled dimension lumber which is measured as actual thickness after machining. Examples –

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Second, creating a stronger supply force. This can be achieved by improving demolition protocol and technology and enhancing the secondary raw materials market through circular business models.

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Dimensional lumber is lumber that is cut to standardized width and depth, often specified in millimetres or inches (but see below for information on nominal dimensions vs. actual dimensions).

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step of production). The "quarter" system of reference is a traditional North American lumber industry nomenclature used specifically to indicate the thickness of rough sawn hardwood lumber.

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over the years to meet the changing needs of manufacturers and distributors, with the goal of keeping lumber competitive with other construction products. Current standards are set by the

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Because working expensive hardwoods is far more difficult and costly, and because an odd width might well be conserved and be of use in making such surfaces as a cabinet side or tabletop

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and squared with a saw, broadaxe or adze, and then joined together with joinery without nails. Modern timber framing has been growing in popularity in the United States since the 1970s.

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characteristics, there are opportunities present in the wood panel industry from the raw material extraction phase to its end-of-life. Therefore, there lies a gap yet to be explored.

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is the most common method, because sawing allows logs of lower quality, with irregular grain and large knots, to be used and is more economical. There are various types of sawing:

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against decay. For applications with a high risk of staying wet, designers specify durable materials such as naturally decay-resistant species or wood that has been treated with

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rings either while standing or during felling. Shakes may reduce the strength of a timber and the appearance thus reduce lumber grade and may capture moisture, promoting decay.

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made up 13 and 26% of waste collected. Construction and demolition waste made up the biggest bulk of waste collectively at 52%, with the remaining 10% coming from industry.

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who invented the first mechanical sawmill, which was wind-powered, on December 15, 1593. This made the conversion of log timber into planks 30 times faster than previously.

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Plain sawn (flat sawn, through and through, bastard sawn) – A log sawn through without adjusting the position of the log and the grain runs across the width of the boards.

3783: 2659: 469:– These terms have been confused in history but generally mean lumber sawn so the annual rings are reasonably perpendicular to the sides (not edges) of the lumber. 358: – an archipelago comprising four islands off the northwest coast of Africa and an autonomous region of Portugal – was discovered. 4489: 2984:

Installing wood framing and sheathing in exterior walls at least eight inches above exposed earth; locating siding at least six inches from the finished grade

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Attempts to maintain lumber quality over time have been challenged by historical changes in the timber resources of the United States – from the slow-growing

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and web joints. Machine grading measures a characteristic such as stiffness or density that correlates with the structural properties of interest, such as

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If allowed by local regulation, treating the soil around the foundation with an approved termiticide to provide protection against subterranean termites

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began in 1607 when the Jamestown settlers cut timber to build the first settlement in the new world. America's first sawmill was built at the Falls of

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thermal energy in the form of steam. The electricity is used to, among other things, dry lumber and supply heat to the dryers used in paper-making.

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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The largest lumber manufacturing regions in the world are: China (18%); United States (17%); Canada (10%); Russia (9%); Germany (5%); Sweden (4%).

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is the raw material for furniture-making, and manufacture of other items requiring cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, including

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Waste generated during the manufacturing of lumber products can be used to produce thermal energy. Lumber products after their end-of-life can be

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Otherwise, logs were sawn using a two-person whipsaw, or pit-saw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a pit for the pitman who worked below.

175:, but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring. It is more commonly made from softwood than hardwoods, and 80% of lumber comes from softwood. 2970:

For buildings in termite zones, basic protection practices addressed in current building codes include (but are not limited to) the following:

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Providing quality assurance during design and construction and throughout the building's service life using appropriate maintenance practices

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as "based on the principles of designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems."

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Supporting post columns by concrete piers so that there is at least 6 inches (150 mm) of clear space between the wood and exposed earth

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in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, while in other parts of the world (mainly the United States and Canada) the term

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Dimensional lumber is available in green, unfinished state, and for that kind of lumber, the nominal dimensions are the actual dimensions.

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demonstrated the proportional waste stream of recovered lumber in the UK. The study showed that timber from municipal solid waste and

2872:. A "check" is a crack on the surface of the wood caused by the outside of a timber shrinking as it seasons. Checks may extend to the 312:

Structural lumber may also be produced from recycled plastic and new plastic stock. Its introduction has been strongly opposed by the

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is lumber created by a manufacturer and designed for a certain structural purpose. The main categories of engineered lumber are:

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Machine stress-rated and machine-evaluated lumber are readily available for end-uses where high strength is critical, such as

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retentions of 0.60, 0.80 and 2.50 pounds per cubic foot (9.6, 12.8 and 40.0 kg/m) if treatment is required.

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In North America, market practices for dimensional lumber made from hardwoods varies significantly from the regularized

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The longest plank in the world (2002) is in Poland (near Szymbark) and measures 36.83 metres (about 120 ft 10 in) long.

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The American colonies were essential to England in the role of supplier of lumber for the British fleet. By the 1790s,

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into chips and be used as biomass to produce thermal energy. It is beneficial for industries that need thermal energy.

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lumber into two or more thinner pieces of full-length boards. For example, splitting a 10-foot-long (3.0 m) 2×4 (

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it is not possible to separate wood from the sources of moisture, designers often rely on preservative-treated wood.

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made parallel to the one before. This method produces the widest possible boards with the least amount of log waste.

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Special fasteners are used with treated lumber because of the corrosive chemicals used in its preservation process.

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and using only a relatively small set of specified lengths; in all cases hardwoods are sold to the consumer by the

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Design values for most species and grades of visually graded structural products are determined in accordance with

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now common in today's commercial forests. Resulting declines in lumber quality have been of concern to both the

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industry. Blending fiberglass in plastic lumber enhances its strength, durability, and fire resistance. Plastic

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Roy, Robert L. Timber framing for the rest of us. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2004. 6. Print.

4001: 4205: 7118: 6828: 5846: 3580: 7253: 6455: 4402: 3714:"A Brief History of Wood-Splitting Technology, Part 3: The Wind-Powered Sawmill That Changed Dutch History" 2732:

Chip mark: this defect is indicated by the marks or signs placed by chips on the finished surface of timber

2362:(A partially sawn log such as sawn on two sides or squared to a large size and later resawn into lumber. A 4985: 4840: 3162: 2900: 396:, in 1634. Unauthenticated records, however, claim that as early as 1633 several mills were operating in 59: 3447: 6305: 5114: 5109: 3303: 3178: 2917:

Using durable materials such as pressure-treated or naturally durable species of wood where appropriate

2728:

During the process of converting timber to commercial forms of lumber the following defects may occur:

2366:

is a type of cant with wane on one or both sides). Various pieces are also known by their uses such as

1697:

than C24 can offer. TR26 is also a common trussed rafter strength class in long standing use in the UK.

303: 4810: 7133: 7052: 6271: 5598: 5485: 5082: 4793: 4542:"Life Cycle Energy and Environmental Impacts of Cross Laminated Timber Made with Coastal Douglas-fir" 2435: 393: 4587: 7279: 5450: 5389: 4890: 4689: 4625: 3997: 3148:

roughly 25% faster to construct than concrete buildings and require 90% less construction traffic".

3046:

is a style of construction that uses heavier framing elements (larger posts and beams) than modern

2685: 2175:

softwood decking is sometimes sold as 5/4, even though it is actually one inch thick (from milling

1631: 4514: 3508: 6485: 5633: 5628: 5470: 5050: 3968: 2947: 2227: 38: 31: 4038:"Strength grading of sawn lumber/timber in Europe: an explanation for engineers and researchers" 7284: 7210: 6291: 6261: 6256: 5962: 5550: 5040: 5035: 4833: 4152: 3727: 3047: 2959: 2285: 507: 307: 87: 4340: 3545:"ASTM D6108 – 09 Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber and Shapes" 6276: 6125: 5987: 5899: 5187: 5089: 4469: 4325: 3201: 2706: 7289: 7233: 7138: 7022: 6913: 6407: 6087: 6067: 6007: 5591: 4935: 3935: 3801: 3638: 3620: 2423: 130: 3827: 8: 6863: 6858: 6392: 6377: 6357: 6352: 6228: 6110: 5333: 3448:"Europe Timber Market - Europe Timber & Wood Products Prices -01 – 15th January 2021" 2738:

Torn grain: when a small dent is made on the finished surface due to falling of some tool

359: 3490: 1592: 6921: 6431: 6367: 5992: 5947: 5719: 5679: 5250: 4569: 4123: 4060: 1734: 52: 4725: 4426: 3902: 3665: 328:

standard E 84," which means it burns more slowly than almost all treated wood lumber.

7274: 7215: 7072: 6903: 6883: 6470: 6213: 5937: 5779: 5515: 5460: 5280: 5000: 4955: 4803:

The Forest Products Laboratory. U.S. main wood products research lab. Madison, WI (E)

4745: 4721: 4573: 4561: 4448: 4387: 4127: 4115: 3728:"Chapter 3 - Evolution of the Lumber Industry | Industrial Workers of the World" 3141:

lumber is a natural insulator which makes it particularly good for windows and doors.

3003: 2817: 2780: 2775: 2681: 2431: 2367: 2220: 2215: 389: 381: 4064: 6873: 6848: 6823: 6793: 6450: 6032: 5927: 5694: 5505: 5500: 5490: 5455: 5409: 5119: 4975: 4880: 4668: 4553: 4105: 4052: 3353: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3182: 2371: 2186: 1719: 1665: 605: 385: 213: 194:

In contrast, in Britain, and some other Commonwealth nations and Ireland, the term

79: 4970: 4110: 4093: 2750:

Fungi attack wood (both timber and lumber) when these conditions are all present:

1649:

and consumers and have caused increased use of alternative construction products.

1642: 46: 7205: 6818: 6754: 6528: 6248: 6218: 6178: 6092: 5794: 5520: 5025: 4814: 4797: 4476: 4421: 4410: 3565: 3544: 3293: 3288: 3166: 2951: 2865: 1646: 601: 164: 4654: 143:

is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry – primarily

7184: 7174: 7082: 7042: 6838: 6833: 6798: 6749: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6518: 6281: 5977: 5799: 5784: 5769: 5669: 5445: 5424: 5419: 5404: 5295: 5099: 4078: 3855: 3050:, which uses smaller standard dimensional lumber. The timbers are cut from log 3038: 2939: 2841: 2830: 2823: 482:

Free of heart center (FOHC) – A side-cut timber, post or beam without any pith.

462: 448: 397: 299: 4557: 4056: 3844: 7268: 7154: 7047: 7017: 6719: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6621: 6475: 6460: 6422: 6372: 6362: 6115: 6072: 5829: 5754: 5704: 5664: 5659: 5475: 5394: 5384: 5290: 5245: 5238: 4905: 4565: 4255: 4119: 3358: 3308: 3064: 3051: 2987:

Where appropriate, ventilating crawl spaces according to local building codes

2974:

Grading the building site away from the foundation to provide proper drainage

2846: 2617: 2448: 1726: 1638: 4541: 1737:

is not used for softwoods at the retailer (to the cognizance of the buyer).

6967: 6962: 6898: 6853: 6843: 6808: 6739: 6734: 6694: 6666: 6601: 6586: 6523: 6495: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6097: 6077: 5814: 5789: 5774: 5734: 5699: 5379: 5328: 5265: 5202: 5015: 4980: 4945: 4920: 3274: 3225: 2943: 2858: 2720:

Defects occurring in lumber are grouped into the following four divisions:

2453: 2402: 2311: 2279: 321: 95: 83: 4540:

Puettmann, Maureen; Sinha, Arijit; Ganguly, Indroneil (1 September 2019).

3529: 476:

remains within the timber, post or beam, with some allowance for exposure.

290: in or 19 by 89 mm) of the same length is considered re-sawing. 7189: 7179: 7067: 6893: 6878: 6744: 6729: 6679: 6626: 6591: 6533: 6480: 6412: 6153: 5869: 5819: 5614: 5525: 5510: 5495: 5159: 5045: 4900: 4092:

Ridley-Ellis, Dan; Gil-Moreno, David; Harte, Annette M. (19 March 2022).

3363: 3323: 2886: 2699: 2427: 2304: 1681: 466: 425: 404: 584:

The length of a unit of dimensional lumber is limited by the height and

196: 7077: 7032: 6813: 6759: 6709: 6699: 6651: 6641: 6596: 6538: 6503: 6443: 6198: 6188: 6183: 6047: 6002: 5851: 5764: 5729: 5348: 5315: 5197: 5174: 5067: 4990: 4950: 4885: 4673: 4656: 3328: 2990:

Removing building material scraps from the job site before backfilling.

2955: 2930: 2869: 2688:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

2395: 2391: 1730: 1549: inch; while the dressed size of 2 inch (nominal) lumber was 317: 107: 98:). Lumber has many uses beyond home building. Lumber is referred to as 91: 2323: 585: 7012: 6982: 6977: 6868: 6803: 6646: 6631: 6606: 6417: 6397: 6342: 6332: 6266: 6238: 6173: 5809: 5744: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5358: 5353: 5233: 5228: 5182: 5164: 5072: 4995: 4940: 4930: 4925: 4657:"Circular Economy Practices on Wood Panels: A Bibliographic Analysis" 3991:"Material substitution in the U.S. residential construction industry" 3394: 3313: 3283: 3249: 3242: 2803: 2790: 2379: 1693:

C30, prefab roof trusses and where design requires somewhat stronger

531: 503: 75: 3739: 3737: 2315: 494: 204:

is rarely used in relation to wood and has several other meanings.)

6992: 6972: 6616: 6581: 6317: 6193: 6120: 6062: 6027: 6022: 5919: 5838: 5749: 5714: 5709: 5531: 5465: 5374: 5343: 5323: 5305: 5285: 5275: 5255: 5207: 5154: 5137: 5077: 5055: 5005: 4738:

A Synthesis of Research on Wood Products and Greenhouse Gas Impacts

3961:"Minimizing the use of lumber products in residential construction" 3368: 3298: 2836: 2810: 1685: 613: 609: 370: 313: 235: 231: 144: 134: 126: 122: 3530:"Recycling and Deregulation: Opportunities for Market Development" 2741:

Wane: presence of original rounded surface in the finished product

7169: 7164: 7057: 7027: 6987: 6931: 6785: 6764: 6656: 6611: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6543: 6513: 6508: 6382: 6286: 6223: 6168: 6057: 6012: 5967: 5889: 5879: 5864: 5759: 5739: 5440: 5414: 5338: 5149: 5142: 5104: 5062: 3734: 3389: 3318: 3076: 3008: 2798: 2785: 1661: 452: 433: 421: 355: 224: 223:

to create dimensions that are not usually processed by a primary

148: 114: 4825: 3268: 2646: 616:

boards are more commonly used for making cabinets or furniture.

7159: 6888: 6636: 6387: 6337: 6233: 6203: 6143: 6017: 5942: 5904: 5857: 5724: 5399: 5300: 5260: 4965: 4960: 4875: 4775:(Rules for Grading Hardwood Lumber – Inspector Training School) 3349:

Table of Wood and Bamboo Mechanical and Agricultural Properties

2419: 2383: 2319: 1701: 1673: 1657: 444: 168: 160: 5583: 3505:"Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research" 3189:

materials, components, and products over a longer life cycle.

2813:

which are usually responsible for the decay of timber/lumber:

110:, such as cut logs or standing trees that have yet to be cut. 78:

into uniform and useful sizes (dimensional lumber), including

7037: 6946: 6941: 6926: 6347: 6138: 6131: 6102: 6082: 6052: 6037: 5997: 5982: 5972: 5957: 5952: 5932: 5909: 5884: 5804: 5480: 5212: 5192: 5010: 4910: 4895: 4036:

Ridley-Ellis, Dan; Stapel, Peter; Baño, Vanesa (1 May 2016).

2406: 2387: 2291: 1694: 1653: 429: 220: 172: 4802: 4490:"The hottest new thing in sustainable building is, uh, wood" 4179:"Austin Energy page describing engineered structural lumber" 4081:. Centre for Wood Science & Technology. 1 December 2015. 2754:

The wood moisture content is above 25% on a dry-weight basis

1733:(144 cubic inches or 2,360 cubic centimetres), whereas that 230:

Re-sawing is the splitting of 1-to-12-inch (25–305 mm)

63:

The harbor of Bellingham, Washington, filled with logs, 1972

6936: 6465: 6402: 6327: 6208: 6163: 6158: 5894: 5638: 4915: 4856: 4807: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4091: 3825: 3417:

lengths. Often the longer sizes need be special ordered.

3107:

is emitted to manufacture a ton of concrete; two tons of CO

2911:

Controlling moisture using design techniques to avoid decay

2873: 2375: 2327: 1622: 1617: 473: 325: 152: 71: 4790: 4094:"Strength grading of timber in the UK and Ireland in 2021" 3936:"What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for?" 2658:

to this template: there are already 1,850 articles in the

183:

In the United States and Canada, milled boards are called

7062: 6553: 6322: 6148: 6042: 5874: 5270: 4784: 3759:"Is Timber Scarce? The Economics Of A Renewable Resource" 3200:

One of the studies conducted in Hong Kong was done using

3111: are emitted in the manufacture of a ton of steel). 2965: 2962:

are examples of potential applications for treated wood.

2914:

Providing effective control of termites and other insects

2542:

great halls 3 small bays wide or halls 3 large bays wide

156: 4778: 4718:

Encyclopedia of American forest and conservation history

4350: 4140: 3099:

and low energy demand during the manufacturing process.

4772: 3916: 2514:

great halls 5 or 3 bays wide or halls 7 or 5 bays wide

4035: 3234:

Recovery of branches and leaves for use as fertilisers

7124:

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

4539: 2185: in or 3.2 mm off each side in a motorized 324:

rating of 25 or less, when tested in accordance with

3264: 3238:

or to protect the soil in severe weather conditions.

2642: 369:(or Krelis Lootjes) was a Dutch windmill owner from 348:

of making boards is still continued in some places.

3660: 3658: 3656: 2745: 2638:

a machine-translated version of the German article.

2244:-inch (44 mm) thicknesses with depths such as 4791:TRADA: Timber Research And Development Association 4734: 3491:"Hardwood vs Softwood – Difference and Comparison" 3057: 2441: 27:Wood that has been processed into beams and planks 4817:June 20–24, 2010, Riva del Garda, Trentino, Italy 4481: 3833:. USDA Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory. 1741:North American hardwood dimensional lumber sizes 659:North American softwood dimensional lumber sizes 7266: 4515:"Energy Technology Perspectives 2016 – Analysis" 3923:. Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board. 3653: 4270:"Understanding & working with wood defects" 3145:Less construction time, labor costs, and waste: 3079:power is a growing trend in the United States. 1634:is well utilised in the construction industry. 2893: 2684:accompanying your translation by providing an 2629:Click for important translation instructions. 2616:expand this article with text translated from 1641:common over a century ago to the fast-growing 498:A common 50 by 100 mm (2-by-4-inch) board 5599: 4841: 4690:"Insights in Timber Recycling and Demolition" 4626:"Insights in Timber Recycling and Demolition" 4341:"Lumber is Made Fireproof by Salt Treatment" 3845:"American Lumber Standard Committee: History" 2528:great halls 3 bays wide or halls 5 bays wide 266: in or 38 by 89 mm) into two 1×4s ( 200:is used in both senses. (In the UK, the word 37:"Timber" redirects here. For other uses, see 4808:WCTE, World Conference on Timber Engineering 4000:, School of Forest Resources. Archived from 3927: 3420: 4267: 3899:"National Lumber Grades Authority (Canada)" 1711: 579: 485:Free of knots (FOK) – No knots are present. 117:, or surfaced on one or more of its faces. 5606: 5592: 4848: 4834: 4250:U. S. Department of Agriculture. "Shake", 4045:European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 3172: 2298: 612:is typically used for construction, while 411: 4821:Forest Products data in Canada since 1990 4672: 4109: 3219: 2735:Diagonal grain: improper sawing of timber 207: 7114:Building and Wood Workers' International 4694:Centre for Wood Science & Technology 4630:Centre for Wood Science & Technology 4432:2016-05-22 at the Portuguese Web Archive 4153:"African and South American sawn timber" 3967:. Nebraska Energy Office. Archived from 3689:"The Portuguese Colonization of Madeira" 3090: 3007: 1591: 522:in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK), 493: 479:Heart center – the center core of a log. 415: 58: 45: 4487: 4295:"WoodWorks Durability and Service Life" 3933: 3863:"Structural Properties and Performance" 3828:"History of yard lumber size standards" 3548:ASTM Committee D20.20 on Plastic Lumber 1587: 655:inches (38 mm × 89 mm). 510:wooden buildings. Common sizes include 14: 7267: 4687: 4623: 4145: 3686: 3559:"SAFPLANK Interlocking Decking System" 2966:Controlling termites and other insects 608:housing. Dimensional lumber made from 589:than typical wood building materials. 506:extensively use dimensional lumber in 320:structural lumber can have a "class 1 5587: 4829: 4779:Timber Development Association of NSW 4650: 4648: 4646: 4246: 4244: 4229:王, 貴祥. "关于隋唐洛阳宫乾阳殿与乾元殿的平面_结构与形式之探讨". 489: 7249: 5556: 4773:National Hardwood Lumber Association 4588:"4 Things to Know About Mass Timber" 3826:Smith, L. W. and L. W. Wood (1964). 3375: 2757:The environment is sufficiently warm 2598: 2594: 2209: 191:describes standing or felled trees. 113:Lumber may be supplied either rough- 7239: 7099:American Association of Woodturners 5568: 4688:cramer, marlene (2 November 2020). 4624:cramer, marlene (2 November 2020). 4098:International Wood Products Journal 3934:Jenkins, Steve (3 September 2023). 3802:"American Softwood Lumber Standard" 3745:"The History of Logging in the USA" 3621:"The Structure of a Japanese House" 2924: 106:refers specifically to unprocessed 24: 4710: 4643: 4488:Roberts, David (15 January 2020). 4241: 3917:"CLSAB and Lumber Grading Quality" 3497: 1607:American Lumber Standard Committee 25: 7306: 7129:National Wood Carvers Association 4855: 4766: 4203: 4159:. Fordaq S.A., The Timber Network 3032: 2852: 1690:C16 and C24, general construction 293: 7248: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7104:Architectural Woodwork Institute 5567: 5555: 5546: 5545: 3397:or furniture with the boards. 3267: 3070: 3063:demand for lumber is blamed for 2997: 2746:Defects due to fungi and animals 2603: 90:, as well as finishing (floors, 5613: 5095:Oriented structural straw board 4785:TDA: Timber Decking Association 4744:(2nd ed.). FPInnovations. 4735:Sathre, R; O'Conner, J (2010). 4681: 4617: 4606: 4580: 4533: 4507: 4463: 4437: 4415: 4396: 4380: 4334: 4319: 4287: 4261: 4222: 4197: 4171: 4134: 4085: 4071: 4029: 4011: 3983: 3953: 3909: 3891: 3837: 3819: 3794: 3776: 3751: 3720: 3706: 3680: 3627: 3613: 3581:"The Strange Story of 'Lumber'" 3410: 3400: 3382: 3058:Environmental effects of lumber 2442:Historical Chinese construction 2413: 7109:British Woodworking Federation 4445:"EERE News: EERE Network News" 3587: 3573: 3552: 3538: 3523: 3483: 3473:"Southern Pine Cost Estimates" 3465: 3440: 3152: 3128:Reduction of carbon emissions: 2809:Following are the insects and 2694:You may also add the template 2570:pagodas and small great halls 2486:great halls 11 or 9 bays wide 2446:Under the prescription of the 2310:Square and rectangular forms: 178: 13: 1: 7119:Caricature Carvers of America 4228: 4111:10.1080/20426445.2022.2050549 3940:Homebuilding & Renovating 3434: 3245:for thermal energy generation 2771:Fungi lumber/timber defects: 2723: 2500:great halls 7 or 5 bays wide 2228:Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 137:, because of their low cost. 4268:karenkoenig (4 April 2016). 3075:The conversion from coal to 2880: 2696:{{Translated|de|Holzfehler}} 1752:S2S (surfaced on two sides) 518:and other variants, such as 86:. Lumber is mainly used for 7: 3872:. WoodWorks. Archived from 3763:elischolar.library.yale.edu 3635:"Forest product statistics" 3260: 3163:Edinburgh Napier University 2901:International Building Code 2894:Durability and service life 2666:will aid in categorization. 2584:small pagodas and ceilings 1749:S1S (surfaced on one side) 443:into lumber by being sawn, 10: 7311: 5486:Non-timber forest products 5110:Structural insulated panel 4730:online review of this book 3693:World History Encyclopedia 3666:"History of Saw Milling –" 3304:Hardwood timber production 3179:Ellen MacArthur Foundation 3161:A 2020 study conducted by 3036: 3001: 2856: 2641:Machine translation, like 2302: 2213: 1746:Nominal (rough-sawn size) 1611:U.S. Secretary of Commerce 1567: inch to the current 562:inches (2.66 m), and 388:, on the line between the 331: 304:Fiber-reinforced composite 297: 211: 36: 29: 7224: 7198: 7147: 7134:Society of Wood Engravers 7091: 7005: 6955: 6912: 6784: 6777: 6665: 6552: 6494: 6313: 6304: 6247: 5918: 5837: 5828: 5652: 5621: 5541: 5433: 5367: 5314: 5221: 5173: 5130: 5024: 4863: 4613:EPA’s study on Wood Waste 4558:10.3992/1943-4618.14.4.17 4546:Journal of Green Building 4057:10.1007/s00107-016-1034-1 2618:the corresponding article 2436:chromated copper arsenate 2434:pilings are available in 1521: 1518: 1515: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1322: 1210: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1014: 1011: 899: 896: 893: 818: 815: 812: 690: 684: 678: 672: 666: 394:Province of New Hampshire 7295:Wood-related terminology 5451:Destructive distillation 4252:The Encyclopedia of Wood 4210:. China: Song Government 3998:University of Washington 2556:pagodas and small halls 1712:North American hardwoods 1632:Canadian Lumber Standard 580:North American softwoods 408:into the American West. 50:Wood cut from Victorian 5471:Green building and wood 4813:27 January 2010 at the 3173:In the circular economy 2958:and exposed timbers or 2705:For more guidance, see 2409:), stick (staff, baton) 2299:Various pieces and cuts 1790: in (7.9 mm) 1778: in (9.5 mm) 412:Conversion of wood logs 39:Timber (disambiguation) 32:Lumber (disambiguation) 7211:Frameless construction 6292:Wood-plastic composite 5115:Wood–plastic composite 5041:Glued laminated timber 5036:Cross-laminated timber 3227:secondary raw material 3220:Secondary raw material 3013: 2449:Method of Construction 2418:In the United States, 2166: in (95 mm) 2150: in (97 mm) 2119: in (70 mm) 2103: in (71 mm) 2072: in (44 mm) 2056: in (46 mm) 2025: in (33 mm) 2009: in (35 mm) 1965: in (27 mm) 1949: in (29 mm) 1905: in (21 mm) 1893: in (22 mm) 1866: in (14 mm) 1854: in (16 mm) 1828: in (11 mm) 1816: in (13 mm) 1597: 576:inches (2.96 m). 548:inches (2.35 m), 499: 436: 354:In 1420 the island of 308:Wood-plastic composite 208:Re-manufactured lumber 64: 56: 5188:Corrugated fiberboard 5090:Oriented strand board 4434:(Polity Press, 2011). 3668:. Woodchuckcanuck.com 3202:life-cycle assessment 3115:Advantages of lumber: 3091:Environmental impacts 3011: 2707:Knowledge:Translation 2678:copyright attribution 2452:(營造法式) issued by the 2424:southern yellow pines 2303:Further information: 2280:Finger-jointed lumber 1700:C40, usually seen in 1595: 497: 419: 367:Cornelis Corneliszoon 298:Further information: 62: 49: 7139:Timber Framers Guild 5993:Australian Blackwood 5573:WikiProject Forestry 4796:6 March 2010 at the 4363:"About Treated Wood" 4331:, March 1944, p. 59. 3641:on 26 September 2022 3595:"How Lumber Is Sawn" 2868:is known for having 2422:are mainly cut from 2292:Manufactured trusses 1660:, laminating stock, 1588:Grades and standards 1360:191 × 191 1208:140 × 140 88:construction framing 30:For other uses, see 6859:Hammer-headed tenon 6378:Janka hardness test 5334:Ramial chipped wood 4326:"Wood That Fights." 4274:Woodworking Network 3533:Resource Recycling, 3511:on 23 February 2008 3139:Natural insulation: 2940:wood-frame building 2171: 1742: 1609:, appointed by the 1513:38 × 286 1476:19 × 286 1432:38 × 235 1395:19 × 235 1320:89 × 184 1283:38 × 184 1246:19 × 184 1171:89 × 140 1134:38 × 140 1097:19 × 140 1050:19 × 114 660: 377:American, in 1826. 151:species, including 5720:Japanese carpentry 5251:Cellulosic ethanol 4716:Davis, Richard C. 4674:10.3390/su11041057 4475:2008-08-25 at the 4409:2011-11-10 at the 4347:bottom-left p. 560 3905:on 11 August 2011. 3687:Cartwright, Mark. 3601:. 19 December 2021 3564:2013-04-26 at the 3452:www.globalwood.org 3014: 2818:Woodboring beetles 2686:interlanguage link 2170: 1740: 1598: 1009:89 × 89 972:38 × 89 935:19 × 89 891:38 × 64 854:19 × 64 810:38 × 38 773:19 × 38 658: 500: 490:Dimensional lumber 472:Boxed heart – The 437: 65: 57: 53:Eucalyptus regnans 18:Dimensional lumber 7262: 7261: 7216:Green woodworking 7073:Wood preservation 7001: 7000: 6904:Tongue and groove 6884:Mortise and tenon 6773: 6772: 6471:Warrington hammer 6300: 6299: 5988:African Blackwood 5780:Segmented turning 5581: 5580: 5516:Wood preservation 5461:Engineered bamboo 5281:Pyroligneous acid 4761:on 21 March 2012. 4751:978-0-86488-546-3 4424:and Jane Lister, 4343:Popular Mechanics 4185:on 22 August 2006 3599:Hood Distribution 3376:Explanatory notes 3121:Fire performance: 3004:Wood preservation 2718: 2717: 2630: 2626: 2595:Defects in lumber 2588: 2587: 2358: in ), 2221:Engineered lumber 2216:Engineered lumber 2210:Engineered lumber 2172: 2169: 1526: 1525: 596:In the Americas, 534:are available in 514:(pictured) (also 390:Province of Maine 382:American colonies 16:(Redirected from 7302: 7252: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7232: 7231: 6782: 6781: 6451:Thickness planer 6311: 6310: 6105:(lime, basswood) 5835: 5834: 5695:Chainsaw carving 5608: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5506:Timber recycling 5501:Reclaimed lumber 5491:Natural building 5456:Dry distillation 5410:Split-rail fence 4850: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4762: 4760: 4754:. Archived from 4743: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4652: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447:. Archived from 4441: 4435: 4419: 4413: 4400: 4394: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4359: 4348: 4338: 4332: 4329:Popular Sciences 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4306: 4300:. Archived from 4299: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4248: 4239: 4238: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4181:. Archived from 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4113: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4042: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4021:. Archived from 4019:"Naturally:wood" 4015: 4009: 4008: 4007:on 20 June 2010. 4006: 3995: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3971:on 20 March 2017 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3901:. Archived from 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3879:on 26 March 2020 3878: 3867: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3786:. Archived from 3784:"Naturally:wood" 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3662: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3637:. Archived from 3631: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3556: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3507:. Archived from 3501: 3495: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3386: 3354:Timber treatment 3344:Recycling timber 3339:Reclaimed lumber 3334:Natural building 3277: 3272: 3271: 3183:circular economy 2925:Moisture control 2697: 2691: 2665: 2664:|topic= 2662:, and specifying 2647:Google Translate 2628: 2624: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2460: 2459: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2344: in × 2343: 2342: 2338: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1743: 1739: 1720:dimension lumber 1666:bending strength 1580: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1480:2 × 12 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1447:1 × 12 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1399:2 × 10 1392: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1366:1 × 10 1357: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1006: 1005: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 987: 984: 969: 968: 964: 961: 955: 954: 950: 947: 932: 931: 927: 924: 918: 917: 913: 888: 887: 883: 880: 874: 873: 869: 866: 851: 850: 846: 843: 837: 836: 832: 807: 806: 802: 799: 793: 792: 788: 785: 770: 769: 765: 762: 756: 755: 751: 661: 657: 654: 653: 649: 646: 640: 639: 635: 632: 575: 574: 570: 567: 561: 560: 556: 553: 547: 546: 542: 539: 451:. Sawing with a 289: 288: 284: 281: 275: 274: 270: 265: 264: 260: 257: 251: 250: 246: 243: 214:Timber recycling 84:planks or boards 21: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7280:Timber industry 7265: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7220: 7206:Frame and panel 7194: 7143: 7087: 6997: 6956:Surface piecing 6951: 6908: 6829:Crown of thorns 6769: 6755:Smoothing plane 6661: 6548: 6490: 6393:Milling machine 6296: 6257:Cross-laminated 6243: 5914: 5824: 5795:Spindle turning 5785:Shingle weaving 5755:Pallet crafting 5648: 5617: 5612: 5582: 5577: 5537: 5521:Wood processing 5429: 5363: 5310: 5217: 5169: 5126: 5056:parallel strand 5027: 5020: 4868: 4859: 4854: 4815:Wayback Machine 4798:Wayback Machine 4769: 4758: 4752: 4741: 4713: 4711:Further reading 4708: 4698: 4696: 4686: 4682: 4653: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4594:. 25 April 2018 4586: 4585: 4581: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4486: 4482: 4477:Wayback Machine 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4422:Peter Dauvergne 4420: 4416: 4411:Wayback Machine 4401: 4397: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4361: 4360: 4351: 4339: 4335: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4307:on 5 April 2012 4304: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4266: 4262: 4249: 4242: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4090: 4086: 4079:"What is TR26?" 4077: 4076: 4072: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4025:on 22 May 2016. 4017: 4016: 4012: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3932: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3790:on 22 May 2016. 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3747:. 5 April 2016. 3743: 3742: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3566:Wayback Machine 3557: 3553: 3543: 3539: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3294:Engineered wood 3289:Deck (building) 3273: 3266: 3263: 3222: 3197:manufacturing. 3175: 3167:packaging waste 3155: 3134: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3073: 3060: 3041: 3035: 3006: 3000: 2968: 2927: 2896: 2883: 2866:Eastern hemlock 2861: 2855: 2822:Marine borers ( 2763: 2748: 2726: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2695: 2689: 2663: 2631: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2444: 2416: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2307: 2301: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2230:– LVL comes in 2218: 2212: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1714: 1647:lumber industry 1590: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1327:8 × 8 1314: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1287:4 × 8 1277: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1250:2 × 8 1240: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1217:1 × 8 1202: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1175:6 × 6 1165: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1138:4 × 6 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1101:2 × 6 1091: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1068:1 × 6 1044: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1021:1 × 5 1003: 999: 996: 994: 989: 985: 982: 980: 976:4 × 4 966: 962: 959: 957: 952: 948: 945: 943: 939:2 × 4 929: 925: 922: 920: 915: 911: 910: 906:1 × 4 885: 881: 878: 876: 871: 867: 864: 862: 858:2 × 3 848: 844: 841: 839: 834: 830: 829: 825:1 × 3 804: 800: 797: 795: 790: 786: 783: 781: 777:2 × 2 767: 763: 760: 758: 753: 749: 748: 744:1 × 2 651: 647: 644: 642: 637: 633: 630: 628: 582: 572: 568: 565: 563: 558: 554: 551: 549: 544: 540: 537: 535: 492: 414: 380:Logging in the 334: 310: 296: 286: 282: 279: 277: 272: 268: 267: 262: 258: 255: 253: 248: 244: 241: 239: 216: 210: 181: 165:spruce-pine-fir 141:Finished lumber 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7308: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7246: 7236: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7185:Quarter sawing 7182: 7177: 7175:Wood splitting 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7083:Wood finishing 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7043:Paint stripper 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6750:Shoulder plane 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6725:Moulding plane 6722: 6717: 6715:Japanese plane 6712: 6707: 6705:Grooving plane 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6519:Flooring clamp 6516: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6476:Winding sticks 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6456:Timber-framing 6453: 6448: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6282:Particle board 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6262:Glue laminated 6259: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5843: 5841: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800:Timber framing 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5770:Relief carving 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5670:Bush carpentry 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5565: 5553: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5446:Certified wood 5443: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5420:Timber framing 5417: 5412: 5407: 5405:Sawdust brandy 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5296:Sandalwood oil 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5100:Particle board 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4805: 4800: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4768: 4767:External links 4765: 4764: 4763: 4750: 4732: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4680: 4661:Sustainability 4642: 4616: 4605: 4579: 4532: 4506: 4480: 4462: 4451:on 29 May 2011 4436: 4414: 4395: 4379: 4349: 4333: 4318: 4286: 4260: 4258:, 2007. Print. 4240: 4221: 4196: 4170: 4157:www.fordaq.com 4144: 4133: 4104:(2): 127–136. 4084: 4070: 4051:(3): 291–306. 4028: 4010: 3982: 3965:www.neo.ne.gov 3952: 3926: 3908: 3890: 3854: 3836: 3818: 3793: 3775: 3750: 3733: 3719: 3705: 3679: 3652: 3626: 3612: 3586: 3572: 3569:Strongwell.com 3551: 3537: 3535:September 1996 3522: 3496: 3482: 3464: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3419: 3409: 3399: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3235: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3174: 3171: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3072: 3069: 3059: 3056: 3044:Timber framing 3039:Timber framing 3037:Main article: 3034: 3033:Timber framing 3031: 3002:Main article: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2895: 2892: 2882: 2879: 2857:Main article: 2854: 2853:Natural forces 2851: 2850: 2849: 2847:Carpenter bees 2844: 2842:Carpenter ants 2839: 2834: 2831:Teredo navalis 2827: 2824:Barnea similis 2820: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2703: 2692: 2670: 2667: 2655:adding a topic 2650: 2639: 2632: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2443: 2440: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2399: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2168: 2167: 2151: 2135: 2121: 2120: 2104: 2088: 2074: 2073: 2057: 2041: 2027: 2026: 2010: 1994: 1967: 1966: 1950: 1934: 1907: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1868: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1792: 1791: 1779: 1767: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1727:big-box stores 1718:standardized ' 1713: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1680:C14, used for 1639:virgin forests 1589: 1586: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1252: 1247: 1244: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 978: 973: 970: 941: 936: 933: 908: 902: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 860: 855: 852: 827: 821: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 779: 774: 771: 746: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 693: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 606:platform-frame 581: 578: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 480: 477: 470: 460: 413: 410: 398:New Netherland 333: 330: 300:Plastic lumber 295: 294:Plastic lumber 292: 209: 206: 180: 177: 163:(collectively 74:that has been 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7307: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7285:Wood products 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7247: 7245: 7237: 7235: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7155:Chainsaw mill 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092:Organizations 7090: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7048:Steam bending 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018:French polish 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889:Rabbet/Rebate 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6874:Mason's mitre 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Jointer plane 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6690:Compass plane 6688: 6686: 6685:Chamfer plane 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6675:Bedrock plane 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461:Veneer hammer 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Impact driver 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:Red Quebracho 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665:Bow and arrow 5663: 5661: 5660:Boat building 5658: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5574: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5554: 5552: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:List of woods 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385:Billet (wood) 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246:Hemicellulose 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971:Railroad ties 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4857:Wood products 4851: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4728:, 871pp. See 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4256:Skyhorse Pub. 4253: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4209: 4208: 4204:李, 誡 (1103). 4200: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3875: 3871: 3870:woodworks.org 3864: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3829: 3822: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3709: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3477:patscolor.com 3474: 3468: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3423: 3413: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3359:Wood industry 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309:List of woods 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3071:Residual wood 3068: 3066: 3065:deforestation 3055: 3053: 3049: 3048:stick framing 3045: 3040: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2998:Preservatives 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944:preservatives 2941: 2938:protecting a 2935: 2932: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2891: 2888: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2661: 2660:main category 2657: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2614:You can help 2610: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 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1394: 1379: × 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1344: × 1330: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1304: × 1290: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1267: × 1253: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1230: × 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1192: × 1178: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1155: × 1141: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1118: × 1104: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1081: × 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1049: 1034: × 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1008: 993: × 979: 977: 974: 971: 956: × 942: 940: 937: 934: 919: × 909: 907: 904: 903: 890: 875: × 861: 859: 856: 853: 838: × 828: 826: 823: 822: 809: 794: × 780: 778: 775: 772: 757: × 747: 745: 742: 741: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 694: 687: 681: 675: 669: 663: 662: 656: 625: 623: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:balloon-frame 599: 594: 590: 587: 577: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 496: 484: 481: 478: 475: 471: 468: 464: 461: 458: 457: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 435: 431: 427: 426:floating logs 423: 418: 409: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 374: 372: 368: 364: 361: 360:King Henry VI 357: 352: 349: 345: 342: 338: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 309: 305: 301: 291: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 215: 205: 203: 199: 198: 192: 190: 186: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 96:window frames 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 61: 55: 54: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7023:Heat bending 6968:Edge banding 6740:Router plane 6735:Rebate plane 6695:Finger plane 6426: 6130: 6124: 6104: 6098:Lignum vitae 5856: 5850: 5815:Wood carving 5790:Shipbuilding 5775:Root carving 5735:Log building 5700:Chip carving 5642: 5560: 5530: 5425:Wooden masts 5395:Dugout canoe 5380:Bavin (wood) 5329:Black liquor 5266:Liquid smoke 5016:Utility pole 5001:Timber truss 4921:Log building 4864: 4756:the original 4737: 4722:vol 1 online 4717: 4697:. Retrieved 4693: 4683: 4664: 4660: 4633:. Retrieved 4629: 4619: 4608: 4596:. Retrieved 4591: 4582: 4552:(4): 17–33. 4549: 4545: 4535: 4523:. Retrieved 4518: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4493: 4483: 4465: 4453:. Retrieved 4449:the original 4439: 4425: 4417: 4398: 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4366: 4345:, April 1936 4342: 4336: 4328: 4321: 4309:. Retrieved 4302:the original 4289: 4277:. Retrieved 4273: 4263: 4254:. New York: 4251: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4206: 4199: 4189:10 September 4187:. Retrieved 4183:the original 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4156: 4147: 4136: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4073: 4048: 4044: 4031: 4023:the original 4013: 4002:the original 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3969:the original 3964: 3955: 3943:. Retrieved 3939: 3929: 3921:www.clsab.ca 3920: 3911: 3903:the original 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3874:the original 3869: 3857: 3849:www.alsc.org 3848: 3839: 3821: 3809:. Retrieved 3805: 3796: 3788:the original 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3762: 3753: 3722: 3708: 3696:. Retrieved 3692: 3682: 3670:. 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Retrieved 3451: 3442: 3422: 3412: 3402: 3384: 3275:Trees portal 3255: 3241:Recovery of 3226: 3223: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181:defines the 3176: 3160: 3156: 3144: 3138: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3101: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3061: 3043: 3042: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 2969: 2960:glulam beams 2936: 2928: 2906: 2897: 2884: 2862: 2859:Wood warping 2808: 2770: 2767: 2764:) is present 2749: 2727: 2719: 2682:edit summary 2673: 2653: 2623: 2615: 2589: 2454:Song dynasty 2447: 2445: 2417: 2414:Timber piles 2363: 2359: 2331: 2286:Glulam beams 2219: 2204: 2191: 2173: 1717: 1715: 1706: 1670: 1651: 1636: 1628: 1615: 1603: 1599: 1583: 1581: inch. 1550: 1527: 1479: 1446: 1398: 1365: 1326: 1286: 1249: 1216: 1174: 1137: 1100: 1067: 1020: 975: 938: 905: 857: 824: 776: 743: 621: 618: 597: 595: 591: 583: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 501: 463:Quarter sawn 440: 438: 402: 379: 375: 365: 353: 350: 346: 343: 339: 335: 322:flame spread 311: 229: 217: 201: 195: 193: 188: 184: 182: 140: 139: 119:Rough lumber 118: 112: 103: 99: 67: 66: 51: 43: 7290:Woodworking 7244:WikiProject 7190:Rift sawing 7180:Flat sawing 7068:Wood drying 6745:Scrub plane 6730:Razee plane 6680:Block plane 6534:Mitre clamp 6481:Wood scribe 6432:Combination 6174:Purpleheart 5870:Douglas fir 5820:Woodturning 5653:Occupations 5615:Woodworking 5526:Woodworking 5511:Wood drying 5496:Papermaking 5316:By-products 5222:Derivatives 5160:Pellet fuel 4901:Flitch beam 4781:– Australia 4699:7 September 4667:(4): 1057. 4635:10 February 4521:. 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