669:
62:
695:
40:
682:
4372:
2320:
486: in – in length, ovoid, globose, or ellipsoid, and yellowish-white to pale purple, and borne on a short peduncle. The pollen itself has a saccate, ring-like structure at its distal pole, and rarely this structure can be more or less doubly saccate. The
633:) is unusual in the genus in several respects. The leaves are less flattened and arranged all round the shoot, and have stomata above as well as below, giving the foliage a glaucous color; and the cones are the longest in the genus, 35–80 mm (
1892:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021).
431: in) broad. They are borne singly and are arranged spirally on the stem; the leaf bases are twisted so the leaves lie flat either side of the stem or more rarely radially. Towards the base, the leaves narrow abruptly to a
363:
is scaly and commonly deeply furrowed, with the colour ranging from grey to brown. The branches stem horizontally from the trunk and are usually arranged in flattened sprays that bend downward towards their tips. Short spur
1455:
The species are all adapted to (and are confined to) relatively moist, cool temperate areas with high rainfall, cool summers, and little or no water stress; they are also adapted to cope with heavy to very heavy winter
564:
are shed shortly thereafter; the cones are shed soon after seed release or up to a year or two later. The seed scales are thin, leathery, and persistent. They vary in shape and lack an apophysis and an umbo. The
435:
set on a forward-angled pulvinus. The petiole is twisted at the base so it is almost parallel with the stem. The leaf apex is either notched, rounded, or acute. The undersides have two white
359:, ranging from 10–60 metres (33–197 feet) tall, with a conical to irregular crown, the latter occurring especially in some of the Asian species. The leading shoots generally droop. The
1954:
2020:
4413:
1507:. Larger infected hemlocks have large, relatively high root systems that can bring other trees down if one falls. The foliage of young trees is often browsed by
1503:. The Asian species are resistant to this pest, and the two western American hemlocks are moderately resistant. In North America, hemlocks are also attacked by
4083:
1336:
1176:
1285:
4071:
372:, are weakly to moderately developed. The young twigs, as well as the distal portions of stem, are flexible and often pendent. The stems are rough with
4077:
1256:
1231:
2579:
3887:
1464:
better than most other trees. Hemlock trees are more tolerant of heavy shade than other conifers; they are, however, more susceptible to drought.
1319:
1272:
1251:
5780:
5703:
4089:
1298:
721:
in the erect (not pendulous) cones with exserted bracts, and male cones clustered in umbels, in these features more closely allied to the genus
4219:
3052:
2186:(Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Canada, and an assessment of the evolution and biogeographical history of the genus"
5742:
4406:
3899:
1499:, was introduced accidentally from eastern Asia, where it is only a minor pest. Extensive mortality has occurred, particularly east of the
4015:
1607:
5788:
2024:
5651:
4461:
4399:
5716:
5664:
2352:
2137:(Pinaceae) based on Lignified Wood from the Late Miocene of Central Yunnan, China, and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications".
1701:
5721:
2079:
seed cones from the late
Paleogene of southwestern China and their biogeographical and paleoenvironmental implications".
3045:
1894:
2286:
1778:
1748:
2047:
3095:
5882:
5747:
5690:
3090:
2310:
5806:
5729:
4440:
3174:
3164:
3147:
3038:
4466:
4456:
4391:
1895:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
2345:
1863:
1660:
490:
are borne on year-old twigs and are small ovoid-globose or oblong-cylindric, ranging from 15–40 mm (
5643:
5630:
1838:
1637:
5801:
1613:
329:" arose from a perceived similarity in the smell of its crushed foliage to that of the unrelated plant
5669:
5757:
1859:
1656:
1418:
1983:
4451:
3030:
2304:
445:) separated by an elevated midvein. The upper surface of the leaves lack stomata, except those of
61:
5928:
5793:
5638:
3179:
3013:
1303:
661: in) long and cylindrical rather than ovoid. Some botanists treat it in a distinct genus as
2133:
Wang, H.B.; Bondarenko, O.V.; Jacques, F.M.B.; Wang, Y.H.; Zhou, Z.K. (2015). "A New
Species of
5625:
5539:
2715:
2338:
2324:
1528:
1492:
1426:
20:
5708:
5770:
3142:
2232:
1970:
1500:
1442:
1409:
665:(Bong.) Rydb., though it is more generally only considered distinct at the rank of subgenus.
4380:
167:
5599:
4375:
4121:
2752:
2474:
2146:
1909:
1602:
1560:
The wood obtained from hemlocks is important in the timber industry, especially for use as
1401:
1384:
2116:
Jahrbuch der Küniglich
Preussichen Geologischen Landesanstalt zur Berlin für das Jahr 1913
8:
3540:
3523:
3433:
3281:
2993:
2803:
2778:
2456:
1548:, which may kill groups of trees following minor grass fires that activate growth of the
1307:
614:
341:
2150:
2055:
Journal of the
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy
5837:
4446:
3816:
3567:
3550:
3392:
3276:
3271:
3159:
3137:
3125:
3100:
2934:
2927:
2878:
2649:
2509:
2486:
2435:
2162:
2096:
1935:
1580:
leather. The needles of the hemlock tree are sometimes used to make a tea and perfume.
1392:
1211:
1185:
1168:
1123:
995:
800:
686:
547:
546: in) in length; they are solitary, terminal or rarely lateral, pendulous, and are
175:
56:
48:
5765:
5586:
5222:
4282:
4183:
4171:
3994:
3708:
3528:
3459:
3449:
3379:
3169:
3132:
3120:
3110:
2853:
2815:
2760:
2282:
2202:
2181:
2166:
2100:
1997:
1939:
1927:
1774:
1744:
1697:
1577:
1480:
1191:
1096:
1015:
773:
699:
610:
441:
285:
1962:
1846:
5842:
5591:
5262:
4423:
4195:
4189:
4153:
3836:
3698:
3583:
3484:
3084:
2981:
2962:
2613:
2590:
2584:
2372:
2197:
2154:
2114:
2088:
1958:
1919:
1693:
1544:
1474:
1328:
1181:
1088:
968:
673:
432:
261:
5873:
5577:
5408:
5305:
5116:
4736:
4705:
4287:
4270:
4177:
3703:
3686:
3469:
3428:
3296:
3286:
3266:
2902:
2890:
2625:
2423:
2092:
1687:
1376:
1203:
1157:
1107:
912:
847:
827:
344:), with four species occurring in North America and four to six in eastern Asia.
301:
5829:
5734:
449:. They have one resin canal that is present beneath the single vascular bundle.
5923:
5498:
5373:
5298:
4207:
4147:
4021:
3988:
3946:
3859:
3787:
3782:
3730:
3200:
3115:
3062:
2969:
2766:
2530:
2443:
1923:
1504:
1324:
1216:
668:
365:
330:
86:
2233:"Implementation and Status of Biological Control of the Hemlock Woody Adelgid"
2021:"First New Species of Temperate Conifer Tree Discovered in More Than a Decade"
1914:
387:
The leaves are flattened to slightly angular and range from 5–35 millimetres (
5917:
5562:
5491:
5449:
5426:
5401:
5350:
5332:
5242:
5053:
4993:
4979:
4928:
4894:
4620:
4297:
4141:
4104:
4061:
3974:
3950:
3767:
3489:
3464:
3346:
3291:
2564:
2524:
2381:
360:
2219:
Mesozoic Strata
Paleontology of Coal-bearing Basin in Guyang, Inner Mongolia
2158:
1708:
Tsuga is the
Japanese name for Hemlock (the conifer, not the poisonous herb
5900:
5819:
5366:
5316:
5282:
5231:
5213:
5152:
5067:
5032:
5025:
5000:
4951:
4885:
4421:
4358:
4213:
4201:
3941:
3772:
3762:
3562:
3514:
3387:
2727:
2542:
1931:
1565:
1434:
1138:
1101:
932:
5677:
5571:
5470:
5456:
5359:
5325:
5291:
5191:
5184:
5170:
5125:
5107:
5046:
5018:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4838:
4792:
4745:
4696:
4634:
4613:
4498:
4165:
4159:
3954:
3935:
3893:
3843:
3650:
3593:
3534:
3479:
3412:
3362:
3332:
3314:
3306:
2388:
2303:
2006:
County-level distribution maps from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1538:
species, which rot the heartwood and eventually leave the tree liable to
1363:
322:
314:
149:
5656:
5477:
5463:
5380:
5271:
5088:
5074:
4944:
4813:
4799:
4655:
4606:
4552:
4489:
4480:
4427:
4365:
4292:
4260:
4246:
4229:
3777:
3454:
3243:
3234:
2399:
1804:
1534:
1357:
1354:
1264:
723:
713:
694:
487:
369:
99:
39:
5682:
5612:
5505:
5484:
5435:
5415:
5060:
4917:
4716:
4641:
4572:
4543:
4534:
4030:
3926:
3792:
3676:
3474:
3254:
3223:
2330:
1561:
1539:
1461:
1143:
681:
618:
353:
5887:
5533:
3060:
384:
are ovoid or globose, usually rounded at the apex and not resinous.
5895:
5867:
5814:
5556:
5394:
5339:
5251:
5136:
5039:
4903:
4769:
4687:
4302:
3735:
3718:
3154:
2954:
2827:
2682:
2494:
2464:
2257:
1569:
1311:
1239:
318:
139:
5617:
569:
are included and small. The seeds are small, from 2 to 4 mm (
5695:
5387:
5177:
4910:
4852:
4760:
4678:
4627:
4255:
3958:
3757:
3214:
2573:
1573:
1351:
1277:
1243:
1162:
1151:
589: in) long, and winged, with the wing being 8 to 12 mm (
373:
310:
129:
119:
109:
5081:
4986:
4785:
4725:
4511:
2699:
2362:
2319:
1523:
1516:
1485:
1290:
1196:
1147:
1132:
1128:
1112:
453:
377:
5604:
3649:
2221:(in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Press, Beijing. p. 149.
1172:– western hemlock – Western Canada, Northwestern United States
5442:
5198:
4866:
4859:
4845:
4820:
4648:
4588:
4561:
4241:
3654:
3352:
3066:
2866:
2670:
2633:
2597:
2517:
2407:
2075:
Wu, M.-X.; Huang, J.; Su, T.; Leng, Q.; Zhou, Z.-K. (2020). "
1512:
1496:
1366:
1360:
1260:
1116:
566:
456:
cones grow solitary from lateral buds. They are 3–5 mm (
436:
306:
270:
73:
4026:
3745:
2915:
2841:
2791:
2740:
2687:
1851:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1508:
1457:
609: in) in length. They also contain small adaxial resin
561:
356:
340:
The genus comprises eight to ten species (depending on the
276:
3354:
2499:
2132:
1891:
1092:– eastern hemlock – Eastern Canada, Eastern United States
707:
Another species, bristlecone hemlock, first described as
560: in) long. Maturation occurs in 5–8 months, and the
381:
273:
518:, where they are cylindrical and longer, 35–80 mm (
1877:
Page, C. N. (1990). "Pinaceae". In
Kubitzki, K. (ed.).
1845:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
3068:
1636:
Fu, Liguo; Li, Nan; Elias, Thomas S.; Mill, Robert R.
476: in) – usually up to 5 mm or
267:
19:
This article is about the genus. For other uses, see
264:
3876:
1836:
3825:
3549:
1741:Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera
5915:
3378:
4057:
2277:Phillips, D. H., & Burdekin, D. A. (1992).
2008:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2013.
1802:
4007:
3656:
1484:, are under serious threat by the sap-sucking
294:
288:
4407:
3198:
3046:
2346:
2225:
2074:
2070:
2068:
1881:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 319–331.
1848:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1522:Old trees are commonly attacked by various
4414:
4400:
4371:
3053:
3039:
2353:
2339:
2173:
2065:
2023:. National Geographic News. Archived from
1879:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
1635:
1608:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
38:
4488:
3925:
3674:
2201:
2039:
1913:
1768:
1721:
1679:
1199:, British Columbia, Western United States
4542:
2190:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2126:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1757:
1620:
1472:The two eastern North American species,
693:
680:
667:
550:or on a short peduncle up to 4 mm (
321:, the pine family. The English-language
4768:
2279:Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees
2210:
2139:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
2107:
1953:Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021).
1870:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1572:have been selected for use in gardens.
1161:– Forrest's hemlock – Sichuan, Yunnan,
677:boughs shedding older foliage in autumn
5916:
2360:
2216:
2179:
2113:
2018:
2012:
1738:
1685:
1597:
1595:
1593:
5538:
5537:
4395:
3648:
3034:
2334:
2045:
1952:
1787:
711:, is now treated in a distinct genus
5758:6053823d-8cb3-492c-82de-bcf63789e6de
1955:"main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre"
1876:
1825:
1803:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
1590:
1526:disease and decay species, notably
1207:– southern Japanese hemlock – Japan
13:
2271:
2238:. US Forest Service. December 2011
1689:A handbook of the world's Conifers
1280:, North Rhine-Westphalia (Miocene)
439:bands (which are inconspicuous on
14:
5940:
2296:
4370:
2318:
2203:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00131.x
2048:"Neogene floral change in Japan"
2019:Popkin, Gabe (30 January 2018).
1495:). This adelgid, related to the
260:
60:
5807:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:11721-1
2268:USDA Forest Service NA-PR-05-92
2262:
2250:
1990:
1963:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1
1946:
1885:
1576:of the hemlock is also used in
352:They are medium-sized to large
4381:Current definitions of Plantae
2311:New International Encyclopedia
2258:Hemlock Woolly Adelgid website
2256:United States Forest Service:
1667:
1127:– northern Japanese hemlock –
1100:– Carolina hemlock – Southern
411:inches) long and 1–3 mm (
347:
1:
1583:
1511:, and the seeds are eaten by
2093:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.07.005
730:
368:, which are present in many
7:
2217:Tan, L.; Zhu, J.N. (1982).
1864:Harvard University Herbaria
1743:. Koeltz Scientific Books.
1674:Sunset Western Garden Book,
1661:Harvard University Herbaria
1564:. Many species are used in
852:(Franchet) Pritzel ex Diels
624:
337:species are not poisonous.
10:
5945:
1924:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
1837:Taylor, Ronald J. (1993).
1614:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1467:
1450:
1076:
514: in) long, except in
18:
5853:
5546:
5425:
5349:
5315:
5281:
5261:
5241:
5221:
5212:
5162:
5144:
5135:
5115:
5106:
5010:
4936:
4927:
4893:
4884:
4830:
4777:
4759:
4735:
4715:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4598:
4580:
4571:
4551:
4533:
4506:
4497:
4479:
4475:
4435:
4353:
4269:
4228:
4117:
4102:
4053:
4044:
4003:
3983:
3972:
3921:
3912:
3872:
3857:
3853:
3813:
3809:
3744:
3717:
3685:
3670:
3666:
3644:
3592:
3576:
3558:
3512:
3508:
3442:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3374:
3345:
3323:
3305:
3253:
3233:
3213:
3209:
3194:
3078:
3005:
2989:Tizra heartwood and root
2946:
2914:
2865:
2840:
2790:
2739:
2563:
2554:
2522:Tanner's sumach leaves -
2453:
2369:
1915:10.1101/2021.03.13.435279
1860:Missouri Botanical Garden
1858:– via eFloras.org,
1657:Missouri Botanical Garden
1655:– via eFloras.org,
1419:Nothotsuga longibracteata
1012:
992:
985:
965:
958:
929:
909:
902:
895:
844:
824:
817:
797:
790:
770:
763:
755:
737:
690:foliage and cones in snow
617:; the seedlings have 4–6
295:
289:
181:
174:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
2431:Myrtan or black marlock
663:Hesperopeuce mertensiana
3014:Anadenanthera colubrina
2159:10.1111/1755-6724.12555
1813:The Gymnosperm Database
1555:
1349:Moved to other genera:
1340:- Yunnan (Late Miocene)
1304:Buchanan Lake Formation
1082:Accepted living species
376:that persist after the
244:Van Campo & Gaussen
235:Van Campo & Gaussen
226:Van Campo & Gaussen
2716:Myracrodruon urundeuva
2180:Lepage, B. A. (2003).
1978:Cite journal requires
1862:, St. Louis, MO &
1769:Rushforth, K. (1987).
1659:, St. Louis, MO &
1529:Heterobasidion annosum
1493:hemlock woolly adelgid
1427:Pseudotsuga macrocarpa
1215:– Ulleungdo hemlock –
1142:– Himalayan hemlock –
709:T. longibracteata
704:
691:
678:
613:. Seed germination is
21:Tsuga (disambiguation)
1696:. pp. 533–1111.
1501:Appalachian Mountains
1443:Keteleeria evelyniana
1410:Pseudotsuga menziesii
1224:Accepted paleospecies
1195:– mountain hemlock –
697:
684:
671:
333:. Unlike the latter,
4376:List of plant orders
4256:Pinopsida (conifers)
4242:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4234:(living gymnosperms)
3731:Leiosporocerotopsida
3450:Nephroselmidophyceae
2753:Bergenia crassifolia
2475:Anogeissus latifolia
2457:hydrolysable tannins
2327:at Wikimedia Commons
2305:"Hemlock-tree"
1417:T. longibracteata –
1402:Pseudotsuga japonica
1385:Cathaya argyrophylla
1000:(Rafinesque) Sargent
973:(von Linné) Carrière
4084:Archaeopteridopsida
3817:Polysporangiophytes
3541:Klebsormidiophyceae
3524:Mesostigmatophyceae
3470:Chlorodendrophyceae
3434:Pyramimonadophyceae
3388:Prasinodermophyceae
3282:Compsopogonophyceae
2994:Searsia pentaphylla
2804:Rumex hymenosepalus
2779:Coriaria myrtifolia
2528:or Chinese gall on
2151:2015AcGlS..89.1429W
2027:on January 31, 2018
1739:Farjon, A. (1990).
1686:Farjon, A. (2010).
1481:T. caroliniana
1337:Tsuga xianfengensis
1308:Axel Heiberg Island
1111:– Taiwan hemlock –
516:T. mertensiana
447:T. mertensiana
442:T. mertensiana
4422:Classification of
4275:(flowering plants)
4196:Lyginopteridopsida
3989:Eophyllophytopsida
3942:Zosterophyllopsida
3880:Paratracheophytes*
3658:sensu strictissimo
3568:Coleochaetophyceae
3551:Phragmoplastophyta
3393:Palmophyllophyceae
3315:Glaucocystophyceae
3277:Stylonematophyceae
3272:Porphyridiophyceae
3061:Classification of
3006:Undetermined organ
2958:sp. bark and wood
2935:Quercus infectoria
2928:Quercus lusitanica
2879:Libidibia coriaria
2650:Conocarpus erectus
2510:Quercus macrolepis
2487:Terminalia chebula
2436:Eucalyptus redunca
2182:"A new species of
2046:Tanai, T. (1961).
1475:T. canadensis
1393:Picea likiangensis
1383:T. argyrophylla –
1286:Tsuga nanfengensis
1212:Tsuga ulleungensis
1169:Tsuga heterophylla
1124:Tsuga diversifolia
1020:(Bongard) Carrière
717:; it differs from
705:
692:
679:
629:Mountain hemlock (
200:(Engelmann) Lemmon
49:Tsuga heterophylla
5911:
5910:
5766:Open Tree of Life
5540:Taxon identifiers
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5223:Cunninghamioideae
5208:
5207:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5097:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4755:
4754:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4389:
4388:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4283:Basal angiosperms
4184:Gigantopteridales
4133:seed plant groups
4131:and other extinct
4098:
4097:
4072:Noeggerathiopsida
4040:
4039:
3995:Trimerophytopsida
3968:
3967:
3908:
3907:
3864:(vascular plants)
3829:Protracheophytes*
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3768:Andreaeobryopsida
3709:Jungermanniopsida
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3529:Chlorokybophyceae
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3460:Chloropicophyceae
3401:
3400:
3380:Prasinodermophyta
3341:
3340:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
2854:Senegalia catechu
2816:Quercus coccifera
2424:Acacia mollissima
2373:condensed tannins
2323:Media related to
1703:978-90-04-17718-5
1391:T. balfouriana –
1345:Formerly included
1192:Tsuga mertensiana
1097:Tsuga caroliniana
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1001:
974:
947:
946:
938:
918:
880:
879:
871:
870:
862:
861:
853:
833:
806:
779:
703:foliage and cones
380:fall. The winter
313:in the subfamily
251:
250:
245:
241:Tsugo-piceo-tsuga
236:
232:Tsugo-piceo-picea
227:
218:
210:
201:
193:
170:
16:Genus of conifers
5936:
5904:
5903:
5891:
5890:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5858:
5846:
5845:
5833:
5832:
5823:
5822:
5810:
5809:
5797:
5796:
5784:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5761:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5738:
5737:
5735:NHMSYS0000464647
5725:
5724:
5712:
5711:
5699:
5698:
5686:
5685:
5673:
5672:
5660:
5659:
5647:
5646:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5620:
5608:
5607:
5595:
5594:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5535:
5534:
5263:Athrotaxidoideae
5219:
5218:
5142:
5141:
5113:
5112:
4937:Phyllocladoideae
4934:
4933:
4891:
4890:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4578:
4577:
4549:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4476:
4462:Acrogymnospermae
4424:Acrogymnospermae
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4374:
4373:
4288:Core angiosperms
4276:
4235:
4230:Acrogymnospermae
4208:Peltaspermopsida
4190:Glossopteridales
4172:Corystospermales
4154:Callistophytales
4134:
4126:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4078:Aneurophytopsida
4060:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4005:
4004:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3936:Barinophytopsida
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3837:Horneophytopsida
3828:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3751:
3736:Anthocerotopsida
3724:
3719:Anthocerotophyta
3699:Haplomitriopsida
3692:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3646:
3645:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3584:Zygnematophyceae
3574:
3573:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3485:Trebouxiophyceae
3455:Picocystophyceae
3419:
3418:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3358:
3260:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3195:
3107:
3087:
3072:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3031:
2982:Notholithocarpus
2963:Prosopis humilis
2645:Button mangrove
2614:Senna auriculata
2591:Acacia decurrens
2585:Acacia pycnantha
2561:
2560:
2482:Myrobalan fruit
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2145:(5): 1429–1439.
2130:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1917:
1908:(8): 1015–1025.
1899:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1866:, Cambridge, MA.
1857:
1856:
1834:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1736:
1719:
1718:
1710:Conium maculatum
1694:Brill Publishers
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1663:, Cambridge, MA.
1654:
1653:
1633:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1545:Rhizina undulata
1425:T. macrocarpa –
1408:T. lindleyana –
1329:Early Cretaceous
1257:Lawula Formation
1237:
1232:Tsuga aburaensis
1182:British Columbia
1177:Tsuga × jeffreyi
1089:Tsuga canadensis
1019:
999:
988:
987:
972:
961:
960:
936:
916:
905:
904:
898:
897:
851:
831:
820:
819:
805:(Maxim.) Masters
804:
793:
792:
777:
766:
765:
758:
757:
748:
747:
735:
734:
660:
659:
655:
652:
646:
645:
641:
638:
608:
607:
603:
598:
597:
593:
588:
587:
583:
578:
577:
573:
559:
558:
554:
545:
544:
540:
537:
531:
530:
526:
523:
513:
512:
508:
505:
499:
498:
494:
485:
484:
480:
475:
474:
470:
465:
464:
460:
430:
429:
425:
420:
419:
415:
410:
409:
405:
402:
396:
395:
391:
298:
297:
292:
291:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
243:
234:
225:
216:
208:
199:
191:
165:
65:
64:
42:
28:
27:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5899:
5894:
5886:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5856:
5849:
5841:
5836:
5828:
5826:
5818:
5813:
5805:
5800:
5792:
5787:
5779:
5777:
5769:
5764:
5756:
5754:
5746:
5741:
5733:
5728:
5720:
5715:
5707:
5702:
5694:
5689:
5681:
5676:
5668:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5642:
5637:
5629:
5624:
5616:
5611:
5603:
5598:
5590:
5585:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5542:
5532:
5511:
5421:
5409:Neocallitropsis
5345:
5311:
5277:
5257:
5237:
5204:
5158:
5131:
5117:Sciadopityaceae
5094:
5006:
4923:
4872:
4826:
4751:
4737:Welwitschiaceae
4731:
4711:
4661:
4594:
4567:
4517:
4471:
4452:Marchantiophyta
4431:
4420:
4390:
4385:
4309:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4178:Czekanowskiales
4132:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4058:
4045:
4036:
4008:Moniliformopses
3999:
3973:
3964:
3914:Eutracheophytes
3913:
3904:
3877:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3826:
3814:
3797:
3788:Polytrichopsida
3783:Tetraphidopsida
3749:
3748:
3740:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3704:Marchantiopsida
3690:
3689:
3687:Marchantiophyta
3675:
3662:
3608:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3572:
3545:
3513:
3496:
3438:
3429:Mamiellophyceae
3410:
3397:
3366:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3319:
3301:
3297:Florideophyceae
3287:Rhodellophyceae
3267:Cyanidiophyceae
3258:
3257:
3249:
3229:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3105:
3083:
3074:
3059:
3029:
3020:
3001:
2942:
2910:
2903:Moullava digyna
2891:Acacia nilotica
2861:
2836:
2786:
2735:
2626:Acacia nilotica
2576:
2572:General :
2556:
2550:
2455:
2449:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2131:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2073:
2066:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2017:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1875:
1871:
1854:
1852:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1788:
1781:
1767:
1758:
1751:
1737:
1722:
1704:
1692:. Vol. 2.
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1621:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1568:, and numerous
1558:
1470:
1453:
1448:
1441:T. roulletii –
1377:Picea jezoensis
1375:T. ajanensis –
1235:
1204:Tsuga sieboldii
1158:Tsuga forrestii
1119:, much of China
1108:Tsuga chinensis
1079:
1070:
1061:
1049:
1040:
1031:
996:T. heterophylla
948:
881:
872:
863:
801:T. diversifolia
733:
687:T. diversifolia
657:
653:
650:
648:
643:
639:
636:
634:
627:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
580:
575:
571:
570:
556:
552:
551:
542:
538:
535:
533:
528:
524:
521:
519:
510:
506:
503:
501:
496:
492:
491:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
457:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
400:
398:
393:
389:
388:
350:
302:Tsuga sieboldii
299:), the name of
263:
259:
164:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5942:
5932:
5931:
5929:Conifer genera
5926:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5892:
5879:
5863:
5861:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5843:wfo-4000039518
5834:
5824:
5811:
5798:
5785:
5775:
5762:
5752:
5739:
5726:
5713:
5700:
5687:
5674:
5661:
5648:
5635:
5622:
5609:
5596:
5583:
5568:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5499:Hesperocyparis
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5374:Pilgerodendron
5370:
5363:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5299:Sequoiadendron
5295:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5121:
5119:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5012:
5011:Podocarpoideae
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4938:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4779:
4772:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4584:
4582:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4557:
4555:
4546:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:Polypodiophyta
4454:
4449:
4444:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4362:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4214:Pentoxylopsida
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4148:Calamopityales
4144:
4137:
4135:
4112:
4105:Spermatophytes
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4067:
4065:
4062:Progymnosperms
4048:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4027:Polypodiopsida
4024:
4022:Cladoxylopsida
4018:
4011:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3984:
3978:
3975:Euphyllophytes
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3947:Lycopodiopsida
3944:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3888:Cooksoniopsida
3883:
3881:
3867:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3820:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Oedipodiopsida
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3680:
3664:
3663:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3422:Prasinophytina
3416:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3369:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3325:incertae sedis
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3204:
3201:Archaeplastida
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:Mesomycetozoea
3177:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3116:Diaphoretickes
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3063:Archaeplastida
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:Prosopis nigra
2966:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2874:Divi-divi pod
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:Uncaria gambir
2758:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2582:(most notably
2577:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:Rhus chinensis
2515:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:Vitis vinifera
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2298:
2297:External links
2295:
2292:
2291:
2270:
2261:
2249:
2224:
2209:
2196:(3): 257–296.
2172:
2125:
2106:
2087:(3): 617–628.
2064:
2038:
2011:
1989:
1980:|journal=
1945:
1884:
1869:
1824:
1786:
1779:
1756:
1749:
1720:
1702:
1678:
1666:
1646:Flora of China
1619:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1557:
1554:
1505:hemlock looper
1489:Adelges tsugae
1469:
1466:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1405:
1400:T. japonica –
1397:
1395:var. rubescens
1388:
1380:
1371:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1325:Inner Mongolia
1320:Tsuga taxoides
1315:
1294:
1293:(Late Miocene)
1281:
1276:- Maria Mine,
1273:Tsuga europaea
1268:
1252:Tsuga asiatica
1247:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:Ulleung Island
1208:
1200:
1188:
1173:
1165:
1154:
1135:
1120:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1016:T. mertensiana
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
991:
986:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
964:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
940:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
890:
889:
883:
882:
878:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
864:
860:
859:
856:
855:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
823:
818:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
796:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
774:T. caroliniana
769:
764:
762:
756:
754:
746:
743:
742:
732:
729:
700:T. mertensiana
631:T. mertensiana
626:
623:
349:
346:
331:poison hemlock
249:
248:
247:
246:
237:
228:
219:
217:(Spach) Gordon
211:
202:
194:
179:
178:
172:
171:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5941:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5492:Xanthocyparis
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5450:Chamaecyparis
5447:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5427:Cupressoideae
5424:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5402:Widdringtonia
5399:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5351:Callitroideae
5348:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5333:Glyptostrobus
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5243:Taiwanioideae
5240:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:Cephalotaxeae
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5054:Falcatifolium
5051:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:Lepidothamnus
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4980:Lagarostrobos
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Podocarpaceae
4926:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4895:Araucariaceae
4892:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4621:Encephalartos
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:Bennettitales
4139:
4138:
4136:
4123:
4122:Pteridosperms
4116:
4113:
4109:(seed plants)
4106:
4101:
4091:
4090:Protopityales
4087:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3861:
3860:Tracheophytes
3856:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:Andreaeopsida
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3598:(land plants)
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3491:
3490:Chlorophyceae
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Pedinophyceae
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:Chlorophytina
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:Viridiplantae
3344:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Bangiophyceae
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Stramenopiles
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:(major groups
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2823:Sea lavender
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:Other sources
2553:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:Rhus coriaria
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2382:Areca catechu
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2288:
2287:0-333-49493-8
2284:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2118:(in German).
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:Nature Plants
1896:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1780:0-7470-2801-X
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1750:3-87429-298-3
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1648:. Vol. 4
1647:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:The bark
1571:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1463:
1460:and tolerate
1459:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1299:Tsuga swedaea
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
990:
989:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
971:
970:
969:T. canadensis
963:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
943:
942:
939:
937:(Don) Eichler
935:
934:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
915:
914:
907:
906:
900:
899:
892:
891:
888:
885:
884:
876:
875:
867:
866:
858:
857:
854:
850:
849:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
830:
829:
822:
821:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
795:
794:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
776:
775:
768:
767:
760:
759:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:Phylogeny of
736:
728:
726:
725:
720:
716:
715:
710:
702:
701:
696:
689:
688:
683:
676:
675:
674:T. canadensis
670:
666:
664:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
568:
563:
549:
517:
489:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
355:
345:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
287:
281:
257:
256:
242:
238:
233:
229:
224:
220:
215:
212:
207:
203:
198:
195:
190:
186:
183:
182:
180:
177:
173:
169:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
5854:
5547:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5367:Austrocedrus
5365:
5358:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:Taxodioideae
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:Sequoioideae
5270:
5250:
5232:Cunninghamia
5230:
5214:Cupressaceae
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5153:Cephalotaxus
5151:
5124:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5068:Retrophyllum
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5033:Pherosphaera
5031:
5026:Microcachrys
5024:
5017:
5001:Phyllocladus
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4952:Pectinopitys
4950:
4943:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4886:Araucariales
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4744:
4724:
4704:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4587:
4560:
4510:
4467:Angiospermae
4359:paraphyletic
4271:Angiospermae
4248:
4247:Ginkgoales (
4220:Petriellales
4202:Medullosales
4129:(seed ferns)
3842:
3763:Sphagnopsida
3758:Takakiopsida
3691:(liverworts)
3657:
3651:Embryophytes
3605:(see below↓)
3563:Charophyceae
3533:
3515:Streptophyta
3367:land plants)
3355:
3324:
3242:
3235:Rhodelphidia
3222:
3165:Opisthokonta
3069:
3012:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2933:
2926:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2852:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2777:
2765:
2751:
2728:Salix caprea
2726:
2714:
2704:
2692:
2675:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2638:
2624:
2612:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2543:Tara spinosa
2541:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2505:Valonia oak
2485:
2473:
2434:
2422:
2419:Mimosa bark
2412:
2398:
2389:arecatannins
2380:
2309:
2281:. Macmillan
2278:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2212:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:the original
2014:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1971:cite journal
1957:. Figshare.
1948:
1905:
1901:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1853:. Retrieved
1847:
1840:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1806:
1770:
1740:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1688:
1681:
1676:1995:606–607
1673:
1669:
1650:. Retrieved
1645:
1639:
1606:
1566:horticulture
1559:
1549:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1454:
1440:
1435:Taxus mairei
1433:T. mairei –
1432:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1350:
1348:
1335:
1318:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1250:
1230:
1210:
1202:
1190:
1175:
1167:
1156:
1139:Tsuga dumosa
1137:
1122:
1106:
1102:Appalachians
1095:
1087:
1054:
1014:
1013:
994:
993:
967:
966:
931:
930:
913:T. forrestii
911:
910:
886:
848:T. chinensis
846:
845:
828:T. sieboldii
826:
825:
799:
798:
772:
771:
751:
739:
722:
718:
712:
708:
706:
698:
685:
672:
662:
630:
628:
515:
451:
446:
440:
386:
351:
339:
334:
326:
300:
254:
253:
252:
240:
231:
222:
213:
206:Hesperotsuga
205:
197:Hesperopeuce
196:
188:
184:
166:(Endlicher)
160:
159:
100:Gymnospermae
93:
80:
47:
31:
25:
5781:genus-tsuga
5678:iNaturalist
5572:Wikispecies
5471:Platycladus
5457:Tetraclinis
5360:Papuacedrus
5326:Cryptomeria
5292:Metasequoia
5192:Pseudotaxus
5185:Austrotaxus
5171:Amentotaxus
5126:Sciadopitys
5108:Cupressales
5047:Dacrycarpus
5019:Saxegothaea
4973:Parasitaxus
4966:Prumnopitys
4959:Sundacarpus
4839:Pseudotsuga
4793:Pseudolarix
4778:Abietoideae
4746:Welwitschia
4697:Ephedraceae
4635:Ceratozamia
4614:Lepidozamia
4499:Ginkgoaceae
4439:Supergroup
4428:Gymnosperms
4166:Cordaitales
4160:Caytoniales
4046:Lignophytes
4029:(ferns and
3955:spikemosses
3894:Rhyniopsida
3844:Aglaophyton
3723:(hornworts)
3594:Embryophyta
3577:Anydrophyta
3535:Spirotaenia
3480:Ulvophyceae
3413:Chlorophyta
3363:green algae
3333:Algospongia
3307:Glaucophyta
3259:(red algae)
2947:Whole plant
2395:Broad bean
2361:Sources of
2081:Palaeoworld
1412:var. glauca
1364:Pseudotsuga
370:gymnosperms
348:Description
323:common name
315:Abietoideae
223:Tsugo-picea
150:Abietoideae
146:Subfamily:
5918:Categories
5888:77109538-1
5478:Calocedrus
5464:Microbiota
5381:Libocedrus
5272:Athrotaxis
5089:Podocarpus
5075:Afrocarpus
4945:Halocarpus
4814:Keteleeria
4800:Nothotsuga
4656:Microcycas
4607:Macrozamia
4599:Zamioideae
4553:Cycadaceae
4490:Ginkgoales
4481:Ginkgoidae
4293:Magnoliids
4261:Gnetopsida
4031:horsetails
3959:quillworts
3951:clubmosses
3927:Lycophytes
3900:Renaliales
3677:Bryophytes
3255:Rhodophyta
3244:Rhodelphis
2811:Garouille
2454:Sources of
2400:Vicia faba
2370:Sources of
2031:31 January
1855:2007-05-16
1818:2007-05-16
1652:2007-05-16
1584:References
1535:Armillaria
1515:and small
1462:ice storms
1358:Nothotsuga
1355:Keteleeria
1265:Priabonian
1186:Washington
1055:Canadenses
887:Sieboldiae
724:Keteleeria
714:Nothotsuga
619:cotyledons
488:seed cones
214:Micropeuce
106:Division:
5874:Q17330718
5506:Juniperus
5485:Cupressus
5436:Thujopsis
5416:Callitris
5163:Taxoideae
5061:Dacrydium
4918:Araucaria
4831:Pinoideae
4717:Gnetaceae
4642:Stangeria
4581:Diooideae
4573:Zamiaceae
4544:Cycadales
4535:Cycadidae
4447:Bryophyta
3793:Bryopsida
3746:Bryophyta
3475:UTC clade
3224:Picomonas
3160:Amoebozoa
3138:Alveolata
3126:Cryptista
3101:Eukaryota
2923:Gall oak
2898:Teri pod
2886:Sant pod
2799:Canaigre
2639:Betula sp
2538:Tara pod
2444:Quebracho
2167:130310084
2101:199885815
2061:(2): 258.
1940:232282918
1570:cultivars
1562:wood pulp
1540:windthrow
1238:- Abura,
1146:, Tibet,
1144:Himalayas
933:T. dumosa
778:Engelmann
731:Phylogeny
354:evergreen
342:authority
192:Endlicher
120:Pinopsida
110:Pinophyta
70:Kingdom:
5901:24900832
5896:Tropicos
5868:Wikidata
5827:VASCAN:
5820:40020343
5815:Tropicos
5557:Wikidata
5395:Fitzroya
5340:Taxodium
5252:Taiwania
5137:Taxaceae
5040:Acmopyle
4904:Wollemia
4770:Pinaceae
4688:Gnetales
4426:(living
4303:Eudicots
4298:Monocots
4016:Ibykales
3750:(mosses)
3655:Plantae
3353:Plantae
3155:Amorphea
3133:Rhizaria
3121:Hacrobia
3111:Excavata
3096:Bacteria
3067:Plantae
2955:Prosopis
2828:Limonium
2711:Urunday
2705:Picea sp
2693:Pinus sp
2683:Mangrove
2676:Larix sp
2657:Hemlock
2603:Alnus sp
2557:by organ
2495:Oak bark
2465:Chestnut
1932:34282286
1773:. Helm.
1771:Conifers
1714:Apiaceae
1552:spores.
1458:snowfall
1312:Lutetian
1240:Hokkaido
832:Carrière
625:Taxonomy
611:vesicles
437:stomatal
319:Pinaceae
311:conifers
286:Japanese
209:C.N.Page
176:Synonyms
168:Carrière
140:Pinaceae
136:Family:
5771:1095220
5709:1103941
5696:11721-1
5657:2685257
5563:Q739430
5388:Diselma
5306:Sequoia
5178:Torreya
4911:Agathis
4853:Cathaya
4761:Pinales
4706:Ephedra
4679:Pinidae
4628:Bowenia
4366:extinct
3215:Picozoa
3170:Animals
3091:Archaea
3017:(vilca)
2977:Tanoak
2774:Redoul
2761:Gambier
2723:Willow
2609:Avaram
2580:Acacias
2574:Tanbark
2363:tannins
2314:. 1905.
2242:28 July
2147:Bibcode
2122:: 1–98.
1910:bioRxiv
1603:"Tsuga"
1578:tanning
1550:Rhizina
1517:rodents
1513:finches
1468:Threats
1451:Ecology
1352:Cathaya
1278:Alsdorf
1244:Miocene
1219:, Korea
1163:Guizhou
1152:Sichuan
1077:Species
893:series
761:series
656:⁄
642:⁄
615:epigeal
604:⁄
594:⁄
584:⁄
574:⁄
555:⁄
548:sessile
541:⁄
527:⁄
509:⁄
495:⁄
481:⁄
471:⁄
461:⁄
433:petiole
426:⁄
416:⁄
406:⁄
392:⁄
374:pulvini
327:hemlock
305:) is a
284:, from
156:Genus:
130:Pinales
126:Order:
116:Class:
74:Plantae
5855:Pinus
5789:PLANTS
5755:NZOR:
5722:183396
5644:133931
5631:133931
5082:Nageia
4987:Manoao
4786:Cedrus
4726:Gnetum
4512:Ginkgo
4361:groups
4249:Ginkgo
3957:&
3815:
3411:
3148:Plants
3085:Domain
2849:Cutch
2748:Badan
2741:Leaves
2700:Spruce
2621:Babul
2470:Dhawa
2285:
2165:
2099:
1938:
1930:
1912:
1777:
1747:
1700:
1610:(WCSP)
1542:, and
1524:fungal
1497:aphids
1486:insect
1291:Yunnan
1197:Alaska
1148:Yunnan
1133:Kyushu
1129:Honshu
1113:Taiwan
917:Downie
567:bracts
454:pollen
378:leaves
366:shoots
187:sect.
5924:Tsuga
5859:Tsuga
5857:sect.
5794:TSUGA
5778:PPE:
5704:IRMNG
5683:48255
5670:12479
5618:1TSUG
5605:34199
5592:6486F
5578:Tsuga
5548:Tsuga
5443:Thuja
5199:Taxus
4867:Pinus
4860:Picea
4846:Larix
4821:Abies
4807:Tsuga
4649:Zamia
4589:Dioon
4562:Cycas
4441:Plant
3365:&
3175:Fungi
2916:Galls
2867:Fruit
2842:Woods
2792:Roots
2671:Larch
2662:Tsuga
2634:Birch
2598:Alder
2565:Barks
2518:Sumac
2408:Grape
2385:seed
2325:Tsuga
2236:(PDF)
2184:Tsuga
2163:S2CID
2135:Tsuga
2097:S2CID
2077:Tsuga
2051:(PDF)
2000:Tsuga
1936:S2CID
1898:(PDF)
1841:Tsuga
1807:Tsuga
1640:Tsuga
1367:Taxus
1361:Picea
1261:Tibet
1236:Tanai
1117:Tibet
752:Tsuga
740:Tsuga
719:Tsuga
562:seeds
357:trees
335:Tsuga
307:genus
255:Tsuga
189:Tsuga
185:Pinus
161:Tsuga
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