550:) may have occurred is important for determining appropriate cultural regimens in the nursery. If, for instance, white spruce grown at container nurseries in southwestern British Columbia are not given an extended photoperiod, leader growth ceases early in the first growing season, and seedlings do not reach the minimum height specifications. But, if an extended photoperiod is provided for Sitka spruce, seedlings become unacceptably tall by the end of the first growing season. Species classification of seedlots collected in areas where hybridization of white and Sitka spruces has been reported has depended on (i) easily measured cone scale characters of seed trees, especially free scale length, (ii) visual judgements of morphological characters, e.g., growth rhythm, shoot and root weight, and needle serration, or (iii) some combination of (i) and (ii) (Yeh and Arnott 1986). Useful to a degree, these classification procedures have important limitations; genetic composition of the seeds produced by a stand is determined by both the seed trees and the pollen parents, and species classification of hybrid seedlots and estimates of their level of introgression on the basis of seed-tree characteristics can be unreliable when hybrid seedlots vary in their introgressiveness in consequence of spatial and temporal variations in contributions from the pollen parent (Yeh and Arnott 1986). Secondly, morphological characters are markedly influenced by ontogenetic and environmental influences, so that to discern spruce hybrid seedlot composition with accuracy, hybrid seedlots must differ substantially in morphology from both parent species. Yeh and Arnott (1986) pointed out the difficulties of estimating accurately the degree of introgression between white and Sitka spruces; introgression may have occurred at low levels, and/or hybrid seed lots may vary in their degree of introgression in consequence of repeated backcrossing with parental species.
3830:
4019:. As much as 90% of a cone crop has been harvested by red squirrels (Zasada et al. 1978). Deer mice, voles, chipmunks, and shrews can consume large quantities of seed; one mouse can eat 2000 seeds per night. Repeated applications of half a million seeds/ha failed to produce the 750 trees/ha sought by Northwest Pulp and Power, Ltd., near Hinton, Alberta (Radvanyi 1972), but no doubt left a lot of well-fed small mammals. Foraging by squirrels for winter buds (Rowe 1952) has not been reported in relation to young plantations, but Wagg (1963) noted that at Hinton AB,
3949:
503:
134:
487:
3812:
562:, and remain highly susceptible through to the following spring. More than half of spruce seedling mortality probably occurs during the first growing season and is also very high during the first winter, when seedlings are subjected to freezing damage, frost heaving and erosion, as well as smothering by litter and snow-pressed vegetation. Seedlings that germinate late in the growing season are particularly vulnerable because they are tiny and have not had time to
11128:
3749:
egg-laying, thereby ensuring their reproductive success. This territoriality is closely tied to male reproductive prowess and plays a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of beetle populations and their impact on the overall health of spruce trees. Moreover, the home range of
Dendroctonus micans varies based on the availability and density of host trees, with individual beetles dispersing across their habitat in search of optimal nesting sites.
4225:
4100:
7620:
4158:
3917:), and Norway spruces throughout Ontario, causing severe defoliation and sometimes killing small, stressed trees. White spruce is intermediately susceptible. Dead needles show rows of black fruiting bodies. Infection usually begins on lower branches. On white spruce, infected needles are usually retained on the tree into the following summer. The fungicide Chlorthalonil is registered for controlling this needle cast (Davis 1997).
3758:
11138:
11148:
109:
4012:). The magnitude of the loss is difficult to determine, and studies with and without seed protection have yielded conflicting results. In western Montana, for example, spruce seedling success was little better on protected than on unprotected seed spots (Schopmeyer and Helmers 1947), but in British Columbia spruce regeneration depended on protection from rodents (Smith 1955).
582:, or predation would then impair regeneration success. Eis (1967) suggested that in dry habitats on either mineral soil or litter seedbeds a 3-year-old seedling may be considered established; in moist habitats, seedlings may need 4 or 5 years to become established on mineral soil, possibly longer on litter seedbeds.
6174:
3748:
beetles significantly impacts their health and vitality. These beetles, particularly the males, display territorial behavior, diligently defending areas that are attractive to females for mating. By safeguarding these regions and providing suitable host trees, they create an environment conducive to
569:
Mortality rates generally decrease sharply thereafter, but losses often remain high for some years. "Establishment" is a subjective concept based on the idea that once a seedling has successfully reached a certain size, not much is likely to prevent its further development. Criteria vary, of course,
541:
was the cone scale, and Horton (1956,1959) found that the most useful diagnostic features of the two spruces are in the cone; differences occur in the flower, shoot and needle, "but those in the cone are most easily assessed" (Horton 1959). Coupé et al. (1982) recommended that cone scale characters
532:
was the feature most useful in differentiating species of spruce; the length, width, length: width ratio, the length of free scale (the distance from the imprint of the seed wing to the tip of the scale), and the percentage free scale (length of free scale as a percentage of the total length of the
4259:
are sometimes used as a spice, or boiled with sugar to create spruce bud syrup. In survival situations spruce needles can be directly ingested or boiled into a tea. This replaces large amounts of vitamin C. Also, water is stored in a spruce's needles, providing an alternative means of hydration .
4186:
Because this species has no insect or decay resistance qualities after logging, it is generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (indoor drywall framing, for example). Spruce wood, when left outside cannot be expected to last more than 12–18 months depending on the type of
3894:
in forests of the western interior. Infection develops readily if conidia are deposited on succulent plant parts that remain wet for at least 24 hours at 10 °C to 25 °C. Longer periods of wetness favour increasingly severe disease. Twig tips killed during growth the previous year show a
5403:
Zasada, J.C.; Foote, M.J.; Deneke, F.J.; Parkerson, R.H. 1978. Case history of an excellent white spruce cone and seed crop in interior Alaska: cone and seed production, germination and seedling survival. USDA, For. Serv., Pacific NW For. Range Exp. Sta., Portland OR, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-65. 53
4033:
is to cut off great numbers of cones with great expedition early in the fall, and then "spend the rest of the fall shelling out the seeds". In
Manitoba, Rowe (1952) ascribed widespread severing of branch tips 5 cm to 10 cm long on white spruce ranging "from sapling to veteran size" to
3984:
Ord) voraciously ate all available white spruce and lodgepole pine seedlings, pulling them out of the ground and holding them between their front feet until the whole seedling had been consumed. Wagg (1963) attributed damage observed to the bark and cambium at ground level of small white spruce
3889:
to which the fungus was transmitted in infested seed. First-year seedlings are often killed, and larger plants may become too deformed for planting. Outbreaks involving < 30% of spruce seedlings in seedbeds have been traced to seed lots in which only 0.1% to 3% of seeds were infested. Seed
6106:
6175:
Warren RL, Keeling CI, Yuen MMS, Raymond A, Taylor GA, Vandervalk BP, Mohamadi H, Paulino D, Chiu R, Jackman SD, Robertson G, Yang C, Boyle B, Hoffmann M, Weigel D, Nelson DR, Ritland C, Isabel N, Jaquish B, Yanchuk A, Bousquet J, Jones SJM, Mackay J, Birol I, Bohlmann J. (2015).
6107:
Birol I, Raymond A, Jackman SD, Pleasance S, Coope R, Taylor GA, Yuen MM, Keeling CI, Brand D, Vandervalk BP, Kirk H, Pandoh P, Moore RA, Zhao Y, Mungall AJ, Jaquish B, Yanchuk A, Ritland C, Boyle B, Bousquet J, Ritland K, Mackay J, Bohlmann J, Jones SJ (2013).
3787:
merchants (especially beer, boards, wooden chests and leather), and the tree thus was believed to be particular to
Prussia, which for a time was figurative in England as a land of luxuries. It can be argued that the word is actually derived from the
4432:
The nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of
British Columbia interior spruce have been sequenced. The large (20 Gbp) nuclear genome and associated gene annotations of interior spruce (genotype PG29) were published in 2013 and 2015.
533:
scale) were most useful in this regard. Daubenmire (1974), after range-wide sampling, had already recognized the importance of the two latter characters. Taylor (1959) had noted that the most obvious morphological difference between typical
4538:
Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S.; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. (1994). Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in
British Columbia. Canada/British Columbia Partnership Agreement For. Resour. Devel., Victoria BC, FRDA Rep. 220. 182
545:
Without cones, morphological differentiation among spruce species and their hybrids is more difficult. Species classification for seeds collected from spruce stands in which introgressive hybridization between white and Sitka spruces
4074:. Population levels oscillate, sometimes reaching extreme outbreak levels that can cause extreme defoliation of and damage to spruce trees. To reduce destruction, there are multiple methods of control in place, including pesticides.
4934:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021).
4199:
for paper uses, as it has long wood fibres which bind together to make strong paper. The fibres are thin walled and collapse to thin bands upon drying. Spruces are commonly used in mechanical pulping as they are easily
3939:
was reported on white and Norway spruces in
Ontario (Jorgensen and Cafley 1961) and Quebec (Ouellette and Bard 1962). In Ontario, only trees of low vigour were affected, but in Quebec vigorous trees were also infected.
4168:
Spruce is useful as a building wood, commonly referred to by several different names including North
American timber, SPF (spruce, pine, fir) and whitewood (the collective name for spruce wood). It is commonly used in
4745:
Noble, D.L.; Ronco, F. (1978). Seedfall and establishment of
Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir in clearcut openings in Colorado. USDA, For. Serv., Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Sta., Res. Pap. RM-200. 12
4735:
Alexander, R.R. (1987). Ecology, silviculture, and management of the
Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir type in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. USDA, For. Serv., Washington DC, Agric. Handb. 659. 144
570:
but Noble and Ronco (1978), for instance, considered that seedlings four to five years old, or 8 cm to 10 cm tall, warranted the designation "established", since only unusual factors such as
431:), which hang downwards after they are pollinated. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs. In other similar genera, the branches are fairly smooth.
6000:
4529:) hybridization in west-central British Columbia. B.C. Min. For., Forest Science, Smithers BC, unpublished report, cited by Coates et al. 1994. (Cited by Coates et al. 1994, orig. not seen)
4993:
4648:
Coupé, R.; Ray, C.A.; Comeau, A.; Ketcheson, M.V.; Annas, R.M. (1982). A guide to some common plants of the Skeena area, British
Columbia. B.C. Min. For., Res. Branch, Victoria BC.
4034:
squirrels foraging for winter buds, cone failure having excluded the more usual food source. The damage has not been reported in relation to small trees, outplants or otherwise.
6001:
Jackman SD, Warren RL, Gibb EA, Vandervalk BP, Mohamadi H, Chu J, Raymond A, Pleasance S, Coope R, Wildung MR, Ritland CE, Bousquet J, Jones SJM, Bohlmann J, Birol I. (2015).
4639:
Horton, K.W. (1959). Characteristics of subalpine spruce in Alberta. Can. Dep. Northern Affairs National Resour., For. Branch, For. Res. Div., Ottawa ON, Tech. Note 76. 20 p.
3709:
5391:
Smith, J.H.G. 1955 . Some factors affecting reproduction of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir. British Columbia Dep. Lands For., For. Serv., Victoria BC, Tech. Publ. 43 p.
5134:
4424:
Spruce branches are also used at Aintree racecourse, Liverpool, to build several of the fences on the Grand National course. Spruce wood is also used to make sculptures.
3286:
3512:
7661:
3330:
4671:
Arnott, J.T. (1979). "Effect of light intensity during extended photoperiod on growth of amabalis fir, mountain hemlock, and white and Engelmann spruce seedlings".
3319:
3187:
3176:
3099:
3980:, with the two species of mice consuming equal amounts of seed, but showing a preference for the pine over the spruce (Wagg 1963). The short-tailed meadow vole (
3627:
3275:
3198:
2509:
2533:
3700:
3363:
3165:
3057:
11021:
7331:
3374:
3264:
2938:
2850:
2806:
2773:
3553:
3209:
3154:
3035:
2828:
2817:
2784:
2762:
2685:
2663:
2547:
7319:
4173:
graded wood. Spruce wood is used for many purposes, ranging from general construction work and crates to highly specialised uses in wooden aircraft. The
3729:
3720:
3679:
3668:
3482:
3407:
3308:
3231:
3046:
3002:
2905:
2894:
2795:
2608:
2519:
7325:
4788:
Day, M.W.; Rudolph, V.J. (1970). Development of a white spruce plantation. Michigan State Univ., Agric. Exp. Sta., East Lansing MI, Res. Pap. 111. 4 p.
3493:
3438:
3385:
3352:
3253:
3143:
2991:
2861:
2839:
2751:
2696:
2674:
1875:
2575:
9030:
5828:
3616:
3594:
3523:
3449:
3132:
3024:
3013:
2872:
2740:
2729:
2718:
2641:
7135:
6258:
6221:
6161:
6054:
5327:
5294:
3580:
3534:
3396:
3121:
3110:
2980:
2969:
2949:
2916:
2652:
11445:
7337:
3605:
3427:
3341:
2707:
2619:
7467:
6300:
3638:
2927:
2883:
2630:
11384:
7654:
3471:
3460:
3242:
3220:
3088:
3077:
7147:
3657:
3297:
11011:
5472:
Rowe, J.S. 1952. Squirrel damage to white spruce. Can. Dep. Resour. Devel., For. Branch, For. Res. Div., Ottawa ON, Silv. Leafl. 61. 2 p.
597:
blocks, and 7.3 cm in non-scarified blocks (Day 1970), possibly reflecting diminished fertility with the removal of the A horizon.
7263:
5693:
5460:
McMinn, R.G. (Ed.). White Spruce: Ecology of a Northern Resource. Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Edmonton AB, Inf. Rep. NOR-X-40.
11453:
4858:
Aðalsteinn Sigurgeirsson & Alfred E. Szmidt (1993). "Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in
415:
of the family Pinaceae by their needles (leaves), which are four-sided and attached singly to small persistent peg-like structures (
11306:
7709:
7647:
4804:
524:, give it away. Beyond that, determination can become more difficult. Intensive sampling in the Smithers/Hazelton/Houston area of
11358:
11319:
8803:
645:
originated in North America. The oldest record of spruce that has been found in the fossil record is from the Early Cretaceous (
5801:
Stubbs, Brett J. (June 2003). "Captain Cook's beer: the antiscorbutic use of malt and beer in late 18th century sea voyages".
4077:
Horntails, or Wood Wasps, use this tree for egg laying and the larvae will live in the outer inch of the tree under the bark.
4066:) is a major pest of spruce trees in forests throughout Canada and the eastern United States. Two of the main host plants are
9503:
4816:
5775:
3829:
11363:
542:
be based on samples taken from the midsection of each of ten cones from each of five trees in the population of interest.
10996:
269:
6293:
5785:
4504:
4470:
11141:
11026:
5908:
5599:
5559:
4371:
4139:
357:
5854:
Jyske T, Järvenpää E, Kunnas S, Sarjala T, Raitanen JE, Mäki M, Pastell H, Korpinen R, Kaseva J, Tupasela T (2020).
4023:
were observed cutting the lateral and terminal twigs and feeding on the vegetative and flower buds of white spruce.
11507:
11001:
6343:
11389:
11345:
6338:
11471:
11502:
11006:
6182:) genome assemblies and annotation of large gene families of conifer terpenoid and phenolic defense metabolism"
5860:(L.) Karst.) as Nordic Specialty-Consumer Acceptance, Stability of Nutrients, and Bioactivities during Storage"
4121:
4405:, admired for their evergreen, symmetrical narrow-conic growth habit. For the same reason, some (particularly
11371:
11016:
10726:
9744:
7688:
6422:
6412:
6395:
6286:
5697:
5551:
Biosystematic Studies of Conifer-Feeding Choristoneura (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in the Western United States
4044:
L.) may damage spruce (Nienstaedt 1957), but prefer red pine. Bark-stripping of white spruce by black bear (
11151:
10353:
7714:
7704:
2143:
Clade II (throughout Asia, mostly in mountainous areas, a few isolated populations in higher elevations of
7639:
5748:
4937:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
4048:) is locally important in Alaska (Lutz 1951), but the bark of white spruce is not attacked by field mice (
11215:
8796:
400:. Spruces are large trees, from about 20 to 60 m (about 60–200 ft) tall when mature, and have
11298:
11272:
5529:
Littlefield, E.W.; Schoomaker, W.J.; Cook, D.B. (1946). "Field mouse damage to coniferous plantations".
5036:
4319:. The main types of spruce used for this purpose are Sitka, Engelmann, Adirondack and European spruces.
11466:
10203:
5308:
Ouellette, G.B.; Bard, G. (1962). "Observations on a canker and resinosis in white and Norway spruce".
4897:
2068:
11399:
11324:
11031:
10950:
10169:
9496:
4893:"A Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) seed cone provides the earliest fossil record for Picea (Pinaceae)"
4418:
4015:
An important albeit indirect biotic constraint on spruce establishment is the depredation of seed by
6093:
5987:
5952:
5022:
7699:
6278:
4864:
4170:
4062:
443:
133:
11458:
11293:
10383:
9531:
9526:
9464:
6427:
5499:(Report). Can. Dep. Northern Affairs National Resour., For. Branch, For. Res. Div. Tech. Note 31.
5414:
Radvanyi, A (1970). "Small mammals and regeneration of white spruce forests in western Alberta".
4657:
Arnott, J.T. (1974). "Germination and seedling establishment". pp. 55–66 in Cayford, J.H. (Ed.).
4117:
4110:
4082:
20:
11425:
11267:
11168:
11108:
10189:
10159:
10154:
9860:
9166:
8789:
5456:
Radvanyi, A. 1972. Small mammals and regeneration of white spruce in western Alberta. p. 21–23
4201:
590:
473:, has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world's oldest known living tree.
5668:
4252:
in his crew. The leaves and branches, or the essential oils, can be used to brew spruce beer.
11420:
10174:
10023:
9885:
9797:
6390:
6215:
6155:
6080:
6048:
5974:
5939:
5321:
5288:
5009:
4026:
4020:
2102:
spruce, Pacific coast of North America; the largest species, to 95 m tall; important in
628:
579:
11412:
7628:
5701:
5549:
5159:
4661:, Timmins ON, Sept. 1973, Can. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Ottawa ON, Proc., Publ. 1339.
4272:
Spruce is the standard material used in soundboards for many musical instruments, including
11241:
11131:
11036:
10920:
10811:
10305:
9985:
9965:
9905:
9489:
9203:
8925:
7623:
7369:
5642:
5423:
5079:
4948:
4086:) have destroyed swathes of spruce forest in western North America from Alaska to Wyoming.
2320:
Clade III (Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly in boreal forests or mountainous areas)
614:
529:
5382:
in the northern Rocky Mountain Region. USDA For. Serv., Washington DC, Circular 772. 30 p.
3976:) showed a daily maximum seed consumption of 2000 white spruce seeds and of 1000 seeds of
3861:
in a nursery near Asheville, North Carolina, was reported by Graves (1914). Hosts include
8:
10761:
10756:
10290:
10275:
10255:
10250:
10126:
10008:
9444:
9254:
9229:
8907:
6788:
6771:
6681:
6529:
4758:"Establishment and early development of white spruce in the interior of British Columbia"
4312:
4289:
3857:
in North America, Europe, and North Africa. Twig blight damage to seedlings of white and
3745:
3564:
2379:
2214:
1209:
586:
5931:
5427:
5083:
11515:
11280:
10819:
10329:
10265:
9890:
9845:
9617:
9577:
9385:
9378:
9329:
9100:
8960:
8937:
8886:
7694:
7064:
6815:
6798:
6640:
6524:
6519:
6407:
6385:
6373:
6348:
6138:
6109:
6031:
6002:
5913:
5886:
5855:
5829:"Kadoksissa ollut juomaresepti löytyi – kuusenkerkästä tehdään muutakin kuin siirappia"
5615:
5439:
4974:
4877:
4841:
4601:
3816:
2202:
2186:
1344:
801:
563:
289:
128:
4705:
Yeh, F.C.; Arnott, J.T. (1986). "Electrophoretic and morphological differentiation of
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10801:
10781:
10368:
10111:
9835:
9677:
9304:
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6956:
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6380:
6368:
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6036:
5891:
5810:
5781:
5777:
A social history of medicines in the twentieth century: to be taken three times a day
5595:
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1902:
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1090:
1007:
913:
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6129:
5966:
5001:
4809:(Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes"
2561:
11520:
11435:
10771:
10746:
10721:
10691:
10348:
9930:
9825:
9592:
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9413:
9064:
9041:
9035:
8823:
8510:
7671:
7443:
7437:
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6946:
6831:
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6133:
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5431:
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5274:
5209:
5105:
5087:
4997:
4958:
4906:
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in Alaska have harvested as much as 90% of a cone crop (Zasada et al. 1978); their
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2499:
2474:
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2234:
2194:
2151:
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1536:
960:
848:
502:
405:
11494:
11376:
5496:
5229:
Graves, A.H. (1914). "Notes on diseases of trees in the southern Appalachians".
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11082:
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9727:
9652:
9602:
9562:
9557:
9015:
8975:
8832:
8739:
8697:
8674:
8649:
8598:
8580:
8490:
8301:
8241:
8227:
8176:
8142:
7868:
7545:
7389:
7352:
7309:
7222:
7198:
7015:
6737:
6712:
6594:
6539:
5755:. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations
5379:
5101:
5092:
4391:
4375:
4336:
4332:
4308:
4067:
3993:
3866:
3783:(1378) seem to have been generic terms for commodities brought to England by
2462:
2442:
2422:
2406:
2398:
2363:
2170:
2111:
2099:
1731:
1677:
1619:
1599:
1516:
1471:
828:
594:
491:
462:
265:
242:
116:
66:
5723:
5485:). USDA, For. Serv., Lake States For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul MN, Pap. 55. 24 p.
4348:
2596:
There are also a number of extinct species identified from fossil evidence:
11484:
11191:
10865:
10860:
10796:
10751:
10741:
10706:
10637:
10632:
10592:
10564:
10499:
10484:
10421:
10393:
10337:
10333:
10325:
9995:
9975:
9712:
9687:
9672:
9632:
9597:
9178:
8993:
8614:
8564:
8530:
8479:
8461:
8400:
8315:
8280:
8273:
8248:
8199:
8133:
7669:
7606:
7461:
7449:
7189:
7020:
7010:
6810:
6762:
6635:
6207:
6147:
6040:
5895:
5814:
5119:
4970:
4920:
4837:
4463:
Plants in Literature and Life: a wide-ranging dictionary of botanical terms
4402:
4395:
4241:
4179:
4071:
3997:
3890:
infestation has in turn been traced to the colonization of spruce cones by
3878:
3862:
3858:
2487:
2482:
2414:
2249:
2130:
2126:– Engelmann spruce, western North American mountains; important in forestry
1922:
1821:
1572:
1364:
987:
618:
571:
508:
447:
250:
2486:– red spruce, northeastern North America; important in forestry, known as
528:
showed Douglas (1975), according to Coates et al. (1994), that cone scale
486:
11332:
11200:
11087:
11077:
10965:
10791:
10776:
10642:
10627:
10577:
10524:
10489:
10431:
10378:
10310:
10051:
9767:
9717:
9512:
8839:
8718:
8704:
8607:
8573:
8539:
8439:
8432:
8418:
8373:
8355:
8294:
8266:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8086:
8040:
7993:
7944:
7882:
7861:
7746:
7413:
7407:
7202:
7183:
7141:
7091:
6898:
6841:
6782:
6727:
6660:
6610:
6580:
6562:
6554:
6022:
5578:. Can. Dep. Agric., For. Biol. Div., Ottawa ON, Bi-mo. Progr. Rep. 10(1).
5198:
sp. nov. on conifers: anamorphic fungi in the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales"
4245:
3910:
3874:
3823:
3811:
2427:
2324:
2286:
1711:
646:
559:
439:
258:
41:
6248:
4911:
4892:
4857:
4605:
4364:
11311:
10975:
10930:
10711:
10657:
10607:
10597:
10549:
10539:
10494:
10436:
10401:
10341:
10096:
10086:
10081:
9945:
9900:
9749:
9662:
9627:
8850:
8725:
8711:
8628:
8519:
8336:
8322:
8192:
8061:
8047:
7903:
7854:
7800:
7737:
7728:
7675:
7613:
7540:
7508:
7494:
7477:
7025:
6702:
6491:
6482:
6264:
pinetum.org / Arboretum de Villardebelle: Cones of selected species of
5443:
5364:
5347:
5279:
5262:
5068:"Late Quaternary extinction of a tree species in eastern North America"
4774:
4757:
4353:
4213:
4124: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3989:
3789:
466:
420:
171:
86:
51:
6198:
6177:
5591:
Pheromone Communication in Moths: Evolution, Behavior, and Application
5160:"spruce - Origin and meaning of spruce by Online Etymology Dictionary"
585:
Growth remains very slow for several to many years. Three years after
11337:
11254:
10910:
10880:
10875:
10766:
10701:
10544:
10529:
10504:
10315:
10295:
10240:
10230:
10164:
10136:
10071:
9707:
9642:
9587:
9582:
9572:
8781:
8753:
8732:
8683:
8663:
8308:
8165:
7964:
7889:
7820:
7791:
7782:
7278:
7174:
7040:
6924:
6722:
6502:
6471:
4802:
4549:
Daubenmire, R. (1974). "Taxonomic and ecologic relationships between
4237:
4224:
4037:
3961:
3854:
517:
424:
394:
378:
370:
91:
11162:
6308:
5435:
5310:
Can. Dep. For., for. Ent. Path. Branch, Ottawa ON, Bi-mo. Progr. Rep
4722:
4684:
4570:
4505:"Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree: Scientific American Podcast"
4099:
3837:
11479:
11185:
10890:
10870:
10514:
10479:
10215:
10091:
10018:
9960:
9925:
9920:
9817:
9736:
9647:
9612:
9607:
9405:
9278:
9133:
8945:
8915:
8642:
8587:
8499:
8384:
8287:
8151:
8017:
7935:
7550:
6983:
6966:
6402:
4301:
4277:
4196:
4157:
4016:
4005:
3965:
3886:
2368:
2305:
2282:
2239:
2103:
575:
521:
470:
374:
211:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
11259:
5348:"Notes on food habits of small mammals of the white spruce forest"
613:
analyses have shown that traditional classifications based on the
11350:
11067:
11062:
10955:
10925:
10885:
10829:
10683:
10662:
10554:
10509:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10441:
10411:
10406:
10280:
10184:
10121:
10066:
9955:
9910:
9865:
9787:
9777:
9762:
9657:
9637:
9024:
8635:
8425:
8158:
8100:
8008:
7926:
7875:
7503:
7206:
7005:
6462:
4264:
in an environment where meat is the only prominent food source .
3819:
2431:
2071:
accepted 37 species. The grouping is based on Ran et al. (2006).
416:
367:
201:
191:
181:
96:
71:
5263:"Branch and stem cankers of white and Norway spruces in Ontario"
4890:
3988:
Once shed, seeds contribute to the diet of small mammals, e.g.,
3757:
11057:
10786:
10534:
10285:
10235:
10131:
10101:
10041:
9915:
9840:
9755:
9622:
9540:
8813:
8329:
8234:
8033:
7973:
7759:
5510:
Lutz, H.J. (1951). "Damage to trees by black bears in Alaska".
5481:
Nienstaedt, H. 1957. Silvical characteristics of white spruce (
4379:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
3957:
3929:
3793:
2451:
2447:
2418:– Meyer's spruce, northern China (from Inner Mongolia to Gansu)
2301:
2243:
2219:
2144:
458:
11246:
9481:
6897:
5260:
520:
needles that are more or less quadrangled, and especially the
343:
108:
10935:
10844:
10839:
10824:
10245:
10036:
10029:
10000:
9980:
9950:
9935:
9895:
9880:
9870:
9855:
9850:
9830:
9807:
9782:
9702:
9317:
9121:
9112:
9084:
9048:
8968:
8858:
8690:
8446:
8114:
8107:
8093:
8068:
8054:
7896:
7836:
7809:
7489:
6902:
6600:
6314:
4387:
4383:
4344:
4328:
4293:
4281:
3765:
2391:
2328:– Norway spruce, Europe; important in forestry, the original
2290:
2207:
2179:
2175:
2156:
2138:– white spruce, northern North America; important in forestry
2115:
638:
435:
428:
412:
386:
145:
5669:"Types of Wood: Guide to Choose the Best for Your Furniture"
5378:
Schopmeyer, C.S.; Helmers, A.E. 1947. Seeding as a means of
5183:
558:
Spruce seedlings are most susceptible immediately following
10834:
10363:
10300:
10225:
10106:
10061:
10056:
9792:
9536:
9366:
9292:
9242:
9191:
9138:
7274:
6993:
5853:
5576:
Results of spraying against spruce budworm in New Brunswick
5184:
Rossman, AY; Castlebury, LA; Farr, DF; Stanosz, GR (2008).
4627:
in North America. Diploma thesis, Oxford Univ., U.K. 103 p.
4584:
Taylor, T.M.C. (1959). "The taxonomic relationship between
4297:
4209:
4205:
2198:– Martinez spruce, northeast Mexico (very rare, endangered)
349:
334:
316:
6602:
5643:"What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for?"
3881:, although they are not the plants most commonly damaged.
3689:
10960:
10451:
10220:
10046:
9940:
9772:
8950:
5528:
5307:
4933:
4619:
Horton, K.W. (1956). A taxonomic and ecological study of
4256:
4236:
The fresh shoots of many spruces are a natural source of
610:
4378:
use the thin, pliable roots of some species for weaving
637:, and the other species were further divided into three
5967:"Picea glauca, whole genome shotgun sequencing project"
5932:"Picea glauca, whole genome shotgun sequencing project"
5780:. New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press. p. 39.
5066:
Jackson, Stephen T.; Weng, Chengyu (23 November 1999).
6316:
3920:
516:
Determining that a tree is a spruce is not difficult;
11022:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
3898:
2230:– Veitch's spruce, northwest China (rare, endangered)
506:
Pulvini remain after the needles fall (white spruce,
358:
340:
331:
19:
This article is about the tree. For other uses, see
6114:) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data"
5497:
Plantations of the Acadia Forest Experiment Station
3885:blight of spruces in nurseries show up randomly in
649:) of western Canada, around 136 million years old.
337:
7124:
4803:Jin-Hua Ran; Xiao-Xin Wei; Xiao-Quan Wang (2006).
490:The peg-like base of the needles, or pulvinus, in
7073:
6797:
4394:for an unusual golden Sitka Spruce sacred to the
2351:– dragon spruce, western China; several varieties
11535:
6626:
4891:Ashley A. Klymiuk & Ruth A. Stockey (2012).
3985:seedlings over several seasons to meadow voles.
2438:(and hybridises with it), but has distinct cones
7305:
5072:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5029:
4300:. Wood used for this purpose is referred to as
4260:Spruce can be used as a preventive measure for
7255:
6904:
5594:. Univ of California Press. pp. 265–271.
5574:Balch, R.E.; Webb, F.E.; Morris, R.F. (1954).
4583:
4548:
3744:In the realm of spruce trees, the presence of
9497:
8797:
7655:
6446:
6294:
4851:
4208:, northern spruces are commonly used to make
3928:A branch and stem canker associated with the
3853:cause shoot blight and seedling mortality of
2343:") Alcock's spruce, central Japan (mountains)
2273:– Schrenk's spruce, mountains of central Asia
6220:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6160:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6053:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5634:
5587:
5345:
5326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5293:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5228:
5588:Allison, Jeremy D.; Carde, Ring T. (2016).
5247:Davis, C. (24 September 1997) "Tree talk".
5065:
4248:during his sea voyages in order to prevent
2166:– Chihuahua spruce, northwest Mexico (rare)
346:
9504:
9490:
8804:
8790:
7662:
7648:
7619:
6301:
6287:
5803:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5694:"Milestones of Flight - 1903 Wright Flyer"
5509:
4635:
4633:
4421:often being produced in their likenesses.
4052:Ord), even in years of heavy infestation.
2470:, North America; important in horticulture
442:(moth and butterfly) species, such as the
107:
7736:
7173:
6922:
6197:
6137:
6030:
5885:
5875:
5698:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
5581:
5399:
5397:
5363:
5278:
5213:
5109:
5091:
4952:
4910:
4805:"Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of
4773:
4704:
4140:Learn how and when to remove this message
1604:(Miller) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg
11012:Building and Wood Workers' International
7790:
5468:
5466:
5413:
5341:
5339:
5337:
4401:Spruces are popular ornamental trees in
4223:
4156:
3947:
3828:
3810:
3756:
621:are artificial. A 2006 study found that
501:
485:
411:Spruces can be distinguished from other
8016:
5911:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
5856:"Sprouts and Needles of Norway Spruce (
5773:
5666:
5640:
5261:Jorgensen, E. and Cafley, J.D. (1961).
4992:Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021).
4755:
4630:
2238:– Caucasian spruce or Oriental spruce,
11536:
8811:
5800:
5547:
5541:
5522:
5494:
5488:
5394:
5222:
5135:"Great Spruce Bark Beetle (D. micans)"
4798:
4796:
4794:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4670:
4613:
3841:blight (Deuteromycotina, Coelomtcetes)
2410:– black spruce, northern North America
446:. They are also used by the larvae of
434:Spruce are used as food plants by the
11167:
11166:
9485:
8785:
7643:
6896:
6282:
6003:"Organellar Genomes of White Spruce (
5463:
5385:
5372:
5334:
5241:
4991:
4817:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4577:
4232:) essential oil in a clear glass vial
11508:7d4376c8-2bfb-4445-905e-dd3fb50abd54
11400:985bd0e2-5f1b-415e-b9c1-0b1f02fa05dc
11147:
6110:"Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (
5568:
5503:
5475:
5450:
5407:
5301:
5254:
4994:"main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre"
4782:
4729:
4664:
4651:
4642:
4219:
4195:Spruce is one of the most important
4122:adding citations to reliable sources
4093:
2402:– Koyama's spruce, Japan (mountains)
11137:
10997:American Association of Woodturners
5641:Jenkins, Steve (3 September 2023).
4791:
4749:
4739:
4691:
4542:
4532:
4519:
2265:– purple cone spruce, western China
16:Genus of evergreen, coniferous tree
13:
11472:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005648-2
5667:LaFalce, Ben (24 September 2019).
5554:. University of California Press.
4878:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00043.x
4382:and for sewing together pieces of
3822:of a spruce as protection against
3690:Fossil species formerly placed in
3544:
2524:(W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) Rushforth
2466:– blue spruce or Colorado spruce,
2367:– Glehn's spruce, northern Japan,
2300:– Sikkim spruce, northeast India (
1369:(Siebold & Zuccarini) Carrière
593:averaged 5.5 cm in height in
366:), a genus of about 40 species of
14:
11555:
11027:National Wood Carvers Association
6274:Arboretum de Villardebelle page 2
6232:
5616:"17 Different Types of Pine Wood"
5132:
2591:
2190:– Likiang spruce, southwest China
605:
11146:
11136:
11127:
11126:
11002:Architectural Woodwork Institute
7618:
5215:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00529.x
4098:
3029:Matsumoto, Ohsawa, & Nishida
2434:; often treated as a variant of
2315:– Wilson's spruce, western China
1541:(Sieb. & Zuccarini) Carrière
423:) on the branches, and by their
327:
132:
39:
9511:
6168:
6100:
6061:
5994:
5959:
5924:
5902:
5847:
5821:
5794:
5767:
5741:
5716:
5700:. 28 April 2016. Archived from
5686:
5660:
5608:
5177:
5152:
5126:
5059:
5002:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1
4985:
4927:
4884:
4707:Picea sitchensis, Picea glauca,
4413:) are also extensively used as
4335:in the past (before the use of
4331:was used in the manufacture of
4109:needs additional citations for
2378:– Jezo spruce, northeast Asia,
589:in subalpine Alberta, dominant
469:, which by reproducing through
11007:British Woodworking Federation
7629:Current definitions of Plantae
5548:Powell, Jerry A., ed. (1995).
4610:(Cited in Coates et al. 1994).
4525:Douglas, G.W. (1975). Spruce (
4497:
4475:
4455:
4443:
3952:Spruce in the park of Peterhof
3833:Structure of spruce tree cells
3739:
3649:
2155:– Sargent's spruce, southwest
2110:Clade I (Northern and western
476:
1:
11017:Caricature Carvers of America
6130:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt178
6073:chloroplast, complete genome"
5647:Homebuilding & Renovating
4436:
4322:
4216:over vast areas as pulpwood.
3968:. Cage feeding of deer mice (
3798:, meaning literally Prussia.
3539:(Lindley & Hutton) Morris
481:
6011:Genome Biology and Evolution
5047:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4060:The eastern spruce budworm (
4046:Euarctos americanus perniger
3943:
3845:The closely related species
3752:
2490:in musical-instrument making
2478:– green dragon spruce, China
2174:– Burmese spruce, northeast
1115:(Veitch ex Lindley) Carrière
457:In the mountains of western
7:
6007:): Assembly and Annotation"
5749:"Tree Book - Sitka spruce (
4830:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039
4450:Sunset Western Garden Book,
4352:"pitch pine" (referring to
4267:
4244:made alcoholic sugar-based
4190:
3806:
3710:Pityostrobus cliffwoodensis
2458:; important in horticulture
600:
10:
11560:
5045:Plants of the World Online
4963:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
4898:American Journal of Botany
4419:artificial Christmas trees
4187:climate it is exposed to.
3801:
3632:(Ludwig) Mai & Walther
2960:
2954:Golovneva & Shczepetov
2281:– morinda spruce, western
2257:– tiger-tail spruce, Japan
2069:Plants of the World Online
652:
461:, scientists have found a
18:
11175:
11122:
11096:
11045:
11032:Society of Wood Engravers
10989:
10903:
10853:
10810:
10682:
10675:
10563:
10450:
10392:
10211:
10202:
10145:
9816:
9735:
9726:
9550:
9519:
9456:
9440:Tizra heartwood and root
9397:
9365:
9316:
9291:
9241:
9190:
9014:
9005:
8973:Tanner's sumach leaves -
8904:
8820:
8673:
8597:
8563:
8529:
8509:
8489:
8469:
8460:
8410:
8392:
8383:
8363:
8354:
8258:
8184:
8175:
8141:
8132:
8078:
8025:
8007:
7983:
7963:
7943:
7934:
7925:
7846:
7828:
7819:
7799:
7781:
7754:
7745:
7727:
7723:
7683:
7601:
7517:
7476:
7365:
7350:
7301:
7292:
7251:
7231:
7220:
7169:
7160:
7120:
7105:
7101:
7061:
7057:
6992:
6965:
6933:
6918:
6914:
6892:
6840:
6824:
6806:
6760:
6756:
6690:
6669:
6657:
6653:
6622:
6593:
6571:
6553:
6501:
6481:
6461:
6457:
6442:
6326:
5877:10.3390/molecules25184187
5835:(in Finnish). 6 June 2016
4954:10.1101/2021.03.13.435279
4427:
4255:In Finland, young spruce
4204:. Together with northern
4152:
3368:(Maljavkina) Bolkhovitina
3287:Picea pseudorotundiformis
3068:
3018:Akhmetiev & Shevyreva
2426:– Siberian spruce, north
2289:, northern and northwest
1919:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1845:
1838:
1818:
1811:
1791:
1784:
1764:
1757:
1728:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1674:
1667:
1616:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1562:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1468:
1460:
1361:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1107:
1087:
1080:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1004:
984:
977:
957:
950:
942:
910:
902:
895:
845:
825:
818:
798:
791:
783:
776:
768:
736:
728:
721:
689:
681:
674:
553:
393:is the sole genus in the
295:
288:
281:
276:
256:
249:
129:Scientific classification
127:
115:
106:
30:
8882:Myrtan or black marlock
6178:"Improved white spruce (
5728:American Conifer Society
5251:. Marie, Ontario. p. B2.
5093:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13847
4865:Nordic Journal of Botany
4659:Direct Seeding Symposium
4311:, is often used for the
4171:Canadian Lumber Standard
4063:Choristoneura fumiferana
4055:
3964:seeds, and also consume
3764:used in coat-of-arms of
3513:Picea palaeomaximowiczii
3418:
2599:
1826:(Siebold ex Koch) Koehne
427:(without any protruding
389:) regions of the Earth.
377:, found in the northern
9465:Anadenanthera colubrina
5774:Crellin, J. K. (2004).
4339:); the scientific name
4183:, was built of spruce.
4089:
4083:Dendroctonus rufipennis
4050:Microtus pennsylvanicus
3982:Microtus pennsylvanicus
3972:) and red-backed vole (
3794:
3725:(Göppert & Berendt)
3504:
3331:Picea schrenkianiformis
2359:– Qinghai spruce, China
2087:, North America; local
2067:As of April 2022,
21:Spruce (disambiguation)
11109:Frameless construction
10190:Wood-plastic composite
9167:Myracrodruon urundeuva
6249:Gymnosperm Database -
6088:Cite journal requires
5982:Cite journal requires
5947:Cite journal requires
5724:"Picea Genus (spruce)"
5017:Cite journal requires
4363:
4357:
4347:
4233:
4177:' first aircraft, the
4165:
3970:Peromyscus maniculatus
3953:
3924:branch and stem canker
3909:infects white spruce,
3900:Rhizosphaera kalkhoffi
3895:characteristic crook.
3834:
3826:
3769:
3320:Picea samoilovitchiana
3188:Picea grandivescipites
3100:Picea complanatiformis
631:position, followed by
513:
499:
444:eastern spruce budworm
11421:Paleobiology Database
5495:McLeod, J.W. (1956).
5346:Wagg, J.W.B. (1963).
4227:
4160:
3951:
3832:
3814:
3760:
3628:Picea rotundosquamosa
3313:(Maljavkina) Chlonova
3276:Picea parvireticulata
3199:Picea kryshtofovichii
2657:Klymiuk & Stockey
2510:Picea austropanlanica
2206:– Maximowicz spruce,
505:
489:
11037:Timber Framers Guild
9891:Australian Blackwood
9204:Bergenia crassifolia
8926:Anogeissus latifolia
8908:hydrolysable tannins
7624:List of plant orders
7504:Pinopsida (conifers)
7490:Cycadopsida (cycads)
7482:(living gymnosperms)
6979:Leiosporocerotopsida
6698:Nephroselmidophyceae
5192:Sirococcus piceicola
5188:Sirococcus conigenus
4709:and their hybrids".
4362:, an adjective from
4118:improve this article
3851:Sirococcus piceicola
3847:Sirococcus conigenus
3701:Picea cliffwoodensis
3364:Picea spirelliformis
3166:Picea grandipollinia
3058:Picea tranquillensis
833:Page & Rushforth
373:trees in the family
283:About 35; see text.
10757:Hammer-headed tenon
10276:Janka hardness test
9445:Searsia pentaphylla
9255:Rumex hymenosepalus
9230:Coriaria myrtifolia
8979:or Chinese gall on
7332:Archaeopteridopsida
7065:Polysporangiophytes
6789:Klebsormidiophyceae
6772:Mesostigmatophyceae
6718:Chlorodendrophyceae
6682:Pyramimonadophyceae
6636:Prasinodermophyceae
6530:Compsopogonophyceae
6238:theplantlist.org /
5428:1970Ecol...51.1102R
5084:1999PNAS...9613847J
5078:(24): 13847–13852.
4912:10.3732/ajb.1100568
4307:Spruce, along with
3746:Dendroctonus micans
3565:Picea critchfieldii
3375:Picea sutschanensis
3265:Picea omoriciformis
2939:Picea wollosowiczii
2866:(Velenovský) Tyroff
2851:Picea praeajanensis
2807:Picea mioorientalis
2774:Picea latibracteata
2215:Picea morrisonicola
2118:or high mountains)
2083:– Brewer's spruce,
1927:Rehder & Wilson
1716:(von Linné) Karsten
1322:(von Linné) Peterm.
918:Fischer & Meyer
587:shelterwood felling
9618:Japanese carpentry
9457:Undetermined organ
9409:sp. bark and wood
9386:Quercus infectoria
9379:Quercus lusitanica
9330:Libidibia coriaria
9101:Conocarpus erectus
8961:Quercus macrolepis
8938:Terminalia chebula
8887:Eucalyptus redunca
7670:Classification of
7523:(flowering plants)
7444:Lyginopteridopsida
7237:Eophyllophytopsida
7190:Zosterophyllopsida
7128:Paratracheophytes*
6906:sensu strictissimo
6816:Coleochaetophyceae
6799:Phragmoplastophyta
6641:Palmophyllophyceae
6563:Glaucocystophyceae
6525:Stylonematophyceae
6520:Porphyridiophyceae
6309:Classification of
6075:. 3 December 2015.
6023:10.1093/gbe/evv244
5969:. 12 January 2016.
5914:A Latin Dictionary
5622:. 7 September 2021
5365:10.5558/tfc39436-4
5280:10.5558/tfc37394-4
5164:www.etymonline.com
4775:10.5558/tfc43174-2
4588:(Moench) Voss and
4461:Hart, G.T. (2018)
4292:at the heart of a
4234:
4166:
4042:Erethizon dorsatum
3954:
3835:
3827:
3770:
3734:(Göppert) Conwentz
3569:Jackson & Weng
3554:Picea columbiensis
3443:Tanai & Suzuki
3210:Picea longisaccata
3155:Picea gigantissima
3036:Picea palaeomorika
2829:Picea oligocaenica
2818:Picea mugodzharica
2785:Picea latisquamosa
2763:Picea indigirensis
2734:Tanai & Suzuki
2686:Picea diettertiana
2664:Picea camtschatica
2446:– Serbian spruce,
2203:Picea maximowiczii
2187:Picea likiangensis
1167:(Franchet) Pritzel
1012:Parry ex Engelmann
806:(Franchet) Pritzel
697:(Bongard) Carrière
641:, suggesting that
514:
500:
37:Valanginian–Recent
11531:
11530:
11408:Open Tree of Life
11169:Taxon identifiers
11160:
11159:
11114:Green woodworking
10971:Wood preservation
10899:
10898:
10802:Tongue and groove
10782:Mortise and tenon
10671:
10670:
10369:Warrington hammer
10198:
10197:
9886:African Blackwood
9678:Segmented turning
9479:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9305:Senegalia catechu
9267:Quercus coccifera
8875:Acacia mollissima
8824:condensed tannins
8779:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8471:Cunninghamioideae
8456:
8455:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8003:
8002:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7777:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7637:
7636:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7531:Basal angiosperms
7432:Gigantopteridales
7381:seed plant groups
7379:and other extinct
7346:
7345:
7320:Noeggerathiopsida
7288:
7287:
7243:Trimerophytopsida
7216:
7215:
7156:
7155:
7112:(vascular plants)
7077:Protracheophytes*
7053:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7016:Andreaeobryopsida
6957:Jungermanniopsida
6888:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6777:Chlorokybophyceae
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6708:Chloropicophyceae
6649:
6648:
6628:Prasinodermophyta
6589:
6588:
6199:10.1111/tpj.12886
6186:The Plant Journal
6124:(12): 1492–1497.
5620:Home Stratosphere
5196:Sirococcus tsugae
5133:Trust, Woodland.
4847:on 24 April 2012.
4625:Picea engelmannii
4555:Picea engelmannii
4220:Food and medicine
4150:
4149:
4142:
4002:Microtus montanus
3730:Pinus succinifera
3721:Picea succinifera
3680:Picea snatolensis
3669:Picea albertensis
3483:Picea pinifructus
3408:Picea valanjinica
3309:Picea sacculifera
3232:Picea mesophytica
3047:Picea quilchensis
3003:Picea lahontensis
2906:Picea vassiljevii
2895:Picea suifunensis
2796:Picea metechensis
2609:Picea anadyrensis
2585:
2572:
2558:
2544:
2525:
2520:Picea linzhiensis
2515:
2505:
2394:, northeast China
2390:– Korean spruce,
2356:Picea crassifolia
2270:Picea schrenkiana
2227:Picea neoveitchii
2218:– Taiwan spruce,
2210:(rare, mountains)
2163:Picea chihuahuana
2123:Picea engelmannii
2085:Klamath Mountains
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1908:
1881:
1854:
1827:
1800:
1773:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1717:
1683:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1605:
1578:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1522:
1521:(Schmidt) Masters
1477:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1350:
1323:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1267:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1195:
1168:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1096:
1069:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
993:
966:
931:
930:
919:
884:
883:
872:
871:
863:
862:
854:
834:
807:
757:
756:
745:
710:
709:
698:
309:
308:
303:
245:
227:
11551:
11524:
11523:
11511:
11510:
11498:
11497:
11488:
11487:
11475:
11474:
11462:
11461:
11449:
11448:
11439:
11438:
11433:Panartic Flora:
11429:
11428:
11416:
11415:
11403:
11402:
11393:
11392:
11380:
11379:
11377:NHMSYS0000461246
11367:
11366:
11354:
11353:
11341:
11340:
11328:
11327:
11315:
11314:
11302:
11301:
11289:
11288:
11276:
11275:
11263:
11262:
11250:
11249:
11237:
11236:
11224:
11223:
11211:
11210:
11209:
11196:
11195:
11194:
11164:
11163:
11150:
11149:
11140:
11139:
11130:
11129:
10680:
10679:
10349:Thickness planer
10209:
10208:
10003:(lime, basswood)
9733:
9732:
9593:Chainsaw carving
9506:
9499:
9492:
9483:
9482:
9433:Notholithocarpus
9414:Prosopis humilis
9096:Button mangrove
9065:Senna auriculata
9042:Acacia decurrens
9036:Acacia pycnantha
9012:
9011:
8933:Myrobalan fruit
8806:
8799:
8792:
8783:
8782:
8511:Athrotaxidoideae
8467:
8466:
8390:
8389:
8361:
8360:
8185:Phyllocladoideae
8182:
8181:
8139:
8138:
8023:
8022:
8014:
8013:
7941:
7940:
7932:
7931:
7826:
7825:
7797:
7796:
7788:
7787:
7752:
7751:
7743:
7742:
7734:
7733:
7725:
7724:
7710:Acrogymnospermae
7672:Acrogymnospermae
7664:
7657:
7650:
7641:
7640:
7622:
7621:
7536:Core angiosperms
7524:
7483:
7478:Acrogymnospermae
7456:Peltaspermopsida
7438:Glossopteridales
7420:Corystospermales
7402:Callistophytales
7382:
7374:
7368:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7326:Aneurophytopsida
7308:
7303:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7253:
7252:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7184:Barinophytopsida
7171:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7127:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7103:
7102:
7085:Horneophytopsida
7076:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7059:
7058:
6999:
6984:Anthocerotopsida
6972:
6967:Anthocerotophyta
6947:Haplomitriopsida
6940:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6894:
6893:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6832:Zygnematophyceae
6822:
6821:
6804:
6803:
6795:
6794:
6765:
6758:
6757:
6733:Trebouxiophyceae
6703:Picocystophyceae
6667:
6666:
6663:
6655:
6654:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6606:
6508:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6444:
6443:
6355:
6335:
6320:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6211:
6201:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6159:
6151:
6141:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6076:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6052:
6044:
6034:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5985:
5980:
5978:
5970:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5935:
5934:. 13 March 2015.
5928:
5922:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5879:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5751:Picea sitchensis
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5461:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5422:(6): 1102–1105.
5411:
5405:
5401:
5392:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5343:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5317:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5284:
5282:
5258:
5252:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5202:Forest Pathology
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5113:
5095:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5005:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4956:
4947:(8): 1015–1025.
4931:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4905:(6): 1069–1082.
4888:
4882:
4881:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4840:. Archived from
4813:
4800:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4756:Eis, S. (1967).
4753:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4711:Can. J. For. Res
4702:
4689:
4688:
4673:Can. J. For. Res
4668:
4662:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4628:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4565:(7): 1545–1560.
4546:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4485:. Lovett Pinetum
4483:"Pine Relatives"
4479:
4473:
4465:. FriesenPress.
4459:
4453:
4447:
4372:Native Americans
4145:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4102:
4094:
4080:Spruce beetles (
4010:Eutamias minimus
3994:red-backed voles
3797:
3735:
3726:
3715:
3706:
3685:
3674:
3663:
3644:
3633:
3622:
3611:
3600:
3589:
3570:
3559:
3540:
3529:
3518:
3499:
3494:Picea sonomensis
3488:
3477:
3466:
3455:
3454:Tanai & Onoe
3444:
3439:Picea hiyamensis
3433:
3413:
3402:
3391:
3386:Picea tasaranica
3380:
3369:
3358:
3353:Picea singularis
3347:
3336:
3325:
3314:
3303:
3292:
3281:
3270:
3259:
3254:Picea multigruma
3248:
3237:
3226:
3215:
3204:
3193:
3182:
3171:
3160:
3149:
3144:Picea exilioides
3138:
3127:
3116:
3105:
3094:
3083:
3063:
3052:
3041:
3030:
3019:
3008:
2997:
2992:Picea korfiensis
2986:
2975:
2955:
2944:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2900:
2889:
2888:Tanai & Onoe
2878:
2867:
2862:Picea protopicea
2856:
2845:
2840:Picea pevekensis
2834:
2823:
2812:
2801:
2790:
2779:
2768:
2757:
2752:Picea hondoensis
2746:
2735:
2724:
2713:
2702:
2697:Picea eichhornii
2691:
2680:
2675:Picea deweyensis
2669:
2658:
2647:
2636:
2625:
2614:
2583:
2570:
2556:
2542:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2500:Picea aurantiaca
2475:Picea retroflexa
2387:Picea koraiensis
2336:Picea alcoquiana
2235:Picea orientalis
2222:(high mountains)
2195:Picea martinezii
2152:Picea brachytyla
2095:Picea sitchensis
2080:Picea breweriana
1926:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1879:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1841:
1840:
1825:
1814:
1813:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1735:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1624:(Panèiæ) Purkyne
1623:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1540:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1368:
1349:Regel ex Masters
1348:
1337:
1336:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1285:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1213:
1210:P. morrisonicola
1193:
1182:
1181:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1114:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1011:
991:
980:
979:
965:(Wallich) Boiss.
964:
953:
952:
945:
944:
917:
905:
904:
898:
897:
853:(Griffith) Henry
852:
832:
821:
820:
805:
794:
793:
786:
785:
779:
778:
771:
770:
743:
731:
730:
724:
723:
696:
684:
683:
677:
676:
670:
669:
657:
656:
526:British Columbia
362:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
301:
241:
225:
137:
136:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
11559:
11558:
11554:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11549:
11548:
11534:
11533:
11532:
11527:
11519:
11514:
11506:
11501:
11493:
11491:
11483:
11478:
11470:
11465:
11457:
11452:
11444:
11442:
11434:
11432:
11424:
11419:
11411:
11406:
11398:
11396:
11388:
11383:
11375:
11370:
11362:
11357:
11349:
11344:
11336:
11331:
11323:
11318:
11310:
11305:
11297:
11292:
11284:
11279:
11271:
11266:
11258:
11253:
11245:
11240:
11232:
11227:
11219:
11214:
11205:
11204:
11199:
11190:
11189:
11184:
11171:
11161:
11156:
11118:
11104:Frame and panel
11092:
11041:
10985:
10895:
10854:Surface piecing
10849:
10806:
10727:Crown of thorns
10667:
10653:Smoothing plane
10559:
10446:
10388:
10291:Milling machine
10194:
10155:Cross-laminated
10141:
9812:
9722:
9693:Spindle turning
9683:Shingle weaving
9653:Pallet crafting
9546:
9515:
9510:
9480:
9471:
9452:
9393:
9361:
9354:Moullava digyna
9342:Acacia nilotica
9312:
9287:
9237:
9186:
9077:Acacia nilotica
9027:
9023:General :
9007:
9001:
8906:
8900:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8780:
8759:
8669:
8657:Neocallitropsis
8593:
8559:
8525:
8505:
8485:
8452:
8406:
8379:
8365:Sciadopityaceae
8342:
8254:
8171:
8120:
8074:
7999:
7985:Welwitschiaceae
7979:
7959:
7909:
7842:
7815:
7765:
7719:
7700:Marchantiophyta
7679:
7668:
7638:
7633:
7557:
7522:
7521:
7513:
7481:
7480:
7472:
7426:Czekanowskiales
7380:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7366:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7342:
7306:
7293:
7284:
7256:Moniliformopses
7247:
7221:
7212:
7162:Eutracheophytes
7161:
7152:
7125:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7097:
7074:
7062:
7045:
7036:Polytrichopsida
7031:Tetraphidopsida
6997:
6996:
6988:
6970:
6969:
6961:
6952:Marchantiopsida
6938:
6937:
6935:Marchantiophyta
6923:
6910:
6856:
6845:
6844:
6836:
6820:
6793:
6761:
6744:
6686:
6677:Mamiellophyceae
6658:
6645:
6614:
6608:
6598:
6597:
6585:
6567:
6549:
6545:Florideophyceae
6535:Rhodellophyceae
6515:Cyanidiophyceae
6506:
6505:
6497:
6477:
6447:
6438:
6437:
6353:
6331:
6322:
6307:
6247:conifers.org /
6235:
6230:
6229:
6213:
6212:
6173:
6169:
6153:
6152:
6105:
6101:
6089:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6046:
6045:
5999:
5995:
5983:
5981:
5972:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5948:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5919:Perseus Project
5907:
5903:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5799:
5795:
5788:
5772:
5768:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5707:
5705:
5704:on 5 April 2004
5692:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5623:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5586:
5582:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5527:
5523:
5508:
5504:
5493:
5489:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5464:
5455:
5451:
5436:10.2307/1933641
5412:
5408:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5377:
5373:
5344:
5335:
5319:
5318:
5306:
5302:
5286:
5285:
5259:
5255:
5246:
5242:
5227:
5223:
5182:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5131:
5127:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5048:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5018:
5016:
5007:
5006:
4990:
4986:
4932:
4928:
4889:
4885:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4811:
4801:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4723:10.1139/x86-140
4703:
4692:
4685:10.1139/x79-014
4669:
4665:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4618:
4614:
4582:
4578:
4571:10.1139/b74-203
4547:
4543:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4430:
4415:Christmas trees
4325:
4317:acoustic guitar
4270:
4222:
4193:
4175:Wright brothers
4155:
4146:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4115:
4103:
4092:
4058:
3946:
3926:
3904:
3843:
3809:
3804:
3755:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3683:
3672:
3661:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3631:
3620:
3617:Picea miocenica
3609:
3598:
3595:Picea heisseana
3584:
3573:Late Quaternary
3568:
3557:
3547:
3545:Multiple organs
3538:
3528:(Watari) Watari
3527:
3524:Picea wakimizui
3516:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3486:
3475:
3464:
3453:
3450:Picea kaneharae
3442:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3400:
3389:
3378:
3367:
3356:
3345:
3334:
3323:
3312:
3301:
3290:
3279:
3268:
3257:
3246:
3235:
3224:
3213:
3202:
3191:
3180:
3169:
3158:
3147:
3136:
3133:Picea distracta
3125:
3114:
3103:
3092:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3050:
3039:
3028:
3025:Picea nakauchii
3017:
3014:Picea morosovae
3006:
2995:
2984:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2920:
2909:
2898:
2887:
2876:
2873:Picea sookensis
2865:
2854:
2843:
2832:
2821:
2810:
2799:
2788:
2777:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2741:Picea harrimani
2733:
2730:Picea garoensis
2722:
2719:Picea fimbriata
2711:
2700:
2689:
2678:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2642:Picea bilibinii
2634:
2623:
2612:
2602:
2594:
2468:Rocky Mountains
2375:Picea jezoensis
2297:Picea spinulosa
2278:Picea smithiana
2075:Basal species:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2022:
2013:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1747:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1552:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1345:P. maximowiczii
1297:
1234:
1225:
1135:
1126:
1032:
1023:
932:
885:
873:
864:
802:P. likiangensis
758:
711:
655:
608:
603:
556:
484:
479:
360:
330:
326:
272:
262:
240:
224:
131:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11557:
11547:
11546:
11529:
11528:
11526:
11525:
11521:wfo-4000029600
11512:
11499:
11489:
11476:
11463:
11450:
11440:
11430:
11417:
11404:
11394:
11381:
11368:
11355:
11342:
11329:
11316:
11303:
11290:
11277:
11264:
11251:
11238:
11225:
11212:
11197:
11181:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11154:
11144:
11134:
11123:
11120:
11119:
11117:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11100:
11098:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11083:Quarter sawing
11080:
11075:
11073:Wood splitting
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11049:
11047:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10993:
10991:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10983:
10981:Wood finishing
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10941:Paint stripper
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10907:
10905:
10901:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10857:
10855:
10851:
10850:
10848:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10816:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10688:
10686:
10677:
10673:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10648:Shoulder plane
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10623:Moulding plane
10620:
10615:
10613:Japanese plane
10610:
10605:
10603:Grooving plane
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10569:
10567:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10456:
10454:
10448:
10447:
10445:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10417:Flooring clamp
10414:
10409:
10404:
10398:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10374:Winding sticks
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10354:Timber-framing
10351:
10346:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10212:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10180:Particle board
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10160:Glue laminated
10157:
10151:
10149:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10016:
10011:
10006:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9822:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9741:
9739:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9698:Timber framing
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9668:Relief carving
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9568:Bush carpentry
9565:
9560:
9554:
9552:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9544:
9534:
9529:
9523:
9521:
9517:
9516:
9509:
9508:
9501:
9494:
9486:
9477:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9460:
9458:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9426:
9425:
9424:
9421:Prosopis nigra
9417:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9382:
9371:
9369:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9325:Divi-divi pod
9322:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9308:
9297:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9247:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9234:
9233:
9223:
9222:
9221:
9218:Uncaria gambir
9209:
9208:
9207:
9196:
9194:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9160:
9159:
9158:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9136:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9094:
9093:
9092:
9082:
9081:
9080:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9046:
9033:(most notably
9028:
9020:
9018:
9009:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8982:Rhus chinensis
8966:
8965:
8964:
8954:
8948:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8931:
8930:
8929:
8919:
8912:
8910:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8864:Vitis vinifera
8856:
8855:
8854:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8828:
8826:
8818:
8817:
8809:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8786:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8750:
8747:Hesperocyparis
8743:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8679:
8677:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8622:Pilgerodendron
8618:
8611:
8603:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8569:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8550:
8547:Sequoiadendron
8543:
8535:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8515:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8475:
8473:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8396:
8394:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8369:
8367:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8262:
8260:
8259:Podocarpoideae
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8188:
8186:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8147:
8145:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8037:
8029:
8027:
8020:
8011:
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7989:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7969:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7949:
7947:
7938:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7900:
7893:
7886:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7832:
7830:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7805:
7803:
7794:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7755:
7749:
7740:
7731:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7705:Polypodiophyta
7702:
7697:
7692:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7667:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7644:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7616:
7610:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7533:
7527:
7525:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7464:
7462:Pentoxylopsida
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7396:Calamopityales
7392:
7385:
7383:
7360:
7353:Spermatophytes
7348:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7322:
7315:
7313:
7310:Progymnosperms
7296:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7275:Polypodiopsida
7272:
7270:Cladoxylopsida
7266:
7259:
7257:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7239:
7232:
7226:
7223:Euphyllophytes
7218:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7195:Lycopodiopsida
7192:
7186:
7179:
7177:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7136:Cooksoniopsida
7131:
7129:
7115:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7087:
7080:
7078:
7068:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7026:Oedipodiopsida
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6943:
6941:
6928:
6912:
6911:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6848:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6670:Prasinophytina
6664:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6630:
6617:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6573:incertae sedis
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6487:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6467:
6465:
6452:
6449:Archaeplastida
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6428:Mesomycetozoea
6425:
6420:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6364:Diaphoretickes
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6311:Archaeplastida
6306:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6262:
6256:efloras.org /
6254:
6245:
6234:
6233:External links
6231:
6228:
6227:
6192:(2): 189–212.
6167:
6118:Bioinformatics
6099:
6090:|journal=
6060:
5993:
5984:|journal=
5958:
5949:|journal=
5923:
5901:
5846:
5820:
5809:(2): 129–137.
5793:
5787:978-0789018441
5786:
5766:
5740:
5715:
5685:
5673:Octane Seating
5659:
5633:
5607:
5600:
5580:
5567:
5560:
5540:
5521:
5502:
5487:
5474:
5462:
5449:
5406:
5393:
5384:
5371:
5358:(4): 436–445.
5333:
5300:
5273:(4): 394–400.
5253:
5249:The Sault Star
5240:
5221:
5176:
5151:
5139:Woodland Trust
5125:
5058:
5028:
5019:|journal=
4984:
4926:
4883:
4872:(3): 233–246.
4850:
4824:(2): 405–419.
4790:
4781:
4768:(2): 174–177.
4748:
4738:
4728:
4717:(4): 791–798.
4690:
4663:
4650:
4641:
4629:
4612:
4600:(4): 111–115.
4590:P. engelmannii
4576:
4541:
4531:
4518:
4496:
4474:
4471:978-1770674417
4454:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4337:petrochemicals
4324:
4321:
4269:
4266:
4221:
4218:
4212:. Spruces are
4192:
4189:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4106:
4104:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4057:
4054:
4031:modus operandi
3998:mountain voles
3978:lodgepole pine
3974:Myodes gapperi
3945:
3942:
3925:
3919:
3903:
3897:
3842:
3836:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3754:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3716:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3675:
3664:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3601:
3590:
3581:Picea farjonii
3576:
3575:North America.
3560:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3535:Picea withamii
3530:
3519:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3489:
3478:
3467:
3456:
3445:
3434:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3397:Picea tobolica
3392:
3381:
3370:
3359:
3348:
3337:
3326:
3315:
3304:
3293:
3282:
3271:
3260:
3249:
3247:Mtchedlishvili
3238:
3227:
3216:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3150:
3139:
3128:
3122:Picea distorta
3117:
3111:Picea depressa
3106:
3095:
3084:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3042:
3031:
3020:
3009:
2998:
2987:
2981:Picea echinata
2976:
2970:Picea cretacea
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2950:Picea yanensis
2945:
2934:
2923:
2917:Picea vitjasii
2912:
2901:
2890:
2879:
2868:
2857:
2846:
2835:
2824:
2813:
2802:
2791:
2780:
2769:
2758:
2747:
2736:
2725:
2714:
2703:
2692:
2681:
2670:
2659:
2653:Picea burtonii
2648:
2637:
2626:
2615:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2592:Fossil species
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2573:
2559:
2545:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2471:
2459:
2439:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2383:
2382:south to Japan
2371:
2360:
2352:
2348:Picea asperata
2344:
2332:
2330:Christmas tree
2318:
2317:
2316:
2312:Picea wilsonii
2308:
2293:
2274:
2266:
2262:Picea purpurea
2258:
2246:
2231:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2167:
2159:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2116:boreal forests
2108:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1903:P. crassifolia
1898:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1190:P. neoveitchii
1185:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1091:P. chihuahuana
1086:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1008:P. engelmannii
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
983:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
956:
951:
949:
943:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
929:
928:
922:
921:
914:P. schrenkiana
909:
903:
901:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
882:
881:
875:
874:
870:
869:
866:
865:
861:
860:
857:
856:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
824:
819:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
797:
792:
790:
784:
782:
777:
775:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
748:
747:
735:
729:
727:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
701:
700:
688:
682:
680:
675:
673:
668:
665:
664:
654:
651:
617:of needle and
607:
606:Classification
604:
602:
599:
555:
552:
539:P. engelmannii
483:
480:
478:
475:
307:
306:
305:
304:
293:
292:
286:
285:
279:
278:
274:
273:
263:
254:
253:
247:
246:
233:
229:
228:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
162:
161:
156:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11556:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11539:
11522:
11517:
11513:
11509:
11504:
11500:
11496:
11490:
11486:
11481:
11477:
11473:
11468:
11464:
11460:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11427:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11409:
11405:
11401:
11395:
11391:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11282:
11278:
11274:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11256:
11252:
11248:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11230:
11226:
11222:
11217:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11198:
11193:
11187:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11165:
11153:
11145:
11143:
11135:
11133:
11125:
11124:
11121:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11095:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11053:Chainsaw mill
11051:
11050:
11048:
11044:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10990:Organizations
10988:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10946:Steam bending
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10916:French polish
10914:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10906:
10902:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10852:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10787:Rabbet/Rebate
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10772:Mason's mitre
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10681:
10678:
10674:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10618:Jointer plane
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10588:Compass plane
10586:
10584:
10583:Chamfer plane
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10573:Bedrock plane
10571:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10562:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10449:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10395:
10391:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10359:Veneer hammer
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10344:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10271:Impact driver
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10213:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10201:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10144:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10087:Red Quebracho
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10032:
10031:
10026:
10025:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10004:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9752:
9751:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9725:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9563:Bow and arrow
9561:
9559:
9558:Boat building
9556:
9555:
9553:
9549:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9507:
9502:
9500:
9495:
9493:
9488:
9487:
9484:
9467:
9466:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9455:
9447:
9446:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9416:
9415:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9407:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9396:
9388:
9387:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9356:
9355:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9343:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9331:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9315:
9307:
9306:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9294:
9290:
9282:
9280:
9276:
9275:
9274:Sea lavender
9273:
9269:
9268:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9240:
9232:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9220:
9219:
9215:
9214:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9205:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9181:
9180:
9176:
9175:
9173:
9169:
9168:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9123:
9120:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9010:
9006:Other sources
9004:
8996:
8995:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8977:
8976:Rhus coriaria
8972:
8971:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8927:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8903:
8896:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8853:
8852:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8834:
8833:Areca catechu
8830:
8829:
8827:
8825:
8819:
8815:
8807:
8802:
8800:
8795:
8793:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8742:
8741:
8740:Xanthocyparis
8737:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8728:
8727:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8698:Chamaecyparis
8695:
8693:
8692:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8675:Cupressoideae
8672:
8666:
8665:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8650:Widdringtonia
8647:
8645:
8644:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8631:
8630:
8626:
8624:
8623:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8599:Callitroideae
8596:
8590:
8589:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8581:Glyptostrobus
8578:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8551:
8549:
8548:
8544:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8491:Taiwanioideae
8488:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:Cephalotaxeae
8391:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8375:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8339:
8338:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8318:
8317:
8313:
8311:
8310:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8302:Falcatifolium
8299:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8242:Lepidothamnus
8239:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8228:Lagarostrobos
8225:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8177:Podocarpaceae
8174:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8143:Araucariaceae
8140:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8006:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7869:Encephalartos
7866:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7677:
7673:
7665:
7660:
7658:
7653:
7651:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7390:Bennettitales
7387:
7386:
7384:
7371:
7370:Pteridosperms
7364:
7361:
7357:(seed plants)
7354:
7349:
7339:
7338:Protopityales
7335:
7333:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7291:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7219:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7159:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7123:
7119:
7116:
7109:
7108:Tracheophytes
7104:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7060:
7056:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7021:Andreaeopsida
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6964:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6907:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6846:(land plants)
6843:
6839:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6759:
6755:
6739:
6738:Chlorophyceae
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6713:Pedinophyceae
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:Chlorophytina
6689:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6596:
6595:Viridiplantae
6592:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:Bangiophyceae
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:Stramenopiles
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6354:(major groups
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6312:
6304:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6237:
6236:
6223:
6217:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6171:
6163:
6157:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6103:
6095:
6082:
6074:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6006:
5997:
5989:
5976:
5968:
5962:
5954:
5941:
5933:
5927:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5850:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5770:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5603:
5601:9780520964433
5597:
5593:
5592:
5584:
5577:
5571:
5563:
5561:9780520097964
5557:
5553:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5478:
5469:
5467:
5459:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5388:
5381:
5380:reforestation
5375:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5329:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5290:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5194:sp. nov. and
5193:
5189:
5180:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4941:Nature Plants
4938:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4785:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4742:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4535:
4528:
4522:
4507:. 27 May 2008
4506:
4500:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:North America
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4343:derives from
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4230:Picea mariana
4226:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4159:
4144:
4141:
4133:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4107:This section
4105:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4027:Red squirrels
4024:
4022:
4021:red squirrels
4018:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3915:Picea pungens
3912:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3747:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3714:(Bery) Miller
3712:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:Picea koribae
3602:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:Picea altaica
3424:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:Picea scotica
3338:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:Picea grandis
3173:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2899:Kryshtofovich
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:Kharatishvili
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:Picea evenica
2704:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:Picea antiqua
2616:
2613:Kryshtofovich
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2463:Picea pungens
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2443:Picea omorika
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2423:Picea obovata
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:Picea mariana
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:Picea koyamae
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2364:Picea glehnii
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2171:Picea farreri
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:North America
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1876:P. shirasawae
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:P. retroflexa
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1795:P. koraiensis
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1318:P. orientalis
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1163:P. brachytyla
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:P. alcoquiana
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:P. martinezii
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
992:(Moench) Voss
990:
989:
982:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
963:
962:
955:
954:
947:
946:
940:
939:
936:
935:
927:
924:
923:
920:
916:
915:
907:
906:
900:
899:
893:
892:
889:
888:
880:
877:
876:
868:
867:
859:
858:
855:
851:
850:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
831:
830:
823:
822:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
804:
803:
796:
795:
788:
787:
781:
780:
773:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
753:
750:
749:
746:
742:
741:
740:P. breweriana
733:
732:
726:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
706:
703:
702:
699:
695:
694:
693:P. sitchensis
686:
685:
679:
678:
672:
671:
667:
666:
663:
660:Phylogeny of
659:
658:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
634:P. sitchensis
630:
626:
625:
624:P. breweriana
620:
616:
612:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
567:
565:
561:
551:
549:
548:P. sitchensis
543:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
510:
504:
497:
493:
492:Norway spruce
488:
474:
472:
468:
464:
463:Norway spruce
460:
455:
453:
449:
448:gall adelgids
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
404:branches and
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
364:
354:
324:
323:
319:of the genus
318:
314:
300:
297:
296:
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
261:
260:
255:
252:
248:
244:
239:
238:
234:
231:
230:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:Tracheophytes
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:Norway spruce
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
11176:
10921:Heat bending
10866:Edge banding
10638:Router plane
10633:Rebate plane
10593:Finger plane
10324:
10028:
10022:
10002:
9996:Lignum vitae
9802:
9754:
9748:
9713:Wood carving
9688:Shipbuilding
9673:Root carving
9633:Log building
9598:Chip carving
9463:
9443:
9431:
9419:
9412:
9404:
9384:
9377:
9352:
9340:
9328:
9303:
9277:
9265:
9253:
9228:
9216:
9202:
9179:Salix caprea
9177:
9165:
9155:
9150:
9143:
9126:
9111:
9099:
9089:
9075:
9063:
9053:
9040:
9034:
8994:Tara spinosa
8992:
8980:
8974:
8959:
8956:Valonia oak
8936:
8924:
8885:
8873:
8870:Mimosa bark
8863:
8849:
8840:arecatannins
8831:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8615:Austrocedrus
8613:
8606:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8565:Taxodioideae
8552:
8545:
8538:
8531:Sequoioideae
8518:
8498:
8480:Cunninghamia
8478:
8462:Cupressaceae
8445:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8401:Cephalotaxus
8399:
8372:
8335:
8328:
8321:
8316:Retrophyllum
8314:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8281:Pherosphaera
8279:
8274:Microcachrys
8272:
8265:
8249:Phyllocladus
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8200:Pectinopitys
8198:
8191:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8134:Araucariales
8113:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8032:
7992:
7972:
7952:
7902:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7835:
7808:
7758:
7715:Angiospermae
7607:paraphyletic
7519:Angiospermae
7496:
7495:Ginkgoales (
7468:Petriellales
7450:Medullosales
7377:(seed ferns)
7090:
7011:Sphagnopsida
7006:Takakiopsida
6939:(liverworts)
6905:
6899:Embryophytes
6853:(see below↓)
6811:Charophyceae
6781:
6763:Streptophyta
6615:land plants)
6603:
6572:
6490:
6483:Rhodelphidia
6470:
6413:Opisthokonta
6317:
6265:
6257:
6250:
6240:
6216:cite journal
6189:
6185:
6180:Picea glauca
6179:
6170:
6156:cite journal
6121:
6117:
6112:Picea glauca
6111:
6102:
6081:cite journal
6071:Picea glauca
6070:
6063:
6049:cite journal
6017:(1): 29–41.
6014:
6010:
6005:Picea glauca
6004:
5996:
5975:cite journal
5961:
5940:cite journal
5926:
5912:
5904:
5870:(18): 4187.
5867:
5863:
5857:
5849:
5837:. Retrieved
5832:
5823:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5776:
5769:
5757:. Retrieved
5750:
5743:
5731:. Retrieved
5727:
5718:
5706:. Retrieved
5702:the original
5688:
5676:. Retrieved
5672:
5662:
5650:. Retrieved
5646:
5636:
5624:. Retrieved
5619:
5610:
5590:
5583:
5570:
5550:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5490:
5483:Picea glauca
5482:
5477:
5457:
5452:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5387:
5374:
5355:
5351:
5322:cite journal
5313:
5309:
5303:
5289:cite journal
5270:
5266:
5256:
5248:
5243:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5167:. Retrieved
5163:
5154:
5142:. Retrieved
5138:
5128:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5049:. Retrieved
5044:
5038:
5031:
5010:cite journal
4996:. Figshare.
4987:
4944:
4940:
4929:
4902:
4896:
4886:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4842:the original
4821:
4815:
4806:
4784:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4653:
4644:
4624:
4621:Picea glauca
4620:
4615:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4586:Picea glauca
4585:
4579:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4551:Picea glauca
4550:
4544:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4477:
4462:
4457:
4452:1995:606–607
4449:
4445:
4431:
4423:
4410:
4406:
4403:horticulture
4400:
4396:Haida people
4370:
4340:
4326:
4306:
4271:
4254:
4242:Captain Cook
4235:
4229:
4194:
4185:
4178:
4167:
4161:
4136:
4127:
4116:Please help
4111:verification
4108:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:white spruce
4068:black spruce
4061:
4059:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4025:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3987:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3955:
3936:
3933:Valsa kunzei
3932:
3927:
3922:Valsa kunzei
3921:
3914:
3907:Rhizosphaera
3906:
3905:
3899:
3892:S. conigenus
3891:
3882:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3824:bark beetles
3817:decorticated
3780:
3779:(1412), and
3776:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3743:
3728:
3719:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3678:
3667:
3656:
3639:Picea ugoana
3637:
3626:
3615:
3604:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3552:
3533:
3522:
3511:
3492:
3481:
3470:
3459:
3448:
3437:
3426:
3406:
3395:
3384:
3373:
3362:
3357:Bolkhovitina
3351:
3340:
3329:
3318:
3307:
3296:
3285:
3274:
3269:Bolkhovitina
3263:
3252:
3241:
3230:
3219:
3208:
3197:
3186:
3175:
3164:
3159:Bolkhovitina
3153:
3148:Bolkhovitina
3142:
3137:Bolkhovitina
3131:
3126:Bolkhovitina
3120:
3115:Bolkhovitina
3109:
3104:Bolkhovitina
3098:
3093:Bolkhovitina
3087:
3076:
3056:
3045:
3040:Müller-Stoll
3034:
3023:
3012:
3001:
2990:
2985:Müller-Stoll
2979:
2968:
2948:
2937:
2928:Picea wolfei
2926:
2915:
2904:
2893:
2884:Picea sugaii
2882:
2871:
2860:
2849:
2838:
2827:
2816:
2805:
2794:
2783:
2772:
2761:
2750:
2739:
2728:
2717:
2706:
2695:
2684:
2673:
2662:
2651:
2640:
2631:Picea beckii
2629:
2618:
2607:
2595:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2562:
2557:(Regel) Kom.
2552:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2483:Picea rubens
2481:
2473:
2461:
2441:
2435:
2421:
2415:Picea meyeri
2413:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2310:
2295:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2255:Picea torano
2254:
2250:Picea polita
2248:
2242:, northeast
2233:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2178:, southwest
2169:
2161:
2150:
2135:
2131:Picea glauca
2129:
2121:
2093:
2078:
2066:
2027:
2006:
1921:
1920:
1901:
1900:
1874:
1873:
1847:
1846:
1820:
1819:
1793:
1792:
1766:
1765:
1730:
1729:
1710:
1709:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1618:
1617:
1598:
1597:
1571:
1570:
1537:P. jezoensis
1535:
1534:
1515:
1514:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1451:
1421:
1363:
1362:
1343:
1342:
1316:
1315:
1280:
1279:
1260:
1259:
1208:
1207:
1188:
1187:
1161:
1160:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1088:
1062:
1061:
1037:
1006:
1005:
986:
985:
961:P. smithiana
959:
958:
926:Schrenkianae
925:
912:
911:
879:Likiangenses
878:
849:P. spinulosa
847:
846:
827:
826:
800:
799:
751:
738:
737:
704:
691:
690:
661:
642:
632:
622:
609:
591:regeneration
584:
568:
557:
547:
544:
538:
537:and typical
535:Picea glauca
534:
515:
509:Picea glauca
507:
495:
465:, nicknamed
456:
451:
433:
410:
397:
390:
321:
320:
312:
310:
298:
282:
257:
251:Type species
236:
235:
221:
172:Gymnospermae
165:
152:
120:
25:
11446:genus-picea
11333:iNaturalist
11201:Wikispecies
11142:WikiProject
11088:Rift sawing
11078:Flat sawing
10966:Wood drying
10643:Scrub plane
10628:Razee plane
10578:Block plane
10432:Mitre clamp
10379:Wood scribe
10330:Combination
10072:Purpleheart
9768:Douglas fir
9718:Woodturning
9551:Occupations
9513:Woodworking
9398:Whole plant
8846:Broad bean
8812:Sources of
8719:Platycladus
8705:Tetraclinis
8608:Papuacedrus
8574:Cryptomeria
8540:Metasequoia
8440:Pseudotaxus
8433:Austrotaxus
8419:Amentotaxus
8374:Sciadopitys
8356:Cupressales
8295:Dacrycarpus
8267:Saxegothaea
8221:Parasitaxus
8214:Prumnopitys
8207:Sundacarpus
8087:Pseudotsuga
8041:Pseudolarix
8026:Abietoideae
7994:Welwitschia
7945:Ephedraceae
7883:Ceratozamia
7862:Lepidozamia
7747:Ginkgoaceae
7687:Supergroup
7676:Gymnosperms
7414:Cordaitales
7408:Caytoniales
7294:Lignophytes
7277:(ferns and
7203:spikemosses
7142:Rhyniopsida
7092:Aglaophyton
6971:(hornworts)
6842:Embryophyta
6825:Anydrophyta
6783:Spirotaenia
6728:Ulvophyceae
6661:Chlorophyta
6611:green algae
6581:Algospongia
6555:Glaucophyta
6507:(red algae)
5858:Picea abies
5833:Yle Uutiset
4559:Can. J. Bot
4407:Picea abies
4390:. See also
4315:/top of an
4246:spruce beer
3911:blue spruce
3902:needle cast
3879:red spruces
3859:red spruces
3740:Cultivation
3650:Unspecified
3599:von Fritsch
3472:Picea magna
3461:Picea kanoi
3390:Zaklinskaja
3335:Zaklinskaja
3243:Picea minor
3236:Pokrovskaja
3221:Picea media
3089:Picea bella
3078:Picea alata
2428:Scandinavia
2325:Picea abies
2304:), eastern
2287:Afghanistan
2182:(mountains)
1768:P. asperata
1282:P. wilsonii
1262:P. purpurea
752:Brewerianae
647:Valanginian
560:germination
496:Picea abies
477:Description
440:Lepidoptera
259:Picea abies
218:Subfamily:
121:Picea abies
11097:Techniques
11046:Conversion
10976:Wood stain
10904:Treatments
10692:Birdsmouth
10658:Spokeshave
10608:Jack plane
10598:Fore plane
10437:Pipe clamp
10402:Band clamp
10326:Carpenters
10147:Engineered
10097:Rubberwood
9946:Eucalyptus
9750:Calocedrus
9663:Pyrography
9628:Kohlrosing
9262:Garouille
8905:Sources of
8851:Vicia faba
8821:Sources of
8726:Calocedrus
8712:Microbiota
8629:Libocedrus
8520:Athrotaxis
8337:Podocarpus
8323:Afrocarpus
8193:Halocarpus
8062:Keteleeria
8048:Nothotsuga
7904:Microcycas
7855:Macrozamia
7847:Zamioideae
7801:Cycadaceae
7738:Ginkgoales
7729:Ginkgoidae
7541:Magnoliids
7509:Gnetopsida
7279:horsetails
7207:quillworts
7199:clubmosses
7175:Lycophytes
7148:Renaliales
6925:Bryophytes
6503:Rhodophyta
6492:Rhodelphis
5537:: 745–749.
5518:: 522–523.
5352:For. Chron
5267:For. Chron
4762:For. Chron
4437:References
4411:P. omorika
4392:Kiidk'yaas
4354:Scots pine
4323:Other uses
4313:soundboard
4290:soundboard
4288:, and the
4214:cultivated
4038:Porcupines
3883:Sirococcus
3839:Sirococcus
3790:Old French
3707:moved to †
3684:Chelebaeva
3658:Picea alba
3476:MacGinitie
3432:Rajushkina
3379:Verbizkaja
3298:Picea rara
3291:Maljavkina
3007:MacGinitie
2996:Chelebaeva
2974:Velenovský
2921:Vasskovsky
2910:Vasskovsky
2855:Vasskovsky
2833:Engelhardt
2822:Rajushkina
2767:Peresvetov
2756:Vasskovsky
2723:Chelebaeva
2712:Vasskovsky
2668:Vasskovsky
2646:Vasskovsky
2624:Vasskovsky
2539:albertiana
2488:Adirondack
2341:P. bicolor
2285:, eastern
2136:Picea laxa
1732:P. koyamae
1678:P. obovata
1620:P. omorika
1600:P. mariana
1517:P. glehnii
1472:P. pungens
1422:Orientales
829:P. farreri
615:morphology
564:harden off
530:morphology
482:Morphology
467:Old Tjikko
454:species).
421:sterigmata
398:Piceoideae
368:coniferous
222:Piceoideae
178:Division:
10886:Parquetry
10881:Oystering
10876:Marquetry
10717:Butterfly
10384:Workbench
10316:Sandpaper
10296:Mitre box
10241:Drawknife
10231:Burnisher
10216:Abrasives
10165:Hardboard
9826:Afromosia
9708:Whittling
9658:Parquetry
9643:Marquetry
9588:Certosina
9583:Carpentry
9573:Cabinetry
9520:Overviews
9374:Gall oak
9349:Teri pod
9337:Sant pod
9250:Canaigre
9090:Betula sp
8989:Tara pod
8895:Quebracho
8754:Juniperus
8733:Cupressus
8684:Thujopsis
8664:Callitris
8411:Taxoideae
8309:Dacrydium
8166:Araucaria
8079:Pinoideae
7965:Gnetaceae
7890:Stangeria
7829:Diooideae
7821:Zamiaceae
7792:Cycadales
7783:Cycadidae
7695:Bryophyta
7041:Bryopsida
6994:Bryophyta
6723:UTC clade
6472:Picomonas
6408:Amoebozoa
6386:Alveolata
6374:Cryptista
6349:Eukaryota
5864:Molecules
5708:21 August
5652:22 August
5231:Phytopath
5208:: 47–60.
5102:0027-8424
4979:232282918
4679:: 82–89.
4511:21 August
4489:27 August
4386:bark for
4368:"pitch".
4278:mandolins
4238:vitamin C
4130:June 2009
4017:squirrels
4006:chipmunks
3990:deer mice
3966:seedlings
3944:Predators
3935:Fr. var.
3887:seedlings
3871:Engelmann
3815:Manually
3785:Hanseatic
3768:, Finland
3753:Etymology
3727:moved to
3673:Penhallow
3558:Penhallow
3192:Wodehouse
3062:Penhallow
3051:Penhallow
2844:Golovneva
2380:Kamchatka
1923:P. meyeri
1822:P. torano
1659:Jezoenses
1573:P. rubens
1484:Pungentes
1476:Engelmann
1365:P. polita
1068:T.F.Patt.
988:P. glauca
595:scarified
580:trampling
572:snow mold
518:evergreen
395:subfamily
379:temperate
371:evergreen
270:H. Karst.
192:Pinopsida
182:Pinophyta
142:Kingdom:
11538:Category
11503:VicFlora
11492:VASCAN:
11485:40008450
11480:Tropicos
11186:Wikidata
11132:Category
10911:Adhesive
10891:Purfling
10871:Intarsia
10812:Profiles
10737:Dovetail
10676:Geometry
10515:Hand saw
10500:Crosscut
10485:Circular
10480:Chainsaw
10427:Holdfast
10092:Rosewood
10024:American
10019:Mahogany
9991:Jelutong
9961:Hornbeam
9926:Cocobolo
9921:Chestnut
9836:Andiroba
9648:Millwork
9613:Intarsia
9608:Fretwork
9603:Ébéniste
9532:Glossary
9406:Prosopis
9279:Limonium
9162:Urunday
9156:Picea sp
9144:Pinus sp
9134:Mangrove
9127:Larix sp
9108:Hemlock
9054:Alnus sp
9008:by organ
8946:Oak bark
8916:Chestnut
8643:Fitzroya
8588:Taxodium
8500:Taiwania
8385:Taxaceae
8288:Acmopyle
8152:Wollemia
8018:Pinaceae
7936:Gnetales
7674:(living
7551:Eudicots
7546:Monocots
7264:Ibykales
6998:(mosses)
6903:Plantae
6601:Plantae
6403:Amorphea
6381:Rhizaria
6369:Hacrobia
6359:Excavata
6344:Bacteria
6315:Plantae
6243:(Spruce)
6208:26017574
6148:23698863
6041:26645680
5896:32932686
5839:8 August
5815:12810402
5678:27 April
5626:27 April
5237:: 63–72.
5144:25 April
5120:10570161
5051:20 April
5041:A.Dietr"
4971:34282286
4921:22623610
4838:16839785
4606:41422994
4592:Parry".
4356:), from
4302:tonewood
4296:and the
4268:Tonewood
4228:Spruce (
4202:bleached
4191:Pulpwood
4162:P. abies
3855:conifers
3807:Diseases
3585:Herrera
3258:Chlonova
3082:Zaklinsk
2943:Sukaczev
2932:Crabtree
2789:Kinkelin
2745:Knowlton
2530:Hybrids
2454:; local
2436:P. abies
2369:Sakhalin
2306:Himalaya
2283:Himalaya
2240:Caucasus
2104:forestry
1712:P. abies
1458:section
1095:Martínez
774:section
734:section
687:section
601:Taxonomy
522:pulvinus
471:layering
438:of some
375:Pinaceae
299:Veitchia
290:Synonyms
277:Species
212:Pinaceae
208:Family:
11351:31978-1
11312:5284711
11152:Commons
11068:Whipsaw
11063:Sawmill
10956:Varnish
10951:Thermal
10926:Lacquer
10861:Binding
10830:Chamfer
10697:Biscuit
10663:Surform
10555:Whipsaw
10525:Keyhole
10510:Fretsaw
10490:Compass
10475:Bucksaw
10465:Bandsaw
10460:Backsaw
10442:Sawbuck
10412:F-clamp
10407:C-clamp
10281:Jointer
10185:Plywood
10137:Zebrano
10077:Ovankol
10042:Meranti
10030:African
10001:Linden
9956:Hickory
9911:Cedrela
9906:Camphor
9901:Bubinga
9896:Boxwood
9876:Bilinga
9861:Avodire
9778:Juniper
9763:Cypress
9638:Luthier
9527:History
9468:(vilca)
9428:Tanoak
9225:Redoul
9212:Gambier
9174:Willow
9060:Avaram
9031:Acacias
9025:Tanbark
8814:tannins
8636:Diselma
8554:Sequoia
8426:Torreya
8159:Agathis
8101:Cathaya
8009:Pinales
7954:Ephedra
7927:Pinidae
7876:Bowenia
7614:extinct
6463:Picozoa
6418:Animals
6339:Archaea
6139:3673215
6032:4758241
5887:7570650
5759:29 July
5733:13 June
5444:1933641
5424:Bibcode
5416:Ecology
5316:(2): 2.
5169:14 July
5080:Bibcode
4949:bioRxiv
4594:Madroño
4417:, with
4380:baskets
4286:violins
4274:guitars
4004:), and
3962:conifer
3960:ingest
3958:mammals
3802:Ecology
3643:Huzioka
3498:Axelrod
3465:Huzioka
3412:Rovnina
3346:Simpson
3324:Rovnina
3302:Stanley
3280:Rovnina
3225:Ananova
3214:Rovnina
3203:Ammosov
3170:Ananova
2961:Foliage
2877:LaMotte
2811:Usnadze
2679:Axelrod
2579:× notha
2553:fennica
2495:Others
2456:endemic
2432:Siberia
2253:, syn.
2134:, syn.
2089:endemic
1907:Komarov
1880:Hayashi
1853:Masters
1772:Masters
1736:Shiras.
1665:series
1577:Sargent
1497:series
1466:series
1452:Casicta
1286:Masters
1266:Masters
1194:Masters
1044:series
1038:Glaucae
948:series
908:series
789:series
653:Species
566:fully.
452:Adelges
417:pulvini
408:form.
406:conical
402:whorled
302:Lindley
232:Genus:
226:Frankis
202:Pinales
198:Order:
188:Class:
146:Plantae
11454:PLANTS
11413:517942
11397:NZOR:
11299:125375
11273:125375
11221:126038
11192:Q26782
11058:Hewing
10797:Splice
10752:Halved
10747:Groove
10742:Finger
10722:Coping
10707:Bridle
10684:Joints
10565:Planes
10550:Veneer
10540:Scroll
10535:Ripsaw
10520:Jigsaw
10495:Coping
10394:Clamps
10321:Square
10311:Shaper
10306:Router
10286:Mallet
10261:Gimlet
10236:Chisel
10132:Willow
10122:Walnut
10112:Totara
10102:Sapele
10067:Poplar
10052:Padauk
10014:Merbau
9986:Jarrah
9971:Imbuia
9966:Idigbo
9931:Cumaru
9916:Cherry
9841:Anigre
9803:Spruce
9756:Cedrus
9623:Khatam
9578:Caning
9541:lumber
9300:Cutch
9199:Badan
9192:Leaves
9151:Spruce
9072:Babul
8921:Dhawa
8330:Nageia
8235:Manoao
8034:Cedrus
7974:Gnetum
7760:Ginkgo
7609:groups
7497:Ginkgo
7205:&
7063:
6659:
6396:Plants
6333:Domain
6270:page 1
6206:
6146:
6136:
6039:
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5894:
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5512:J. For
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4977:
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4951:
4919:
4836:
4604:
4469:
4428:Genome
4388:canoes
4359:piceus
4282:cellos
4262:scurvy
4250:scurvy
4153:Timber
3956:Small
3930:fungus
3877:, and
3875:Norway
3777:spruse
3773:Spruce
3587:et al.
3517:Watari
3401:Panova
3181:Panova
3069:Pollen
2701:Miller
2690:Miller
2584:Rehder
2571:Little
2567:lutzii
2452:Bosnia
2448:Serbia
2302:Sikkim
2244:Turkey
2220:Taiwan
2145:Mexico
1682:Ledeb.
1214:Hayata
744:Watson
705:Sitcha
639:clades
627:had a
554:Growth
459:Sweden
436:larvae
429:bracts
413:genera
383:boreal
313:spruce
31:Spruce
11544:Picea
11459:PICEA
11443:PPE:
11426:83629
11364:18033
11338:63573
11286:Picea
11281:FoAO2
11260:1PIEG
11247:14029
11207:Picea
11177:Picea
10936:Paint
10845:Ovolo
10840:Ogive
10825:Bevel
10792:Scarf
10777:Miter
10545:Table
10530:Miter
10505:Frame
10422:Gripe
10338:Speed
10334:Miter
10266:Gauge
10256:Float
10251:Fence
10246:Drill
10204:Tools
10127:Wenge
10117:Utile
10082:Ramin
10037:Maple
10009:Lovoa
9981:Iroko
9951:Hazel
9936:Ebony
9881:Birch
9871:Beech
9866:Balsa
9856:Aspen
9851:Apple
9831:Alder
9788:Kauri
9783:Larch
9745:Cedar
9728:Woods
9703:Treen
9367:Galls
9318:Fruit
9293:Woods
9243:Roots
9122:Larch
9113:Tsuga
9085:Birch
9049:Alder
9016:Barks
8969:Sumac
8859:Grape
8836:seed
8691:Thuja
8447:Taxus
8115:Pinus
8108:Picea
8094:Larix
8069:Abies
8055:Tsuga
7897:Zamia
7837:Dioon
7810:Cycas
7689:Plant
6613:&
6423:Fungi
6266:Picea
6259:Picea
6251:Picea
6241:Picea
5909:pĭcĕa
5440:JSTOR
5111:24153
5039:Picea
4975:S2CID
4860:Picea
4845:(PDF)
4812:(PDF)
4807:Picea
4602:JSTOR
4527:Picea
4384:birch
4349:picea
4345:Latin
4341:Picea
4333:pitch
4329:resin
4309:cedar
4294:piano
4206:pines
4197:woods
4180:Flyer
4056:Pests
3937:picea
3867:black
3863:white
3820:trunk
3795:Pruce
3792:term
3781:Sprws
3766:Kuhmo
3762:Picea
3705:Berry
3692:Picea
3621:Tanai
3487:Brown
3419:Seeds
2600:Cones
2577:Picea
2563:Picea
2549:Picea
2543:S.Br.
2535:Picea
2514:Silba
2504:Mast.
2392:Korea
2291:India
2208:Japan
2180:China
2176:Burma
2157:China
2114:, in
2100:Sitka
2028:Picea
2007:Abies
1799:Nakai
662:Picea
643:Picea
629:basal
425:cones
391:Picea
387:taiga
322:Picea
315:is a
243:Mill.
237:Picea
166:Clade
153:Clade
11495:1547
11467:POWO
11436:1302
11390:3328
11385:NCBI
11359:ITIS
11346:IPNI
11325:9366
11320:GRIN
11307:GBIF
11255:EPPO
11234:6Q7C
11216:APNI
10835:Ogee
10820:Bead
10762:Knee
10732:Dado
10712:Butt
10452:Saws
10364:Vise
10301:Rasp
10226:Adze
10107:Teak
10062:Plum
10057:Pear
9818:Hard
9798:Rimu
9793:Pine
9737:Soft
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9139:Pine
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8897:wood
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6222:link
6204:PMID
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6144:PMID
6094:help
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5953:help
5892:PMID
5841:2021
5811:PMID
5782:ISBN
5761:2006
5735:2019
5710:2016
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5596:ISBN
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4491:2018
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4090:Uses
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11242:EoL
11229:CoL
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10470:Bow
10342:Try
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