760:
329:
822:
216:
31:
748:
784:
341:
772:
587:
840:
736:
75:
480:
50:
230:
496:
607:
987:
was sequenced in 2013, the first gymnosperm genome to be completely sequenced. The genome contains approximately 20 billion base pairs and is about six times the size of the human genome, despite possessing a similar number of genes. A large proportion of the spruce genome consists of repetitive DNA
966:
The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". Old Tjikko is one of a series of genetically identical clones growing from a root system, one part of which is estimated to be 9,550 years old based
692:
have been selected as ornamentals ('Barrya', 'Capitata', 'Decumbens', 'Dumosa', 'Clanbrassiliana', 'Gregoryana', 'Inversa', 'Microsperma', 'Nidiformis', 'Ohlendorffii', 'Repens', 'Tabuliformis', 'Maxwellii', 'Virgata', 'Inversa', 'Pendula'), with a wide variety of sizes and shapes, from full-sized
669:
Seed production begins when the tree is in its fourth decade and total lifespan is up to 300 years in its natural range in Europe. Introduced Norway spruces in the
British Isles and North America have a much shorter life expectancy. As the tree ages, its crown thins out and lower branches die off.
391:
The Norway spruce grows throughout Europe from Norway in the northwest and Poland eastward, and also in the mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the Alps, and southeast in the
Carpathians and Balkans to the extreme north of Greece. The northern limit is in the arctic, just
1003:
and post-glacial evolutionary history. Genetic diversity can in particular be detected when looking at how the populations respond to climatic conditions. E.g. variations in timing and length of the annual growth period as well as differences in frost-hardiness in spring and autumn. These annual
907:
Norway spruce shoot tips have been used in traditional
Austrian medicine internally (as syrup or tea) and externally (as baths, for inhalation, as ointments, as resin application or as tea) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, gastrointestinal tract and
358:
growing 35–55 m (115–180 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of 1 to 1.5 m. It can grow fast when young, up to 1 m per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over 20 m (65 ft) tall. The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous. The
642:), Edinburgh and Washington, D.C., with a Norway spruce, which is placed at the central most square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during the Second World War. In North America, Norway spruce is widely planted, specifically in the
2639:
861:
using the
Norwegian spruce. They are currently the only company to produce wood based vanillin and is claimed by the company to be preferred by their customers due to, among other reasons, its much lower carbon footprint than petrochemically synthesized vanillin.
952:, carbon dated as 9,550 years old, is the "oldest living tree". The oldest individual specimen of Norway spruce discovered by tree ring dating found in 2012 in a nature reserve of Buskerud County, Norway, was found to be 532 years old.
2654:
546:. It is also distinct in having thicker, blue-green leaves. Many texts treat this as a variant of Norway spruce, but it is as distinct as many other spruces, and appears to be more closely related to Siberian spruce (
578:). As with Siberian spruce, it hybridizes extensively with Norway spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway spruce.
404:, but is usually given as the Ural Mountains. However, trees showing some Siberian spruce characters extend as far west as much of northern Finland, with a few records in northeast Norway. The hybrid is known as
625:
The Norway spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe. It is used as an ornamental tree in
527:
as a subspecies of Norway spruce, though in their typical forms, they are very distinct, the
Siberian spruce having cones only 5–10 cm long, with smoothly rounded scales, and pubescent shoots.
992:. Despite recent advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing, the assembly of such a large and repetitive genome is a particularly challenging task, mainly from a computational perspective.
2795:
Slanc, Petra; Doljak, Bojan; Kreft, Samo; Lunder, Mojca; Janeš, Damjan; šTrukelj, Borut (2009). "Screening of selected food and medicinal plant extracts for pancreatic lipase inhibition".
371:
are 9–17 cm long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The
759:
680:
The Norway spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in
Indiana.
2764:
Lindberg, M.; Lundgren, L.; Gref, R.; Johansson, M. (1 May 1992). "Stilbenes and resin acids in relation to the penetration of
Heterobasidion annosum through the bark of
2526:
Nystedt, B.; Street, N.R.; Wetterbom, A.; Zuccolo, A.; Lin, Y.C.; Scofield, D.G.; Vezzi, F.; Delhomme, N.; Giacomello, S.; Alexeyenko, A.; et al. (30 May 2013).
2310:"Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine – an unexplored lore. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs"
2308:
Vogl, S.; Picker, P.; Mihaly-Bison, J.; Fakhrudin, N.; Atanasov, A.G.; Heiss, E.H.; Wawrosch, C.; Reznicek, G.; Dirsch, V.M.; Saukel, J.; Kopp, B. (7 October 2013).
2256:
2585:
Birol, I.; Raymond, A.; Jackman, S.D.; Pleasance, S.; Coope, R.; Taylor, G.A.; Yuen, M.M.; Keeling, C.I.; Brand, D.; Vandervalk, B.P.; et al. (2013).
2409:
925:
2678:
Münzenberger, B.; Heilemann, J.; Strack, D.; Kottke, I.; Oberwinkler, F. (1990). "Phenolics of mycorrhizas and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce".
295:, and with which it hybridizes freely. The Norway spruce has a wide distribution for it being planted for its wood, and is the species used as the main
3407:
3798:
3199:
3287:
870:
2383:
3683:
375:
are black, 4–5 mm long, with a pale brown 15 mm wing. The tallest measured Norway spruce is 62.26 m (204 ft) tall and grows near
821:
3803:
2931:
2150:
654:, as well as in southeastern Canada. It is naturalised in some parts of North America. There are naturalized populations occurring from
3808:
2890:
2847:
3428:
662:, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere. Norway spruces prefer cool-summer areas and they will grow up to USDA Growing Zone 7.
512:
Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as
3593:
3137:
1604:
363:
are needle-like with blunt tips, 12–14 mm long, quadrangular in cross-section, and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous
1926:
3606:
3305:
3212:
3150:
3619:
3323:
673:
In the northern US and Canada, Norway spruce is reported as invasive in some locations; however, it does not pose a problem in
1951:
3253:
1975:
747:
3217:
839:
3793:
3708:
3397:
2483:
771:
783:
206:
3580:
3075:
1699:
1647:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
2264:
3788:
3778:
1815:
1785:
1723:
1595:
237:
Distribution map. Green: native range. Orange: introduced areas. Crosses and triangles denote isolated populations.
3495:
735:
3632:
3292:
3186:
1016:
647:
639:
591:
531:
Norway and
Siberian spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related
3490:
3328:
542:
Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the
Central Alps in eastern
3446:
2049:
428:), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales.
3783:
3274:
1000:
328:
2286:
2182:
3624:
3129:
3103:
1736:
3015:
3733:
3554:
3454:
2990:
2124:
2099:
1754:
705:
693:
forest trees to extremely slow-growing, prostrate forms. They are occasionally traded under the obsolete
3773:
3763:
3758:
3698:
3611:
3441:
3155:
2896:
2852:
2024:
643:
2074:
3768:
3748:
3743:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3315:
3248:
1750:
3090:
1640:
677:
and up as the seeds have a significantly reduced germination rate in areas with hot, humid summers.
3818:
3813:
3753:
3738:
3728:
1999:
1573:
1004:
growth patterns are important to recognize in order to choose the proper reforestation material of
3266:
74:
3723:
3124:
3041:
2387:
3505:
3433:
2207:
1860:
999:
there is great genetic variability, which most likely reflect populations' isolation in glacial
3204:
3098:
2943:
215:
2157:
3116:
2981:
2429:
989:
930:
912:
709:
308:
185:
3354:
3230:
3178:
3049:
2881:
2730:
2539:
619:
30:
8:
3387:
3382:
2422:
1152:
1043:
are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces.
393:
39:
3420:
2838:
2734:
2543:
638:. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city, Oslo, provides the cities of London (the
520:, but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other parts of the range.
340:
3513:
3111:
2869:
2820:
2781:
2703:
2615:
2586:
2464:
2334:
2309:
1896:
968:
376:
69:
945:
3567:
3374:
3349:
3023:
2812:
2746:
2742:
2695:
2620:
2567:
2339:
1811:
1781:
1749:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1719:
1695:
1550:
1095:
1071:
701:
554:
2824:
2707:
2606:
1744:
967:
on carbon dating. The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of
3572:
3518:
3028:
2804:
2777:
2738:
2687:
2610:
2602:
2557:
2547:
2454:
2329:
2321:
1905:
1568:
1088:(L.) H. Karst is the accepted name of this species. More than 150 synonyms of
972:
719:'Clanbrassiliana' – 1.2 m (3.9 ft) tall by 2.4 m (7.9 ft) broad
586:
397:
3559:
2995:
3660:
3545:
3459:
3336:
3240:
2677:
694:
651:
574:
564:
524:
446:
401:
304:
284:
261:
3482:
3279:
3688:
3415:
2925:
2863:
2525:
2307:
1524:
875:
830:
674:
635:
615:
440:
296:
292:
269:
265:
99:
2721:
Løkke, Hans (June 1990). "Picein and piceol concentrations in Norway spruce".
2584:
2325:
3677:
3585:
3225:
3080:
2966:
2763:
1838:
1666:
1559:
960:
548:
202:
59:
54:
1884:"Introgressive hybridization and phylogenetic relationships between Norway,
3650:
3472:
2816:
2699:
2624:
2571:
2562:
2426:
2357:
2343:
1040:
1032:
956:
885:
728:'Nidiformis' – 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall by 4 m (13 ft) broad
436:
396:
in Norway. Its eastern limit in Russia is hard to define, due to extensive
2750:
2232:
3364:
3261:
3163:
2975:
1024:
936:) for about two weeks at least, which gives the cheese a unique flavour.
897:
655:
543:
528:
432:
3341:
3005:
2552:
2527:
1910:
1883:
3598:
3142:
2691:
2468:
949:
854:
532:
425:
300:
112:
2930:- distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources.
602:, Norway spruces that are around 50 to 60 years old are typically used
479:
3168:
3062:
2808:
1048:
1028:
963:
clones, is estimated to be between 14,000 and one million years old.
880:(Hazel-spruce) grows in the European Alps and has been recognized by
722:'Inversa' – 9 m (30 ft) tall by 4 m (13 ft) broad
611:
368:
349:
276:
2937:
2459:
2442:
229:
3645:
3539:
3467:
3300:
2960:
2501:
1074:
1036:
866:
858:
804:
800:
689:
659:
569:
495:
380:
152:
3637:
3191:
3067:
1608:
572:. Treated as a distinct species, it takes the name Alpine spruce (
3036:
1063:
920:
352:
142:
132:
122:
3054:
2528:"The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution"
606:
2651:
EUFORGEN; Technical
Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use
1044:
1020:
901:
881:
808:
631:
595:
451:
280:
257:
162:
1544:
1542:
1540:
812:
364:
316:
86:
2919:
2443:"Genetic variation and the natural history of quaking aspen"
279:
that typically hang downwards, and the largest cones of any
1537:
869:
by stringed-instrument makers. One form of the tree called
627:
599:
559:
421:
372:
360:
355:
1716:
A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
299:
in several countries around the world. It was the first
2410:"The oldest spruce in Northern Europe is 532 years old"
1743:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
884:
as intangible cultural heritage. This form was used by
2794:
857:
produces the synthetic substitute for natural vanilla
725:'Little Gem' – 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall and broad
2233:"European spruce ranges, and commentary on Picea spp"
2005:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
2591:) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data"
1882:Krutovskii, Konstantin V.; Bergmann, Fritz (1995).
1881:
431:Norway spruce cone scales are used as food by the
283:, 9–17 cm long. It is very closely related to the
2386:. Umeå University. April 16, 2008. Archived from
2384:"World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden"
2183:"Sustainable Vanillin from the Forests of Norway"
1778:Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera
716:'Acrocona' – 4 m (13 ft) tall and broad
598:every year as a gift from Norway's capital city,
3675:
2671:
1927:"Oslo's Christmas tree gift to Trafalgar Square"
1924:
1892:Ledeb., spruce species studied by isozyme loci"
975:over 5,000 years old (germination in 3051 BC).
900:, which was once used to prevent and even cure
2868:Note that this website has been superseded by
1875:
1574:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42318A71233492.en
2358:"La sangle d'épicéa, secret d'un goût unique"
2831:
2757:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1746:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2932:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
2874:
2637:
2519:
2440:
704:). The following cultivars have gained the
2891:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2848:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
2434:
2230:
2151:"A basic guide to softwoods and hardwoods"
1976:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Picea excelsa"
1548:
1070:have shown inhibitory activity on porcine
988:sequences, including long terminal repeat
228:
214:
48:
29:
2714:
2614:
2561:
2551:
2458:
2333:
1909:
1791:
1667:"Picea abies (Norway spruce) description"
1572:
634:. It is also widely planted for use as a
2301:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1689:
1638:
1605:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
605:
585:
339:
327:
2484:"Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree"
2284:
2148:
348:Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing
3799:Trees of continental subarctic climate
3676:
2723:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
1734:
1645:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
948:says that a Norway spruce clone named
2942:
2941:
2886:(L.) H.Karst., Deut. Fl.: 325 (1881)"
2720:
2578:
1836:
1821:
1761:
1588:
450:feeds on the bark around injuries or
3625:180F88C7-2220-482B-8AC8-A5F8BD2577E4
3496:8ed37459-7e70-4fcd-b1d8-9d11ef526c34
3316:b92397ce-85e8-4791-8202-ee7f38399b31
2587:"Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (
2481:
2156:. worldhardwoods.com. Archived from
1694:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
1683:
1594:
386:
3684:IUCN Red List least concern species
1837:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
1625:
1560:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
765:Picea abies 'Aleksandra Fastigiata'
505:are longer and have pointed scales.
13:
3804:Trees of humid continental climate
2782:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1992.tb01436.x
2441:Mitton, J.B.; Grant, M.C. (1996).
1728:
1708:
1035:(the isorhapontigenin glucoside),
489:are short and have rounded scales.
14:
3830:
3809:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate
2913:
2506:Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research
291:), which replaces it east of the
3447:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262609-1
838:
820:
782:
770:
758:
746:
734:
494:
478:
73:
2788:
2631:
2494:
2475:
2416:
2402:
2376:
2350:
2278:
2249:
2224:
2200:
2175:
2142:
2117:
2092:
2067:
2042:
2017:
1992:
1968:
1956:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1944:
1918:
1853:
1017:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside
640:Trafalgar Square Christmas tree
592:Trafalgar Square Christmas tree
336:, showing the cones and leaves.
1659:
865:It is esteemed as a source of
581:
323:
1:
2607:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt178
1531:
799:The Norway spruce is used in
2743:10.1016/0147-6513(90)90032-Z
2314:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2263:. 2012-06-20. Archived from
1952:"Picea abies - Plant Finder"
1011:
939:
923:of a Norway spruce (French:
848:trunk cross section close-up
683:
610:Young spruce group marginal
400:and intergradation with the
7:
3794:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3709:Flora of the Czech Republic
1888:(L.) Karst., and Siberian,
1755:Harvard University Herbaria
1690:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
1518:
1080:
1058:
978:
706:Royal Horticultural Society
457:
10:
3837:
2897:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2853:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1780:. Koeltz Scientific Books
1735:Taylor, Ronald J. (1993).
896:The tree is the source of
891:
3529:
2950:
2326:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007
2289:. The Black Creek Growler
2149:Buckley, Michael (2005).
2000:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1751:Missouri Botanical Garden
911:During the production of
777:Picea abies 'Acrocona' 02
236:
227:
223:The Norway spruce range.
222:
213:
191:
184:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3789:Plants described in 1753
3779:Flora of Northern Europe
2287:"New Beer – Spruce Beer"
1639:Sullivan, Janet (1994).
753:Picea abies 'Little Gem'
332:An 1885 illustration of
1847:The Gymnosperm Database
1714:Mitchell, A.F. (1974).
1692:RHS Latin for Gardeners
853:The Norwegian company
794:
2482:American, Scientific.
2285:Karellp (2012-06-11).
2208:"Plant-based vanillin"
1925:British Embassy Oslo.
1806:Rushforth, K. (1987).
1753:, St. Louis, MO &
995:Within populations of
622:
603:
345:
337:
2920:Spruce Genome Project
2797:Phytotherapy Research
2430:National Park Service
1567:: e.T42318A71233492.
1197:Abies clanbrassiliana
1092:have been published.
990:transposable elements
944:A press release from
789:Picea abies 'Virgata'
741:Picea abies 'Inversa'
710:Award of Garden Merit
652:Rocky Mountain states
609:
589:
552:), Schrenk's spruce (
523:Some botanists treat
343:
331:
3784:Least concern plants
2638:Skrøppa, T. (2003).
1417:Picea integrisquamis
1189:Abies clambrasiliana
1153:heterotypic synonyms
959:, a stand of 47,000
915:it is wrapped in a "
562:and Morinda spruce (
2735:1990EcoES..19..301L
2553:10.1038/nature12211
2544:2013Natur.497..579N
2488:Scientific American
2125:"RHS Plantfinder -
2100:"RHS Plantfinder -
2075:"RHS Plantfinder -
2050:"RHS Plantfinder -
2025:"RHS Plantfinder -
1911:10.1038/hdy.1995.67
1776:Farjon, A. (1990).
1549:Farjon, A. (2017).
1385:Picea elegantissima
1027:and its glucoside (
971:) is a Great Basin
614:twelve years after
40:Conservation status
3734:Flora of Lithuania
2870:World Flora Online
2692:10.1007/BF00239996
2412:. 27 October 2012.
2362:Vacherin Mont-d'Or
2212:www.borregaard.com
2054:'Clanbrassiliana'"
1401:Picea finedonensis
1265:Abies finedonensis
1241:Abies erythrocarpa
1205:Abies coerulescens
1176:(Loudon) Ravenscr.
1096:Homotypic synonyms
1051:are also found in
969:vegetative cloning
623:
604:
594:in 2008. Given to
377:Ribnica na Pohorju
346:
338:
256:, is a species of
3774:Flora of the Alps
3764:Flora of Slovenia
3759:Flora of Slovakia
3699:Flora of Bulgaria
3671:
3670:
3350:Open Tree of Life
2944:Taxon identifiers
2601:(12): 1492–1497.
2538:(7451): 579–584.
2257:"Die Haselfichte"
2163:on 19 August 2019
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1420:(Carrière) Chiov.
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1147:
1139:
1127:
1123:Pinus pyramidalis
1119:
1111:
1072:pancreatic lipase
888:for instruments.
702:illegitimate name
555:Picea schrenkiana
387:Range and ecology
344:Young female cone
241:
240:
63:
3826:
3769:Flora of Ukraine
3749:Flora of Romania
3744:Flora of Moldova
3719:Flora of Germany
3714:Flora of Estonia
3704:Flora of Croatia
3694:Flora of Belarus
3664:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3601:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3449:
3437:
3436:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3377:
3372:Panartic Flora:
3368:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3280:NHMSYS0000461247
3270:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2939:
2938:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2809:10.1002/ptr.2718
2792:
2786:
2785:
2770:Forest Pathology
2761:
2755:
2754:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2653:. Archived from
2648:
2644:- Norway spruce"
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2438:
2432:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2390:on 20 April 2008
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2231:Paul Hostetter.
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:Monumental trees
1857:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1757:, Cambridge, MA.
1732:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1607:. Archived from
1602:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1546:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1480:(Alstr.) Beissn.
1479:
1467:
1465:Picea velebitica
1459:
1457:Picea subarctica
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1409:Picea gregoryana
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1377:Picea cranstonii
1371:
1363:
1355:
1353:Abies subarctica
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1285:Abies gregoryana
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1145:
1137:
1125:
1117:
1109:
973:bristlecone pine
934:
919:" made from the
913:Mont d'Or cheese
879:
842:
824:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
498:
482:
309:specific epithet
305:genome sequenced
232:
218:
197:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of plant
3836:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3819:Trees of Russia
3814:Trees of Europe
3754:Flora of Serbia
3739:Flora of Poland
3729:Flora of Latvia
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3571:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3337:Observation.org
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3238:MichiganFlora:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2946:
2922:at Congenie.org
2916:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2857:
2855:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2793:
2789:
2762:
2758:
2719:
2715:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2646:
2636:
2632:
2583:
2579:
2563:1854/LU-4110028
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2480:
2476:
2460:10.2307/1312652
2439:
2435:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1880:
1876:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1835:
1822:
1805:
1792:
1775:
1762:
1733:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1637:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1516:
1509:Pinus viminalis
1477:Picea viminalis
1425:Picea maxwellii
1372:(Brügger) Stein
1369:Picea alpestris
1361:Abies viminalis
1321:Abies medioxima
1309:Abies lemoniana
1173:Abies carpatica
1165:Abies alpestris
1083:
1061:
1014:
981:
946:Umeå University
942:
928:
894:
873:
849:
843:
834:
825:
797:
790:
787:
778:
775:
766:
763:
754:
751:
742:
739:
695:scientific name
686:
584:
575:Picea alpestris
565:Picea smithiana
558:) from central
525:Siberian spruce
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
499:
491:
490:
487:P. obovata
483:
474:
473:
467:P. obovata
460:
447:Cydia duplicana
424:are considered
402:Siberian spruce
389:
326:
285:Siberian spruce
254:European spruce
209:
199:
193:
180:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:Flora of Italy
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3616:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3564:
3551:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:wfo-0000482030
3510:
3500:
3487:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3310:
3297:
3284:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3085:
3072:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3010:
3000:
2987:
2972:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2915:
2914:External links
2912:
2910:
2909:
2873:
2864:The Plant List
2843:(L.) H. Karst"
2830:
2803:(6): 874–877.
2787:
2756:
2729:(3): 301–309.
2713:
2686:(1): 142–148.
2670:
2630:
2595:Bioinformatics
2577:
2518:
2493:
2474:
2433:
2415:
2401:
2375:
2349:
2320:(3): 750–771.
2300:
2277:
2261:Waldwissen.net
2248:
2223:
2199:
2174:
2141:
2116:
2091:
2066:
2041:
2016:
1991:
1967:
1943:
1917:
1904:(5): 464–480.
1874:
1852:
1820:
1790:
1760:
1727:
1707:
1701:978-1845337315
1700:
1682:
1658:
1624:
1597:BSBI List 2007
1587:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:Pinus resinosa
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1485:Picea vulgaris
1482:
1474:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1441:Picea remontii
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1273:Abies gigantea
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1082:
1079:
1060:
1057:
1013:
1010:
983:The genome of
980:
977:
941:
938:
893:
890:
851:
850:
844:
837:
835:
826:
819:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
781:
779:
776:
769:
767:
764:
757:
755:
752:
745:
743:
740:
733:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
685:
682:
667:
666:
636:Christmas tree
612:windthrow area
583:
580:
500:
493:
492:
484:
477:
476:
475:
464:
463:
462:
461:
459:
456:
441:Cydia illutana
388:
385:
325:
322:
297:Christmas tree
293:Ural Mountains
270:Eastern Europe
239:
238:
234:
233:
225:
224:
220:
219:
211:
210:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
24:Norway spruce
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3832:
3831:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2776:(2): 95–106.
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2660:on 2016-10-22
2656:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:Quaking Aspen
2419:
2411:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2288:
2281:
2267:on 2017-01-19
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2130:
2129:'Nidiformis'"
2128:
2120:
2105:
2104:'Little Gem'"
2103:
2095:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:0-7470-2801-X
1813:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1786:3-87429-298-3
1783:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1724:0-00-212035-6
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1641:"Picea abies"
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1614:on 2015-06-26
1610:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1493:Pinus excelsa
1491:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1433:Picea montana
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1393:Picea excelsa
1391:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:(Schur) Nyman
1354:
1351:
1346:
1345:Abies parvula
1343:
1338:
1337:Abies montana
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1297:Abies inverta
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1257:Abies extrema
1255:
1250:
1249:Abies excelsa
1247:
1244:(Purk.) Nyman
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:Abies eremita
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:Abies elegans
1219:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1181:Abies cinerea
1179:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1053:P. abies
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
986:
976:
974:
970:
964:
962:
961:quaking aspen
958:
953:
951:
947:
937:
935:
932:
927:
926:Épicéa commun
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
903:
899:
889:
887:
883:
877:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
847:
841:
836:
833:cross section
832:
829:
823:
818:
817:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
785:
780:
773:
768:
761:
756:
749:
744:
737:
732:
729:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:Picea excelsa
696:
691:
681:
678:
676:
671:
665:
664:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:Pacific Coast
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
617:
613:
608:
601:
597:
593:
588:
579:
577:
576:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
556:
551:
550:
549:Picea obovata
545:
540:
538:
537:P. abies
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
504:
503:P. abies
497:
488:
481:
472:
468:
455:
453:
449:
448:
443:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
420:, if the two
419:
415:
414:P. abies
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:hybridization
395:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
351:
342:
335:
334:P. abies
330:
321:
320:, Fir tree".
319:
318:
314:means "like
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:Picea obovata
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Norway spruce
247:
246:
235:
231:
226:
221:
217:
212:
208:
204:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
177:P. abies
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:Tracheophytes
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3530:
2951:
2926:
2900:. Retrieved
2889:
2883:
2876:
2862:– via
2856:. Retrieved
2846:
2840:
2833:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2662:. Retrieved
2655:the original
2650:
2641:
2633:
2598:
2594:
2589:Picea glauca
2588:
2580:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:
2496:
2487:
2477:
2453:(1): 25–31.
2450:
2446:
2436:
2427:Bryce Canyon
2418:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2388:the original
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2293:30 September
2291:. Retrieved
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2260:
2251:
2240:. Retrieved
2237:Lutherie.net
2236:
2226:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2189:. 2021-03-31
2186:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2126:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2101:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2076:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2051:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2026:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1994:
1983:. Retrieved
1980:www.itis.gov
1979:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1807:
1777:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1715:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1671:Conifers.org
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1644:
1616:. Retrieved
1609:the original
1596:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1564:
1558:
1552:
1508:
1501:Pinus sativa
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1329:Abies minuta
1328:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1252:(Lam.) Poir.
1248:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:Abies conica
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1041:ferulic acid
1033:isorhapontin
1015:
1005:
996:
994:
984:
982:
965:
954:
943:
924:
916:
910:
908:infections.
906:
895:
886:Stradivarius
864:
852:
845:
827:
798:
697:
687:
679:
672:
668:
644:Northeastern
624:
573:
563:
553:
547:
541:
536:
522:
517:
513:
511:
502:
486:
470:
466:
445:
439:
437:tortrix moth
433:caterpillars
430:
417:
413:
409:
405:
390:
347:
333:
315:
311:
307:. The Latin
303:to have its
288:
274:
253:
249:
244:
243:
242:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
113:Gymnospermae
106:
93:
18:
3531:Pinus abies
3421:kew-2562738
3408:picea-abies
3388:Picea abies
3365:Picea_abies
3306:Picea~abies
3262:NatureServe
3164:iNaturalist
3117:Picea abies
2982:Picea abies
2976:Wikispecies
2952:Picea abies
2927:Picea abies
2884:Picea abies
2841:Picea abies
2766:Picea abies
2642:Picea abies
2368:11 December
2364:(in French)
2127:Picea abies
2102:Picea abies
2077:Picea abies
2052:Picea abies
2029:'Acrocona'"
2027:Picea abies
1886:Picea abies
1863:Picea abies
1841:Picea abies
1739:Picea abies
1651:18 November
1580:12 November
1553:Picea abies
1527:Norway pine
1449:Picea rubra
1396:(Lam.) Link
1157:Picea abies
1143:Abies abies
1131:Pinus abies
1115:Abies picea
1107:Pinus abies
1100:Picea abies
1090:Picea abies
1086:Picea abies
1068:Picea abies
1025:piceatannol
1006:Picea abies
997:Picea abies
985:Picea abies
929: [
898:spruce beer
874: [
871:Haselfichte
846:Picea abies
828:Picea abies
815:production.
656:Connecticut
582:Cultivation
544:Switzerland
529:Genetically
514:Picea abies
471:Picea abies
367:lines. The
324:Description
245:Picea abies
195:Picea abies
3678:Categories
3503:WisFlora:
3416:Plant List
3013:Calflora:
2934:(EUFORGEN)
2664:2016-10-21
2502:"Old List"
2447:BioScience
2271:2017-01-08
2242:2017-01-08
2217:2024-03-10
2193:2024-03-10
2079:'Inversa'"
1985:2019-07-10
1961:2024-03-10
1890:P. obovata
1718:. Collins
1676:2017-01-08
1618:2014-10-17
1532:References
1146:(L.) Druce
950:Old Tjikko
855:Borregaard
620:Vogelsberg
533:subspecies
444:, whereas
426:subspecies
394:70° N
369:seed cones
353:coniferous
301:gymnosperm
277:branchlets
260:native to
119:Division:
3546:Q17358067
3130:200005295
3104:200005295
2511:16 August
2167:1 October
1452:A. Dietr.
1200:P. Lawson
1049:astringin
1029:astringin
1012:Chemistry
955:However,
940:Longevity
690:cultivars
684:Cultivars
568:) in the
518:acuminata
501:Cones of
485:Cones of
465:Cones of
392:north of
350:evergreen
207:H. Karst.
171:Species:
133:Pinopsida
123:Pinophyta
83:Kingdom:
3658:VASCAN:
3651:24900768
3646:Tropicos
3638:262746-1
3540:Wikidata
3491:VicFlora
3480:VASCAN:
3473:24900164
3468:Tropicos
3362:PalDat:
3301:NSWFlora
3267:2.139637
3205:10200408
3192:262609-1
3003:BioLib:
2961:Wikidata
2902:14 March
2858:14 March
2825:22562789
2817:19107742
2708:43504838
2700:24197010
2625:23698863
2572:23698360
2344:23770053
2134:25 April
2109:25 April
2084:25 April
2059:25 April
2034:25 April
2009:25 April
1897:Heredity
1865:records"
1808:Conifers
1519:See also
1472:Kümmerle
1468:Simonk.
1364:Wahlenb.
1324:C.Lawson
1288:H. Low.
1280:Carrière
1228:J.Knight
1216:Lavallée
1192:Lavallée
1135:vulgaris
1081:Synonyms
1075:in vitro
1064:Extracts
1059:Research
1037:catechin
979:Genetics
867:tonewood
859:Vanillin
805:softwood
801:forestry
688:Several
660:Michigan
570:Himalaya
458:Taxonomy
381:Slovenia
365:stomatal
262:Northern
153:Pinaceae
149:Family:
60:IUCN 3.1
3599:5284631
3249:MoBotPF
3143:5284884
3055:1061648
3037:Ecocrop
2967:Q145992
2751:2364913
2731:Bibcode
2616:3673215
2540:Bibcode
2469:1312652
2425:by the
2335:3791396
1936:28 June
1810:. Helm
1444:Beissn.
1428:Beissn.
1412:Beissn.
1404:Beissn.
1388:Beissn.
1380:Beissn.
1300:R. Sm.
1208:K. Koch
1168:Brügger
1133:subsp.
1126:Salisb.
1001:refugia
921:cambium
892:As food
632:gardens
435:of the
418:fennica
416:subsp.
410:fennica
275:It has
266:Central
159:Genus:
143:Pinales
139:Order:
129:Class:
87:Plantae
58: (
3586:150671
3560:205591
3429:PLANTS
3375:130201
3355:517943
3313:NZOR:
3254:284987
3218:183289
3091:picabi
3088:FEIS:
3081:150670
2996:171470
2893:(WCSP)
2823:
2815:
2749:
2706:
2698:
2680:Planta
2623:
2613:
2570:
2532:Nature
2467:
2394:26 May
2342:
2332:
1931:GOV.UK
1814:
1784:
1722:
1698:
1512:Alstr.
1348:Knight
1316:Gordon
1312:Booth
1304:Gordon
1292:Gordon
1268:Gordon
1260:Th.Fr.
1236:K.Koch
1184:Borkh.
1045:Piceol
1021:picein
917:sangle
902:scurvy
882:UNESCO
811:, and
809:timber
675:Zone 6
650:, and
616:Kyrill
596:London
452:canker
361:leaves
281:spruce
258:spruce
248:, the
3689:Picea
3661:22109
3620:IFPNI
3612:28407
3581:EUNIS
3573:4HZZX
3460:12899
3405:PPE:
3395:PFI:
3324:NZPCN
3231:42318
3200:IRMNG
3176:IPA:
3169:63567
3156:28264
3112:FoAO2
3076:EUNIS
3068:PIEAB
3029:4HPZF
2821:S2CID
2704:S2CID
2658:(PDF)
2647:(PDF)
2465:JSTOR
2187:Zanos
2161:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
2003:(PDF)
1612:(xls)
1601:(xls)
1460:Schur
1436:Schur
1340:Nyman
1332:Poir.
1159:are:
1151:Some
1118:Mill.
1102:are:
1066:from
957:Pando
933:]
878:]
831:trunk
813:paper
803:for (
628:parks
516:var.
406:Picea
373:seeds
317:Abies
312:abies
164:Picea
107:Clade
94:Clade
3633:IPNI
3607:GRIN
3594:GBIF
3555:APNI
3506:4492
3483:7169
3442:POWO
3434:PIAB
3383:PfaF
3342:7181
3329:4778
3293:3329
3288:NCBI
3241:1919
3226:IUCN
3213:ITIS
3187:IPNI
3179:3386
3151:GRIN
3138:GBIF
3063:EPPO
3042:8571
3016:9443
3006:2371
2991:APNI
2904:2014
2860:2014
2813:PMID
2747:PMID
2696:PMID
2621:PMID
2568:PMID
2513:2013
2396:2013
2370:2022
2340:PMID
2295:2012
2169:2017
2136:2018
2111:2018
2086:2018
2061:2018
2036:2018
2011:2018
1938:2015
1812:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1653:2009
1582:2021
1565:2017
1504:Lam.
1496:Lam.
1488:Link
1276:Sm.
1224:Sm.
1138:Voss
1047:and
1039:and
795:Uses
700:(an
630:and
600:Oslo
590:The
560:Asia
469:and
422:taxa
412:(or
356:tree
268:and
3568:CoL
3514:WFO
3455:RHS
3398:147
3275:NBN
3125:FoC
3099:FNA
3050:EoL
3024:CoL
2805:doi
2778:doi
2768:".
2739:doi
2688:doi
2684:182
2611:PMC
2603:doi
2558:hdl
2548:doi
2536:497
2455:doi
2330:PMC
2322:doi
2318:149
1906:doi
1569:doi
1155:of
1098:of
1031:),
712::
708:'s
658:to
535:of
252:or
3680::
3648::
3635::
3622::
3609::
3596::
3583::
3570::
3557::
3542::
3516::
3493::
3470::
3457::
3444::
3431::
3418::
3385::
3352::
3339::
3326::
3303::
3290::
3277::
3264::
3251::
3228::
3215::
3202::
3189::
3166::
3153::
3140::
3127::
3114::
3101::
3078::
3065::
3052::
3039::
3026::
2993::
2978::
2963::
2895:.
2888:.
2851:.
2845:.
2819:.
2811:.
2801:23
2799:.
2774:22
2772:.
2745:.
2737:.
2727:19
2725:.
2702:.
2694:.
2682:.
2649:.
2619:.
2609:.
2599:29
2597:.
2593:.
2566:.
2556:.
2546:.
2534:.
2530:.
2504:.
2486:.
2463:.
2451:46
2449:.
2445:.
2360:.
2338:.
2328:.
2316:.
2312:.
2259:.
2235:.
2210:.
2185:.
1978:.
1954:.
1929:.
1902:74
1900:.
1894:.
1867:.
1845:.
1823:^
1793:^
1763:^
1669:.
1643:.
1627:^
1603:.
1563:.
1557:.
1539:^
1470:ex
1314:ex
1302:ex
1290:ex
1278:ex
1226:ex
1110:L.
1077:.
1055:.
1023:,
1019:,
1008:.
931:fr
904:.
876:de
807:)
646:,
618:/
539:.
454:.
408:×
383:.
379:,
272:.
264:,
205:)
203:L.
109::
96::
2906:.
2882:"
2866:.
2839:"
2827:.
2807::
2784:.
2780::
2753:.
2741::
2733::
2710:.
2690::
2667:.
2640:"
2627:.
2605::
2574:.
2560::
2550::
2542::
2515:.
2490:.
2471:.
2457::
2398:.
2372:.
2346:.
2324::
2297:.
2274:.
2245:.
2220:.
2196:.
2171:.
2138:.
2113:.
2088:.
2063:.
2038:.
2013:.
1988:.
1964:.
1940:.
1914:.
1908::
1871:.
1861:"
1849:.
1843:"
1839:"
1818:.
1788:.
1741:"
1737:"
1704:.
1679:.
1655:.
1621:.
1584:.
1571::
1555:"
1551:"
287:(
201:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
