2460:
1209:
830:
2216:
1587:
1031:
1114:
1928:
1178:
1781:
35:
2181:
is currently native to
Vietnam, with a fossil record extending into the Oligocene. It has two needles per fascicle, and they are atypically flattened. The cone scales are thick and have no prickles. Until 2021, the subsection was considered monotypic, when an Oligocene fossil species was described
606:. In general, this classification emphasized cone, cone scale, seed, and leaf fascicle and sheath morphology, and species in each subsection were usually recognizable by their general appearance. Pines with one fibrovascular bundle per leaf, (the former subgenera
3282:
Zeb, Umar; Dong, Wan-Lin; Zhang, Ting-Ting; Wang, Ruo-Nan; Shahzad, Khurram; Ma, Xiong-Feng; Li, Zhong-Hu (25 March 2019). "Comparative plastid genomics of Pinus species: Insights into sequence variations and phylogenetic relationships".
2113:, which have three. All species have cones with thin or thick scales that open at maturity or do not open at all; none are serotinous. Species in this section are found in Eurasia and North America, and one species,
3023:
Wolfe, J.A.; Schorn, H.E. (1990). Taxonomic revision of the
Spermatopsida of the Oligocene Creede flora, southern Colorado (Report). Bulletin. Vol. 1923. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–40.
2233:
has five needles per fascicle and thin cone scales with no prickles. Needles tend to be flexible and soft with slightly lighter side underneath. It is native to North and
Central America, Europe, and Asia.
2652:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (July 19, 2021).
3002:
Knowlton, F.H. (1923). Fossil plants from the
Tertiary lake beds of South-Сentral Colorado (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 131-G. United States Geological Survey. pp. 183–197.
1147:(American hard pines), despite its name (which means "three-leaved"), has two to five needles per fascicle, or rarely eight. The cones of most species open at maturity, but a few are
2497:
952:
1705:
1853:
before falling away. The cones have thick scales and release the seeds at maturity. This section is native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.
2538:
669:
in the needles (internal or external), the presence or shape of the seed wings (absent, rudimentary, articulate, and adnate), and the position of the
3087:"Pinus leptokrempfii, an Oligocene Relative of the Flat-Needled Pine PINUS krempfii (Pinaceae) from China: Implications for Paleogeographic Origin"
1895:
1681:
1286:
626:. Diploxylon pines tend to have harder timber and a larger amount of resin than the haploxylon pines. The current division into two subgenera (
1620:, although its former range was possibly much wider as evidenced by upper Miocene fossils belonging to this subsection found in Japan
202:
and lacebark pines) – based on cone, seed and leaf characteristics. DNA phylogeny has shown that species formerly in subgenus
99:
71:
3071:
3062:
2914:
2905:
2829:
Wehenkel, C.; Mariscal-Lucero, S.; González-Elizondo, M.S.; Aguirre-Galindo, V.A.; Fladung, M. & López-Sánchez, C.A. (2020).
2792:
2783:
2764:
2755:
3180:
637:
Several features are used to distinguish the subgenera, sections, and subsections of pines: the number of leaves (needles) per
52:
78:
590:
were regarded as intermediate between the other two subgenera. In the modern classification, they are placed into subgenus
17:
1740:
85:
118:
1842:
706:
650:
67:
3369:
680:
Both subgenera are thought to have a very ancient divergence from one another, having diverged during the late
56:
670:
3067:
2910:
2788:
2760:
2133:
2937:(Yasui) Miki (Pinaceae) and its implications for the phytogeography of the Section Trifoliae in east Asia"
2654:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
2095:(white pines), as its name (which means "five-leaved") suggests, has five needles per fascicle except for
2543:
2502:
2482:
1865:
1599:
701:
includes the yellow and hard pines. Pines in this subgenus have one to five needles per fascicle and two
3057:
2900:
1794:
includes the white and soft pines. Pines in this subgenus have one to five needles per fascicle and one
594:, yet they did not fit entirely well in either so they were classified in a third subgenus. In 1888 the
2778:
2750:
1511:
752:
has two or three needles per fascicle. Cones of all species have thick scales, and all except those of
2068:
is native to northeastern Mexico. It consists of the single species with persistent fascicle sheaths.
3085:
Zhang, Jian-Wei; Wang, Li; D'Rozario, Ashalata; Liang, Xiao-Qing; Huang, Jian; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (2021).
2547:
2510:
2490:
3374:
3340:
92:
3146:
Gernandt, D. S.; LĂłpez, G. G.; GarcĂa, S. O.; Liston, A. (2005). "Phylogeny and classification of
3379:
2526:
1043:
45:
2559:
2228:
1808:, where they are persistent. Cone scales are thinner and more flexible than those of subgenus
182:
genomic analysis. Older classifications split the genus into three subgenera – subgenus
3124:
2459:
3086:
2948:
2665:
2263:
1998:
1814:
1795:
887:
802:
767:
702:
654:
8:
2358:
2302:
2199:
1748:
1154:
Phylogenetic analysis supports ancient divergences within this section, with subsections
2952:
2669:
1208:
3308:
3270:
3262:
3215:
3167:
3106:
2979:
2932:
2865:
2830:
2828:
2697:
2421:
1836:
1493:
1421:
1389:
975:
829:
3312:
3300:
3110:
2984:
2966:
2870:
2701:
2689:
2681:
2653:
2506:
2486:
2436:
2374:
2342:
2030:
2014:
1966:
1886:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1477:
1091:
1075:
1014:
983:
747:
697:
638:
3274:
3219:
2215:
3292:
3254:
3207:
3159:
3098:
3025:
3003:
2974:
2956:
2860:
2850:
2673:
2608:
2517:
2477:
2464:
2366:
2334:
2318:
2310:
2294:
2270:
2239:
2192:
2151:
2115:
2103:
2046:
2006:
1958:
1904:
1850:
1724:
1586:
1570:
1365:
1349:
1341:
1125:
1083:
1050:
999:
991:
967:
919:
911:
871:
811:
717:
711:
599:
199:
171:
2961:
2350:
2278:
1764:
1756:
1732:
1716:
1688:
1649:
1625:
1605:
1521:
1405:
1374:
1357:
1325:
1302:
1277:
1245:
1220:
1198:
642:
1030:
3364:
2677:
2429:
2405:
2326:
2255:
2247:
2187:
2159:
2143:
2109:
2097:
2073:
2022:
1990:
1974:
1911:
1878:
1804:
1696:
1641:
1537:
1461:
1429:
1381:
1333:
1317:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1226:
1113:
1099:
1007:
959:
927:
792:
3223:
3358:
3304:
2970:
2685:
2413:
1950:
1870:
1633:
1613:
1485:
1445:
1437:
1397:
1309:
1232:
1194:
903:
863:
775:
1927:
2988:
2874:
2693:
2530:
2444:
2390:
2286:
2038:
1982:
1529:
1453:
1413:
1294:
1067:
895:
879:
3038:
1177:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2398:
2382:
1938:
1469:
1107:
943:
754:
195:
175:
3171:
1218:
The closed-cone (serotinous) species of
California and Baja California,
3266:
2855:
2807:
2578:
2576:
1780:
1163:
1148:
935:
730:
666:
595:
143:
3296:
2708:
2619:
3163:
1819:
1799:
1710:
1202:
1055:
726:
674:
646:
3193:
From
Pliocene Sediments of Ch'Ijee's Bluff, Yukon Territory, Canada"
2931:
Yamada, Toshihiro; Yamada, Mariko; Tsukagoshi, Minoru (2015-12-16).
2573:
673:(dorsal or terminal) and presence of a prickle on the scales of the
34:
3258:
3211:
3102:
3008:
2138:
is native to East Asia. It has three or five needles per fascicle.
1900:
1370:
681:
147:
3030:
2881:
618:, while pines with two fibrovascular bundles per leaf, (subgenus
179:
721:. Cone scales are thicker and more rigid than those of subgenus
2522:
1946:
1617:
1609:
815:
807:
759:
146:
tree and shrub species. The genus is currently split into two
1845:(jointed) wings or no wings at all. In all species except for
1841:
has one to five needles per fascicle. The seeds either have
3084:
2588:
783:
763:
133:
3326:
1151:. All but two American hard pines belong to this section.
3145:
3044:
2725:
2651:
2636:
2582:
2471:
Species which are not placed in a subgenus at this time.
1058:. The scales of its cones lack spines. It is named after
1048:
758:
open at maturity. Species in this section are native to
170:). Each of the subgenera have been further divided into
2930:
3178:
2887:
3245:
sp.n. from the early
Tertiary of British Columbia".
3179:
McKown, A.D.; Stockey, R.A.; Schweger, C.E. (2002).
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2822:
2731:
1236:, are sometimes placed in a separate subsection,
3356:
3281:
2594:
3016:
634:) is supported with rigorous genetic evidence.
2926:
2924:
2995:
2647:
2645:
3022:
2615:. The Lovett Pinetum Charitable Foundation.
2425:– Southwestern white pine (also Chihuahuan)
1869:(bristlecone pines) is native to southwest
1849:, the fascicle sheaths curl back to form a
2921:
1856:
729:either open soon after they mature or are
3129:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
3029:
3007:
2978:
2960:
2864:
2854:
2642:
2167:
2122:
2054:
1798:per needle, and the fascicle sheaths are
705:per needle, and the fascicle sheaths are
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3001:
2458:
2214:
2081:
1926:
1919:
1779:
1585:
1578:
1207:
1176:
1112:
1029:
828:
3240:
3200:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3091:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3072:United States Department of Agriculture
3063:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2915:United States Department of Agriculture
2906:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2793:United States Department of Agriculture
2784:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2765:United States Department of Agriculture
2756:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2737:
2606:
1516:is native to North America and Mexico.
1500:
1169:
14:
3357:
1022:
3291:(2) (published March 2020): 118–132.
2805:
2207:
1822:usually open soon after they mature.
3285:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
3125:"Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)"
1133:
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
2888:McKown, Stockey & Schweger 2002
2806:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
2042:– Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon
1772:
1741:Pinus ponderosa var. willamettensis
821:
24:
1882:– Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine
1744:- Willamette Valley Ponderosa Pine
142:, is a genus of approximately 111
25:
3391:
3320:
2452:
1945:(pinyons or piñons) is native to
1825:
687:
736:
33:
3139:
3117:
3078:
3050:
2893:
2799:
1162:having diverged during the mid-
44:needs additional citations for
2771:
2743:
2600:
1915:– Great Basin bristlecone pine
1812:, except in some species like
13:
1:
3068:Agricultural Research Service
2911:Agricultural Research Service
2789:Agricultural Research Service
2761:Agricultural Research Service
2609:"Classification of the genus
2566:
2182:from Yunnan Province, China.
2962:10.1371/journal.pone.0143512
7:
3329:– favors classification of
2553:
2544:Klondike Mountain Formation
2503:Klondike Mountain Formation
2483:Klondike Mountain Formation
10:
3396:
2678:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
1752:– smooth-bark Mexican pine
2607:Frankis, Michael (2002).
2548:Okanagan Highlands Floras
2511:Okanagan Highlands Floras
2491:Okanagan Highlands Floras
533:
517:
510:
494:
487:
449:
433:
426:
410:
403:
392:
354:
338:
331:
293:
277:
270:
254:
247:
236:
225:
178:DNA sequencing and whole
602:placed them in subgenus
586:The species of subgenus
206:are members of subgenus
3241:Stockey, R.S. (1983). "
2933:"Taxonomic revision of
2816:The Gymnosperm Database
2527:Golden Valley Formation
2314:– Vietnamese white pine
1866:Subsection Balfourianae
858:are native to Eurasia.
665:), the position of the
68:"List of Pinus species"
3370:Lists of plant species
3131:. St. Paul, Minnesota.
2835:trees with genes from
2562:(list of pine hybrids)
2560:Hybridization in pines
2468:
2448:– Guangdong white pine
2251:– Yakushima white pine
2222:
1934:
1787:
1593:
1215:
1184:
1120:
1037:
836:
2462:
2394:– Siberian dwarf pine
2370:– Japanese white pine
2218:
2101:, which has two, and
1949:and the southwestern
1930:
1783:
1589:
1441:– Table Mountain pine
1211:
1180:
1116:
1033:
995:– Japanese black pine
839:All but two species (
832:
703:fibrovascular bundles
655:fibrovascular bundles
3341:NCBI Taxonomy server
3243:Pinus driftwoodensis
3045:Gernandt et al. 2005
2779:"Pinus occidentalis"
2726:Gernandt et al. 2005
2637:Gernandt et al. 2005
2583:Gernandt et al. 2005
2417:– eastern white pine
2354:– western white pine
2274:– Mexican white pine
2259:– Chinese white pine
2050:– Rzedowski's pinyon
2010:– single-leaf pinyon
1796:fibrovascular bundle
1079:– Canary Island pine
953:P. prehwangshanensis
53:improve this article
18:Pinus classification
2953:2015PLoSO..1043512Y
2670:2021NatPl...7.1015S
2362:– Taiwan white pine
2322:– Hainan white pine
2282:– Bhutan white pine
2119:reaches Guatemala.
1616:, and southwestern
1201:and islands in the
907:? – Tenasserim pine
214:is no longer used.
3181:"A New Species of
3058:"Pinus chiapensis"
2856:10.7717/peerj.8648
2469:
2223:
1935:
1788:
1594:
1393:– Hispaniolan pine
1216:
1185:
1121:
1038:
979:– Chinese red pine
837:
3347:species above as
3297:10.1111/jse.12492
3247:Botanical Gazette
3047:, pp. 38–39.
2901:"Pinus hartwegii"
2507:Allenby Formation
2498:Pinus macrophylla
2487:Allenby Formation
2386:– Macedonian pine
2264:P. arunachalensis
2077:– Nelson's pinyon
2002:– big-cone pinyon
1999:P. maximartinezii
1994:– Johann's pinyon
1986:– Colorado pinyon
1815:P. maximartinezii
1481:– Tecun Uman pine
1353:– Lumholtz's pine
987:– Taiwan red pine
888:P. hwangshanensis
875:– Korean red pine
803:P. driftwoodensis
657:per needle (2 in
583:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
556:
555:
547:
546:
472:
471:
463:
462:
377:
376:
368:
367:
316:
315:
307:
306:
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
3387:
3327:Tree of Life Web
3316:
3278:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3222:. Archived from
3197:
3175:
3164:10.2307/25065300
3133:
3132:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2964:
2947:(12): e0143512.
2928:
2919:
2918:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2751:"Pinus cubensis"
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2706:
2705:
2664:(8): 1015–1025.
2649:
2640:
2634:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2542:– Early Eocene,
2539:Pinus tetrafolia
2518:Pinus peregrinus
2501:– Early Eocene,
2481:– Early Eocene,
2478:Pinus latahensis
2465:Pinus latahensis
2359:P. morrisonicola
2306:– Dabieshan pine
2303:P. dabeshanensis
2243:– whitebark pine
2200:P. leptokrempfii
2026:– weeping pinyon
2018:– Orizaba pinyon
1962:– Mexican pinyon
1932:Pinus cembroides
1905:Creede Formation
1749:P. pseudostrobus
1736:– ponderosa pine
1728:– Montezuma pine
1692:– Hartweg's pine
1653:– Michoacan pine
1558:– lodgepole pine
1433:– Pringle's pine
1425:– McVaugh's pine
1345:– Chihuahua pine
1321:– Herrera's pine
1273:– shortleaf pine
1257:– Caribbean pine
1035:Pinus roxburghii
891:– Huangshan pine
834:Pinus sylvestris
812:British Columbia
774:in northeastern
653:, the number of
643:fascicle sheaths
624:diploxylon pines
616:haploxylon pines
614:) were known as
600:John Gill Lemmon
513:
512:
490:
489:
429:
428:
406:
405:
395:
394:
334:
333:
273:
272:
250:
249:
239:
238:
228:
227:
218:
217:
160:), and subgenus
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3375:Lists of plants
3355:
3354:
3323:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3195:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3083:
3079:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3021:
3017:
3000:
2996:
2929:
2922:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2833:Pinus luzmariae
2827:
2823:
2804:
2800:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2709:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2620:
2605:
2601:
2595:Zeb et al. 2019
2593:
2589:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2556:
2457:
2422:P. strobiformis
2409:– Siberian pine
2213:
2173:
2155:– chilgoza pine
2147:– lacebark pine
2128:
2087:
2060:
1978:– border pinyon
1970:– Potosi pinyon
1925:
1862:
1831:
1778:
1720:– thinleaf pine
1706:P. johndayensis
1637:– Cooper's pine
1606:Central America
1584:
1574:– Virginia pine
1564:– tamarack pine
1562:P. c. murrayana
1556:P. c. latifolia
1546:– Bolander pine
1544:P. c. bolanderi
1506:
1494:P. vallartensis
1473:– loblolly pine
1449:– Monterey pine
1422:P. praetermissa
1409:– longleaf pine
1401:– egg-cone pine
1390:P. occidentalis
1375:Yukon Territory
1337:– Lawson's pine
1249:– knobcone pine
1199:Central America
1182:Pinus elliottii
1175:
1139:
1103:– maritime pine
1028:
1003:– tropical pine
976:P. tabuliformis
947:– Austrian pine
939:– mountain pine
931:– Sumatran pine
923:– Masson's pine
827:
742:
693:
584:
575:
566:
557:
548:
473:
464:
378:
369:
317:
308:
190:, and subgenus
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3380:Lists of trees
3377:
3372:
3367:
3353:
3352:
3338:
3322:
3321:External links
3319:
3318:
3317:
3279:
3259:10.1086/337355
3253:(1): 148–156.
3238:
3212:10.1086/340425
3206:(4): 687–697.
3176:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3116:
3103:10.1086/713957
3097:(5): 389–400.
3077:
3049:
3037:
3015:
3009:10.3133/pp131G
2994:
2920:
2892:
2880:
2821:
2798:
2770:
2742:
2730:
2707:
2641:
2618:
2599:
2587:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2534:
2513:
2493:
2456:
2454:Incertae sedis
2451:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2437:P. wallichiana
2433:
2430:Pinus stylesii
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2378:– Hakkoda pine
2375:P. hakkodensis
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2343:P. lambertiana
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2298:– Chiapas pine
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:– Qiaojia pine
2156:
2148:
2127:
2121:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2034:– Parry pinyon
2031:P. quadrifolia
2027:
2019:
2015:P. orizabensis
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1967:P. culminicola
1963:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1891:
1890:– foxtail pine
1887:P. balfouriana
1883:
1861:
1855:
1830:
1824:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1701:
1700:– Jeffrey pine
1693:
1685:
1677:
1673:P. engelmannii
1669:
1668:– Durango pine
1665:P. durangensis
1661:
1658:P. douglasiana
1654:
1646:
1645:– Coulter pine
1638:
1630:
1629:– Arizona pine
1612:, the western
1591:Pinus jeffreyi
1583:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1550:P. c. contorta
1547:
1534:
1526:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1478:P. tecunumanii
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1329:– Jalisco pine
1322:
1314:
1313:– Gregg's pine
1306:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1213:Pinus muricata
1174:
1168:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1104:
1096:
1095:– Bosnian pine
1092:P. heldreichii
1088:
1080:
1076:P. canariensis
1072:
1071:– Turkish pine
1027:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1015:P. yunnanensis
1011:
1004:
996:
988:
984:P. taiwanensis
980:
972:
964:
956:
948:
940:
932:
924:
916:
908:
900:
892:
884:
883:– Henry's pine
876:
868:
826:
820:
819:
818:
793:Incertae sedis
741:
735:
692:
686:
641:, whether the
622:) were called
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
541:
540:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
516:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
493:
488:
486:
479:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
466:
465:
461:
460:
457:
456:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
432:
427:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
409:
404:
402:
393:
391:
387:Subgenus
384:
383:
380:
379:
375:
374:
371:
370:
366:
365:
362:
361:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
337:
332:
330:
323:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
310:
309:
305:
304:
301:
300:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
276:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
253:
248:
246:
237:
235:
231:Subgenus
226:
224:
216:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3392:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3229:on 2008-02-21
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3032:
3031:10.3133/b1923
3027:
3019:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2728:, p. 38.
2727:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:Nature Plants
2655:
2648:
2646:
2639:, p. 35.
2638:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:P. parviflora
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:– Korean pine
2337:
2336:
2335:P. koraiensis
2332:
2330:– limber pine
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:P. fenzeliana
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:P. dalatensis
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:P. chiapensis
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:P. ayacahuite
2268:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:P. albicaulis
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2193:Krempf's pine
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:P. gerardiana
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:P. chiapensis
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:P. gerardiana
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:Quinquefoliae
2085:
2084:Quinquefoliae
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2047:P. rzedowskii
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:P. monophylla
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:P. cembroides
1956:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:United States
1948:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:United States
1868:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1785:Pinus strobus
1782:
1776:
1768:– Torrey pine
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:P. montezumae
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1676:– Apache pine
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:United States
1611:
1607:
1604:is native to
1603:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1571:P. virginiana
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:– patula pine
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:– bishop pine
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:P. matthewsii
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:P. lumholtzii
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:P. leiophylla
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:– spruce pine
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:is native to
1192:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1126:P. roxburghii
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:– stone pine
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:– Aleppo pine
1086:
1085:
1084:P. halepensis
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:P. roxburghii
1047:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1018:– Yunnan pine
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:P. tropicalis
997:
994:
993:
992:P. thunbergii
989:
986:
985:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:P. sylvestris
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
954:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
920:P. massoniana
917:
914:
913:
912:P. luchuensis
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
873:
872:P. densiflora
869:
867:– Sikang pine
866:
865:
861:
860:
859:
857:
856:
850:
849:
848:P. tropicalis
844:
843:
835:
831:
825:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
799:
798:
797:
796:
795:
794:
787:
785:
781:
780:P. tropicalis
777:
776:North America
773:
770:, except for
769:
768:Mediterranean
765:
761:
757:
756:
751:
750:
749:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
718:P. lumholtzii
714:
713:
712:P. leiophylla
708:
704:
700:
699:
691:
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
579:
578:
570:
569:
561:
560:
552:
551:
543:
542:
539:
538:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
515:
514:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
492:
491:
485:
482:Section
481:
480:
477:
476:
468:
467:
459:
458:
455:
454:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
431:
430:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
408:
407:
401:
400:Quinquefoliae
398:Section
397:
396:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
373:
372:
364:
363:
360:
359:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
336:
335:
329:
326:Section
325:
324:
321:
320:
312:
311:
303:
302:
299:
298:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
275:
274:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
252:
251:
245:
242:Section
241:
240:
234:
230:
229:
223:
220:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
135:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3348:
3345:Ducampopinus
3344:
3334:
3331:Ducampopinus
3330:
3288:
3284:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3231:. Retrieved
3224:the original
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3158:(1): 29–42.
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:Bibliography
3128:
3119:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3061:
3052:
3040:
3018:
2997:
2944:
2940:
2935:Pinus fujiii
2934:
2904:
2895:
2883:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2782:
2773:
2754:
2745:
2738:Stockey 1983
2733:
2661:
2657:
2610:
2602:
2590:
2537:
2531:North Dakota
2516:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2351:P. monticola
2349:
2346:– sugar pine
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2290:– Swiss pine
2285:
2279:P. bhutanica
2277:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:Pinus cembra
2219:
2209:
2198:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1910:
1894:
1885:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:Balfourianae
1858:
1846:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1802:, except in
1791:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1765:P. torreyana
1763:
1757:P. sabiniana
1755:
1747:
1739:
1733:P. ponderosa
1731:
1723:
1717:P. maximinoi
1715:
1704:
1695:
1689:P. hartwegii
1687:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1650:P. devoniana
1648:
1640:
1632:
1626:P. arizonica
1624:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1552:– shore pine
1549:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1522:P. banksiana
1520:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1489:– ocote pine
1484:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1457:– pitch pine
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1406:P. palustris
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1364:
1358:P. luzmariae
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1326:P. jaliscana
1324:
1316:
1308:
1303:P. georginae
1301:
1293:
1284:
1281:– slash pine
1278:P. elliottii
1276:
1268:
1265:– Cuban pine
1260:
1252:
1246:P. attenuata
1244:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1221:P. attenuata
1219:
1217:
1212:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1124:
1117:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1013:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
971:– Scots pine
966:
958:
951:
942:
934:
926:
918:
915:– Luchu pine
910:
902:
899:– Khasi pine
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
852:
847:
846:
841:
840:
838:
833:
823:
801:
791:
789:
788:
779:
771:
753:
746:
744:
743:
738:
722:
716:
710:
709:, except in
696:
694:
689:
679:
662:
658:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:Ducampopinus
611:
607:
603:
591:
588:Ducampopinus
587:
585:
536:
534:
521:Balfourianae
520:
518:
497:
495:
483:
452:
450:
436:
434:
413:
411:
399:
388:
357:
355:
341:
339:
327:
296:
294:
280:
278:
257:
255:
243:
232:
221:
212:Ducampopinus
211:
207:
204:Ducampopinus
203:
192:Ducampopinus
191:
187:
183:
167:
162:
161:
157:
152:
151:
139:
132:
131:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
3333:species in
3189:Subsection
2837:P. herrerae
2440:– blue pine
2406:P. sibirica
2327:P. flexilis
2256:P. armandii
2248:P. amamiana
2226:Subsection
2208:Subsection
2203:– Oligocene
2188:P. krempfii
2178:Krempfianae
2176:Subsection
2170:Krempfianae
2168:Subsection
2160:P. squamata
2144:P. bungeana
2134:Gerardianae
2131:Subsection
2125:Gerardianae
2123:Subsection
2110:P. bungeana
2098:P. krempfii
2074:P. nelsonii
2065:Nelsonianae
2063:Subsection
2057:Nelsonianae
2055:Subsection
2023:P. pinceana
1991:P. johannis
1975:P. discolor
1939:Subsection
1920:Subsection
1912:P. longaeva
1907:, Colorado)
1879:P. aristata
1857:Subsection
1847:P. nelsonii
1805:P. nelsonii
1760:– gray pine
1697:P. jeffreyi
1642:P. coulteri
1597:Subsection
1579:Subsection
1538:P. contorta
1533:– sand pine
1525:– jack pine
1509:Subsection
1501:Subsection
1465:– pond pine
1462:P. serotina
1430:P. pringlei
1382:P. muricata
1334:P. lawsonii
1318:P. herrerae
1270:P. echinata
1262:P. cubensis
1254:P. caribaea
1227:P. muricata
1188:Subsection
1170:Subsection
1129:– chir pine
1118:Pinus pinea
1100:P. pinaster
1060:P. pinaster
1041:Subsection
1023:Subsection
1008:P. uncinata
960:P. resinosa
928:P. merkusii
853:Subsection
842:P. resinosa
822:Subsection
790:Subsection
782:in western
772:P. resinosa
667:resin ducts
596:Californian
535:Subsection
519:Subsection
498:Nelsonianae
496:Subsection
451:Subsection
437:Krempfianae
435:Subsection
414:Gerardianae
412:Subsection
356:Subsection
340:Subsection
295:Subsection
279:Subsection
256:Subsection
200:bristlecone
186:, subgenus
176:chloroplast
150:: subgenus
3359:Categories
3233:2011-05-16
2567:References
2414:P. strobus
1941:Cembroides
1922:Cembroides
1896:P. crossii
1843:articulate
1634:P. cooperi
1600:Ponderosae
1581:Ponderosae
1486:P. teocote
1446:P. radiata
1438:P. pungens
1398:P. oocarpa
1310:P. greggii
1238:Attenuatae
1233:P. radiata
1164:Cretaceous
1160:Ponderosae
1149:serotinous
963:– red pine
904:P. latteri
864:P. densata
766:, and the
731:serotinous
707:persistent
675:seed cones
651:persistent
537:Cembroides
258:Ponderosae
168:soft pines
158:hard pines
79:newspapers
3313:109171980
3305:1759-6831
3191:Contortae
3185:Subgenus
3111:233888471
2971:1932-6203
2849:: e8648.
2702:236141481
2686:2055-0278
2521:– Middle
2445:P. wangii
2391:P. pumila
2287:P. cembra
2039:P. remota
1983:P. edulis
1800:deciduous
1790:Subgenus
1773:Subgenus
1711:Oligocene
1682:P. fujiii
1530:P. clausa
1512:Contortae
1503:Contortae
1454:P. rigida
1414:P. patula
1295:P. glabra
1290:– extinct
1287:P. foisyi
1203:Caribbean
1190:Australes
1172:Australes
1156:Australes
1144:Trifoliae
1136:Trifoliae
1068:P. brutia
1056:Himalayas
1054:from the
896:P. kesiya
880:P. henryi
695:Subgenus
688:Subgenus
647:deciduous
598:botanist
297:Australes
281:Contortae
244:Trifoliae
174:based on
148:subgenera
109:June 2010
3343:– files
3275:84907438
3220:86234947
3172:25065300
2989:26673795
2941:PLOS ONE
2875:32149029
2694:34282286
2554:See also
2399:P. ravii
2383:P. peuce
2090:Section
2082:Section
1901:Chattian
1834:Section
1826:Section
1470:P. taeda
1377:, Canada
1371:Pliocene
1142:Section
1134:Section
1108:P. pinea
1044:Pinaster
1025:Pinaster
944:P. nigra
806:– Early
755:P. pinea
745:Section
737:Section
682:Jurassic
661:or 1 in
639:fascicle
358:Pinaster
172:sections
3349:Strobus
3335:Strobus
3267:2474678
2980:4689564
2949:Bibcode
2866:7049253
2666:Bibcode
2229:Strobus
2210:Strobus
1851:rosette
1792:Strobus
1775:Strobus
936:P. mugo
723:Strobus
663:Strobus
632:Strobus
608:Strobus
592:Strobus
453:Strobus
389:Strobus
208:Strobus
188:Strobus
180:plastid
163:Strobus
93:scholar
3311:
3303:
3273:
3265:
3218:
3170:
3109:
2987:
2977:
2969:
2873:
2863:
2831:"Tall
2700:
2692:
2684:
2523:Eocene
1947:Mexico
1837:Parrya
1828:Parrya
1818:, and
1618:Canada
1610:Mexico
1230:, and
816:Canada
808:Eocene
760:Europe
725:, and
484:Parrya
196:pinyon
144:extant
138:, the
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
3365:Pinus
3309:S2CID
3271:S2CID
3263:JSTOR
3227:(PDF)
3216:S2CID
3196:(PDF)
3187:Pinus
3183:Pinus
3168:JSTOR
3152:Taxon
3148:Pinus
3107:S2CID
2843:PeerJ
2810:Pinus
2698:S2CID
2611:Pinus
1820:cones
1810:Pinus
1195:North
855:Pinus
851:) in
824:Pinus
748:Pinus
739:Pinus
727:cones
698:Pinus
690:Pinus
659:Pinus
628:Pinus
620:Pinus
604:Pinus
342:Pinus
328:Pinus
233:Pinus
222:Pinus
210:, so
184:Pinus
153:Pinus
140:pines
134:Pinus
100:JSTOR
86:books
3301:ISSN
2985:PMID
2967:ISSN
2871:PMID
2690:PMID
2682:ISSN
2533:, US
2107:and
1197:and
1158:and
845:and
784:Cuba
778:and
764:Asia
715:and
671:umbo
645:are
630:and
610:and
72:news
3293:doi
3255:doi
3251:144
3208:doi
3204:163
3160:doi
3150:".
3099:doi
3095:182
3026:doi
3004:doi
2975:PMC
2957:doi
2861:PMC
2851:doi
2674:doi
1899:- (
649:or
55:by
3361::
3307:.
3299:.
3289:58
3287:.
3269:.
3261:.
3249:.
3214:.
3202:.
3198:.
3166:.
3156:54
3154:.
3127:.
3105:.
3093:.
3089:.
3070:,
3066:.
3060:.
2983:.
2973:.
2965:.
2955:.
2945:10
2943:.
2939:.
2923:^
2913:,
2909:.
2903:.
2869:.
2859:.
2845:.
2841:.
2814:.
2791:,
2787:.
2781:.
2763:,
2759:.
2753:.
2710:^
2696:.
2688:.
2680:.
2672:.
2660:.
2656:.
2644:^
2621:^
2575:^
2546:–
2529:,
2525:,
2509:–
2505:,
2489:–
2485:,
2191:–
1953:.
1903:;
1873:.
1709:–
1608:,
1373:,
1369:–
1240:.
1224:,
1205:.
1166:.
1062:.
814:,
810:,
786:.
762:,
733:.
684:.
677:.
198:,
3351:.
3337:.
3315:.
3295::
3277:.
3257::
3236:.
3210::
3174:.
3162::
3113:.
3101::
3074:.
3034:.
3028::
3012:.
3006::
2991:.
2959::
2951::
2917:.
2890:.
2877:.
2853::
2847:8
2839:"
2818:.
2812:"
2808:"
2795:.
2767:.
2740:.
2704:.
2676::
2668::
2662:7
2613:"
2597:.
2585:.
2536:â€
2515:â€
2495:â€
2475:â€
2197:â€
1893:â€
1703:â€
1679:â€
1363:â€
1285:â€
950:â€
800:â€
194:(
166:(
156:(
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
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