Digitization - Knowledge

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However, smaller institutions may not be able to afford such equipment or manpower, which limits how much material can be digitized, so archivists and librarians must know what their patrons need and prioritize digitization of those items. To help the information institutions to better decide the archives worth of digitization, Casablancas and other researchers used a proposed model to investigate the impact of different digitization strategies on the decrease in access requests in the archival and library reading rooms. Often the cost of time and expertise involved with describing materials and adding metadata is more than the digitization process.

268: 937:(SAADA) has no physical building, is entirely digital and everything is handled by volunteers. This archive was started by Michelle Caswell and Samip Mallick and collects a broad variety of materials "created by or about people residing in the United States who trace their heritage to Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the many South Asian diaspora communities across the globe." (Caswell, 2015, 2). The collection of digitized items includes private, government, and university held materials. 564: 51: 602:, which turns acidic as it decays. Deterioration may advance to a point where a book is completely unusable. In theory, if these widely circulated titles are not treated with de-acidification processes, the materials upon those acid pages will be lost. As digital technology evolves, it is increasingly preferred as a method of preserving these materials, mainly because it can provide easier access points and significantly reduce the need for physical storage space. 772: 760:(IASA), these sources of audio data, as well as the aging technologies used to play them back, are in imminent danger of permanent loss due to degradation and obsolescence. These primary sources are called “carriers” and exist in a variety of formats, including wax cylinders, magnetic tape, and flat discs of grooved media, among others. Some formats are susceptible to more severe, or quicker, degradation than others. For instance, lacquer discs suffer from 1191: 895:(Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) institutions are already committed to preserving analog materials from special collections, digital access copies do not need to be high-resolution preservation copies, just good enough to provide access to rare materials. Sometimes institutions can get by with 300 dpi JPGs rather than a 600 dpi TIFF for images, and a 300 dpi grayscale scan of a document rather than a color one at 600 dpi. 587:

provide a means of preserving the content of the materials by creating an accessible facsimile of the object in order to put less strain on already fragile originals. For sounds, digitization of legacy analog recordings is essential insurance against technological obsolescence. A fundamental aspect of planning digitization projects is to ensure that the digital files themselves are preserved and remain accessible; the term "

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chosen for digitization projects, what metadata to use to convey proper context to be retrievable by the groups they represent, and whether an item should be accessed by the world or just those who the groups originally intended to have access, such as elders. Many navigate these concerns by collaborating with the communities they seek to represent through their digitized collections.

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points for patrons. Doing this creates challenges for information professionals and solutions can be as varied as the institutions that implement them. Some analog materials, such as audio and video tapes, are nearing the end of their life cycle, and it is important to digitize them before equipment obsolescence and media deterioration makes the data irretrievable.

166:. The core of the process is the compromise between the capturing device and the player device so that the rendered result represents the original source with the most possible fidelity, and the advantage of digitization is the speed and accuracy in which this form of information can be transmitted with no degradation compared with analog information. 1256:

elimination. This will often involve some kind of Lean process in order to simplify process activities, with the aim of implementing new "lean and mean" processes by digitizing data and activities. Digitization can help to eliminate time waste by introducing wider access to data, or by the implementation of enterprise resource planning systems.

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current student body and several oral histories have been added since it debuted. When digitizing the items, it was necessary to work with alumni to create descriptions for the images. This collaboration created changes in local controlled vocabularies the libraries used to create metadata for the images.

925:'s analog collections. Although not entirely a newly digitized project, what was created also added item-level metadata to enhance context. At the start, collaboration between several university departments and the Native American population was deemed important and remained strong throughout the project. 1013:

Digitization is not a static field and standards change with new technology, so it is up to digitization managers to stay current with new developments. Although each digitization project is different, common standards in formats, metadata, quality, naming, and file storage should be used to give the

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Digitization presents significant challenges related to data privacy and security. As organizations increasingly depend on electronic databases and information systems, their vulnerability to security threats also rises. The risk of data loss rises and cyberattacks can result in significant financial

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Digitization can be a physically slow process involving selection and preparation of collections that can take years if materials need to be compared for completeness or are vulnerable to damage. Price of specialized equipment, storage costs, website maintenance, quality control, and retrieval system

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Digitization can be used to highlight voices of historically marginalized peoples and add them to the greater body of knowledge. Many projects, some community archives created by members of those groups, are doing this in a way that supports the people, values their input and collaboration, and gives

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Ideally, all institutions want their digital copies to have the best image quality so a high-quality copy can be maintained over time. In the mid-long term, digital storage would be regarded as the more expensive part to maintain the digital archives due to the increasing number of scanning requests.

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Digitization is a time-consuming process, even more so when the condition or format of the analog resources requires special handling. Deciding what part of a collection to digitize can sometimes take longer than digitizing it in its entirety. Each digitization project is unique and workflows for one

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Archival workflow and file standardization have been developed to minimize loss of information from the original carrier to the resulting digital file as digitization is underway. For most at-risk formats (magnetic tape, grooved cylinders, etc.), a similar workflow can be observed. Examination of the

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has also increased the use and meaning of "digitizing" to describe improvements in the efficiency of organizational processes. Lean philosophy refers to the approach which considers any use of time and resources, which does not lead directly to creating a product, as waste and therefore a target for

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Some materials, such as brittle books, are so fragile that undergoing the process of digitization could damage them irreparably. Despite potential damage, one reason for digitizing fragile materials is because they are so heavily used that creating a digital surrogate will help preserve the original

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Digitization is done once with the technology currently available, while digital preservation is more complicated because technology changes so quickly that a once popular storage format may become obsolete before it breaks. An example is a 5 1/4" floppy drive, computers are no longer made with them

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Digitization is of crucial importance to data processing, storage, and transmission, because it "allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also intermingled." Though analog data is typically more stable, digital data has the potential to be more easily

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From the start, Google has concentrated on text rather than images or special collections. Although criticized in the past for poor image quality, selection practices, and lacking long-term preservation plans, their focus on quantity over quality has enabled Google to digitize more books than other

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Scanning materials as users ask for them, provides copies for others to use and cuts down on repeated copying of popular items. If one part of a folder, document, or book is asked for, scanning the entire object can save time in the future by already having the material access if someone else needs

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Collaborations between institutions have the potential to save money on equipment, staff, and training as individual members share their equipment, manpower, and skills rather than pay outside organizations to provide these services. Collaborations with donors can build long-term support of current

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While digital versions of analog texts can potentially be accessed from anywhere in the world, they are not as stable as most print materials or manuscripts and are unlikely to be accessible decades from now without further preservation efforts, while many books manuscripts and scrolls have already

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Mass digitization projects have had mixed results over the years, but some institutions have had success even if not in the traditional Google Books model. Although e-books have undermined the sales of their printed counterparts, a study from 2017 indicated that the two cater to different audiences

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Sometimes digitization and digital preservation are mistaken for the same thing. They are different, but digitization is often a vital first step in digital preservation. Libraries, archives, museums, and other memory institutions digitize items to preserve fragile materials and create more access

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Many libraries, archives, museums, and other memory institutions, struggle with catching up and staying current regarding digitization and the expectation that everything should already be online. The time spent planning, doing the work, and processing the digital files along with the expense and

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is the process of converting analog materials into a digital format as a surrogate of the original. The digital surrogates perform a preservation function by reducing or eliminating the use of the original. Digital reformatting is guided by established best practices to ensure that materials are

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Digitizing something is not the same as digitally preserving it. To digitize something is to create a digital surrogate (copy or format) of an existing analog item (book, photograph, or record) and is often described as converting it from analog to digital, however both copies remain. An example

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and videotapes, offers a variety of benefits, including increasing access, especially for patrons at a distance; contributing to collection development, through collaborative initiatives; enhancing the potential for research and education; and supporting preservation activities. Digitization can

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Digitization of community archives by indigenous and other marginalized people has led to traditional memory institutions reassessing how they digitize and handle objects in their collections that may have ties to these groups. The topics they are rethinking are varied and include how items are

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began its BCM collection when it acquired the papers of African American alumnus Lafayette Tolliver, which included about 1,000 photographs that chronicled the black student experience at Kent State from 1968-1971. The collection continues to add materials from the 1960s up to and including the

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source carrier will help determine what, if any, steps need to be taken to repair material prior to transfer. A similar inspection must be undertaken for the playback machines. If satisfactory conditions are met for both carrier and playback machine, the transfer can take place, moderated by an

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Digital preservation can also apply to born-digital material, such as a Microsoft Word document or a social media post. In contrast, digitization only applies exclusively to analog materials. Born-digital materials present a unique challenge to digital preservation not only due to technological

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The process of converting analog to digital consists of two parts: sampling and quantizing. Sampling measures wave amplitudes at regular intervals, splits them along the vertical axis, and assigns them a numerical value, while quantizing looks for measurements that are between binary values and

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Institutions can make digitization more cost-effective by planning before a project begins, including outlining what they hope to accomplish and the minimum amount of equipment, time, and effort that can meet those goals. If a budget needs more money to cover the cost of equipment or staff, an

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would be scanning a photograph and having the original piece in a photo album and a digital copy saved to a computer. This is essentially the first step in digital preservation which is to maintain the digital copy over a long period of time and making sure it remains authentic and accessible.

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The expectation that everything should be online has led to mass digitization practices, but it is an ongoing process with obstacles that have led to alternatives. As new technology makes automated scanning of materials safer for materials and decreases need for cropping and de-skewing, mass

522:(OCR) technologies so they can be keyword searched, but as of 2006, only about 1 in 20 texts had been digitized. Librarians and archivists are working to increase this statistic and in 2019 began digitizing 480,000 books published between 1923 and 1964 that had entered the public domain. 378:

with files or data. While this usage is technically inaccurate, it originates with the previously proper use of the term to describe that part of the process involving digitization of analog sources, such as printed pictures and brochures, before uploading to target databases.

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and obtaining the hardware to convert a file stored on 5 1/4" floppy disc can be expensive. To combat this risk, equipment must be upgraded as newer technology becomes affordable (about 2 to 5 years), but before older technology becomes unobtainable (about 5 to 10 years).

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There are challenges and implications surrounding digitization including time, cost, cultural history concerns, and creating an equitable platform for historically marginalized voices. Many digitizing institutions develop their own solutions to these challenges.

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Technological changes can happen often and quickly, so digitization standards are difficult to keep updated. Professionals in the field can attend conferences and join organizations and working groups to keep their knowledge current and add to the conversation.

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Many institutions have the option of using volunteers, student employees, or temporary employees on projects. While this saves on staffing costs, it can add costs elsewhere such as on training or having to re-scan items due to poor quality.

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Outsourcing can be an option if an institution does not want to invest in equipment but since most vendors require an inventory and basic metadata for materials, this is not an option for institutions hoping to digitize without processing.

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used a rotating drum scanner and photomultiplier connected to SEAC to create the first digital image (176x176 pixels) from a photo of his infant son. This image was stored in SEAC memory via a staticizer and viewed via a cathode ray

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for "We are all teachers" and its main purpose is "to document the history of Native Americans in Grand Rapids, Michigan." It combines new audio and video oral histories with digitized flyers, posters, and newsletters from

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best chance of interoperability and patron access. As digitization is often the first step in digital preservation, questions about how to handle digital files should be addressed in institutional standards.

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will be different from every other project that goes through the process, so time must be spent thoroughly studying and planning each one to create the best plan for the materials and the intended audience.

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losses and damage the company’s reputation . Therefore, there is a need for better cybersecurity measures and protection of data security and privacy to decrease the risks associated with digitization.

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obsolescence but also because of the inherently unstable nature of digital storage and maintenance. Most websites last between 2.5 and 5 years, depending on the purpose for which they were designed.

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Digitization of analog tapes before they degrade, or after damage has already occurred, can rescue the only copies of local and traditional cultural music for future generations to study and enjoy.

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and use-cases. In a study of over 1400 university students it was found that physical literature is more apt for intense studies while e-books provide a superior experience for leisurely reading.

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project and developed best standards and practices pertaining to book handling during the digitization process, scanning resolutions, and preferred file formats. Some of these standards are:

1771:"Moving Toward a Reparative Archive: A Roadmap for a Holistic Approach to Disrupting Homogenous Histories in Academic Repositories and Creating Inclusive Spaces for Marginalized Voices" 3645: 2945: 464:, but analog video requires a video tape player to be connected to a computer while the item plays in real time. Slides can be digitized quicker with a slide scanner such as the 390:

code. This machine code is fed into an embroidery machine and applied to the fabric. The most supported format is DST file. Apparel companies also digitize clothing patterns.

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Mind uploading is the (as of 2023) speculative process of copying a human mind into a digital computer so it can be emulated there. This would require some form of advanced

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been around for centuries. However, for some materials that have been damaged by water, insects, or catastrophes, digitization might be the only option for continued use.

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The Library of Congress provides numerous resources and tips for individuals looking to practice digitization and digital preservation for their personal collections.

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issue facing libraries across the world is being addressed with a digital solution for long term book preservation. Since the mid-1800s, books were printed on

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In the context of libraries, archives, and museums, digitization is a means of creating digital surrogates of analog materials, such as books, newspapers,

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and the number of bits used to represent the integers combine to determine how close such an approximation to the analog signal a digitization will be.

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Audio media offers a rich source of historic ethnographic information, with the earliest forms of recorded sound dating back to 1890. According to the

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A series of digital integers can be transformed into an analog output that approximates the original analog signal. Such a transformation is called a

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Analog signals are continuous electrical signals; digital signals are non-continuous. Analog signals can be converted to digital signals by using an

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Cost of equipment, staff time, metadata creation, and digital storage media make large scale digitization of collections expensive for all types of

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The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, such as an object, text, sound, image, or voice, are converted into a single

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in both of those respects – generally a finite sequence of integers – therefore a digitization can, in practical terms, only ever be an

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Anderson, Talea (2015). "Streaming the Archives: Repurposing Systems to Advance a Small Media Digitization and Dissemination Program".

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Baksik, C. "Fair Use or Exploitation? The Google Book Search Controversy," Libraries and the Academy. Vol. 6, No. 2 (2006): 399–415.

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The Library of Congress has constituted a Preservation Digital Reformatting Program. The Three main components of the program include:

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the material. Digitizing on demand can increase volume because time spent on selection and prep has been used on scanning instead.

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Piepenburg, Scott, "Digitizing Audiovisual and Nonprint Materials: the Innovative Librarian's Guide", Libraries Unlimited, 2015,

2074:. Chapter 3: Module 2: Communication Systems. Archived from the original on March 3, 2008. Retrieved on December 15, 2021, from 1160: 2533:

Cloonan, M.V. and Sanett, S. "The Preservation of Digital Content," Libraries and the Academy. Vol. 5, No. 2 (2005): 213–37.

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31869566_Changing_Trains_at_Wigan_Digital_Preservation_and_the_Future_of_Scholarship

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A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: A Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST Publications, 1901-2000.

2351: 934: 905: 591:," in its most basic sense, refers to an array of activities undertaken to maintain access to digital materials over time. 460:

is a popular method of preserving and sharing personal multimedia. Slides and photographs may be scanned quickly using an

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and other operations, but digitizing simply means "the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format"; the

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Digitizing is central to making digital representations of geographical features, using raster or vector images, in a

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Flew, Terry. 2008. New Media An Introduction. South Melbourne. 3rd Edition. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

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Kelly, E. (2014, May 14). Processing through digitization: University photographs at Loyola University New Orleans.

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1/4" analog tape being played back on a Studer A810 tape machine for digitization at Smithsonian Folkways Recordings

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Unpublished manuscripts and other rare papers and documents housed in special collections are being digitized by

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S Ross; I Anderson; C Duffy; M Economou; A Gow; P McKinney; R Sharp; The NINCH Working Group on Best Practices,

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Perrin, Joy, "Digitization of Flat Media: Principles and Practices", Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015,

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Verheusen, A. (2008). Mass digitization by libraries: Issues concerning organisation, quality and Efficiency.

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Verheusen, A. (2008). Mass digitization by libraries: Issues concerning organisation, quality and efficiency.

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freeing the world's men (including the male super heroes) onto computer tape by the female villainess Medula.

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A standard for still images adapted from the Smithsonian digitization standards might include the following:

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shared and accessed and, in theory, can be propagated indefinitely without generation loss, provided it is

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Nearly all recorded music has been digitized, and about 12 percent of the 500,000+ movies listed on the

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1971 Invention of Charge-Coupled Devices that made conversion from analog data to a digital format easy.

267: 41:. For the shift from mechanical and analog electronic technology to digital electronics technology, see 3823: 3818: 2812:"Library of Congress. (2007). Technical Standards for Digital Conversion of Text and Graphic Materials" 2467:. Chapter 1, "Why digitize? The costs and benefits of digitization", p. 3-30; here, especially p. 9-17. 888: 31: 17: 382:

Digitizing may also be used in the field of apparel, where an image may be recreated with the help of

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Champion, N. (2013, February/March). Delivering music digitisation projects: Issues and challenges.

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Guide to Good Practice in the Digital Representation and Management of Cultural Heritage Materials

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them a sense of ownership of the collection. Examples of projects are Gi-gikinomaage-min and the

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Works of science-fiction often include the term digitize as the act of transforming people into

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which is still used by institutions such as the National Archives and Records Administration (

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Duran Casablancas, Cristina; Holtman, Marc; Strlič, Matija; Grau-Bové, Josep (2022-10-12).

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Kirsch, R. A. (2001, January). Computer development at the National Bureau of Standards.

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The use of the scanning device's maximum resolution for digitally reproducing photographs

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transformations. In this last case, as in normal photos, the sampling rate refers to the

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Collins Dictionary. (n.d.). Definition of 'digitize'. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

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as well as college notebooks and other papers, and some Islamic manuscripts such as a

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processing, whether scanned from two-dimensional analog originals or captured using an

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Changing trains at Wigan: Digital Preservation and the future of scholarship (1st ed.)

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Riley-Reid, Trevar D. (2015). "The hidden cost of digitization – things to consider".

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1957 The Standards Electronic Automatic Computer (SEAC) was invented. That same year,

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Erway, R. (2008, December). Supply and demand: Special collections and digitisation.

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https://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15421coll5/id/1386

2013: 1950: 1840: 1782: 1510: 1502: 958: 537:). Digitization has not completely replaced other archival imaging options, such as 534: 495: 248:

In general, these can occur at the same time, though they are conceptually distinct.

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Samples are rounded to a fixed set of numbers (such as integers), a process known as

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1990s Libraries began scanning collections to provide access via the world wide web.

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Digital information exists as one of two digits, either 0 or 1. These are known as

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The Mind Maidens. Aired Nov. 5 1977 on the ABC Network along with other segments.

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Tam, Marcella (2017). "Improving Access and "Unhiding" the Special Collections".

1621: 1374: 1290: 917: 784:. The digital signal is then represented visually for the transfer engineer by a 696: 677: 568: 201: 92: 1608:

Daigle, Bradley J. (2012). "The Digital Transformation of Special Collections".

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Google, Inc. has taken steps towards attempting to digitize every title with "

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https://siarchives.si.edu/what-we-do/digital-curation/digitizing-collections

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http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2004/12/google-checks-out-library-books.html

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Practical digital preservation: A how-to guide for organizations of any size

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Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

891:(MPLP) method to digitize materials while they are being processed. Since 730:

A list of archival standards for digital preservation can be found on the

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Manzuch, Z. (2017). Ethical issues in digitization of cultural heritage.

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Library of Congress, (2006). Preservation Digital Reformatting Program.

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Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Muktiarni, M; Widiaty, I; Abdullah, A G; Ana, A; Yulia, C (2019-12-01).

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Book scanner in the digitization lab at the University of Liège, Belgium

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Academic and public libraries, foundations, and private companies like

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Digitizing is the primary way of storing images in a form suitable for

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copy long past its expected lifetime and increase access to the item.

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Digitization of the first number of Estonian popular science magazine

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Digitizing Collections: Strategic Issues for the Information Manager

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Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS)

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the value of the signal at the point. Each such reading is called a

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Greene, M. A. (2010). MPLP: It's not just for processing anymore.

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limitations all add to the problems of working on a large scale.

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RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage

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Shell-Weiss, Melanie; Benefiel, Annie; McKee, Kimberly (2017).

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Lee, K.H.; Slattery, O.; Lu, R.; Tang, X.; McCrary, V. (2002).

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and may be considered to have infinite precision at this stage;

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Chapman, S. (2009, June 2). Chapter 2: managing digitization.

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Chapman, S. (2009, June 2). Chapter 2: Managing digitization.

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variable, both in the number of possible values of the signal

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https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=821701

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https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/digitize

1333: 616: 465: 368: 314: 290: 286: 76: 72: 2657: 2088:"How do we convert audio from analogue to digital and back?" 3410: 2113:"The state of the art and practice in digital preservation" 1737:"Moving pictures and sound - Digital Preservation Handbook" 1285: 1251:

The broad use of internet and the increasing popularity of

1151:

Resources to create local standards are available from the

758:

International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives

716: 629: 411: 193: 178: 1896: 2946:"The Digitization of Audio Tapes – Technical Bulletin 30" 1918:"Digital Preservation: A Time Bomb for Digital Libraries" 940: 797:

fragility of some materials are some of the most common.

545:) to provide preservation and access to these resources. 442: 364: 170: 3301: 2897:"Why Media Preservation Can't Wait: The Gathering Storm" 3413:"Digitalisation trend in education during industry 4.0" 1145:

Follow Local Controlled Vocabularies and LC SH and NAF

1119:

Follow Local Controlled Vocabularies and LC SH and NAF

1093:

Follow Local Controlled Vocabularies and LC SH and NAF

852:

institution might investigate if grants are available.

839:

293:) into computers for editing, 3D scanning that creates 3620:

Challenges in AV Digitization and Digital Preservation

2864:

https://www.loc.gov/preserv/prd/presdig/presintro.html

751: 1821:"Adoption of e-Books: A Digital Textbook Perspective" 722:

Attachment of descriptive, structural, and technical

200:

a given period of time. However, digital signals are

3118: 3116: 1476:

Mirzagayeva, Shamiya; Aslanov, Heydar (2022-12-15).

3286:

http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/vol4/iss2/4

1354:far more detailed than what is currently possible. 1272:. When that happens, the people disappear from the 887:One way to save time and resources is by using the 710:

when color is an important attribute of a document.

196:, as well as in the number of points in the signal 3525:https://www2.archivists.org/standards/external/123 2006:"Square Pixel Inventor Tries to Smooth Things Out" 1819:Yoo, Dong Kyoon; Roh, James Jungbae (2019-03-04). 1475: 744:Digital reformatting principles and specifications 3176:"6.6 Preservation and Selection for Digitization" 3113: 2110: 2054:Kirsch, R. A. (1988). Earliest image processing. 898: 676:has been actively reformatting materials for its 3810: 3234:Skulan, Naomi (2018). "Staffing with students". 3020:Parliamentary archives: The digitisation process 67:is the process of converting information into a 30:"Digitizer" redirects here. For other uses, see 2944:Institute, Canadian Conservation (2017-09-14). 668:Digital reformatting at the Library of Congress 605:Cambridge University Library is working on the 281:The term is used to describe, for example, the 1768: 3646: 3601:, Office for Humanities Communication, 1993, 3201:Journal of Electronic Resources Librarianship 2723:"Fundamentals of AV Preservation - Chapter 4" 2545:"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" 1171: 37:For transforming business and education, see 3282:Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies, 4( 1301:Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future 976: 518:are scanning older print books and applying 421: 3024:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p3-v0rp1rc 2056:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 20 1540: 1538: 1219:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 873: 741:Selection Criteria for digital reformatting 612:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 559:Preservation (library and archival science) 3653: 3639: 3503:Smithsonian Institution Archives. (n.d.). 2769: 2430: 1864:"Session 7: Reformatting and Digitization" 1681: 489: 301:(where sampling rate is often measured in 3464: 3436: 3319: 3140: 3104: 2943: 2504:Caplan, Priscilla (February–March 2008). 2433:"1. Microforms in Libraries and Archives" 2177: 2159: 2136: 1944: 1897:"Digimation | 3D Training and Simulation" 1239:Learn how and when to remove this message 990: 964:digitization should be able to increase. 825: 136:migrated to new, stable formats as needed 3519:Society of American Archivists. (n.d.). 3198: 2298: 1915: 1775:Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies 1535: 1320:friend digitizes the player's inventory 770: 747:Life cycle management of LC digital data 664:being converted at the highest quality. 630:Digitization versus digital preservation 562: 505: 266: 49: 27:Converting information into digital form 3599:Digitization of Primary Textual Sources 3347: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2967: 2965: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 1825:Journal of Computer Information Systems 1798: 1796: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1707: 1705: 1647: 1452: 1298:, or the late 1980s live-action series 655: 552: 471:Another example of digitization is the 14: 3811: 3660: 3565:Preparing Collections for Digitization 3549:Anderson, Cokie G.; Maxwell, David C, 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3233: 3180:Northeast Document Conservation Center 3170: 3168: 3086: 2727:Northeast Document Conservation Center 2638:. Cambridge University Digital Library 2616:. Cambridge University Digital Library 2593:. Cambridge University Digital Library 2570:. Cambridge University Digital Library 2547:. Cambridge University Digital Library 2503: 2070:ICT Technologies. (2004, February 3). 1982:"What is the History of Digitization?" 1868:Northeast Document Conservation Center 1858: 1856: 1854: 1818: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1161:Northeast Document Conservation Center 941:Black Campus Movement Collection (BCM) 688:16067-1 and ISO 16067-2 standards for 3634: 3499: 3497: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3417:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3297: 3295: 3293: 2894: 2873: 2871: 2216: 2035: 2033: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1814: 1812: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1544: 1471: 1469: 1467: 911: 764:. Analog tape may deteriorate due to 3067: 3028: 2992:Lampert, Cory (2018). "Ramping up". 2978: 2962: 2800:https://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ 2798:. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from 2301:"Ongoing Challenges in Digitization" 2283: 1793: 1769:Hughes-Watkins, Lae'l (2018-05-16). 1753: 1702: 1217:adding citations to reliable sources 1184: 952: 935:South Asian American Digital Archive 906:South Asian American Digital Archive 3523:. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from 3267: 3165: 3018:UK Parliament. (2016, October 24). 2370: 1851: 1636: 1598: 1576: 1571:McQuail's mass communication theory 1025:Still Image Digitization Standards 752:Audio digitization and reformatting 441:are digitized and were released on 285:of analog sources (such as printed 24: 3542: 3494: 3465:Duggineni, Sasidhar (2023-06-02). 3453: 3380: 3336: 3290: 2922:"ARSC Guide to Audio Preservation" 2879:"ARSC Guide to Audio Preservation" 2868: 2611: 2588: 2565: 2542: 2030: 1969: 1809: 1666: 1464: 1428: 1180: 861:and future digitization projects. 222:, and, at regular time intervals ( 211:Digitization occurs in two parts: 118:, which facilitates processing by 25: 3840: 3507:Retrieved October 10, 2021, from 2299:Breeding, Marshall (2014-11-01). 2217:Moses, Jeanette D. (2021-02-20). 1916:Hedstrom, Margaret (1997-05-01). 1610:Journal of Library Administration 1339: 1110:24 Bit; 8 bits per color channel 1084:24 bit; 8 bits per color channel 2243:"Super COOLSCAN 5000 ED | Nikon" 2166:Journal of Economic Perspectives 1189: 855: 313:of the image, often measured in 218:The reading of an analog signal 3529: 3521:External digitization standards 3513: 3481: 3438:10.1088/1742-6596/1402/7/077070 3404: 3254: 3227: 3192: 3054: 3012: 2937: 2914: 2888: 2856: 2821: 2804: 2788: 2770:Crestodina, Andy (2017-04-25). 2763: 2739: 2715: 2699: 2675: 2666: 2650: 2628: 2605: 2582: 2559: 2536: 2527: 2506:"What is Digital Preservation?" 2497: 2488: 2470: 2449: 2424: 2399: 2364: 2344: 2336:Google checks out library books 2328: 2315: 2267:"Swiss National Sound Archives" 2259: 2235: 2210: 2186: 2153: 2104: 2080: 2064: 2048: 1998: 1909: 1889: 1880: 1729: 1166: 999: 475:process developed by the Swiss 3778:Philosophy of computer science 3551:Starting a Digitization Center 3489:Library Technology Reports, 40 3062:Library Technology Reports, 40 2747:"SAA Dictionary: born digital" 1563: 1153:Society of American Archivists 1124:YYYYMMDD_CollectionID#_Image# 1098:YYYYMMDD_CollectionID#_Image# 1072:YYYYMMDD_CollectionID#_Image# 899:Digitizing marginalized voices 864: 577:International Dunhuang Project 13: 1: 3615:, Washington DC: NINCH, 2002. 3366:10.1002/meet.2014.14505101027 3321:10.1080/01462679.2017.1344597 3213:10.1080/1941126X.2015.1092343 3142:10.1080/17477778.2022.2128911 2794:Library of Congress. (n.d.). 2385:10.1080/0361526X.2017.1329178 2334:Google. (2004, December 14). 1837:10.1080/08874417.2017.1318688 1421: 1405:Optical character recognition 923:Grand Valley State University 800: 791: 520:optical character recognition 357:geographic information system 208:of the signal it represents. 3683:Computational theory of mind 3553:, Chandos Publishing, 2004, 3236:Digital Library Perspectives 2994:Digital Library Perspectives 2895:Casey, Mike (January 2015). 2459:. London: Facet Publishing. 1925:Computers and the Humanities 1648:LeFurgy, Bill (2011-07-15). 1622:10.1080/01930826.2012.684504 1390:Fourth Industrial Revolution 1008: 985: 967: 846: 834: 719:as the standard file format. 386:software tools and saved as 297:of an object's surface, and 253:digital-to-analog conversion 7: 2219:"How to digitize VHS tapes" 2194:"Good-bye, VHS; Hello, DVD" 1357: 782:analog-to-digital converter 726:to all digitized documents. 619:from Tipu Sahib's library. 428:analog-to-digital converter 332:-equipped device such as a 262: 10: 3845: 3567:, Facet Publishing, 2010, 3563:Bulow, Anna; Ahmon, Jess, 3348:Caswell, Michelle (2014). 2973:The American Archivist, 73 2568:"Trinity College Notebook" 2510:Library Technology Reports 2455:Hughes, Lorna M. (2004). 2092:BBC Science Focus Magazine 2072:Analog vs. digital signals 1343: 1259: 1172:Cultural heritage concerns 956: 889:More Product, Less Process 809: 633: 556: 499: 493: 393: 157: 36: 32:Digitizer (disambiguation) 29: 3673:Computational archaeology 3668: 2751:dictionary.archivists.org 2431:CMCCONNELL (2013-08-16). 2198:Computerworld New Zealand 1380:Economics of digitization 1024: 977:Data privacy and security 786:digital audio workstation 607:Cambridge Digital Library 422:Analog signals to digital 410:1986 work started on the 277:published in January 1967 104:or, more specifically, a 3793:Text Encoding Initiative 3678:Computational philosophy 3248:10.1108/DLP-07-2017-0024 3087:Sutton, Shan C. (2012). 3006:10.1108/DLP-06-2017-0020 2160:Waldfogel, Joel (2017). 928: 874:Non-traditional staffing 502:Text digitizing projects 434:rounds them up or down. 359:, i.e., the creation of 3505:Digitizing collections. 1937:10.1023/A:1000676723815 1696:10.1108/CB-01-2015-0001 1654:The Library of Congress 1436:"What is digitization?" 1328:cartoon episode showed 882: 490:Analog texts to digital 439:Internet Movie Database 95:. The result is called 3768:Humanistic informatics 3471:Science and Technology 2494:Hughes (2004), p. 204. 2305:Computers in Libraries 1400:Newspaper digitization 1310:Beyond Good & Evil 1268:and sending them into 991:Digitization on demand 916:Gi-gikinomaage-min is 826:Fragility of materials 776: 579: 511: 278: 110:, for the object, and 61: 39:Digital transformation 3763:Electronic literature 3688:Computers and writing 3308:Collection Management 3129:Journal of Simulation 2373:The Serials Librarian 946:Kent State University 816:cultural institutions 774: 566: 509: 500:Further information: 384:embroidery digitizing 340:instrument such as a 270: 130:can be used instead. 53: 3829:Digital preservation 3262:Archival Practice, 1 3106:10.5860/rbm.13.1.369 2796:Digital preservation 2179:10.1257/jep.31.3.195 2129:10.6028/jres.107.010 1573:(4th edition). Sage. 1569:McQuail, D. (2000). 1280:(as featured in the 1213:improve this section 1051:RGB Setting for Scan 1036:Analog Material Type 766:sticky shed syndrome 661:Digital reformatting 656:Digital reformatting 636:Digital preservation 589:digital preservation 567:Digitization at the 553:Library preservation 3743:Digital scholarship 3718:Digital Medievalist 3429:2019JPhCS1402g7070M 3049:LIBER Quarterly, 18 2776:Orbit Media Studios 1684:Collection Building 1056:Digital File Format 1021: 674:Library of Congress 573:Dunhuang manuscript 184:Analog signals are 3693:Cultural analytics 3662:Digital humanities 2591:"College Notebook" 1717:scholar.google.com 1591:Brown, A. (2013). 1545:Bloomberg, Jason. 1270:digital technology 1046:Resolution of Scan 1020: 912:Gi-gikinomaage-min 777: 624:Google Book Search 580: 512: 477:Fonoteca Nazionale 388:embroidery machine 279: 173:(a contraction of 62: 43:Digital Revolution 3824:Mass digitization 3819:Data transmission 3806: 3805: 3597:Robinson, Peter, 2705:Ross, S. (2000). 2411:National Archives 1741:www.dpconline.org 1249: 1248: 1241: 1149: 1148: 1101:35 mm slide 1075:35 mm print 959:Mass digitization 953:Mass digitization 703:'ed printed text. 535:digital libraries 496:Book digitization 468:Coolscan 5000ED. 120:digital computers 16:(Redirected from 3836: 3748:Digital theology 3738:Digital rhetoric 3733:Digital religion 3723:Digital ontology 3703:Digital classics 3655: 3648: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3517: 3511: 3501: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3462: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3378: 3377: 3345: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3314:(3–4): 317–337. 3299: 3288: 3278: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3144: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3084: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3026: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2989: 2976: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2838:. Archived from 2833: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2802: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2719: 2713: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2348: 2342: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2296: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2247:www.nikonusa.com 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2140: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2084: 2078: 2068: 2062: 2052: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1986:Kodak Digitizing 1978: 1967: 1966: 1948: 1922: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1860: 1849: 1848: 1816: 1807: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1766: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1679: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1645: 1634: 1633: 1616:(3–4): 244–264. 1605: 1596: 1589: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1517:. Archived from 1482: 1473: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1432: 1410:Raster to vector 1276:and appear in a 1244: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1193: 1185: 1061:File Compression 1041:Color or B&W 1022: 1019: 918:Anishinaabemowin 695:Recommended 400 448:Digitization of 55:Internet Archive 21: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3728:Digital physics 3713:Digital library 3708:Digital history 3664: 3659: 3629: 3545: 3543:Further reading 3540: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3518: 3514: 3502: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3463: 3454: 3409: 3405: 3401:, 18(1), 28-38. 3399:LIBER Quarterly 3396: 3381: 3346: 3337: 3300: 3291: 3284:2), article 4. 3279: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3232: 3228: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3121: 3114: 3085: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3051:(3/4), 324-336. 3046: 3029: 3017: 3013: 2990: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2614:"Newton Papers" 2612:Newton, Isaac. 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2589:Newton, Isaac. 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2566:Newton, Isaac. 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2543:Newton, Isaac. 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2517: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2297: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2271:www.fonoteca.ch 2265: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2158: 2154: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2065: 2053: 2049: 2038: 2031: 2022: 2020: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1970: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1852: 1817: 1810: 1806:, 18(1), 28-38. 1804:LIBER Quarterly 1801: 1794: 1767: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1680: 1667: 1658: 1656: 1646: 1637: 1606: 1599: 1595:. Neal Schuman. 1590: 1577: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1543: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1480: 1474: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1375:Digital library 1360: 1348: 1342: 1291:animated series 1266:digital signals 1262: 1253:lean philosophy 1245: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1210: 1194: 1183: 1181:Lean philosophy 1174: 1169: 1031:Filename format 1011: 1002: 993: 988: 979: 970: 961: 955: 943: 931: 914: 901: 885: 876: 867: 858: 849: 837: 828: 812: 803: 794: 754: 699:resolution for 678:American Memory 670: 658: 638: 632: 600:wood-pulp paper 569:British Library 561: 555: 504: 498: 492: 424: 396: 361:electronic maps 265: 160: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3788:Systems theory 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3618:Speranski, V. 3616: 3609: 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