283:(ME ALEXANDER I., Jumalan Armosta, Kejsari ja Itsewaldias yli koko RyssĂ€nmaan. Suuri Ruhtinas Suomen maasa Teemme tiettĂ€wĂ€xi: EttĂ€ sitte kuin ME Sen Korkeimman edeskatsomisesta olemma ottanet Suuren Ruhtinan maan Suomen hallituxemme ala, olemma ME tĂ€mĂ€n kautta tahtoneet wahvistaa ja kiinittÀÀ Maasa olevan Christillisen Opin ja perustus- lait niin myös niitĂ€ wapauxia ja oikeuxia, kuin kukin SÀÀty nimitetysĂ€ Suuresa Ruh- tinan maasa erinomattain, ja kaikki sen Asuwaiset yhteisesti, niin ylhĂ€iset kuin alhaiset tĂ€hĂ€n saakka Constitutionin eli sÀÀttĂ€misen jĂ€lkeen owat nautinneet: Lupaamme myös pitÀÀ kaikkia niitĂ€ etuja ja asetuxia wahwana ja jĂ€rkĂ€htĂ€mĂ€ttĂ€mĂ€nĂ€ heidĂ€n tĂ€ydellisĂ€ woimasansa. Suuremmaxi wisseydexi olemma ME tĂ€mĂ€n Wakutus-Kirjan MEIDĂN omalla kĂ€dellĂ€mme ala kirjoittaneet. Annettu BorgĂ„sa sinĂ€ 15/27* pĂ€iwĂ€nĂ€ Maalis- Kuusa 1809.
300:(WE ALEXANDER I, by the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat over the entire country of Russia, Grand Duke in Finland, do hereby make it known: That as WE by the providence of The Highest One have taken the Grand Duchy of Finland under our government, have WE hereby wanted to strengthen and fasten the Christian doctrine and constitutional laws in the country, as well as those liberties and rights as the each estate in the aforementioned Grand Duchy, and all its inhabitants in general, the nobles along with the commoners have thus far enjoyed under the Constitution: We also promise to upkeep all these privileges and statures in their full authority. For greater confirmation have WE signed this pledge by OUR own hand. Given at BorgÄ on the 15th/27th day of March in 1809.
35:
269:
20:
379:
There has been a lot of controversy about why
Finland was granted an autonomous position at the Diet of Porvoo. The reasons relating to foreign politics and national security were clearly present when the status of Finland changed. Finland had been conquered to make it into an outpost of Russia and a
375:
The Finns interpreted the
Emperor's oath and the oath of loyalty of the Estates as a non-unilateral act that neither party, whether it be the people of Finland or the Emperor, could not unilaterally dissolve. The Russians also did not question the status of the state of Finland before the late 19th
380:
western protective zone for Saint
Petersburg. With the autonomy, the Finns could be more easily made to favour their new ruler. The still underdeveloped Russian government also lacked the framework to which the corresponding elements in Finland could have been merged into.
248:
and the form of government unchanged. Alexander I subsequently promised to govern
Finland in accordance with its laws and let the Finnish keep their religion and rights. This was thought to essentially mean that the emperor confirmed the Swedish
395:, it is true that Alexander said that Finland had been raised to the status of a nation among nations, but the claim of a treaty between equals was simply a device invented for the political realities of the struggle for independence.
173:
in the autumn. The delegation was told that the
Emperor would be assembling a diet. Sprengtporten was given the task of preparing for the diet. The Estates received an invitation to attend the diet in Porvoo on 1 February 1809.
610:
The declaration by the tsar at the diet of Porvoo, as officially translated, reprinted by
Kustavi Grotenfelt : SuomenkielisiĂ€ historiallisia asiakirjoja Ruotsin vallan ajalta (vuosilta 1548â1809), Helsinki 1912; at Wikisource:
148:
were transferred under the authority of the
Emperor of Russia. According to the interpretation of the Finnish constitution born later in the 19th century, the state of Finland was born at the Diet of Porvoo. The historian
565:
406:
between sovereign states, but many
Finnish and especially Russian researchers have seen the special position of Finland as based on the Emperor's goodwill which meant he could also have dissolved it.
612:
549:
256:
The diet had required that it would be convened again after the
Finnish War, which separated Finland from Sweden, had been concluded. On 17 September, the conflict was settled by the
169:
made a plan for the government of
Finland, which the Emperor confirmed on 1 December 1808. The delegation of the Estates in Finland had already sworn their loyalty to the Emperor in
387:
later in the 19th century, it was claimed that the Diet implied that a treaty between states had been signed at the Diet between Finland and Russia. According to Emeritus Professor
655:
573:
253:
from 1772 as the constitution of Finland, although it was also interpreted to simply mean respecting other, "subordinate laws" - existing codes and other statutes.
398:
The meeting of the Estates in Porvoo in 1809 has been a point of question ever since the late 19th century in both politics and history. For example, according to
327:
213:
205:
acted as the main hall of the diet. The estate of the clergy also worked at the gymnasium. The estates of the nobility and the bourgeoisie were assembled at the
739:
367:, 130 were not represented in the diet, and 60 of the representatives did not attend the opening ceremony. The burghers were represented mainly by merchants.
202:
150:
346:
356:
702:
376:
century. Their interpretation was that the Emperor could not have promised the Finns a position that would have contradicted his authority.
751:
824:
793:
773:
Karonen, Petri. "Introduction: Sweden, Russia and Finland 1808â1809." The Museum of National Antiquities Stockholm. Studies. (2010).
663:
280:"Me Alexander I... Suuri Ruhtinas Suomen maasa... : Wakutus-Kirja... Annettu BorgÄsa sinÀ 15/27 pÀiwÀnÀ Maaliskuusa 1809."
815:
625:
690:
459:
776:
Wuorinen, John H. "Appendix A: Alexander I's Act of Assurance, Porvoo Diet, March, 1809, and Decree of April 4, 1809." in
727:
863:
878:
250:
883:
809:
297:"We Alexander I... Grand Duke in Finland... Pledge... Given in BorgÄ on the 15th/27th day of March in 1809."
276:
The Finnish translation of the sovereign's pledge given by Alexander I in old-style Finnish read as follows:
193:
in the previous year and there were no suitable premises for the diet in the city, neither were there any in
166:
595:
Talot kertovat: | KirkonmÀellÀ oli suuri kiviveistÀmö, kivenlohkareet tuotiin mÀelle kiertotietÀ hevosella
449:
537:
39:
799:
893:
464:
888:
499:. However, the Russian Emperor notably used the French word for Diet when he addressed the estates.
413:" ("state days") is also an established name for the event, but nowadays many historians speak of "
34:
130:
533:
268:
257:
89:
85:
439:
126:
28:
873:
108:
8:
392:
384:
233:
337:
781:
723:
491:
in Porvoo that name is unhistorical. The Swedish name for the Finnish Parliament was
444:
633:
189:
were located too far away from the border to Russia. There had been a large fire in
756:
454:
364:
229:
206:
198:
170:
136:
Finnish historians disagree on whether the Diet of Porvoo was the first meeting of
73:
65:
51:
38:
The throne that Alexander I sat on at the Diet of Porvoo is now on display at the
868:
803:
434:
81:
403:
225:
186:
857:
839:
826:
594:
260:, but it would take five decades for the Finnish Estates to be called again.
197:. So Porvoo was chosen as the location of the diet, which was opened at the
177:
The decision to hold the diet in Porvoo was influenced by the still ongoing
399:
388:
323:
245:
241:
342:
178:
137:
96:
157:("meeting of the state") as there was no state to speak of at the time.
315:
The Diet of Porvoo had participants from different estates as follows:
210:
417:" ("land days"), which is a direct translation from the Swedish term "
16:
1809 legislative assembly which established the Grand Duchy of Finland
319:
190:
613:
Julistus Suomen entisen uskonnon ja perustuslakien vahvistamisesta
352:
237:
194:
112:
19:
487:, was invented only in the mid-19th century and so calling the
333:
145:
116:
104:
100:
24:
425:" could not have been used as there was no state to speak of.
566:"Porvoon valtiopÀivÀrakennukset 200 vuotta sitten ja nykyÀÀn"
182:
115:(nobility, clergy, burghers and peasants) were assembled in
752:
Tieto-Finlandia: Henrika Tandefeltin Porvoo 1809 vei voiton
123:
810:
The Porvoo Diet 1809 â The Beginning of Autonomous Finland
92:. The session of the Diet lasted from March to July 1809.
800:
Kejsarens tal vid lantdagens avslutande den 19 juli 1809
421:". There has also been a mention that the Swedish term "
402:, the connection between Finland and Russia was only a
286:
PÀÀkirja on korkiammasti omalla kÀdellÀ alakirjoitetu
209:and the estate of the peasants at the house of the
153:claims that the Porvoo Diet could not have been a
88:in 1809 and the heir of the powers of the Swedish
703:Kuinka Suomi korotettiin kansakuntien joukkoon...
244:of Finland as the true authority and to keep the
855:
336:: 8 representatives, chairman bishop of Turku
780:(Columbia University Press, 1965) pp. 483â484.
552:, City of Porvoo. Accessed on 9 November 2015.
495:until 1919, when it was officially changed to
59:
560:
558:
232:on 29 March. All of the Estates swore their
742:, City of Porvoo. Accessed on 13 July 2015.
140:in the history of Finland or a traditional
802:â in Swedish at Wikisource (Originally in
696:
272:The sovereign's pledge, printed in Finnish
685:
683:
681:
662:. Prime Minister's Office. Archived from
632:. Prime Minister's Office. Archived from
572:(in Finnish). Porvoo city. Archived from
555:
236:, committing themselves to accepting the
370:
345:: 20 representatives, chairman merchant
267:
33:
18:
601:7 October 2019. Accessed on 2 May 2024.
534:Sprengtporten, Georg Magnus (1740â1819)
303:The pledge has been signed by own hand
165:The acting Governor-General of Finland
144:where the eight easternmost regions of
856:
678:
693:, 1999. Accessed on 21 November 2015.
691:Suomalaisuuden historian kiinnekohtia
460:Finnish House of Knights and Nobility
263:
133:, between 25 March and 19 July 1809.
720:Suomen Suuriruhtinaskuinta 1809-1917
224:The central event at Porvoo was the
760:2009. Accessed on 21 November 2015.
13:
767:
540:2000. Accessed on 8 November 2015.
14:
905:
794:History of the Finnish Parliament
787:
228:and the oaths of the Estates in
745:
733:
712:
709:. Accessed on 21 November 2015.
355:: 31 representatives, chairman
322:: 75 representatives, chairman
310:
201:. The main lecture hall of the
648:
618:
604:
588:
543:
526:
502:
477:
160:
1:
519:
483:The Finnish word for a Diet,
7:
450:Governor-General of Finland
428:
10:
910:
538:Finnish Literature Society
167:Göran Magnus Sprengtporten
40:National Museum of Finland
465:Kingdom of Finland (1742)
219:
77:
660:1809 â building a nation
656:"Members of the Estates"
630:1809 â building a nation
550:ValtiopÀivien tapahtumia
470:
251:Instrument of Government
864:Historical legislatures
181:and that the cities of
131:Grand Prince of Finland
879:Grand Duchy of Finland
718:Jussila, Osmo (2004):
328:Robert Wilhelm De Geer
308:
291:
273:
258:Treaty of Fredrikshamn
90:Riksdag of the Estates
86:Grand Duchy of Finland
69:
60:
55:
43:
31:
884:Parliament of Finland
440:Parliament of Finland
371:Later interpretations
295:
293:English translation:
278:
271:
214:Anders Fabian Orraeus
37:
22:
778:A History of Finland
740:Porvoon valtiopÀivÀt
666:on December 25, 2014
626:"The Diet of Porvoo"
111:of Russian-occupied
82:legislative assembly
80:), was the summoned
61:Porvoon valtiopÀivÀt
58:, or unhistorically
836: /
532:Syrjö, Veli-Matti:
393:Helsinki University
385:Finnish nationalism
383:During the rise of
234:oaths of allegiance
816:The Diet of Porvoo
636:on August 24, 2014
409:The Finnish term "
365:205 noble families
274:
264:Sovereign's pledge
44:
32:
27:Diet is opened by
840:60.400°N 25.667°E
445:Senate of Finland
151:Henrika Tandefelt
84:to establish the
56:Porvoon maapÀivÀt
901:
894:1809 in politics
851:
850:
848:
847:
846:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
761:
757:Suomen Kuvalehti
749:
743:
737:
731:
716:
710:
700:
694:
687:
676:
675:
673:
671:
652:
646:
645:
643:
641:
622:
616:
608:
602:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
576:on March 4, 2016
562:
553:
547:
541:
530:
513:
506:
500:
481:
455:Finnish nobility
230:Porvoo Cathedral
226:sovereign pledge
207:Porvoo Town Hall
199:Porvoo Cathedral
171:Saint Petersburg
79:
63:
909:
908:
904:
903:
902:
900:
899:
898:
889:1809 in Finland
854:
853:
844:
842:
838:
835:
830:
827:
825:
823:
822:
796:â Official site
790:
770:
768:Further reading
765:
764:
750:
746:
738:
734:
717:
713:
701:
697:
689:NygÄrd, Toivo:
688:
679:
669:
667:
654:
653:
649:
639:
637:
624:
623:
619:
609:
605:
593:
589:
579:
577:
564:
563:
556:
548:
544:
531:
527:
522:
517:
516:
508:Older spelling
507:
503:
482:
478:
473:
435:Diet of Finland
431:
373:
338:Jakob Tengström
313:
266:
222:
203:BorgÄ Gymnasium
163:
17:
12:
11:
5:
907:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
845:60.400; 25.667
820:
819:
813:
807:
797:
789:
788:External links
786:
785:
784:
774:
769:
766:
763:
762:
744:
732:
711:
695:
677:
647:
617:
603:
587:
554:
542:
524:
523:
521:
518:
515:
514:
501:
475:
474:
472:
469:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
430:
427:
404:personal union
372:
369:
361:
360:
350:
347:Kristian Trapp
340:
331:
312:
309:
265:
262:
221:
218:
162:
159:
78:ĐĐŸŃĐłĐŸŃĐșĐžĐč ŃĐ”ĐčĐŒ
48:Diet of Porvoo
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
906:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
859:
852:
849:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
783:
779:
775:
772:
771:
759:
758:
753:
748:
741:
736:
729:
728:951-0-29500-0
725:
721:
715:
708:
704:
699:
692:
686:
684:
682:
665:
661:
657:
651:
635:
631:
627:
621:
614:
607:
600:
596:
591:
575:
571:
567:
561:
559:
551:
546:
539:
535:
529:
525:
511:
505:
498:
494:
490:
486:
480:
476:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
426:
424:
420:
419:BorgÄ lantdag
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
368:
366:
358:
357:Pehr Klockars
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
339:
335:
332:
329:
325:
321:
318:
317:
316:
307:
304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
281:
277:
270:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
217:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
172:
168:
158:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
75:
71:
70:BorgÄ lantdag
67:
62:
57:
53:
49:
41:
36:
30:
26:
21:
821:
777:
755:
747:
735:
719:
714:
706:
698:
670:November 24,
668:. Retrieved
664:the original
659:
650:
640:November 24,
638:. Retrieved
634:the original
629:
620:
606:
598:
590:
580:November 24,
578:. Retrieved
574:the original
569:
545:
528:
509:
504:
496:
492:
488:
485:valtiopÀivÀt
484:
479:
422:
418:
414:
411:valtiopÀivÀt
410:
408:
400:Leo Mechelin
397:
389:Osmo Jussila
382:
378:
374:
362:
324:lantmarskalk
314:
311:Participants
305:
302:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
275:
255:
246:constitution
242:Grand Prince
223:
176:
164:
154:
141:
135:
119:
94:
47:
45:
874:Finnish War
843: /
812:Porvoo Town
306:ALEXANDER.)
289:ALEXANDER.)
187:HĂ€meenlinna
179:Finnish War
161:Preparation
138:The Estates
127:Alexander I
107:, the four
97:Finnish War
95:During the
29:Alexander I
858:Categories
707:Internetix
520:References
211:lawspeaker
129:, the new
415:maapÀivÀt
359:Nykarleby
510:landtdag
429:See also
353:Peasants
343:Burghers
320:Nobility
191:Helsinki
99:between
831:25°40âČE
828:60°24âČN
599:Uusimaa
497:riksdag
493:lantdag
489:lantdag
423:riksdag
391:of the
363:Out of
349:, Turku
238:Emperor
195:Loviisa
155:riksdag
142:landtag
120:(BorgÄ)
113:Finland
109:Estates
74:Russian
66:Swedish
52:Finnish
869:Porvoo
804:French
782:online
726:
570:Porvoo
334:Clergy
326:count
220:Events
146:Sweden
117:Porvoo
105:Russia
101:Sweden
25:Porvoo
471:Notes
183:Turku
818:1809
724:ISBN
672:2015
642:2015
582:2015
185:and
124:Tsar
103:and
46:The
23:The
240:as
122:by
860::
754:,
722:,
705:,
680:^
658:.
628:.
597:,
568:.
557:^
536:,
216:.
76::
72:;
68::
64:;
54::
806:)
730:.
674:.
644:.
615:.
584:.
512:.
330:.
50:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
