1731:. It is also convenient, and common, to represent a diatomic molecule as two-point masses connected by a massless spring. The energies involved in the various motions of the molecule can then be broken down into three categories: the translational, rotational, and vibrational energies. The theoretical study of the rotational energy levels of the diatomic molecules can be described using the below description of the rotational energy levels. While the study of vibrational energy level of the diatomic molecules can be described using the harmonic oscillator approximation or using the quantum vibrational interaction potentials. These potentials give more accurate energy levels because they take multiple vibrational effects into account.
4034:
113:
5263:
4016:
5227:
3557:
453:'s original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed water's formula to be HO, giving the atomic weight of oxygen as eight times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. As a consequence, confusion existed regarding atomic weights and molecular formulas for about half a century.
22:
4025:
5251:
5239:
600:, etc. (but this convention is not always followed, and sometimes lower case letters and alphabetically out-of-sequence letters are used, as in the example given below). The excitation energy must be greater than or equal to the energy of the electronic state in order for the excitation to occur.
527:
state. When a gas of diatomic molecules is bombarded by energetic electrons, some of the molecules may be excited to higher electronic states, as occurs, for example, in the natural aurora; high-altitude nuclear explosions; and rocket-borne electron gun experiments. Such excitation can also occur
1501:
emission bands (a.k.a. Vegard-Kaplan bands) are present in the spectral range from 0.14 to 1.45 ÎĽm (micrometres). A given band can be spread out over several nanometers in electromagnetic wavelength space, owing to the various transitions that occur in the molecule's rotational quantum number,
528:
when the gas absorbs light or other electromagnetic radiation. The excited states are unstable and naturally relax back to the ground state. Over various short time scales after the excitation (typically a fraction of a second, or sometimes longer than a second if the excited state is
2882:
1458:": each band corresponds to a particular transition from a higher electronic state and vibrational level to a lower electronic state and vibrational level (typically, many vibrational levels are involved in an excited gas of diatomic molecules). For example, N
448:
Diatomic elements played an important role in the elucidation of the concepts of element, atom, and molecule in the 19th century, because some of the most common elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, occur as diatomic molecules.
2488:
2351:
2910:
1430:
The "energy" units here are actually the reciprocal of the wavelength of a photon emitted in a transition to the lowest energy state. The actual energy can be found by multiplying the given statistic by the product of
2855:
3234:
487:
resurrected
Avogadro's ideas and used them to produce a consistent table of atomic weights, which mostly agree with modern values. These weights were an important prerequisite for the discovery of the
1804:
1913:
440:
or distance between the two atoms. Diatomic nitrogen has a triple bond, diatomic oxygen has a double bond, and diatomic hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, and bromine all have single bonds.
2040:
688:
1326:
1273:
1134:
1086:
2139:
1412:
1220:
1369:
1177:
472:
and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules. However, these results were mostly ignored until 1860, partly due to the belief that atoms of one element would have no
2579:
The spacing, and the energy of a typical spectroscopic transition, between vibrational energy levels is about 100 times greater than that of a typical transition between
1644:
1592:
4576:
4346:
4306:
3798:
1693:
2379:
884:
833:,.... For example, the following table lists the common electronic states (without vibrational quantum numbers) along with the energy of the lowest vibrational level (
771:
731:
476:
toward atoms of the same element, and also partly due to apparent exceptions to
Avogadro's law that were not explained until later in terms of dissociating molecules.
2562:
2220:
2200:
831:
791:
4507:
4482:
4472:
2536:
2166:
2084:
2064:
1040:
966:
applies to molecules of identical atoms, and when reflecting the state along a plane perpendicular to the molecular axis, states that does not change are labelled
811:
1966:
1940:
857:
2514:
1847:
1827:
1664:
1612:
1560:
1540:
1520:
1499:
1479:
1004:
984:
964:
944:
924:
904:
751:
711:
598:
578:
558:
525:
4878:
4206:
4147:
4055:
4967:
4783:
4718:
4658:
4586:
4492:
4386:
4256:
4211:
3882:
277:
Other elements form diatomic molecules when evaporated, but these diatomic species repolymerize when cooled. Heating ("cracking") elemental phosphorus gives
5047:
4512:
4356:
4326:
237:. The homonuclear diatomic gases and noble gases together are called "elemental gases" or "molecular gases", to distinguish them from other gases that are
4442:
4422:
4095:
4467:
2625:, pronounced "Hofbrinkle", have been coined to aid recall of the list of diatomic elements. Another method, for English-speakers, is the sentence: "
4105:
3807:
4462:
3791:
3537:
2986:
2941:
4132:
3542:
3521:
3319:
4678:
4075:
3051:"Temperature guided behavioral transitions in confined helium: Gas-wall interaction effects on dynamics and transport in the cryogenic limit"
4226:
3495:
4137:
3593:
2937:"Franck-Condon Factors, r-Centroids, Electronic Transition Moments, and Einstein Coefficients for Many Nitrogen and Oxygen Band Systems"
1723:
is a shorthand expression of the angular momenta that characterize the electronic quantum states of a diatomic molecule, which are also
3784:
926:
determines whether reflection in a plane containing the internuclear axis introduces a sign change in the wavefunction. The sub-script
5005:
4321:
3485:
2601:
for a diatomic molecule, as well as good approximations of rotational energy levels, can be obtained by modeling the molecule using
3511:
3469:
3433:
1439:(Planck's constant); i.e., about 1.99 Ă— 10 Joule-metres, and then multiplying by a further factor of 100 to convert from cm to m.
532:), transitions occur from higher to lower electronic states and ultimately to the ground state, and in each transition results a
409:
4537:
4296:
4216:
2689:
3464:
3386:
2810:
4918:
3490:
3443:
1756:
3011:
2966:
1865:
3438:
1978:
For microscopic, atomic-level systems like a molecule, angular momentum can only have specific discrete values given by
5170:
3381:
3312:
1986:
612:
400:
at room temperature, but they form diatomic molecules when evaporated, for example gaseous MgO, SiO, and many others.
5070:
3253:
3214:
3034:
2865:
2835:
2742:
2715:
133:
3417:
5195:
3586:
3516:
1728:
428:
is the most abundant diatomic molecule in the universe. The interstellar medium is dominated by hydrogen atoms.
3407:
2638:
408:
Hundreds of diatomic molecules have been identified in the environment of the Earth, in the laboratory, and in
3182:
3084:"Morse potential specific bond volume: a simple formula with applications to dimers and soft–hard slab slider"
5120:
3459:
3305:
2758:
Lu, Z.W.; Wang, Q.; He, W.M.; Ma, Z.G. (July 1996). "New parametric emissions in diatomic sodium molecules".
416:
is composed of two species of diatomic molecules: nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The natural abundance of
5155:
1284:
1231:
507:
Diatomic molecules are normally in their lowest or ground state, which conventionally is also known as the
1097:
1049:
5298:
5288:
4351:
3560:
3391:
3291:
2368:
5293:
3579:
2102:
1380:
1188:
5110:
5105:
4286:
3412:
3360:
3273:
2730:
5303:
5150:
1451:
1337:
1145:
2982:"Improved Fits for the Vibrational and Rotational Constants of Many States of Nitrogen and Oxygen"
5230:
3365:
3204:
2539:
2483:{\displaystyle E_{\text{vib}}=\left(n+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\hbar \omega \ \ \ \ \ n=0,1,2,....\,}
2087:
1734:
Concerning history, the first treatment of diatomic molecules with quantum mechanics was made by
1617:
1565:
2346:{\displaystyle E_{\text{rot}}={\frac {l(l+1)\hbar ^{2}}{2\mu r_{0}^{2}}}\ \ \ \ \ l=0,1,2,...\,}
1669:
5085:
4050:
3960:
3837:
3832:
3279:
461:
371:
102:
2732:
869:
756:
716:
468:
had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called
266:) also form diatomic gases. All halogens have been observed as diatomic molecules, except for
5140:
5115:
4753:
4371:
3918:
3131:
Mensing, Lucy (1 November 1926). "Die
Rotations-Schwingungsbanden nach der Quantenmechanik".
2547:
2177:
1720:
1708:
816:
776:
604:
464:
showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen, and by 1811
413:
2521:
2367:—along the line connecting the two atoms. The vibrational energy is approximately that of a
2150:
2069:
5201:
5185:
4810:
4181:
4152:
4033:
3857:
3140:
3095:
2995:
2950:
2894:
2767:
2049:
1018:
121:
82:
2629:" as a representation of Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine.
796:
8:
5145:
5125:
4938:
4628:
4116:
3980:
3955:
3923:
3842:
3344:
2598:
1950:
1924:
1696:
836:
733:
is the total electronic angular momentum quantum number along the internuclear axis, and
26:
3144:
3099:
2999:
2954:
2898:
2771:
5243:
5165:
5135:
5080:
4957:
4933:
4432:
4366:
4231:
4191:
4042:
4005:
3965:
3944:
3887:
3862:
3328:
3164:
2851:
2783:
2499:
1832:
1812:
1649:
1597:
1545:
1525:
1505:
1484:
1464:
989:
969:
949:
929:
909:
889:
886:
give additional quantum mechanical details about the electronic state. The superscript
736:
696:
583:
563:
543:
510:
480:
436:
All diatomic molecules are linear and characterized by a single parameter which is the
5190:
4773:
4673:
4643:
4561:
4301:
4186:
4142:
4090:
3897:
3892:
3249:
3210:
3168:
3156:
3113:
3030:
2861:
2831:
2806:
2787:
2738:
2711:
2648:
2580:
2565:
1969:
1455:
473:
469:
386:
367:
238:
3776:
2678:
773:
takes on values 0, 1, 2, ..., which are represented by the electronic state symbols
603:
In quantum theory, an electronic state of a diatomic molecule is represented by the
112:
5267:
5255:
5175:
5075:
4980:
4928:
4361:
4236:
4201:
4122:
4110:
4070:
3975:
3908:
3605:
3148:
3103:
3062:
3003:
2958:
2902:
2775:
2731:
Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, M. Larry; Stanley, George G. (2010).
1943:
1522:. These are classified into distinct sub-band branches, depending on the change in
492:
129:
56:
4863:
4838:
4376:
4316:
4100:
4000:
3985:
3970:
3877:
3867:
3721:
2602:
2592:
465:
393:
378:
86:
2981:
2936:
2574:
5100:
5065:
4848:
4738:
4703:
4688:
4623:
4618:
4517:
4417:
4336:
4311:
4276:
4221:
4196:
4065:
3913:
3108:
3083:
3067:
3050:
2658:
2363:
Another type of motion of a diatomic molecule is for each atom to oscillate—or
1747:
137:
117:
40:
5282:
5130:
4985:
4868:
4843:
4824:
4768:
4648:
4606:
4601:
4341:
4331:
4291:
4166:
4060:
4015:
3990:
3872:
3852:
3571:
3236:
Molecular
Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules
3160:
2803:
Molecular
Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules
2653:
2202:
is the average distance between the centers of the two atoms in the molecule.
529:
344:
85:. Otherwise, if a diatomic molecule consists of two different atoms, such as
59:. If a diatomic molecule consists of two atoms of the same element, such as
5206:
5060:
4913:
4853:
4833:
4805:
4733:
4613:
4596:
4551:
4502:
4407:
4127:
4080:
3928:
3731:
3701:
3339:
3117:
2169:
1735:
1700:
1447:
537:
496:
488:
382:
278:
94:
424:
in the Earth's atmosphere is only of the order of parts per million, but H
5180:
5090:
5055:
5022:
4948:
4923:
4763:
4668:
4638:
4522:
4437:
4427:
4157:
4085:
450:
437:
5095:
5037:
5000:
4975:
4873:
4683:
4546:
3761:
3152:
2779:
2643:
1724:
484:
457:
348:
333:
271:
2621:, pronounced "Honkelbrif", “HOBrFINCl”, pronounced “Hoberfinkel”, and
5027:
4892:
4728:
4532:
4412:
4266:
4241:
3751:
3297:
3007:
2962:
2906:
2364:
300:
234:
206:
106:
2212:, the rotational energy levels of a diatomic molecule are given by:
21:
4995:
4907:
4708:
4571:
4556:
4527:
4396:
4171:
3995:
3939:
3933:
3902:
3847:
3815:
3741:
3660:
3650:
3630:
3620:
1704:
417:
322:
311:
289:
267:
181:
170:
152:
60:
48:
2208:
So, substituting the angular momentum and moment of inertia into E
5160:
4990:
4943:
4902:
4858:
4800:
4795:
4758:
4748:
4743:
4698:
4693:
4633:
4566:
4457:
4452:
4402:
4281:
4271:
4024:
3711:
3670:
2737:(9th ed.). Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. pp. 337–338.
540:. Successively higher electronic states are conventionally named
397:
245:
222:
192:
5211:
5032:
5014:
4477:
4447:
3949:
3680:
3640:
2679:"Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds"
533:
256:
210:
71:
2935:
Gilmore, Forrest R.; Laher, Russ R.; Espy, Patrick J. (1992).
4246:
4176:
2575:
Comparison between rotational and vibrational energy spacings
370:
of two different elements. Many elements can combine to form
230:
226:
218:
374:
diatomic molecules, depending on temperature and pressure.
214:
52:
3183:"Mnemonic BrINClHOF (pronounced Brinklehoff) in Chemistry"
3285:
1746:
The translational energy of the molecule is given by the
141:
3232:
2800:
2094:
Also, for a diatomic molecule the moment of inertia is
124:
diatomic molecules under typical laboratory conditions.
1707:. The spectral resolution depends on the instrument's
396:
are not normally considered diatomic because they are
3806:
2550:
2524:
2502:
2382:
2223:
2180:
2153:
2105:
2072:
2052:
1989:
1953:
1927:
1868:
1835:
1815:
1799:{\displaystyle E_{\text{trans}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
1759:
1672:
1652:
1620:
1600:
1568:
1548:
1528:
1508:
1487:
1467:
1383:
1340:
1287:
1234:
1191:
1148:
1100:
1052:
1021:
992:
972:
952:
932:
912:
892:
872:
863:), the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere.
839:
819:
799:
779:
759:
739:
719:
699:
615:
586:
566:
546:
513:
2883:"The Karlsruhe Congress: A centennial retrospective"
1908:{\displaystyle E_{\text{rot}}={\frac {L^{2}}{2I}}\,}
1695:. Bands are spread out even further by the limited
986:(gerade), and states that change sign are labelled
132:that form stable homonuclear diatomic molecules at
2556:
2530:
2508:
2482:
2345:
2194:
2160:
2133:
2078:
2058:
2034:
1960:
1934:
1907:
1841:
1821:
1798:
1687:
1658:
1638:
1606:
1586:
1554:
1534:
1514:
1493:
1473:
1406:
1363:
1320:
1267:
1214:
1171:
1128:
1080:
1034:
998:
978:
958:
938:
918:
898:
878:
851:
825:
805:
785:
765:
745:
725:
705:
682:
592:
572:
552:
519:
2830:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 123–125.
105:. The bond in a homonuclear diatomic molecule is
5280:
2934:
2035:{\displaystyle L^{2}=\ell (\ell +1)\hbar ^{2}\,}
683:{\displaystyle ^{2S+1}\Lambda (v)_{(g/u)}^{+/-}}
244:At slightly elevated temperatures, the halogens
136:(STP) (or at typical laboratory conditions of 1
3294:– Indiana University Molecular Structure Center
2987:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
2942:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
1857:Classically, the kinetic energy of rotation is
3601:
2880:
3792:
3587:
3313:
3276:– Rotational Spectra of Rigid Rotor Molecules
2930:
2928:
2850:
713:is the total electronic spin quantum number,
3246:Physics For Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 1
3243:
3055:Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis
2980:Laher, Russ R.; Gilmore, Forrest R. (1991).
2979:
502:
2710:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 22–23.
3799:
3785:
3594:
3580:
3320:
3306:
3018:
2925:
2757:
443:
361:
3288:– Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules
3107:
3066:
3029:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 508–9,
2973:
2825:
2479:
2342:
2191:
2157:
2130:
2031:
1957:
1931:
1904:
1741:
3081:
3075:
2854:; Beebe, Ralph Alonzo (1 January 1995).
2724:
111:
20:
3202:
3196:
3130:
2676:
2358:
5281:
3327:
3048:
3024:
2857:The Development of Chemical Principles
2705:
2695:from the original on 11 November 2011.
1852:
866:The subscripts and superscripts after
536:is emitted. This emission is known as
233:) are also gases at STP, but they are
29:of the diatomic molecule dinitrogen, N
3780:
3575:
3301:
3042:
1321:{\displaystyle a'^{1}\Sigma _{u}^{-}}
1268:{\displaystyle B'^{3}\Sigma _{u}^{-}}
431:
3088:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
2805:. New York: Van Nostrand: Reinhold.
1129:{\displaystyle A^{3}\Sigma _{u}^{+}}
1081:{\displaystyle X^{1}\Sigma _{g}^{+}}
3239:. New York: Van Nostrand: Reinhold.
3233:Huber, K. P.; Herzberg, G. (1979).
2801:Huber, K. P.; Herzberg, G. (1979).
753:is the vibrational quantum number.
120:showing the elements that exist as
13:
5171:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3226:
2826:Brown, Catrin; Ford, Mike (2014).
1673:
1621:
1569:
1450:occurs in distinct regions of the
1395:
1352:
1304:
1251:
1203:
1160:
1112:
1064:
873:
820:
800:
780:
760:
720:
634:
16:Molecule composed of any two atoms
14:
5315:
5071:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
3808:Molecules detected in outer space
3267:
3014:from the original on 2 June 2018.
2969:from the original on 9 July 2017.
2686:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2422:
2134:{\displaystyle I=\mu r_{0}^{2}\,}
366:All other diatomic molecules are
134:standard temperature and pressure
5261:
5249:
5237:
5226:
5225:
4032:
4023:
4014:
3556:
3555:
3206:Chemistry and Our Changing World
2627:Never Have Fear of Ice Cold Beer
1829:is the mass of the molecule and
1714:
1407:{\displaystyle w^{1}\Delta _{u}}
1215:{\displaystyle W^{3}\Delta _{u}}
321:) are known in the gas phase. Di
5196:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3248:(4th ed.). W. H. Freeman.
3175:
3124:
2586:
1424:
2874:
2844:
2819:
2794:
2751:
2699:
2670:
2639:Symmetry of diatomic molecules
2255:
2243:
2066:is a non-negative integer and
2018:
2006:
662:
648:
644:
637:
101:), the molecule is said to be
1:
5121:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3282:– Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
3209:. Prentice Hall. p. 82.
2887:Journal of Chemical Education
2664:
1364:{\displaystyle a^{1}\Pi _{g}}
1172:{\displaystyle B^{3}\Pi _{g}}
403:
3538:Tricapped trigonal prismatic
2608:
1727:of the electronic molecular
1703:that is used to measure the
7:
4352:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
3543:Capped square antiprismatic
3522:Bicapped trigonal prismatic
2632:
2617:, pronounced "Brinklehof",
2369:quantum harmonic oscillator
1639:{\displaystyle \Delta J=-1}
1587:{\displaystyle \Delta J=+1}
55:, of the same or different
10:
5320:
3068:10.1016/j.ctta.2022.100073
2590:
1688:{\displaystyle \Delta J=0}
288:). Sulfur vapor is mostly
5220:
5111:Earliest known life forms
5106:Diffuse interstellar band
5046:
4966:
4891:
4782:
4717:
4657:
4585:
4577:Protonated cyanoacetylene
4491:
4385:
4347:Protonated carbon dioxide
4307:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
4255:
4041:
4012:
3823:
3814:
3693:
3612:
3551:
3530:
3504:
3496:Capped trigonal prismatic
3478:
3452:
3426:
3400:
3374:
3353:
3335:
3082:Al-Raeei, Marwan (2022).
1435:(the speed of light) and
859:) of diatomic nitrogen (N
503:Excited electronic states
81:), then it is said to be
5156:Iron–sulfur world theory
5151:Photodissociation region
4854:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
3109:10.1088/1361-648X/ac6a9b
2828:Standard Level Chemistry
1452:electromagnetic spectrum
879:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
766:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
726:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
140:and 25 °C) are the
5231:Category:Astrochemistry
4821:, fullerene, buckyball)
4508:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
4483:Silicon-carbide cluster
4473:Protonated formaldehyde
3025:Levine, Ira N. (1975),
2881:Ihde, Aaron J. (1961).
2860:. Courier Corporation.
2852:Langford, Cooper Harold
2557:{\displaystyle \omega }
2540:reduced Planck constant
2195:{\displaystyle r_{0}\,}
2088:reduced Planck constant
826:{\displaystyle \Delta }
786:{\displaystyle \Sigma }
444:Historical significance
362:Heteronuclear molecules
274:, which are uncertain.
5244:Outer space portal
5086:Circumstellar envelope
4051:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
3961:Phosphorus mononitride
3838:Aluminium monofluoride
3833:Aluminium monochloride
3486:Pentagonal bipyramidal
3203:Sherman, Alan (1992).
3133:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Physik
3049:Mishra, Swati (2022).
3027:Molecular Spectroscopy
2677:Hammond, C.R. (2012).
2558:
2532:
2531:{\displaystyle \hbar }
2510:
2484:
2347:
2196:
2162:
2161:{\displaystyle \mu \,}
2135:
2080:
2079:{\displaystyle \hbar }
2060:
2036:
1962:
1936:
1909:
1843:
1823:
1800:
1742:Translational energies
1689:
1660:
1640:
1608:
1588:
1562:branch corresponds to
1556:
1536:
1516:
1495:
1475:
1408:
1365:
1322:
1269:
1216:
1173:
1130:
1082:
1036:
1000:
980:
960:
940:
920:
900:
880:
853:
827:
807:
787:
767:
747:
727:
707:
684:
594:
574:
554:
521:
125:
33:
5141:Interplanetary medium
5116:Extraterrestrial life
4754:Octatetraynyl radical
4372:Tricarbon monosulfide
3919:Magnesium monohydride
3531:Coordination number 9
3505:Coordination number 8
3479:Coordination number 7
3453:Coordination number 6
3427:Coordination number 5
3401:Coordination number 4
3375:Coordination number 3
3354:Coordination number 2
3244:Tipler, Paul (1998).
2559:
2533:
2511:
2485:
2348:
2197:
2163:
2136:
2081:
2061:
2059:{\displaystyle \ell }
2037:
1963:
1937:
1910:
1844:
1824:
1801:
1721:molecular term symbol
1709:point spread function
1690:
1661:
1641:
1609:
1589:
1557:
1537:
1517:
1496:
1476:
1409:
1366:
1323:
1270:
1217:
1174:
1131:
1083:
1037:
1035:{\displaystyle T_{0}}
1001:
981:
961:
941:
921:
901:
881:
854:
828:
808:
788:
768:
748:
728:
708:
685:
605:molecular term symbol
595:
575:
555:
522:
115:
51:composed of only two
24:
5268:Chemistry portal
5256:Astronomy portal
5202:RNA world hypothesis
5186:PAH world hypothesis
4879:Heptatrienyl radical
4811:Buckminsterfullerene
4699:Methylcyanoacetylene
4207:Silicon carbonitride
4182:Methylidynephosphane
4148:Magnesium isocyanide
4056:Aluminium isocyanide
3858:Carbon monophosphide
3512:Square antiprismatic
3470:Pentagonal pyramidal
3434:Trigonal bipyramidal
2913:on 28 September 2007
2599:good quantum numbers
2548:
2522:
2500:
2380:
2359:Vibrational energies
2221:
2178:
2151:
2103:
2070:
2050:
1987:
1951:
1925:
1866:
1833:
1813:
1757:
1670:
1650:
1618:
1598:
1566:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1485:
1465:
1381:
1338:
1285:
1232:
1189:
1146:
1098:
1050:
1019:
990:
970:
950:
930:
910:
890:
870:
837:
817:
806:{\displaystyle \Pi }
797:
777:
757:
737:
717:
697:
613:
584:
564:
544:
511:
5146:Interstellar medium
5126:Forbidden mechanism
4939:Hydrogen isocyanide
4629:Hexatriynyl radical
4212:c-Silicon dicarbide
4117:Hydrogen isocyanide
3981:Silicon monosulfide
3956:Phosphorus monoxide
3924:Methylidyne radical
3883:Fluoromethylidynium
3843:Aluminium(II) oxide
3345:Coordination number
3145:1926ZPhy...36..814M
3100:2022JPCM...34B4001A
3000:1991JPCRD..20..685L
2955:1992JPCRD..21.1005G
2899:1961JChEd..38...83I
2772:1996ApPhB..63...43L
2706:Emsley, J. (1989).
2290:
2172:of the molecule and
2129:
1961:{\displaystyle I\,}
1935:{\displaystyle L\,}
1853:Rotational energies
1697:spectral resolution
1446:The aforementioned
1317:
1264:
1125:
1077:
852:{\displaystyle v=0}
679:
483:on atomic weights,
412:. About 99% of the
377:Examples are gases
27:space-filling model
5299:Molecular geometry
5289:Diatomic molecules
5166:Molecules in stars
5136:Intergalactic dust
5081:Circumstellar dust
5023:Naphthalene cation
4958:Trihydrogen cation
4934:Hydrogen deuteride
4859:Methyltriacetylene
4694:Hexapentaenylidene
4513:E-Cyanomethanimine
4433:Cyclopropenylidene
4367:Tricarbon monoxide
4357:Silicon tricarbide
4327:Methylene amidogen
4317:Isothiocyanic acid
4232:Thioxoethenylidene
4192:Trihydrogen cation
4006:Titanium(II) oxide
3966:Potassium chloride
3945:Sulfur mononitride
3888:Helium hydride ion
3863:Carbon monosulfide
3465:Trigonal prismatic
3387:Trigonal pyramidal
3329:Molecular geometry
3153:10.1007/BF01400216
3061:(August): 100073.
2780:10.1007/BF01112836
2554:
2528:
2506:
2480:
2343:
2276:
2192:
2158:
2131:
2115:
2076:
2056:
2032:
1958:
1932:
1905:
1839:
1819:
1796:
1685:
1656:
1636:
1604:
1584:
1552:
1532:
1512:
1491:
1471:
1404:
1361:
1318:
1303:
1265:
1250:
1212:
1169:
1126:
1111:
1078:
1063:
1032:
996:
976:
956:
936:
916:
896:
876:
849:
823:
803:
783:
763:
743:
723:
703:
680:
643:
590:
570:
550:
517:
481:Karlsruhe Congress
456:As early as 1805,
432:Molecular geometry
414:Earth's atmosphere
410:interstellar space
368:chemical compounds
347:in the gas phase.
239:chemical compounds
191:), and the liquid
126:
37:Diatomic molecules
34:
5294:General chemistry
5276:
5275:
5191:Pseudo-panspermia
4887:
4886:
4834:Cyanodecapentayne
4774:N-Methylformamide
4749:Methyldiacetylene
4674:Aminoacetonitrile
4644:Methyl isocyanate
4562:Methyl isocyanide
4443:Isocyanoacetylene
4423:Cyanoformaldehyde
4302:Hydrogen peroxide
4187:Potassium cyanide
4143:Magnesium cyanide
4096:Disilicon carbide
4091:Dicarbon monoxide
3898:Hydrogen fluoride
3893:Hydrogen chloride
3774:
3773:
3606:chemical elements
3569:
3568:
3491:Capped octahedral
3444:Pentagonal planar
2812:978-0-442-23394-5
2760:Applied Physics B
2649:Octatomic element
2581:rotational energy
2568:of the vibration.
2566:angular frequency
2509:{\displaystyle n}
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2415:
2390:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2231:
1970:moment of inertia
1902:
1876:
1849:is its velocity.
1842:{\displaystyle v}
1822:{\displaystyle m}
1781:
1767:
1659:{\displaystyle Q}
1607:{\displaystyle P}
1555:{\displaystyle R}
1535:{\displaystyle J}
1515:{\displaystyle J}
1494:{\displaystyle X}
1474:{\displaystyle A}
1420:
1419:
999:{\displaystyle u}
979:{\displaystyle g}
959:{\displaystyle u}
939:{\displaystyle g}
919:{\displaystyle -}
899:{\displaystyle +}
746:{\displaystyle v}
706:{\displaystyle S}
593:{\displaystyle C}
573:{\displaystyle B}
553:{\displaystyle A}
520:{\displaystyle X}
474:chemical affinity
387:hydrogen chloride
130:chemical elements
57:chemical elements
47: 'two') are
5311:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5229:
5228:
5176:Organic compound
5076:Chemical formula
4981:Dihydroxyacetone
4929:Hydrogen cyanide
4614:Cyanodiacetylene
4468:Propadienylidene
4362:Thioformaldehyde
4237:Titanium dioxide
4202:Sodium hydroxide
4123:Hydrogen sulfide
4111:Hydrogen cyanide
4071:Carbonyl sulfide
4036:
4027:
4018:
3976:Silicon monoxide
3909:Hydroxyl radical
3821:
3820:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3686:
3676:
3666:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3439:Square pyramidal
3322:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3259:
3240:
3221:
3220:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3008:10.1063/1.555892
2977:
2971:
2970:
2963:10.1063/1.555910
2949:(5): 1005–1107.
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2909:. Archived from
2907:10.1021/ed038p83
2878:
2872:
2871:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2683:
2674:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2029:
1999:
1998:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1944:angular momentum
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1440:
1428:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
985:
983:
982:
977:
965:
963:
962:
957:
945:
943:
942:
937:
925:
923:
922:
917:
905:
903:
902:
897:
885:
883:
882:
877:
858:
856:
855:
850:
832:
830:
829:
824:
812:
810:
809:
804:
792:
790:
789:
784:
772:
770:
769:
764:
752:
750:
749:
744:
732:
730:
729:
724:
712:
710:
709:
704:
689:
687:
686:
681:
678:
674:
665:
658:
633:
632:
599:
597:
596:
591:
579:
577:
576:
571:
559:
557:
556:
551:
526:
524:
523:
518:
493:Dmitri Mendeleev
394:binary compounds
357:
342:
331:
320:
309:
298:
287:
265:
254:
201:
190:
179:
168:
161:
150:
100:
92:
80:
69:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5304:Stereochemistry
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5216:
5042:
5018:
5009:
4962:
4952:
4895:
4883:
4864:Propionaldehyde
4839:Ethylene glycol
4828:
4820:
4816:
4787:
4785:
4778:
4734:Cyanohexatriyne
4720:
4713:
4660:
4653:
4588:
4581:
4541:
4494:
4487:
4458:Methoxy radical
4388:
4381:
4377:Thiocyanic acid
4258:
4251:
4161:
4101:Ethynyl radical
4037:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4010:
4001:Sulfur monoxide
3986:Sodium chloride
3971:Silicon carbide
3878:Diatomic carbon
3868:Carbon monoxide
3810:
3805:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3608:
3600:
3570:
3565:
3547:
3526:
3500:
3474:
3448:
3422:
3396:
3382:Trigonal planar
3370:
3349:
3331:
3326:
3270:
3256:
3229:
3227:Further reading
3224:
3217:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3139:(11): 814–823.
3129:
3125:
3080:
3076:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3023:
3019:
2978:
2974:
2933:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2799:
2795:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2635:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2577:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2361:
2285:
2280:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2124:
2119:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2025:
2021:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1972:of the molecule
1952:
1949:
1948:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1717:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1425:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1312:
1307:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1259:
1254:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
991:
988:
987:
971:
968:
967:
951:
948:
947:
931:
928:
927:
911:
908:
907:
891:
888:
887:
871:
868:
867:
862:
838:
835:
834:
818:
815:
814:
798:
795:
794:
778:
775:
774:
758:
755:
754:
738:
735:
734:
718:
715:
714:
698:
695:
694:
670:
666:
654:
647:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
585:
582:
581:
565:
562:
561:
545:
542:
541:
512:
509:
508:
505:
466:Amedeo Avogadro
446:
434:
427:
421:
406:
379:carbon monoxide
364:
358:) is diatomic.
356:
352:
341:
337:
330:
326:
319:
315:
308:
304:
297:
293:
286:
282:
264:
260:
253:
249:
200:
196:
189:
185:
178:
174:
167:
163:
160:
156:
149:
145:
98:
90:
87:carbon monoxide
79:
75:
68:
64:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5234:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5101:Cosmochemistry
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5066:Astrochemistry
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:Formyl radical
4916:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Methyl acetate
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Dimethyl ether
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:Methyl formate
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Glycolaldehyde
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:Glycolonitrile
4621:
4619:Ethylene oxide
4616:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4518:Cyclopropenone
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Cyanoacetylene
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:Methyl radical
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:Isocyanic acid
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Isocyanic acid
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Sulfur dioxide
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4197:Sodium cyanide
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4106:Formyl radical
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4066:Carbon dioxide
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Iron(II) oxide
3911:
3906:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3268:External links
3266:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3241:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3195:
3174:
3123:
3094:(28): 284001.
3074:
3041:
3035:
3017:
2994:(4): 685–712.
2972:
2924:
2873:
2866:
2843:
2836:
2818:
2811:
2793:
2750:
2743:
2723:
2716:
2698:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:Industrial gas
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2613:The mnemonics
2610:
2607:
2591:Main article:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2553:
2543:
2527:
2517:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2092:
2091:
2075:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1956:
1946:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1854:
1851:
1838:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1748:kinetic energy
1743:
1740:
1716:
1713:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1655:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1603:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1551:
1531:
1511:
1490:
1470:
1459:
1456:emission bands
1442:
1441:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1025:
1013:
995:
975:
955:
935:
915:
895:
875:
860:
848:
845:
842:
822:
802:
782:
762:
742:
722:
702:
691:
690:
677:
673:
669:
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
639:
636:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
589:
569:
549:
516:
504:
501:
470:Avogadro's law
445:
442:
433:
430:
425:
419:
405:
402:
363:
360:
354:
345:sextuple bonds
339:
328:
317:
306:
295:
284:
262:
251:
198:
187:
176:
165:
158:
147:
118:periodic table
77:
66:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5316:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:Homochirality
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4986:Methoxyethane
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Butyronitrile
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Ethyl formate
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4823:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Propionitrile
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4649:Vinyl alcohol
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4607:Vinyl cyanide
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:Acrylonitrile
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Pentynylidyne
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Methylenimine
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Propynylidyne
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:Methyl cation
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Fulminic acid
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Nitrous oxide
4165:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Amino radical
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Sodium iodide
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Cyano radical
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Carbon cation
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3418:Square planar
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3255:1-57259-491-8
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3216:9780131315419
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:(in German).
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3036:0-471-53128-6
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2867:9780486683591
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2839:
2837:9781447959069
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2744:9780495391630
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2717:9780198555681
2713:
2709:
2702:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Covalent bond
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2525:
2518:
2516:is an integer
2503:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2171:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2073:
2053:
2045:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1836:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:Energy levels
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1653:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1601:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1549:
1529:
1509:
1488:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1399:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1313:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1255:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1207:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1164:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1121:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
993:
973:
953:
933:
913:
893:
864:
846:
843:
840:
740:
700:
675:
671:
667:
659:
655:
651:
640:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
609:
608:
607:
606:
601:
587:
567:
547:
539:
535:
531:
514:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
441:
439:
429:
423:
415:
411:
401:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
372:heteronuclear
369:
359:
350:
346:
335:
324:
313:
302:
291:
280:
275:
273:
269:
258:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
194:
183:
172:
154:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
119:
114:
110:
108:
104:
103:heteronuclear
96:
88:
84:
73:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
28:
23:
19:
5224:
5207:Spectroscopy
5061:Astrobiology
4914:Formaldehyde
4806:Benzonitrile
4597:Acetaldehyde
4552:Methanethiol
4503:Acetonitrile
4408:Carbodiimide
4287:Formaldehyde
4282:Cyanoethynyl
4133:Iron cyanide
4128:Hydroperoxyl
3929:Nitric oxide
3824:
3602:
3517:Dodecahedral
3340:VSEPR theory
3280:Hyperphysics
3274:Hyperphysics
3245:
3235:
3205:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3177:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3026:
3020:
2991:
2985:
2975:
2946:
2940:
2915:. Retrieved
2911:the original
2893:(2): 83–86.
2890:
2886:
2876:
2856:
2846:
2827:
2821:
2802:
2796:
2766:(1): 43–46.
2763:
2759:
2753:
2733:
2726:
2708:The Elements
2707:
2701:
2685:
2672:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2603:Hund's cases
2596:
2593:Hund's cases
2587:Hund's cases
2578:
2362:
2207:
2170:reduced mass
2093:
1977:
1856:
1808:
1750:expression:
1745:
1736:Lucy Mensing
1733:
1718:
1701:spectrometer
1448:fluorescence
1445:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1006:(ungerade).
865:
692:
602:
538:fluorescence
506:
497:Lothar Meyer
489:periodic law
479:At the 1860
478:
462:von Humboldt
455:
447:
435:
407:
391:
383:nitric oxide
376:
365:
343:) form with
279:diphosphorus
276:
243:
204:
127:
95:nitric oxide
44:
36:
35:
18:
5181:Outer space
5091:Cosmic dust
5056:Abiogenesis
4968:Unconfirmed
4924:Heavy water
4764:Ethanethiol
4679:Cyanoallene
4669:Acetic acid
4639:Methylamine
4523:Diacetylene
4438:Formic acid
4428:Cyanomethyl
4086:Diazenylium
4076:CCP radical
3952:(molecular)
3936:(molecular)
3905:(molecular)
3408:Tetrahedral
1729:Hamiltonian
1725:eigenstates
451:John Dalton
438:bond length
418:hydrogen (H
207:noble gases
162:), oxygen (
122:homonuclear
83:homonuclear
5283:Categories
5096:Cosmic ray
5038:Silylidyne
5001:Hemolithin
4976:Anthracene
4893:Deuterated
4874:Pyrimidine
4684:Ethanimine
4547:Ketenimine
4403:Butadiynyl
4227:Thioformyl
4081:Chloronium
3460:Octahedral
2665:References
2644:AXE method
1666:branch to
1646:, and the
1614:branch to
1454:, called "
530:metastable
485:Cannizzaro
458:Gay-Lussac
404:Occurrence
385:(NO), and
349:Dirubidium
334:molybdenum
272:tennessine
144:hydrogen (
39:(from
5028:Phosphine
4896:molecules
4829:fullerene
4729:Acetamide
4533:Formamide
4413:Cyanamide
4267:Acetylene
4242:Tricarbon
4153:Methylene
4138:Isoformyl
4043:Triatomic
3816:Molecules
3169:123240532
3161:0044-3328
2917:24 August
2788:120378643
2734:Chemistry
2623:HOFBrINCl
2619:HONClBrIF
2615:BrINClHOF
2609:Mnemonics
2552:ω
2526:ℏ
2426:ω
2423:ℏ
2274:μ
2260:ℏ
2155:μ
2113:μ
2074:ℏ
2054:ℓ
2023:ℏ
2010:ℓ
2004:ℓ
1738:in 1926.
1674:Δ
1631:−
1622:Δ
1570:Δ
1396:Δ
1353:Π
1314:−
1305:Σ
1261:−
1252:Σ
1204:Δ
1161:Π
1113:Σ
1065:Σ
914:−
874:Λ
821:Δ
801:Π
781:Σ
761:Λ
721:Λ
676:−
635:Λ
398:polymeric
392:Many 1:1
301:Dilithium
235:monatomic
128:The only
107:non-polar
49:molecules
5015:Linear C
4996:Graphene
4908:Ammonium
4709:Acrolein
4572:Propynal
4557:Methanol
4528:Ethylene
4397:Ammonium
4172:Nitroxyl
3996:Sulfanyl
3940:Imidogen
3934:Nitrogen
3903:Hydrogen
3848:Argonium
3825:Diatomic
3603:Diatomic
3561:Category
3392:T-shaped
3118:35544352
3012:Archived
2967:Archived
2690:Archived
2633:See also
2583:levels.
1705:spectrum
1416:71698.4
1373:68951.2
1330:67739.3
1294:′
1277:65851.3
1241:′
1224:59380.2
1181:59306.8
1138:49754.8
1015:Energy (
332:) and di
323:tungsten
312:disodium
290:disulfur
268:astatine
182:chlorine
171:fluorine
153:nitrogen
61:hydrogen
5161:Kerogen
5048:Related
4991:Glycine
4944:Propyne
4903:Ammonia
4801:Benzene
4796:Acetone
4788:or more
4759:Propene
4744:Ethanol
4634:Propyne
4453:Methane
4322:Ketenyl
4272:Ammonia
3286:3D Chem
3141:Bibcode
3096:Bibcode
2996:Bibcode
2951:Bibcode
2895:Bibcode
2768:Bibcode
2564:is the
2538:is the
2365:vibrate
2168:is the
2086:is the
1968:is the
1942:is the
1699:of the
389:(HCl).
246:bromine
223:krypton
193:bromine
180:), and
5212:Tholin
5033:Pyrene
4478:Silane
4448:Ketene
3950:Oxygen
3613:Common
3413:Seesaw
3361:Linear
3252:
3213:
3188:1 June
3167:
3159:
3116:
3033:
2864:
2834:
2809:
2786:
2741:
2714:
2494:where
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2145:where
2046:where
1919:where
1809:where
1594:, the
1542:. The
1042:, cm)
693:where
534:photon
381:(CO),
310:) and
257:iodine
255:) and
229:, and
211:helium
72:oxygen
5198:(PAH)
4786:atoms
4721:atoms
4661:atoms
4659:Eight
4589:atoms
4587:Seven
4495:atoms
4389:atoms
4259:atoms
4247:Water
4177:Ozone
4119:(HNC)
4113:(HCN)
3694:Other
3292:IUMSC
3165:S2CID
2784:S2CID
2693:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
1766:trans
1012:State
231:radon
227:xenon
219:argon
142:gases
93:) or
70:) or
53:atoms
43:
41:Greek
4719:Nine
4387:Five
4297:HCCN
4257:Four
4217:SiNC
3366:Bent
3250:ISBN
3211:ISBN
3190:2019
3157:ISSN
3114:PMID
3031:ISBN
2919:2007
2862:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2597:The
1719:The
1090:0.0
495:and
460:and
270:and
215:neon
205:The
5010:NCO
4910:ion
4817:, C
4784:Ten
4493:Six
4399:ion
3149:doi
3104:doi
3063:doi
3004:doi
2959:doi
2903:doi
2776:doi
2542:and
2389:vib
2230:rot
2210:rot
1875:rot
946:or
906:or
491:by
299:).
202:).
169:),
151:),
138:bar
45:di-
5285::
4827:70
4819:60
4815:60
4813:(C
4538:HC
3762:Rb
3752:Li
3712:Ar
3702:He
3671:Br
3661:Cl
3163:.
3155:.
3147:.
3137:36
3112:.
3102:.
3092:34
3090:.
3086:.
3057:.
3053:.
3010:.
3002:.
2992:20
2990:.
2984:.
2965:.
2957:.
2947:21
2945:.
2939:.
2927:^
2901:.
2891:38
2889:.
2885:.
2782:.
2774:.
2764:63
2762:.
2688:.
2684:.
2605:.
2371::
1711:.
813:,
793:,
580:,
560:,
499:.
353:Rb
338:Mo
316:Na
305:Li
250:Br
241:.
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
197:Br
186:Cl
116:A
109:.
99:NO
91:CO
25:A
5017:5
5008:2
5006:H
4953:D
4951:2
4949:N
4825:C
4542:N
4540:4
4162:H
4160:2
4158:N
3800:e
3793:t
3786:v
3764:2
3754:2
3744:2
3742:S
3734:2
3732:P
3724:2
3722:C
3714:2
3704:2
3683:2
3681:I
3673:2
3663:2
3653:2
3651:F
3643:2
3641:O
3633:2
3631:N
3623:2
3621:H
3595:e
3588:t
3581:v
3321:e
3314:t
3307:v
3258:.
3219:.
3192:.
3171:.
3151::
3143::
3120:.
3106::
3098::
3071:.
3065::
3059:7
3006::
2998::
2961::
2953::
2921:.
2905::
2897::
2870:.
2840:.
2815:.
2790:.
2778::
2770::
2747:.
2720:.
2504:n
2477:.
2474:.
2471:.
2468:.
2465:,
2462:2
2459:,
2456:1
2453:,
2450:0
2447:=
2444:n
2419:)
2413:2
2410:1
2405:+
2402:n
2398:(
2394:=
2385:E
2340:.
2337:.
2334:.
2331:,
2328:2
2325:,
2322:1
2319:,
2316:0
2313:=
2310:l
2287:2
2282:0
2278:r
2271:2
2264:2
2256:)
2253:1
2250:+
2247:l
2244:(
2241:l
2235:=
2226:E
2187:0
2183:r
2126:2
2121:0
2117:r
2110:=
2107:I
2090:.
2027:2
2019:)
2016:1
2013:+
2007:(
2001:=
1996:2
1992:L
1955:I
1929:L
1899:I
1896:2
1890:2
1886:L
1880:=
1871:E
1837:v
1817:m
1792:2
1788:v
1784:m
1779:2
1776:1
1771:=
1762:E
1683:0
1680:=
1677:J
1654:Q
1634:1
1628:=
1625:J
1602:P
1582:1
1579:+
1576:=
1573:J
1550:R
1530:J
1510:J
1489:X
1481:-
1469:A
1460:2
1437:h
1433:c
1400:u
1390:1
1386:w
1357:g
1347:1
1343:a
1309:u
1298:1
1290:a
1256:u
1245:3
1237:B
1208:u
1198:3
1194:W
1165:g
1155:3
1151:B
1122:+
1117:u
1107:3
1103:A
1074:+
1069:g
1059:1
1055:X
1028:0
1024:T
994:u
974:g
954:u
934:g
894:+
861:2
847:0
844:=
841:v
741:v
701:S
672:/
668:+
663:)
660:u
656:/
652:g
649:(
645:)
641:v
638:(
630:1
627:+
624:S
621:2
588:C
568:B
548:A
515:X
426:2
422:)
420:2
355:2
351:(
340:2
336:(
329:2
327:W
325:(
318:2
314:(
307:2
303:(
296:2
294:S
292:(
285:2
283:P
281:(
263:2
261:I
259:(
252:2
248:(
209:(
199:2
195:(
188:2
184:(
177:2
175:F
173:(
166:2
164:O
159:2
157:N
155:(
148:2
146:H
97:(
89:(
78:2
76:O
74:(
67:2
65:H
63:(
31:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
