102:
became hereditary under the
Muradid dynasty. By recruiting local troops and controlling tax revenue, the beys gradually became a new centre of political authority. While the Deys remained the official rulers, by the later seventeenth century they had little authority beyond the capital. The Beys were eventually able to determine the dîwân al-'askar’s choice of new Deys. After Murad I the Beys were born in Tunisia and came to be looked upon by the local population as an indigenous authority. The Deys made various attempts to bring them back under their control; the last of which, in 1702, saw Ibrâhîm ash-Sharîf, kill the last Muradid Bey and proclaim himself both Dey and Bey. However rather than restoring authority to the Deyship, this paved the way for the Husaynid dynasty to take power, leading to its final eclipse.
985:
61:
Dey (maternal uncle) and chosen by the dîwân al-'askar (military council). This group became a self-perpetuating body over time, drawing in soldiers of fortune from Turkey as well as
European converts to Islam. After 1591 the Pasha retained nominal preeminence in recognition of the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultan. Nevertheless the Deys lived and occupied offices in the kasbah. Like the
93:, taken over from the Maliki authorities. From the reign of Yûsuf Dey, the Deys promoted religious and legal learning amongst the Turks, but most of the Hanafi scholars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had Maliki teachers, and the Hanafi muftîs needed the help of their Maliki colleagues in dealing with complex legal questions.
280:
With a reduced role, the deys of the
Husseinite period became senior officials appointed by the bey; they played a judicial role and served as head of the Tunis police. They also periodically presided over the court of the Driba which held its sessions in the entrance hall of the palace of the dey,
60:
The regime of the Deys emerged in 1591 after the rebellion of the janissaries against their senior officers and the
Ottoman Pasha. Political authority, vested since 1574 in a Pasha sent from Istanbul, was exercised after 1591 by an officer of the Turkish militia who was given the honorific title of
101:
The Deys also established the new office of Bey in Tunis. This official’s task was originally to assert the authority of the Deys in the interior, commanding a column of troops that toured the country levying the taxes and putting down rebellion. The position acquired greater authority after it
372:
Under the reign of Sadok Bey, the institution was abolished in
September 1860, on the death of old Kshuk Mohamed, and replaced by the council of Zaptié or Dhabtiyé, headed by a president (raïs), to perform police functions in Tunis. This post remained until the
224:
Mohamed Tabak Dey (1673-1682), created the first regiment of hamba (cavalry of the
Turkish militia); strangled on the road to Porto Farina by the Muradid Ali Bey for having compromised with his rival Mohamed
868:
Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842 publiée par ordre du gouvernement et avec le concours d'une commission académique: Description de la régence de Tunis
221:
Ouzzoun Ahmed Dey (1673), remained in power for three days and subsequently died of strangulation for having participated in the intrigues around the succession of Murad II Bey;
89:
was recognised as the supreme judge, whose endorsement was required in the verdicts reached by Maliki qadis. The first call for prayer in Tunis was also made from the Hanafi
36:. In the seventeenth century the holders of the position exercised varying degrees of power, often near-absolute. Until 1591 the Dey was appointed by the Ottoman governor (“
247:
Mohamed Tatar Dey (1694), appointed by Ben Cheker and lynched by the population of Tunis during
Mohamed Bey's crushing victory against Ben Cheker and his allies near
62:
259:
Mohamed Dali Dey (1699-1701), loyal to Murad III Bey, brutal like his master, commended Tunis while the Bey led a punitive expedition against
Constantine
285:
in the rue Sidi Ben Arous and hence were referred to as “daoulatli”. They were all recruited from the senior officers of the
Turkish militia in Tunis.
240:
Ibrahim Khodja Dey (1694), tried to resist the revolt of Ben Cheker, supported by the militia of
Algiers at war against the Muradids, but exiled in
592:
359:
Kshuk Mohamed (? - 1860), originally from Albania, he was a naval officer and ambassador before becoming the last dey of Tunis;
1015:
924:
745:
516:
1030:
849:
396:
817:
1020:
1010:
228:
374:
989:
690:
262:
Mohamed Kahouaji (1701-1702), former coffee maker appointed by Murad III Bey but deposed by Ibrahim Cherif
65:, they had almost absolute power over the regency from 1593 to 1647, until the death of Ahmed Khodja Dey.
593:"Trade and Personal Wealth Accumulation in Tunis from the Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Centuries"
289:
137:
296:
during his seizure of power, then rebelled against his authority and was executed a few months later
1025:
943:
The Last Punic War: Tunis, Past and Present; with a Narrative of the French Conquest of the Regency
804:
208:
Mohamed Mantecholi (1672-1673), imposed by Murad II Bey but deposed by the militia in his absence
268:
234:
Baqtach Khodja Dey (1686-1688), submitted to the Muradid Mohamed Bey and died quietly in his bed
1005:
545:
623:
363:
granted him the title of ouzir al tanfidh, executive minister, in charge of the city of Tunis.
237:
Ali Raïs (1688-1694), former privateer who abdicated and retired to live a pleasant retirement
735:
506:
391:
90:
866:
386:
48:
was pre-eminent in Tunis. The position of Dey continued to exist until it was abolished by
8:
360:
293:
81:
school of jurisprudence, thereby affirming the Ottoman caliph's sovereignty. The Hanafi
492:
Présent des hommes de notre temps. Chroniques des rois de Tunis et du pacte fondamental
462:
454:
136:(1593-1610), reigned during a period of calm and prosperity, during which he welcomed
920:
845:
813:
741:
512:
466:
212:
190:
557:
446:
292:(1705-1706), known as Mohamed the Blond, former secretary of the diwan, supported
941:
891:
665:
211:
Ali Laz Dey (1673), elected by the militia to counter Murad II Bey but exiled to
170:
33:
21:
840:
Guellouz, Azzedine; Saadaoui, Ahmed; Smida, Mongi; Masmoudi, Abdelkader (2007).
299:
Kara Mustapha Dey (1706-1726) appointed by Hussein Bey, imam of the Bardo mosque
450:
218:
Hadj Mami Jemal Dey (1673-1677), abdicated under pressure from the janissaries
999:
282:
561:
196:
164:
41:
919:. Vol. III Les temps modernes. Tunis: Sud Éditions. pp. 48, 69.
508:
La communication entre Tunis et Istanbul, 1860-1913: province et métropole
967:
Catégories de la société tunisoise dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle
29:
205:
Chaabane Khodja (1669-1672), removed for conspiracy against Murad II Bey
410:
Les Mausolées des Deys et des Beys de Tunis: Architecture et épigraphie
184:
180:
160:
133:
458:
434:
177:
154:
120:
49:
271:(1702-1705), elected dey after being recognized as bey by the diwan.
248:
189:
Hadj Mustapha Laz Dey (1653-1665), married the adopted daughter of
86:
412: Tunisia: Centre de Publication Universitaire, 2003
737:
Tunis au XVIIe siècle: une cité barbaresque au temps de la course
494:. Vol. 5. Tunis: Maison tunisienne de l'édition. p. 47.
915:
Mahjoubi, Ammar; Belkhodja, Khaled; Ennabli, Abdelmajid (2007).
984:
241:
124:
78:
74:
839:
621:
37:
113:
893:
La Tunisie précoloniale: État, gouvernement, administration
265:
Kara Mustapha Dey (1702), quickly deposed by Ibrahim Cherif
231:(1682-1686), dey loyal to Istanbul, opposed by the Muradids
215:
after the latter's return and the repression of the revolt
82:
939:
141:
45:
44:
and were defeated. After this the hereditary position of
40:”). In 1673 the Dey and the janissaries revolted against
914:
163:(1637-1640), Italian renegade and privateer who founded
130:
Moussa Dey, in office only a few months in office, 1593
504:
202:
Mohammed Hadj Oghli (1666-1669), deposed for senility;
806:
The Regency of Tunis and the Ottoman Porte 1777-1814
253:
Yaacoub Dey (1695), retired because of his great age
110:
A complete list of the Deys of Tunis is as follows:
199:for having wanted to restore the power of the deys
969:. Tunis: Institut national d'archéologie et d'art.
844:. Vol. III. Tunis: Sud Éditions. p. 52.
498:
997:
550:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée
326:Hadj Hassan Ben Sidi Brahim El Bahli (1761-1771)
96:
889:
275:
546:"The Tunisian state in the eighteenth century"
435:"The Beylicate in Seventeenth-Century Tunisia"
167:, one of the main corsair ports of the regency
896:. Société tunisienne de diffusion. p. 86
864:
720:. Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami. p. 50.
489:
148:
729:
727:
715:
439:International Journal of Middle East Studies
428:
426:
176:Hadj Mohamed Laz Dey (1647-1653), from the
964:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
733:
195:Mustapha Kara Kuz (1665-1666), deposed by
812:. London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
724:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
597:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
543:
539:
537:
535:
432:
244:by Ben Cheker when he entered the capital
114:Deys of the period of Ottoman direct rule
590:
423:
329:Mustapha Zaghwani Bulukbachi (1771-1782)
105:
73:The Deys preserved the supremacy of the
691:"La Tunisie carrefour de civilisations"
663:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
256:Mohamed Khodja Dey (1695-1699), deposed
998:
946:. W. Blackwood and sons. pp. 53–8
802:
761:
716:Zmerli, Sadok; Sahili, Hamadi (1993).
640:
622:France. Ministre de la Guerre (1886).
532:
68:
485:
483:
353:Mustapha Dey El Tarabulsi (1832-1842)
965:Ben Achour, Mohamed El Aziz (1989).
667:Histoire de l'Afrique Septentrionale
575:
127:), elected in 1591, resigned in 1593
28:) was the military commander of the
940:Alexander Meyrick Broadley (1882).
688:
25:
13:
480:
397:List of Pashas and Deys of Algiers
14:
1042:
977:
871:. Imprimerie impériale. p. 9
983:
958:
933:
917:Histoire générale de la Tunisie
908:
883:
858:
842:Histoire générale de la Tunisie
833:
625:Journal des sciences militaires
505:Andreas Tunger-Zanetti (1996).
402:
709:
682:
615:
1:
416:
320:Mohamed Qazdaghli (1755-1758)
97:Loss of authority to the beys
55:
1016:17th-century Tunisian people
367:
341:Ahmed El Bawandi (1808-1821)
335:Ibrahim Bouchnaq (1785-1805)
323:Hassan El Murali (1758-1761)
305:Hadj Mahmoud Dey (1739-1744)
276:Deys of the Husseinid period
7:
1031:Military history of Tunisia
380:
10:
1047:
356:Bach Hamba Ahmed (1842 -?)
314:Abdallah Bulukbachi (1752)
290:fr:Mohamed Khodja El Asfar
149:Deys of the Muradid period
544:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1982).
511:. Harmattan. p. 45.
451:10.1017/S0020743800024338
433:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1975).
347:Baba Omar Dey (1823-1832)
317:Ali Mallamali (1752-1755)
890:Mustapha Kraïem (1973).
664:Mercier, Ernest (1891).
591:Boubaker, Sadok (2003).
302:Hadj Ali Dey (1726-1739)
140:and created the post of
1021:18th century in Tunisia
1011:16th century in Tunisia
562:10.3406/remmm.1982.1939
865:E. Pellissier (1853).
670:. Paris: Ernest Leroux
490:Ibn Abi Dhiaf (1990).
408:Saadaoui, Ahmed:
338:Kara Burni (1805-1808)
332:Hassan Dey (1781-1785)
311:Haydar Dey (1748-1752)
803:Moalla, Asma (2004).
392:List of beys of Tunis
106:List of Deys of Tunis
992:at Wikimedia Commons
387:Revolutions of Tunis
344:Fidi Dey (1821-1823)
308:Omar Dey (1744-1748)
734:Paul Sebag (1989).
718:Figures tunisiennes
697:. EditoWeb Magazine
375:French protectorate
138:Andalusian refugees
69:Religious practices
119:Ibrahim Roudesli (
988:Media related to
926:978-9973-844-76-7
747:978-2-7384-0449-7
689:Delhaye, Sylvie.
518:978-2-7384-4475-2
350:Hassan Dey (1832)
191:Hammuda Pasha Bey
183:, founder of the
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34:regency of Tunis
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740:. L'Harmattan.
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77:over the local
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63:deys of Algiers
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978:External links
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628:. p. 467
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990:Dey of Tunis
966:
960:
948:. Retrieved
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898:. Retrieved
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823:. Retrieved
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699:. Retrieved
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565:. Retrieved
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522:. Retrieved
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470:. Retrieved
445:(1): 70–93.
442:
438:
409:
403:Bibliography
371:
279:
197:Murad II Bey
165:Porto Farina
109:
100:
72:
59:
42:Murad II Bey
18:Dey of Tunis
17:
15:
695:editoweb.eu
294:Hussein Bey
173:(1640-1647)
157:(1610-1637)
30:janissaries
1000:Categories
417:References
185:Laz Mosque
181:Laz people
161:Usta Murad
134:Uthman Dey
121:janissary
85:sent from
56:Revolution
556:: 33–66.
467:163964598
368:Abolition
361:Ahmed Bey
178:Black Sea
155:Yusuf Dey
52:in 1860.
50:Sadok Bey
950:18 April
900:13 April
875:13 April
825:12 April
753:19 April
701:11 April
674:19 April
632:18 April
607:11 April
567:18 April
524:19 April
472:19 April
381:See also
249:Kairouan
213:Hammamet
87:Istanbul
26:داي تونس
32:in the
923:
848:
816:
744:
515:
465:
459:162735
457:
242:Sousse
125:Rhodes
79:Maliki
75:Hanafi
22:Arabic
810:(PDF)
463:S2CID
455:JSTOR
123:from
38:Pasha
952:2021
921:ISBN
902:2021
877:2021
846:ISBN
827:2021
814:ISBN
755:2021
742:ISBN
703:2021
676:2021
634:2021
609:2021
569:2021
526:2021
513:ISBN
474:2021
281:the
83:qadi
16:The
603:(4)
558:doi
447:doi
225:Bey
142:bey
46:Bey
1002::
763:^
726:^
693:.
642:^
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599:.
595:.
577:^
554:33
552:.
548:.
534:^
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461:.
453:.
441:.
437:.
425:^
377:.
24::
954:.
929:.
904:.
879:.
854:.
829:.
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20:(
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