Device Forts - Knowledge

2021: 1908: 1759: 1947:

proposals were put forward to abandon the site altogether. Portland suffered badly from coastal erosion and, protected only by a caretaker garrison, was reportedly not repaired for many years, and a 1714 survey found the long-neglected Pendennis Castle to be "in a very ruinous condition". The French military dismissed Deal, Walmer and Sandown as being highly vulnerable to any potential attack, describing them in 1767 as "very old and little more than gun platforms". Mersea Fort and East Tilbury fell into ruin and were abandoned, the latter being submerged by the Thames. Some limited investments were made in the fortifications, however, with the defences of Pendennis Castle being modernised in the 1730s, and those of Calshot in the 1770s.

1171: 1359:, to provide supporting fire against any attacker. Sandown Castle on the Isle of Wight, constructed in 1545, was a hybrid of traditional English and continental ideas, with angular bastions combined with a circular bastion overlooking the sea. Southsea Castle and Sharpenode Fort had similar, angular bastions. Yarmouth Castle, finished by 1547, was the first fortification in England to adopt the new arrow-headed bastion design, which had further advantages over a simple angular bastion. Not all the forts in the second wave of work embraced the Italian approach however, and some, such as Brownsea Castle, retained the existing, updated architectural style. 1638: 1733:. Fortifications and artillery played an important role in the conflict, and most of the Device Forts saw service. The south and east of England were soon largely controlled by Parliament. The blockhouses at Gravesend and Tilbury were garrisoned by Parliament and used to control access to London. The castles along the Sussex and Kentish coastline were seized by Parliament in the opening phase of the war, Camber Castle then being decommissioned to prevent it being used by the enemy, the remainder continuing to be garrisoned. The royal fleet, which had been positioned in the Downs anchorage, sided with Parliament. 1382: 1956: 1976:

extensively modernised. Hurst, for example, was redesigned with batteries of heavier 36-pounder (16 kg) weapons, and Pendennis was equipped with up to 48 guns. Sandgate's keep was rebuilt to form a Martello tower as part of a wider programme of work along the south coast. New gun batteries were constructed at Deal, Sandown in Kent and Tilbury, while Fort Mersea was brought back into service complete with a new battery as well. Calshot Castle was renovated, and Southsea's defences were extensively modernised, as were those in Hull, with the castle and the south blockhouse being refitted.

1271: 1807: 2096: 1711: 361: 2233:; the problem had existed at some locations since the 16th century and still persists, for example at Hurst. East Cowes Castle and East Tilbury Fort have been entirely lost, while the East Blockhouse, Mersea and Sandsfoot have been badly damaged, a third of Sandgate and most of St Andrews have been washed away. Other sites were demolished, built upon or simply eroded over time; almost no trace remains of the bulwarks along the Downs, for example. The remaining sites are protected by UK conservation law, either as scheduled monuments or listed buildings. 2187: 1092: 1553:, were also deployed, but were less effective than newer weapons such as the culverin. With sites equipped with several tiers of weapons, the heaviest guns would typically be placed higher up in the fortification, with the smaller weapons closer to the ground. It is uncertain how far the guns of the period would have reached; analysis carried out in the 16th and 17th century on the ranges of artillery suggested that the largest weapons, such as a culverin, could hit a target up to between 1,600 and 2,743 metres (5,249–8,999 ft) away. 1083: 1483:

soldiers and the local militia. The size of the garrisons varied according to the fortification; Camber Castle had a garrison of 29, Walmer Castle 18, while the West Tilbury Blockhouse only held 9 men. The ordinary soldiers would have lived in relatively basic conditions, typically on the ground floor, with the captains of the fortifications occupying more elaborate quarters, often in the upper levels of the keeps. The soldiers ate meat and fish, some of which might have been hunted or caught by the garrison.

1629: 1180: 1660:

along the Downs were defaced and their guns removed; they were formally removed from service in 1550. In 1552 the Essex fortifications were decommissioned, and several were subsequently pulled down. The expense of maintaining the fortifications in Hull led the Crown to agree a deal with the town authorities to take over management of them. Milton and Higham were demolished between 1557 and 1558. Mersea Fort was temporarily decommissioned, before being brought back into active service.

1500: 837: 1373: 846: 12069: 1472: 9876: 49: 1518:, detailing the weapons held by all of the forts. The number of guns varied considerably from site to site; in the late 1540s, heavily armed forts such as Hurst and Calshot held 26 and 36 guns respectively; Portland, however, had only 11 pieces. Some forts had more guns than the level of their regular, peacetime garrison; for example, despite only having an establishment of 13 men, Milton Blockhouse had 30 artillery pieces. 1737:

commander at Yarmouth quickly negotiated a surrender of his tiny garrison. The heavily outnumbered garrison at Southsea Castle was stormed by Parliamentary forces in a night attack. Like Camber, St Andrew's and Netley were rapidly occupied and then decommissioned by Parliament. In the north-east, Hull also sided with Parliament, and its castle and blockhouses were used as part of the town's defences during multiple sieges.

823:, who took the annulment as a personal insult. As a consequence, France and the Empire declared an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraged the two countries to attack England. An invasion of England now appeared certain; that summer Henry made a personal inspection of some of his coastal defences, which had recently been mapped and surveyed: he appeared determined to make substantial, urgent improvements. 2267:

example, distinguishes between the "Henrician castles", the larger fortifications such as Walmer, Deal or Hull, and the "Henrician blockhouses", such as Tilbury or Gravesend; Peter Harrington similarly distinguishes between the "castles/forts" and "blockhouses"; Andrew Saunders separate out between the "castles", "forts" and "blockhouses", and stresses the breadth of the Device programme across England and Wales.

710: 701: 683: 647: 638: 629: 620: 602: 593: 584: 557: 548: 539: 530: 521: 512: 503: 485: 476: 467: 458: 449: 440: 431: 422: 413: 377: 368: 1347:

Europe. The multiple tiers of guns gave the forts a relatively high profile, exposing them to enemy attack, and the curved surfaces of the hollow bastions were vulnerable to artillery. The concentric bastion design prevented overlapping fields of fire in the event of an attack from the land, and the tiers of guns meant that, as an enemy approached, the number of guns the fort could bring to bear diminished.

719: 692: 674: 665: 656: 611: 575: 566: 494: 404: 395: 386: 1153:, during which Camber Castle may have fired on the French fleet, and on 23 July they landed four detachments on the Isle of Wight, including a party that took the site of Sandown Castle, which was still under construction. The French expedition moved further on along the coast on 25 July, bringing an end to the immediate invasion threat. Meanwhile, on 22 July the French had carried out a raid at 741: 735: 1491:

a cost to the Crown of £2,208. Although most garrisons were paid for by the Crown, in some cases the local community also had a role; at Brownsea, the local town was responsible for providing a garrison of 6 men, and at Sandsfoot the village took up the responsibility for supporting the castle garrison, in exchange for an exemption from paying taxes and carrying out militia service.

1419:

during June 1540, and the work at Hull required a team of 420. A skilled worker was paid between 7 and 8 pence a day, a labourer between 5 and 6 pence, with trades including stonemasons, carpenters, carters, lime burners, sawyers, plumbers, scavelmen, dikers and bricklayers. Finding enough workers proved difficult, and in some cases men had to be pressed into service unwillingly.

1307:

Henry's forts were organs of the state, placed in key military locations, typically divorced from the surrounding patterns of land ownership or settlements. Unlike earlier medieval castles, they were spartan, utilitarian constructions. Some historians such as King have disagreed with this interpretation, highlighting the similarities between the two periods, with the historian

2154:, Britain's coastal defences depended on extensive barriers constructed along the shores, combined with large numbers of small defensive artillery positions supported by air cover. Several of the Device Forts were brought back into service in this way. Pendennis, St Catherine's, St Mawes and Walmer were equipped with naval gun batteries, Calshot and Hurst were rearmed with 2107:

of the Falmouth defences concluded that the naval artillery at St Mawes had become superfluous, as the necessary guns could be mounted at combination of Pendennis and newer sites along the coast, and the castle was disarmed. A review in 1913 concluded that keeping naval artillery at Calshot was also unnecessary, and the site was turned into an experimental

1326:, echoing earlier medieval designs, with curved, concentric bastions spreading out from the centre. The main guns were positioned over multiple tiers to enable them to engage targets at different ranges. There were far more gunports than there were guns held by the individual fortification. The bastion walls were pierced with splayed gun 1867:

made to Pendennis, Southsea and Yarmouth, while Tilbury was hugely expanded with an updated system of ramparts, bastions and moats at considerable cost. In the final phases of Charles's work, the castle and southern blockhouse at Hull were incorporated into a massive new fortification called the Citadel during the 1680s.

1774:

naval captain Major Keme then convinced the garrisons at Deal and Walmer to surrender. Sandgate Castle probably joined the Royalists as well. With both the coastal fortresses and the navy now under Royalist control, Parliament feared that foreign forces might be landed along the coast, or military aid sent to the Scots.

1677:

fleet was forced to turn back due to bad weather, but Elizabeth reviewed the defences and significantly expanded Henry's original fortifications with more up-to-date bastions, designed by the engineer Paul Ive. By the end of the century, however, most of the Device Forts were typically out of date by European standards.

1689:

were all assessed as needing extensive repairs, with Sandgate reported to be in such a poor condition that "neither habitable or defensible against any assault, nor any way fit to command the roads". Lacking ammunition and powder, and with only a handful of its guns in adequate repair, Hurst was unable to prevent

7127: 1242:, worked on Camber, Pendennis, Sandgate and St Mawes, apparently attempting to reproduce Italian designs, although his lack of personal knowledge of such fortifications impacted poorly on the end results. Technical treatises from mainland Europe also influenced the designers of the Device Forts, including 1975:

at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries led to some of the castles being re-garrisoned and improved, as part of the development of a range of gun batteries around key locations. Some of the fortifications such as Sandgate, Southsea, Hurst and Pendennis, protected strategic locations and these were

1789:

Walmer Castle was the first to be besieged and surrendered on 12 July. An earthwork fort was then built between Sandown and Deal, who each may have been defended by around 150 men each. Deal, which had been resupplied by the Royalists from the sea, was besieged in July. A Royalist fleet bombarded the

1688:

came to the English throne in 1603, resulting peace with both France and Spain. His government took little interest in the coastal defences and many of the Device Forts were neglected and fell into disrepair, with their garrisons' wages left unpaid. Castles such as Deal and blockhouses like Gravesend

1490:

The rates of pay across the defences were recorded in 1540, showing that the typical pay of the garrisons was 1 or 2 shillings a day for a captain; his deputy, 8 pence; porters, 8 pence; with soldiers and gunners receiving 6 pence each. In total, 2,220 men were recorded as receiving pay that year, at

1406:

The costs of building the fortifications varied with their size. A small blockhouse cost around £500 to build, whereas a medium-sized castle, such as Sandgate, Pendennis or Portland, would come to approximately £5,000. The defensive line of Deal, Sandown and Walmer castles cost a total £27,092, while

807:

had left coastal defences to local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications. Initially, therefore, Henry took little interest in his coastal defences; he declared reviews of the fortifications in both 1513 and 1533, but not much investment took place

2306:

In the 16th century, stone masons, bricklayers and carpenters worked with stone, bricks and wood respectively; carters moved material; lime burners produced an important raw material for mortar; sawyers cut wood; plumbers worked on the lead used in roofing; scavelmen and dikers on waterways, ditches

1659:

After Henry's death there was a pause in the conflict with France, during which many of the new fortifications were allowed to deteriorate. There was little money available for repairs and the garrisons were reduced in size. East Cowes was abandoned around 1547 and fell into ruin, while the bulwarks

1415:, an overseer and commissioners from the local gentry. A few fortifications were built by local individuals and families; St Catherine's Castle, for example, was reportedly paid for by the town and local gentry, and the Edgcumbe family built Devil's Point Artillery Tower to protect Plymouth Harbour. 775:

and, when Henry VII invaded and seized the throne in 1485, he had not needed to besiege any castles or towns during the campaign. Henry rapidly consolidated his rule at home and had few reasons to fear an external invasion from the continent; he invested little in coastal defences over the course of

2106:

By the start of the 20th century, developments in guns and armour had made most of the Device Forts that remained in service too small to be useful. Modern weapons systems and their supporting logistics facilities such as munitions stores could not fit within the 16th-century designs. A 1905 review

1486:

The garrisons were well organised, and a strict code of discipline was issued in 1539; the historian Peter Harrington suggests that life in the forts would have usually been "tedious" and "isolated". Soldiers were expected to provide handguns at their own expense, and could be fined if they failed

1426:

Large amounts of raw materials were also needed for the work, including stone, timber and lead and many other supplies. Camber, for example, probably required over 500,000 bricks, Sandgate needed 44,000 tiles, while constructing a small blockhouse along the Thames was estimated by contemporaries to

1418:

Much of the expenditure was on the construction teams, called "crews", who built the forts. The numbers of workers varied during the course of the project, driven in part by seasonal variation, but the teams were substantial: Sandgate Castle, for example, saw an average of 640 men on the site daily

1314:

The forts were positioned to defend harbours and anchorages, and designed both to focus artillery fire on enemy ships, and to protect the gunnery teams from attack by those vessels. Some, including the major castles, including the castles of the Downs in Kent, were intended to be self-contained and

2287:

Comparing early modern costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. The £376,000 total cost of the Device Forts in 1547 might be equivalent, in 2015 terms, to between £1,949 million, using the UK earning index, and £82,120 million, using a share of GDP measure. A castle costing

2217:

A range of the fortifications were opened to the public in the post-war years. Deal, Hurst, Pendennis and Portland opened in the 1950s, and Southsea in 1967. Calshot followed in the 1980s, Camber after a long period of restoration work in 1994, and Sandsfoot reopened following repair work in 2012.

2069:

was laid across Carrick Roads in 1885, jointly controlled from St Mawes and Pendennis. New, quick-firing guns were installed at Hurst to enable the castle to engage the newer vessels. Calshot was brought back into service as a coastal fort, with a new battery of quick-firing guns protecting a boom

2003:

The government coastguard used some of the fortifications as bases to combat smuggling. Calshot was a good location for interception vessels to lie in wait and, by the middle of the century, two officers and forty-two men were stationed there; Sandown Castle in Kent was also used by the coastguard

1676:

Despite the destruction of the Armada, the Spanish threat continued; the castles in Kent were kept ready for action throughout the rest of Elizabeth's reign. In 1596 a Spanish invasion fleet carrying reportedly 20,000 soldiers set out for Pendennis, which was then garrisoned with only 500 men. The

1342:

often surrounded the sites, to protect against any attack from land, and they were further protected by what the historian B. Morley describes as the "defensive paraphernalia developed in the Middle Ages": portcullises, murder holes and reinforced doors. The smaller blockhouses took various forms,

2213:

Widespread restoration work was then carried out; at Calshot, Deal, Hurst, Pendennis, Portland, St Catherine's and Southsea, the more modern additions to the fortifications were destroyed in an attempt to recreate the appearance of the castles at earlier periods of their history, ranging from the

1866:

Concerns about the Dutch threat were intensified after an unexpected naval raid along the Thames in 1667, during which Gravesend and Tilbury prevented the attack reaching the capital itself. In response, Charles made extensive improvements to his coastal defences. As part of this investments were

1773:

broke out, this time with Charles' Royalist supporters joined by Scottish forces. The Parliamentary navy was based in the Downs, protected by the nearby Henrician castles, but by May a Royalist insurrection was underway across Kent. Sandown Castle declared for the King, and the soldier and former

1576:

and London, staffed by specialists from mainland Europe. This could make cast-iron weapons, but probably initially lacked the capacity to supply all of the artillery required for the Device forts, particularly since Henry also required more guns for his new navy. A technical breakthrough in 1543,

1306:

Although some of the fortifications are titled as castles, historians typically distinguish between the character of the Device Forts and those of the earlier medieval castles. Medieval castles were private dwellings as well as defensive sites, and usually played a role in managing local estates;

326:

in the 1880s. This spurred fresh investment in those Device Forts still thought to be militarily valuable, and encouraged the decommissioning of others. By 1900, however, developments in guns and armour had made most of the Device Forts that remained in service simply too small to be practical in

1946:

Criticisms were levelled at the defences of the Device Forts, which often had minimal garrisons and had been left to fall into disrepair. Southsea Castle, for example, was only garrisoned by "an old sergeant and three or four men who sell cakes and ale" according to one contemporary account, and

1740:

Much of the south-west sided with the King; Device Forts such as St Catherine's were held by the Royalists from the beginning of the conflict. The Royalists invaded Parliamentary-controlled Dorset in 1643, taking Portland and Sandsfoot. The flow of the war turned against the King, and the Dorset

1350:

Some of these issues were addressed during the second Device programme from 1544 onwards. Italian ideas began to be brought in, although the impact of Henry's foreign engineers seems to have been limited, and the designs themselves lagged behind those used in his French territories. The emerging

2214:

16th to the 19th centuries. There was extensive research into the forts during this period, commencing in 1951 with a long-running research project commissioned by the Ministry of Works into the Device Forts, which in turn led to heightened academic interest in their histories during the 1980s.

2060:

being established in 1859, and expressing fears about the security of the south coast. In response, Sandgate was re-equipped with heavier guns in 1859, and extensive work was carried out on Southsea. Hurst was fitted with two huge batteries of heavy rifled breech-loading guns, protected by iron

1346:

These new fortifications were the most advanced in England at the time, an improvement over earlier medieval designs, and were effective in terms of concentrating firepower on enemy ships. They contained numerous flaws, however, and were primitive in comparison to their counterparts in mainland

1068:

The work was undertaken rapidly, and 24 sites were completed and garrisoned by the end of 1540, with almost all of the rest finished by the end of 1543. By the time they were completed, however, the alliance between Charles and Francis had collapsed and the threat of imminent invasion was over.

2039:

created a new risk that the French might successfully attack along the south coast, and fears grew of a conflict in the early 1850s. Southsea Castle and St Mawes were extended with new gun batteries, Pendennis was re-equipped with heavier guns, and Hurst was extensively redeveloped. There were

1926:

The military significance of the Device Forts declined during the 18th century. Some of the fortifications were redesigned to provide more comfortable housing for their occupants. Cowes Castle was partially rebuilt in 1716 to modernise its accommodation, demolishing much of the keep and adding

1482:

The garrisons of the Device Forts comprised relatively small teams of men who typically lived and worked in the fortifications. The garrisons would maintain and care for the buildings and their artillery during the long periods of peacetime and, in a crisis, would be supplemented by additional

1446:

as a result. In addition, the dissolution had released ample supplies of building materials as the monastic buildings were pulled down, and much of this was recycled. Netley Castle, for example, was based on an old abbey and reused many of its stones, East Tilbury Blockhouse reused parts of St

870:

in 1539 that new defences were to be built along the coasts of England, beginning a major programme of work that would continue until 1547. The order was known as a "device", which meant a documented plan, instruction or schema, leading to the fortifications later becoming known as the "Device

2266:

In the 16th century, a variety of contemporary terms were used, often interchangeably, to describe these fortifications, including "blockhouses", "bulwarks", "castles" and "fortresses". Modern historians have also used different terms to describe and analyse the fortifications: B. Morley, for

2126:

in 1904, who opened both former fortifications to visitors. Portland Castle was placed onto what was known as the Schedule C list, which meant that the Army would continue to use and manage the historic property, but would receive advice on the suitability of repairs from the Office of Works.

1850:

in 1660 and reduced both the size and the wages of the garrisons across the kingdom. The Device Forts initially remained at the heart of the defences along the south coast, but their design was by now badly antiquated. Deal continued to play an important role in defending the Downs during the

2288:£5,000 could equate to between £25.92 million and £1,092 million. Richard Lee's salary of £30 a year could equate, in 2015 terms, to between £15,770, using the UK RPI measure, and £155,500, using the UK earning index. A labourer's wage of five pence a day could equate to between £26 and £259. 1842:

between 1652 and 1654, castles such as Deal were reinforced with earthworks and soldiers. Portland saw action during a three-day long naval battle between English and Dutch forces in the Portland Roads. Some sites fell out of use: Little Dennis Blockhouse – part of the complex of defences at

1736:

The Device Forts along the Solent also fell into Parliamentary hands early in the conflict. Calshot was garrisoned throughout, as was Brownsea, which was strengthened and equipped with additional guns. West Cowes was rapidly taken after firing on a nearby Parliamentary ship, and the Royalist

1663:

The strategic importance of south-east England declined after peace was declared with France in 1558. Military attention instead shifted towards the Spanish threat to the increasingly prosperous south-west of the country; tensions grew and war finally broke out in 1569. The new threat led to

2044:

sparked a fresh invasion scare and in 1855 the south coast of England was refortified. New guns were installed at St Catherine's and Yarmouth in 1855. The remains of the West Blockhouse were destroyed by a new fortification, the West Blockhouse Fort, designed to deal with the French threat.

1668:

sailed for England and the Device Forts were mobilised in response. As part of this work, West Tilbury was brought back into service and supported by a hastily raised army, which was visited by Queen Elizabeth I, and further enlargement followed under the direction of the Italian engineer,

2081:

Some other sites were no longer considered viable at all. West Cowes was decommissioned in 1854 and became the club house of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Sandown Castle in Kent, suffering badly from coastal erosion, began to be demolished from 1863 onwards; Hull Citadel and its 16th-century

1745:

had entered Cornwall with a substantial army. The captain of the castle was invited to retreat to the stronger fortress of Pendennis, but he surrendered immediately without putting up resistance. Pendennis was bombarded from the land and blockaded by a flotilla of ships. The captain, Sir

1233:

England also had a tradition of drawing on expert foreign engineers for military engineering; Italians were particularly sought after, as their home country was felt to be generally more technically advanced, particularly in the field of fortifications. One of these foreign engineers,

2316:

Steam power enabled enemy vessels to cross the Channel much faster, while sailing ships that had been only able to pass river defences slowly when moving against the tide, making them vulnerable to their guns, were now replaced by steam ships that threatened to cruise past them at

1121:

in northern France, King Charles and Francis made peace in 1544, leaving England exposed to an invasion by France, backed by her allies in Scotland. In response Henry issued another device in 1544 to improve the country's defences, particularly along the south coast. Work began on

1750:, agreed to an honourable surrender on 15 August, and around 900 survivors left the fort, some terminally ill from malnutrition. Pendennis was the penultimate Royalist fortification to hold out in the war, followed by Portland Castle which finally surrendered in April 1646. 1315:

able to defend themselves against attack from the land, while the smaller blockhouses were primarily focused on the maritime threat. Although there were extensive variations between the individual designs, they had common features and were often built in a consistent style.

2061:

armour plate, intended for use against fast-moving enemy warships. Tilbury Blockhouse was demolished to make way for heavier guns at the fort after 1868. Portland was readopted by army as a garrison base in 1869 in response to fears of an invasion, but it was not rearmed.

237:

coast. Some forts operated independently, others were designed to be mutually reinforcing. The Device programme was hugely expensive, costing a total of £376,000 (estimated as between £2 and £82 billion in today's money); much of this was raised from the proceeds of the

1514:. The Tower moved them between the various fortifications as they felt necessary, often resulting in complaints from the local captains. Various surviving records record the armaments held by individual forts on particular dates, and between 1547 and 1548 a complete 204:

had left coastal defences in the hands of local lords and communities but the threat of French and Spanish invasion led the King to issue an order, called a "device", for a major programme of work between 1539 and 1547. The fortifications ranged from large stone

2166:, which seized the French fleet in 1940. Others were used as support facilities; Yarmouth was requisitioned for military use; Portland was used for accommodation, offices and as an ordnance store, and West Cowes used as a naval headquarters for part of the 1157:, and Camber Castle may have seen action against the French fleet. A peace treaty was agreed in June 1546, bringing an end to the war. By the time that Henry died the following year, in total the huge sum of £376,000 had been spent on the Device projects. 1060:

and two large blockhouses. Further work was carried out in Essex in 1543, with a total of seven fortifications constructed, three in Harwich itself, three protecting the estuary leading to the town, and two protecting the estuary linking into Colchester.

2082:

fortifications were demolished in 1864 to make way for docks; Yarmouth was decommissioned in 1885, becoming a coastguard signalling station; and Sandgate, also suffering from coastal erosion, was sold off to the South Eastern Railway company in 1888.

1298:

describes it as "one of the largest construction programmes in Britain since the Romans", Brian St John O'Neil as the only "scheme of comprehensive coastal defence ever attempted in England before modern times", while Cathcart King likened it to the

1229:

as being "of his Majesty's own device", which typically indicated that the King had taken a personal role in its design. The historian Andrew Saunders suspects that Henry was "probably the leading and unifying influence behind the fortifications".

2209:

units and then closed as military establishments. St Catherine's and Portland were decommissioned in the late 1940s, Hurst, Pendennis and Yarmouth in the 1950s, Southsea in 1960 and, after, the closure of its air base, Calshot followed in 1961.

1781:

was taken by the Royalists. Sir Thomas Fairfax placed it under siege, and Mersea Fort was taken by Parliamentary forces and used to cut off any assistance reaching the town by river. Meanwhile, Parliament defeated the Kentish insurgency at the

2064:

A fresh wave of concerns about France followed in the 1880s, accompanied by the introduction of still more powerful naval artillery and fast warships and torpedo boats, resulting in a fresh wave of modernisation. An electronically operated

1863:, and castles such as Hurst, Portland and Sandgate remained garrisoned. Others, however, were decommissioned with Sandsfoot closing in 1665 following a dispute over the control of the defences, and Netley being abandoned to fall into ruin. 1487:

to produce them. There were only around 200 gunners across England during the 1540s; they were important military specialists, and the historians Audrey Howes and Martin Foreman observe that "an air of mystery and danger" surrounded them.

269:

in 1545, the Device Forts saw almost no action before peace was declared in 1546. Some of the defences were left to deteriorate and were decommissioned only a few years after their construction. After war broke out with Spain in 1569,

6090: 5944: 5522: 5438: 5203: 1609:

were still in military use among English armies in the 1540s, although they later declined quickly in popularity, and these, along with the polearms, would have been used by the local militia when they were called out in a crisis.

1999:

recruited by Pitt carried out military exercises at the castle. Calshot was used to store munitions for nearby Sea Fencibles. Pendennis held a new volunteer artillery unit, which was used to train other garrisons across Cornwall.

1201:, another of the King's engineers from his French campaigns, may have been involved in the construction of Sandown and Southsea; the pair were paid the substantial sums of £30 and £36 a year respectively. Sir Richard Morris, the 1830:. Many of the forts remained garrisoned with substantial numbers of men due to fears of a Royalist invasion, overseen by newly appointed governors; Netley was brought back into service due to the threat. Many were used to hold 1585:

was discovered on the site of the South Blockhouse in Kingston on Hull. The weapon, now known as "Henry's Gun", is one of only four such guns in the world to have survived and is displayed at the Hull and East Riding Museum.

7099: 1697:

from the shoreline for food. Some of the forts fell out of use; Camber Castle, whose original function of protecting the local anchorage had by now been made redundant by the changing shoreline, was decommissioned by King

1673:. Gravesend was improved and several of the Essex fortifications were temporarily brought back into use; there were discussions about enhancing the defences at Hull and Milford Haven, but no work was actually carried out. 759:

in warfare had initially favoured the defender, but soon traditional stone walls could easily be destroyed by early artillery. The few new castles that were built during this time still incorporated the older features of

1463:. By the second phase of the programme, however, most of the money from the dissolution had been spent, and Henry instead had to borrow funds; government officials noted that at least £100,000 was needed for the work. 750:

The Device Forts emerged as a result of changes in English military architecture and foreign policy in the early 16th century. During the late medieval period, the English use of castles as military fortifications had

871:

Forts". The initial instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" concerned building forts along the southern coastline of England, as well as making improvements to the defences of the towns of

2004:

for anti-smuggling operations. In the coming decades some forts were declared obsolete and put to new uses; Portland was disarmed after the war and converted into a private house. Gravesend was superseded by the

261:

in mainland Europe. The castles were commanded by captains appointed by the Crown, overseeing small garrisons of professional gunners and soldiers, who would be supplemented by the local militia in an emergency.

2178:, was appointed as the captain of Walmer Castle during the war, but declined to use it as a residence, noting that it was too expensive for him to maintain, and that it lay within the range of German artillery. 7506: 2138:

guns, formed part of the Fortress Portsmouth plan for defending the Solent. Calshot formed a base for anti-submarine warfare, and the remaining castles of the Downs were used to support the activities of the

2070:

across the estuary. The original 16th-century parts of fortifications such as Southsea and Calshot were too small and unsuitable for modern weapons, however, and were instead used for mounting searchlights,

9627:

Tapete, Deodato; Bromhead, Edward; Ibsen, Maia; Casagli, Nicola (2013). "Coastal Erosion and Landsliding Impact on Historic Sites in SE Britain". In Margottini, Claudio; Canuti, Paolo; Sassa, Kyoji (eds.).

278:

of 1588. By the end of the century, the defences were badly out of date and for the first few decades of the 17th century many of the forts were left to decay. Most of the fortifications saw service in the

1224:

Henry himself took a close interest in the design of the fortifications, sometimes overruling his technical advisers on particular details. Southsea Castle, for example, was described by the courtier Sir

7383: 1197:

Some of the Device Forts were designed and built by teams of English engineers. The master mason John Rogers was brought back from his work in France and worked on the Hull defences, while Sir

879:

in France, then controlled by Henry's forces. Commissioners were also to be sent out across south-west and south-east England to inspect the current defences and to propose sites for new ones.

257:. These designs contained serious military flaws, however, and the second period of construction until 1547 saw the introduction of angular bastions and other innovations probably inspired by 249:, intended to be used against enemy ships before they could land forces or attack ships lying in harbour. The first wave of work between 1539 and 1543 was characterised by the use of circular 6094: 5948: 5526: 5442: 5207: 1927:

residential wings and gardens over the landward defences, and Brownsea Castle began to be converted into a country house from the 1720s onwards. Walmer became the official residence of the

1798:, attempted to landed a fresh force in August, but despite three attempts the operation failed and suffered heavy losses. Deal surrendered on 25 August, followed by Sandown on 5 September. 9559:

Spurgeon, J. P. G.; Brooke, J. (1996). "Use of the Contingent Evaluation Method to Quantify Some Aspects of the Environmental Effects of Coastal Defence Schemes". In Fleming, C. A. (ed.).

902:

and on which an invasion force of enemy soldiers could easily be landed. These defences, known as the castles of the Downs, were supported by a line of four earthwork forts, known as the

11463: 2122:

in 1901, with parts of it were leased to the neighbouring hotel. The War Office concluded that Walmer and Deal had no remaining military value and agreed to transfer the castles to the

339:

over the centuries had taken its toll and some sites had been extensively damaged or completely destroyed. Many were restored, however, and opened to the public as tourist attractions.

2297:

In this map of the Thames, south is depicted to the top of the map, contrary to usual cartographic practice; west is therefore on the right hand side of the map, and east to the left.

803:. While France and the Empire were in conflict with one another, raids along the English coast might still be common, but a full-scale invasion seemed unlikely. Indeed, traditionally 1149:

and arrived off the Solent with 200 ships on 19 July. Henry's fleet made a brief sortie, before retreating safely behind the protective fortifications. Annebault landed a force near

7106: 2326:

The authorities were concerned that modern artillery shells striking the stone walls of Calshot's keep would create large numbers of stone splinters, incapacitating the gun crews.

2170:. Camber was used as an early warning and decoy site to distract raids from nearby Rye. Early in the war a German bomber destroyed much of the captain's quarters at Deal, forcing 1979:

Some of the Device Forts worked in conjunction with the volunteer units raised during the wars to counter the threat of a French invasion. Walmer Castle was used by its captain

1564:

artillery guns. Guns made of brass could fire more quickly—up to eight times an hour—and were safer to use than their iron equivalents, but were expensive and required imported

2218:

Visitor numbers vary across the sites; Southsea Castle, for example, received over 90,000 visitors in 2011–12. Other forts were put to different uses: Netley was first used a

1593:, would have been used for close defence; these were 6-foot (1.8 m) long and supported on tripods. Many forts also held supplies of bows, arrows and polearms, such as 7530: 2118:; for its part, the War Office was concerned that it might find itself financially supporting these properties from its own budget. Yarmouth Castle was passed to the 2031:

From the mid-19th century onwards, changes in military technology repeatedly challenged the value and composition of Britain's coastal defences. The introduction of

1438:

Most of the money for the first phase of Device works came from Henry's dissolution of the monasteries a few years before, and the revenues that flowed in from the

1056:

just outside Southampton itself. Following a royal visit to the north of England, the coastal fortifications around the town of Hull were upgraded in 1542 with a

2134:, naval operations were mainly focused along the south-east and southern coasts. The defences of Pendennis were reinforced, while Southsea, with the addition of 9184:

Norrey, P. J. (1988). "The Restoration Regime in Action: The Relationship between Central and Local Government in Dorset, Somerset and Wiltshire, 1660–1678".

2057: 1550: 246: 2040:

discussions about rearming Calshot, but these were rejected, in part due to concerns about the suitability of the 16th-century walls in modern warfare. The

7390: 5962:

A. Baggs; Beryl Board; Philip Crummy; Claude Dove; Shirley Durgan; N. Goose; R. Pugh; Pamela Studd; C. Thornton (1994), Janet Cooper; C. Elrington (eds.),

1991:– as the base for volunteer cavalry unit and a fleet of 35 armed fishing boats called luggers. Nearby Deal also had units of infantry and cavalry, called 306:

Fears over a possible French invasion resurfaced several times in the 19th century, combined with rapid changes in technology, such as the development of

1894:, a supporter of James, but was prevented from actively supporting the loyalist cause by the local inhabitants and his garrison, who sided with William. 933:

estuary leading out of London, through which 80 percent of England's exports passed, was protected with a mutually reinforcing network of blockhouses at

1882:, and took steps to defend the Downs against a feared Irish invasion which never materialised. Southsea Castle was held by the King's illegitimate son, 768:, but intended them more as martial symbols than as practical military defences. Many older castles were simply abandoned or left to fall in disrepair. 1581:

and a massive increase in Henry's ability to manufacture iron cannons. Few guns from this period have survived, but during excavations in 1997 an iron

360: 1664:

improvements being made to Pendennis and St Mawes castles in Cornwall, and repairs to Calshot, Camber and Portland along the south coast. In 1588 the

1117:

Henry moved back onto the offensive in Europe in 1543, allying himself with Spain against France once again. Despite Henry's initial successes around

1044:, were actually built, on opposite sides of the estuary. Work began on further fortifications to protect the Solent in 1541, with the construction of 752: 1343:

including D-shapes, octagonal and square designs. The Thames blockhouses were typically protected on either side by additional earthworks and guns.

1300: 776:

his reign. Modest fortifications existed along the coasts, based around simple blockhouses and towers, primarily in the south-west and along the

1943:, who redeveloped nearby Deal Castle during the same period, creating comfortable wood-panelled quarters for himself there overlooking the sea. 6355: 1435:. Some materials could be sourced locally, but coal was shipped from the north of England and prefabricated items were brought in from London. 9630:

Landslide Science and Practice: Volume 6, Risk Assessment, Management and Migitation edited by Claudio Margottini, Paolo Canuti, Kyoji Sassa

299:

to the throne in 1660. Again left to fall in ruin during the 18th century, many of the Device Forts were modernised and rearmed during the

1794:

mercenaries in support of the revolt, but a shortage of money forced their return to the Continent. The fleet, under the command of Prince

1407:

the work at Hull Castle and its two blockhouses came to £21,056. Various officials were appointed to run each of the projects, including a

1334:, with overlapping angles of fire. The interiors had sufficient space for gunnery operations, with specially designed vents to remove the 7686: 10176: 9708:

Walton, Steven A. (2010). "State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification".

7599: 5842: 918:, and a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) long defensive ditch and bank. The route inland through a gap in the Kentish cliffs was guarded by 12104: 8176:

Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation

7759: 7152: 11279: 9811: 1589:

In addition to artillery, the Device Forts were equipped with infantry weapons. Handguns, typically an early form of matchlock

1423:

broke out, with strikes over low pay at Deal in 1539 and at Guisnes in 1541; both were quickly suppressed by royal officials.

9637: 9587: 9568: 9506: 9402: 9383: 9364: 9326: 9307: 9288: 9250: 9161: 9142: 9095: 9076: 9040: 8983: 8964: 8899: 8867: 8761: 8742: 8657: 8638: 8534: 8515: 8430: 8411: 8295: 8259: 8240: 8151: 1693:

ships from passing along the Solent. Pendennis's garrison's pay was two years in arrears, reportedly forcing them to gather

7573: 12109: 2242: 1939:, carried out extensive work there after 1708. There was probably some rivalry between Sackville and the naval officer Sir 1932: 1907: 1883: 1510:

The artillery guns in the Device forts were the property of the Crown and were centrally managed by the authorities in the

1252:

which described contemporary methods of fortification in Germany, published in 1527 and translated into Latin in 1535, and

6536: 2020: 11873: 11568: 7555: 5644: 5368: 4971: 1758: 727: 6728: 5420: 2119: 1891: 1843:

Pendennis – and Mersea were decommissioned between 1654 and 1655, and Brownsea Castle was sold off into private hands.

1515: 4906: 11688: 11473: 9763: 9656: 9487: 9468: 9345: 9269: 9231: 9123: 8831: 8723: 8470: 8371: 8352: 8221: 8202: 8183: 7323: 1786:

at the start of June and then sent a force under the command of Colonel Rich to deal with the castles of the Downs.

882:

The initial result was the construction of 30 new fortifications of various sizes during 1539. The stone castles of

10095: 10019: 1940: 1443: 982: 9438:

Saunders, Andrew D. (1960). "Tilbury Fort and the Development of Artillery Fortifications in the Thames Estuary".

4374: 2205:

came to dominate the battlefield. The remaining Device Forts still in military use were initially garrisoned with

1274:

18th-century engraving of a 1588 map showing the mutually reinforcing defences along the River Thames, including

12099: 11898: 4375:"A Colored Bird's Eye View of "A Castle for the Downes;" Probably an Early Design for Walmer and Sundown Castles" 4321: 1928: 1206: 7987:"Promontory Defined by an Iron Age Linear Earthwork, St Andrew's Castle and Additional Remains on Hamble Common" 7365: 7243: 6991: 6472: 6437: 771:

Although fortifications could still be valuable in times of war, they had played only a limited role during the

1394: 1202: 1036:

and the original plans involved constructing five new fortifications to protect it, although only two castles,

788: 239: 2027:

seen from the east, showing the 16th-century defences (centre) flanked by extensive mid-19th century additions

10044: 10034: 2114:

Meanwhile, concerns had been growing about the unsympathetic treatment of historic military buildings by the

1170: 1127: 1062: 820: 11121: 10659: 10169: 2143:. St Mawes and Portland were used as barracks, and Walmer became a weekend retreat for the Prime Minister, 1569: 1852: 11458: 10539: 9911: 8084: 8070: 8056: 8042: 8028: 8014: 8000: 7986: 7972: 7958: 7944: 7930: 7916: 7902: 7888: 7874: 7860: 7846: 7832: 7799: 7773: 7351: 7027: 6522: 6148: 2162:, and Sandsfoot was used as an anti-aircraft battery. Southsea continued in service, and was involved in 1856: 1839: 911: 17: 2622: 11054: 9804: 4477: 2247: 895: 210: 1221:, contributed to the high-quality construction and detailing seen in many of Henry's Device projects. 780:

coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but they were very limited in scale.

11503: 9954: 2229:

By the 21st century many of the Device Forts had been damaged by, or in some cases lost entirely, to

1968: 1747: 11128: 6486: 6451: 6362: 6301: 5508: 5406: 3911: 3883: 3730: 2222:, and then converted into private flats; Brownsea became a corporate hotel for the employees of the 1890:, who was pressurised into surrendering as his father's cause collapsed. Yarmouth was controlled by 787:

inherited the throne in 1509 and took a more interventionist approach in European affairs, fighting

12000: 11078: 10135: 10120: 10100: 9840: 7660: 1980: 1770: 1762: 792: 284: 926:

were built in during the initial stages of the work, ahead of the main stonework being completed.

12047: 11822: 11528: 11523: 11443: 11240: 11187: 11157: 10914: 10844: 10788: 10365: 10162: 9992: 9972: 9499:

A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1, 1500 to 1830

1287: 1283: 950: 946: 335:, by the 1950s the fortifications were finally considered redundant and decommissioned for good. 7903:"Hull Castle, South Blockhouse and Part of Late 17th century Hull Citadel Fort at Garrison Side" 7483: 6149:"Hull Castle, South Blockhouse and Part of Late 17th century Hull Citadel Fort at Garrison Side" 12072: 11888: 11478: 11375: 11260: 10444: 8612:

Fry, Sebastian (2014). "A History of the National Heritage Collection: Volume Two: 1900–1913".

7630: 6845: 6770: 6501: 5828: 5797: 5722: 5341: 4888: 2223: 2099:

6-inch (152 mm) Mark 24 gun in the Half Moon Battery at Pendennis Castle, dating from the

1879: 1578: 1439: 1235: 1198: 1018: 271: 1637: 1270: 1253: 412: 12094: 12025: 11863: 11645: 11398: 11135: 10958: 10287: 9797: 8161:

Barrett, W. Bowles (1910). "Weymouth and Melcombe Regis in the Time of the Great Civil War".

8127:

The Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for the Year 1882, Part II

2159: 1955: 1806: 1795: 1381: 1150: 1142: 867: 858: 784: 296: 292: 288: 254: 197: 127: 8771:

Harris, Edward C. (1980). "Archaeological Investigations at Sandgate Castle, Kent, 1976-9".

7690: 7645: 5963: 5601: 2095: 1710: 628: 12010: 11538: 11164: 10963: 10929: 10329: 10211: 9977: 9936: 1741:

forts were besieged in 1644 and 1645, with Sandsfoot falling to Parliament. By March 1646,

1715: 1699: 1650: 1279: 1210: 1154: 1108: 934: 887: 583: 1459:

friary. Milton Blockhouse was constructed on land that had recently been confiscated from

466: 8: 11827: 11563: 10919: 10297: 10039: 9916: 9865: 9845: 9529:

Smith, Victor T. C. (1980). "The Milton Blockhouse, Gravesend: Research and Excavation".

8381:

Coad, Jonathan (2006). "Calshot Castle: The Later History of Tudor Fortress, 1793–1945".

2009: 1875: 1871: 1847: 1783: 1331: 1135: 907: 816: 7607: 421: 291:, continuing to form the backbone of England's coastal defences against the Dutch after 11949: 11558: 11533: 11518: 11513: 11363: 11343: 11140: 10701: 10568: 10312: 9906: 9725: 9683: 9262:

Grace & Favour: A Handbook of Who Lived Where in Hampton Court Palace, 1750 to 1950

8453: 5875: 3299: 2032: 1960: 1835: 1685: 1670: 1322:

and massively thick walls to protect against incoming fire. They usually had a central

903: 520: 367: 7257: 7041: 7005: 5981: 2186: 2008:

and demolished in 1844. Meanwhile, the ruins of Netley Castle were transformed into a

709: 592: 439: 12005: 11964: 11939: 11812: 11493: 11333: 11180: 10766: 10644: 10322: 10265: 10059: 10049: 9987: 9982: 9778: 9759: 9742: 9729: 9652: 9633: 9602: 9583: 9564: 9547: 9502: 9483: 9464: 9398: 9379: 9360: 9341: 9322: 9303: 9284: 9265: 9246: 9227: 9210: 9157: 9138: 9119: 9091: 9072: 9055: 9036: 8998: 8979: 8960: 8895: 8863: 8846: 8827: 8757: 8738: 8719: 8702: 8672: 8653: 8634: 8617: 8600: 8583: 8566: 8549: 8530: 8511: 8485: 8466: 8426: 8407: 8367: 8348: 8310: 8291: 8274: 8269:

Chapple, Nick (2014). "A History of the National Collection: Volume Six, 1945–1953".

8255: 8236: 8217: 8198: 8179: 8147: 8130: 8113: 3945: 2175: 2075: 2053: 1996: 1726: 1542: 1308: 1275: 1104: 1091: 986: 978: 942: 938: 923: 800: 772: 319: 280: 153: 8922: 1243: 27:

Artillery fortifications built to defend the southern coast of England by Henry VIII

11979: 11954: 11883: 11807: 11408: 11403: 11338: 10889: 10693: 10272: 10115: 10105: 9717: 9675: 9447: 9193: 9023: 9019: 8943: 8918: 8810: 8780: 8449: 8390: 8331: 8250:

Chandler, John (1996). "John Leland in the West Country". In Brayshay, Mark (ed.).

2171: 2151: 2100: 1915: 1831: 1815: 1504: 1351:

continental approach used angled, "arrow-head" bastions, linked in a line called a

1037: 1014: 958: 812: 796: 664: 448: 332: 169: 157: 73: 62: 7733: 7715: 7628: 7166: 5826: 4956: 4765: 4423: 3897: 3716: 3031: 2922: 1262:, published in 1521, which also described new Italian forms of military defences. 637: 619: 529: 475: 274:

improved many of the remaining fortifications, including during the attack of the

11868: 11720: 11693: 11633: 11603: 11488: 11453: 11433: 11418: 10973: 10968: 10936: 10697: 10639: 10627: 10609: 10476: 10457: 10383: 10360: 10125: 10110: 10090: 10064: 10054: 9931: 9666:

Tomlinson, Howard (1973). "The Ordnance Office and the King's Forts, 1660–1714".

8322:

Coad, J. G. (1985). "Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790–1945".

7577: 2230: 2194: 2190: 2163: 2131: 2123: 2005: 1972: 1919: 1911: 1887: 1538: 1511: 1476: 1354: 1295: 1188: 1131: 1123: 1100: 1049: 1041: 1010: 919: 457: 336: 328: 300: 165: 161: 1393:

in 2012 (left) and in a 1539 plan (right); the castle reused materials from the

1082: 700: 601: 547: 484: 430: 12037: 12032: 11698: 11683: 11618: 11608: 11483: 11468: 11368: 11358: 11323: 11197: 10990: 10687: 10654: 10618: 10434: 10292: 10256: 10014: 9921: 8394: 2368:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present" 2202: 2167: 1984: 1936: 1791: 1742: 1665: 1572:). In the 1530s Henry had established a new English gun-making industry in the 1546: 1534: 1460: 1448: 1420: 1398: 1390: 1294:

The Device Forts represented a major, radical programme of work; the historian

1218: 1002: 974: 915: 646: 565: 275: 9451: 9197: 8508:

Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England

7559: 5648: 5372: 4975: 1729:

broke out across England in 1642 between the supporters of King Charles I and

1521:

A variety of artillery guns were deployed, including heavier weapons, such as

718: 673: 655: 610: 574: 376: 12088: 12042: 11995: 11903: 11893: 11847: 11817: 11802: 11771: 11752: 11613: 11553: 11508: 11423: 11382: 11192: 10825: 10820: 10553: 10516: 10501: 10452: 10397: 10376: 10185: 10029: 10002: 9946: 9926: 9896: 9746: 9551: 9059: 8850: 8621: 8553: 8489: 8314: 8278: 8134: 8117: 6732: 5424: 3193: 2144: 2071: 1646: 1598: 1594: 1573: 1226: 1053: 1029: 990: 954: 891: 765: 732:

Map of Southern England and Wales showing the locations of the Device Forts:

682: 385: 266: 226: 222: 193: 9782: 9214: 9088:

Cities Divided: Politics and Religion in English Provincial Towns, 1660–1722

8604: 8587: 1826:– deliberately damaged or destroyed – by Parliament during the years of the 1628: 1499: 1179: 691: 556: 394: 12020: 11878: 11842: 11797: 11781: 11709: 11662: 11638: 11628: 11623: 11438: 11255: 11083: 10948: 10884: 10859: 10771: 10745: 10713: 10707: 10649: 10588: 10558: 10406: 10024: 9964: 9850: 9606: 9480:

Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland

9002: 8706: 8676: 8570: 8402:

Coad, Jonathan (2008). "History of the Castle". In Lawson, Susannah (ed.).

5961: 4910: 2367: 2219: 2140: 2024: 1988: 1860: 1719: 1335: 1214: 1045: 502: 493: 323: 58: 8930:

Kenyon, J. R. (1979). "An Aspect of the 1559 Survey of the Isle of Wight:

8671:(new and revised ed.). Southampton, UK: Henry March Gilbert and Son. 7661:"An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 2, South East" 1963:'s room in Walmer Castle; the Duke was captain there between 1829 and 1852 836: 538: 511: 403: 11919: 11776: 11745: 11727: 11715: 11657: 11652: 11593: 11588: 11548: 11448: 11413: 11309: 11212: 10983: 10953: 10943: 10849: 10738: 10355: 10302: 10143: 9901: 9860: 9855: 9243:

Defending Hampshire The Military Landscape from Prehistory to the Present

8947: 8784: 8735:

Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604

8335: 2147:, exploiting its good communication links with the front line in France. 2041: 2036: 1827: 1811: 1530: 1452: 1432: 1412: 1372: 1318:

The larger sites, such as Deal or Camber, were typically squat, with low

1146: 1057: 998: 883: 854: 845: 10546: 9376:

The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History

9154:

Naval Warfare 1919–45: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea

8841:

Hunt, Abbey (2011). "English Heritage Coastal Estate: Risk Assessment".

8563:

Records of Walmer, Together with "The Three Castles that Keep the Downs"

8174:

Biddle, Martin; Hiller, Jonathon; Scott, Ian; Streeten, Anthony (2001).

1838:, including Hull, Mersea, Portland, Southsea and West Cowes. During the 11944: 11764: 11736: 11667: 11543: 11498: 11428: 11348: 11245: 11150: 11090: 11049: 11027: 10978: 10924: 10874: 10869: 10854: 10813: 10761: 10719: 10664: 10506: 10422: 10006: 9687: 9226:. London, UK: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. 2365: 2115: 2066: 1778: 1730: 994: 962: 899: 327:

modern coastal defence. Despite being brought back into use during the

218: 77: 11924: 10469: 11353: 11284: 11111: 11106: 11039: 10680: 10593: 10523: 10481: 10307: 10277: 10238: 10204: 8001:"St Mawes Castle, Gatehouse, Blockhouse, Magazine and Outer Defences" 5968:

A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester

2206: 2155: 1992: 1823: 1582: 1456: 1408: 1327: 1191:

in 2009, and its 1559 plan showing its Italianate, arrow-head bastion

1033: 804: 761: 756: 311: 307: 258: 201: 190: 9697:

Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society

9679: 9616:

Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club

9173:

Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club

8814: 8686:

Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club

8163:

Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club

1471: 11837: 11832: 11757: 11598: 11316: 11291: 11274: 11204: 11145: 11073: 11066: 10909: 10797: 10671: 10491: 10486: 10462: 10390: 10370: 10350: 10317: 10074: 9875: 9721: 9516:

Smith, Victor T. C. (1974). "The Artillery Defences at Gravesend".

9207:

Pendennis and St Mawes: An Historical Sketch of Two Cornish Castles

6525:, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales 2135: 2108: 1690: 1590: 1526: 1118: 1025: 48: 8669:

The Civil War in Hampshire (1642–45) and the Story of Basing House

2201:

After the war, coastal defences became increasingly irrelevant as

11969: 11934: 11929: 11267: 11250: 11235: 11219: 11171: 11099: 11044: 11034: 11002: 10904: 10879: 10864: 10634: 10578: 10496: 10343: 10336: 10282: 10154: 9832: 9463:(amended ed.). London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 8440:

Colvin, H. M. (1968). "Castles and Government in Tudor England".

7328: 2226:; and Sandgate was restored in the 1970s to form a private home. 1606: 1602: 1319: 1239: 966: 876: 315: 250: 230: 81: 9010:

Lewis, T. Hayter (1884). "The Castles of Sandown and Sandgate".

8233:'The Furie of the Ordnance': Artillery in the English Civil Wars 8144:

Counter-revolution: The Second Civil War and Its Origins, 1646-8

1878:. The townsfolk of Deal seized their local castle in support of 1311:

terming the Device Forts the "reinforced-castle fortification".

1126:

in 1544 on Portsea Island to further protect the Solent, and on

11974: 11328: 10894: 10832: 10776: 10754: 10731: 10724: 10600: 10583: 10415: 10247: 10229: 10199: 10082: 9888: 9789: 2049: 1694: 1565: 1522: 1006: 930: 872: 777: 206: 1702:

in 1637, while Sharpenrode Bulwark lay in ruins by the 1620s.

12015: 11959: 11703: 11228: 11059: 10899: 10220: 10078: 9828: 8543: 5127: 5115: 5095: 4752: 2048:

Fresh worries about France, combined with the development of

1790:

Parliamentary positions and temporarily landed a force 1,500

1557: 1447:

Margaret's Chantry, Calshot Castle took the lead from nearby

1428: 970: 234: 9052:

The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure, Volume II

8995:

The Itinerary of John Leland In or About the Years 1535–1543

8499:

East Blockhouse, Angle: Archaeological Excavation, July 2011

8463:

The History of the King's Works, Volume 4: 1485–1660, Part 2

1475:

Reconstruction of life amongst the 16th-century garrison at

740: 10997: 10839: 10806: 10781: 10573: 10563: 10532: 10511: 9884: 9563:. London, UK: Thomas Telford Publishing. pp. 118–131. 9033:

Discovering Fortifications: From the Tudors to the Cold War

8932:

The State of all the Quenes maties Fortresses and Castelles

8909:

Kennedy, D. E. (1962). "The English Naval Revolt of 1648".

7629:

Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) (1970),

5827:

Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) (1970),

1561: 1339: 1330:, giving the artillery space to traverse and enabling easy 1323: 1209:, led on the defences along the Thames. The efforts of the 734: 214: 54: 9626: 8957:

The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History

8254:. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press. pp. 34–49. 7750: 815:

in order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife,

253:

and multi-tiered defences, combined with many traditional

9614:

Symonds, Henry (1914). "Sandsfoot and Portland Castles".

9544:

Coalhouse Fort and the Artillery Defences at East Tilbury

8877:

Jenkins, Stanley C. (2007). "St Mawes Castle, Cornwall".

8792:

Hirst, Joseph H. (1895). "Castle of Kingston-upon-Hull".

8173: 7500: 7422: 7147: 4830: 4778: 4536: 4512: 4361: 4253: 4241: 4229: 3980: 3964: 3962: 3822: 3790: 3774: 3754: 3525: 3261: 3187: 3107: 2781: 2478: 2078:; in some cases their fabric was left to slowly decline. 9582:. Rutherford, US: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 9338:

The Buildings of England Hampshire and the Isle of Wight

8807:

Extensive Urban Survey – Hampshire and the Isle of Wight

1503:

Reconstruction of a 16th-century cannon and gun crew at

957:

was built to protect the anchorage outside the ports of

8633:(corrected ed.). Swindon, UK: The National Trust. 9741:. Southampton, UK: T. Cadell, W. Davies and T. Baker. 9107:

Tilbury Fort: A Post-Medieval Fort and its Inhabitants

8460: 6756: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5242: 5240: 4588: 4560: 4463: 4451: 4436: 4146: 4144: 4142: 3959: 3229: 2909: 2897: 2789: 1451:, East and West Cowes castles stone from Beaulieu and 1427:

require 200 tonnes (200 long tons; 220 short tons) of

1130:

the following year on the neighbouring Isle of Wight.

795:

between 1522 and 1525, this time allying himself with

9412:

Rutton, W. L. (1893). "Sandgate Castle, AD 1539–40".

9357:

Henry VIII and Francis I: The Final Conflict, 1540–47

7558:, Michael Heaton Heritage Consultants, archived from 7536:, Portsmouth City Council, 12 October 2012, p. 6 6420: 6418: 5647:, Michael Heaton Heritage Consultants, archived from 5371:, Michael Heaton Heritage Consultants, archived from 4974:, Michael Heaton Heritage Consultants, archived from 2657: 2655: 2174:

to move to Hampton Court Palace. The Prime Minister,

2058:

Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom

1777:

Essex also rose in rebellion in June and the town of

9171:

Norman, W. C. (1920). "Sandsfoot Castle, Weymouth".

8892:

Behind the Castle Gate: From Medieval to Renaissance

8112:. London, UK: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. 4101: 4099: 4097: 1822:

Unlike many castles, the Device Forts avoided being

1649:

in 2011 (left) and a 1539 plan for either Walmer or

1556:

The forts were typically equipped with a mixture of

857:

in 2011, and in a draft 1539 plan probably shown to

9632:. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. pp. 451–458. 8684:Groves, T. B. (1879). "Notes on Sandsfoot Castle". 7774:"Tudor Blockhouse 300 m South of Mersea Stone" 7687:"Hurst Spit Stabilisation Scheme: Engineers Report" 5316: 5237: 4139: 3616: 3614: 3151: 3149: 3147: 2197:

and converted into a private house during the 1970s

1138:was built opposite Hurst Castle from 1545 onwards. 1017:, and work began on two blockhouses to protect the 9397:(revised ed.). London, UK: English Heritage. 9069:The History of Coast Artillery in the British Army 8425:(revised ed.). London, UK: English Heritage. 8307:The Second World War: Volume 3, The Grand Alliance 8110:A Guide to all the Watering and Sea Bathing Places 6415: 2974: 2972: 2652: 2366:Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014), 1801: 1301:Edwardian castle building programme in North Wales 1141:The French invasion emerged in 1545, when Admiral 196:built to defend the coast of England and Wales by 9359:. Leiden, the Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 9116:Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defence 9012:Journal of the British Archaeological Association 8997:. Vol. 1. London, UK: George Bell and Sons. 8461:Colvin, H. M.; Ransome, D. R.; Summerson (1982). 7847:"Calshot Castle: A 16th Century Artillery Castle" 7760:"Historic Environment Commissions Report: Impact" 5198: 5196: 4094: 1769:After a few years of unsteady peace, in 1648 the 245:These utilitarian fortifications were armed with 12086: 8993:Leland, John (1907). Smith, Lucy Toumlin (ed.). 8406:. London, UK: English Heritage. pp. 24–36. 3611: 3469: 3467: 3144: 1213:architectural team, under the leadership of the 898:in east Kent, an anchorage which gave access to 287:during the 1640s and were garrisoned during the 10426: 9695:Van Raalte, Charles (1905). "Brownsea Island". 9118:. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 8824:Town and Gun: The 17th-Century Defences of Hull 8699:Architectural Views and Details of Netley Abbey 8548:. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 8290:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 8288:The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution 5861: 5859: 3297: 3191: 3134: 3132: 2969: 2623:"Design for Henrician castle on the Kent coast" 1032:was an important anchorage at the mouth of the 10988: 10934: 10752: 10598: 9558: 9071:. Uckfield, UK: The Naval and Military Press. 9035:. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications. 8347:(2nd ed.). London, UK: English Heritage. 7746: 6789: 5873: 5193: 4209: 4207: 3318: 3316: 2521: 2519: 1870:Some of the Device Forts played a role in the 1024:In 1540 additional work was ordered to defend 819:, and remarry. Catherine was the aunt of King 11643: 11373: 11202: 11178: 10795: 10786: 10743: 10467: 10263: 10254: 10170: 9805: 9651:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9378:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9066: 8652:. London, UK and New York, US: I. B. Taurus. 8501:. Carmarthan, UK: Dyfed Archaeological Trust. 8216:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 7689:, New Forest District Council, archived from 7600:"Brownsea Island's Half Century Haven Marked" 7507:"A Flawed Bastion Against the Armada Reopens" 7504: 6356:"Golden Hill Fort, Freshwater, Isle of Wight" 6224: 6176: 4447: 4445: 3464: 1516:inventory was made of the Crown's possessions 1257: 11762: 11743: 11734: 11725: 11314: 11289: 11265: 11226: 11217: 11169: 11155: 11126: 11097: 11088: 11064: 11025: 10830: 10811: 10729: 10678: 10669: 10625: 10616: 10607: 10544: 10530: 10521: 10404: 10381: 9335: 8821: 7931:"Little Dennis Blockhouse, Pendennis Castle" 7643: 7531:"Culture Leisure and Sport Decision Meeting" 6843: 6768: 6499: 6465: 6325: 6139: 5856: 5795: 5747: 5720: 5599: 5455: 5339: 4995: 4886: 4592: 4508: 4506: 4475: 4467: 4072: 3129: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 1455:, and Sandwich had the stone from the local 1352: 1247: 10413: 10395: 10341: 10327: 10245: 10236: 10227: 10218: 10209: 9758:. Portsmouth, UK: Portsmouth City Council. 9561:Topographical Writers in South-West England 9221: 8484:. Portsmouth, UK: Portsmouth City Council. 8252:Topographical Writers in South-West England 6353: 5767: 5587: 5555: 5483: 5290: 5266: 4712: 4316: 4314: 4204: 3659: 3657: 3313: 2516: 1753: 1160: 969:and three earth bulwarks were built around 826: 342: 10177: 10163: 9812: 9798: 9694: 8826:. Kingston upon Hull, UK: Kingston Press. 8751: 7819: 7663:, British History Online, pp. 330–374 7620: 7553: 7230: 6938: 6236: 6021: 5970:, British History Online, pp. 264–269 5878:(online ed.), Oxford University Press 5642: 5543: 5366: 5327: 5306: 5258: 5246: 5231: 5147: 5135: 5027: 5019: 4969: 4943: 4870: 4700: 4656: 4612: 4442: 4410: 4398: 4357: 4341: 4194: 4150: 4129: 4056: 4036: 4024: 4008: 3968: 3866: 3806: 3778: 3679: 3577: 3557: 3545: 3293: 3196:(online ed.), Oxford University Press 3171: 3123: 3111: 3083: 3059: 3014: 3002: 2959: 2889: 2873: 2857: 2841: 2821: 2805: 2777: 2757: 2717: 2705: 2689: 2677: 2661: 2642: 2605: 2569: 2510: 2402: 2349: 1705: 1249:Befestigung der Stett, Schlosz und Felcken 1072: 9665: 9577: 9501:. London, UK: Thomas Telford Publishing. 9425:Rutton, W. L. (1895). "Sandgate Castle". 9049: 8650:The English Civil War: A Military History 8505: 8304: 8124: 8107: 7206: 6292: 6280: 6077: 5575: 5079: 4503: 3322: 2270: 1814:(right) at Hull, viewed from the sea, by 1065:was begun to further protect the Solent. 9772: 9756:The Siege of Portsmouth in the Civil War 9646: 9599:History of the Town and Country of Poole 9596: 9496: 9477: 9458: 9437: 9336:Pevsner, Nikolaus; Lloyd, David (1967). 9316: 9297: 9278: 8696: 8249: 7624: 7576:, Hampshire Garden Trust, archived from 7462: 7274: 7218: 7054: 6918: 6663: 6639: 6623: 6607: 6409: 6401: 6341: 6321: 6111: 6107: 6061: 6041: 6001: 5931: 5919: 5911: 5751: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5111: 5099: 5071: 5059: 4866: 4854: 4748: 4716: 4696: 4684: 4680: 4652: 4640: 4576: 4572: 4528: 4516: 4311: 4213: 4198: 4190: 4133: 4125: 4105: 4088: 4060: 4040: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3928: 3878: 3826: 3770: 3758: 3750: 3711: 3695: 3683: 3667: 3654: 3632: 3620: 3601: 3565: 3541: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3406: 3394: 3378: 3366: 3277: 3257: 3253: 3183: 3155: 3026: 2877: 2825: 2785: 2765: 2525: 2446: 2406: 2353: 2185: 2094: 2019: 1954: 1906: 1805: 1757: 1709: 1498: 1470: 1269: 9613: 9240: 9151: 9132: 9090:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 8908: 8889: 8876: 8857: 8822:Howes, Audrey; Foreman, Martin (1999). 8804: 8737:. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 8628: 8580:The History of Walmer and Walmer Castle 8524: 8268: 8160: 7786: 7677: 7594: 7458: 7298: 7258:"St Catherine's Castle Coastal Battery" 7078: 7018: 7006:"St Catherine's Castle Coastal Battery" 6966: 6958: 6954: 6922: 6902: 6858: 6807: 6659: 6635: 6405: 6354:Martin, R. S. J.; Flatt, A. H. (2007), 5822: 5634: 5539: 5163: 5151: 5075: 5043: 5031: 5007: 4117: 2853: 2801: 2434: 1874:of 1688 against Charles' brother, King 922:. In many cases temporary bulwarks for 14: 12087: 9736: 9707: 9546:. London, UK: Coalhouse Fort Project. 9424: 9411: 9392: 9373: 9354: 9264:. Surrey, UK: Historic Royal Palaces. 9259: 9204: 9183: 9170: 9113: 9085: 8992: 8973: 8929: 8770: 8732: 8701:. Southampton, UK: Forbes and Knibbs. 8683: 8666: 8594: 8544:Department of the Environment (1975). 8479: 8439: 8383:The English Heritage Historical Review 8285: 8192: 8141: 7794: 7790: 7754: 7673: 7590: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7406: 7314: 7310: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7190: 7122: 7094: 7090: 7074: 6978: 6962: 6914: 6862: 6783: 6760: 6752: 6731:, Royal Yacht Squadron, archived from 6711: 6707: 6619: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6559: 6389: 6385: 6276: 6272: 6135: 6073: 6025: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5810: 5783: 5779: 5735: 5708: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5495: 5463: 5423:, Royal Yacht Squadron, archived from 5389: 5354: 5310: 5262: 5227: 5187: 5175: 5131: 5083: 5047: 5023: 4939: 4935: 4923: 4909:, Royal Yacht Squadron, archived from 4901: 4874: 4834: 4720: 4540: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4273: 4257: 4217: 4174: 4166: 4121: 4084: 4052: 4012: 3842: 3707: 3663: 3648: 3529: 3485: 3458: 3442: 3338: 3273: 3241: 3225: 3213: 3167: 3071: 3051: 2935: 2869: 2809: 2733: 2729: 2665: 2597: 2581: 2553: 2506: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2450: 2418: 2390: 2345: 2181: 2085: 1897: 1431:just to enable the manufacture of the 10158: 9793: 9541: 9528: 9515: 9374:Pounds, Norman John Greville (1994). 9104: 9030: 9009: 8791: 8647: 8582:. Canterbury, UK: Cross and Jackman. 8577: 8560: 8496: 8235:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 8211: 7728: 7710: 7658: 6764: 6296: 6260: 6256: 6200: 6188: 6168: 6119: 6115: 5763: 5716: 5668: 5595: 5563: 5475: 5393: 5358: 4842: 4838: 4818: 4806: 4724: 4628: 4600: 4596: 4556: 4497: 4471: 4353: 4285: 4269: 4186: 3996: 3940: 3830: 3561: 3513: 3509: 3473: 3438: 3326: 2963: 2947: 2829: 2761: 997:, which led into the trading port of 965:, defences were built in the port of 866:Henry VIII gave instructions through 9753: 9319:English Castles: A Guide by Counties 9300:Pendennis Castle and St Mawes Castle 9109:. London, UK: Newham Museum Service. 8954: 8845:. Portsmouth, UK: English Heritage. 8840: 8713: 8420: 8401: 8380: 8361: 8342: 8321: 8230: 7762:, English Heritage, 2011, p. 15 7681: 7496: 7470: 7466: 7434: 7418: 7378: 7346: 7342: 7318: 7290: 7270: 7202: 7186: 7062: 7058: 7022: 6950: 6934: 6878: 6819: 6795: 6757:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6675: 6647: 6643: 6595: 6591: 6424: 6397: 6393: 6337: 6252: 6248: 6212: 6172: 6143: 6123: 6057: 6053: 6037: 6009: 6005: 5869: 5865: 5614: 5591: 5559: 5479: 5459: 5385: 5362: 5294: 5278: 4794: 4790: 4736: 4668: 4624: 4589:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 4561:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 4552: 4532: 4464:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 4452:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 4437:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 4394: 4170: 4162: 3924: 3854: 3810: 3794: 3636: 3605: 3589: 3497: 3454: 3390: 3362: 3350: 3289: 3230:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 3138: 3095: 3055: 2990: 2978: 2910:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 2898:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 2893: 2790:Colvin, Ransome & Summerson 1982 2745: 2701: 2646: 2617: 2601: 2585: 2565: 2541: 2529: 2494: 2422: 2243:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland 1577:however, led to the introduction of 945:on the south side of the river, and 303:, until peace was declared in 1815. 11569:Weapons Storage and Security System 8611: 7105:, NHB, pp. 7–8, archived from 6890: 6874: 6831: 347: 24: 10184: 7389:, English Heritage, archived from 7366:"History of St Catherine's Castle" 7244:"History of St Catherine's Castle" 6992:"History of St Catherine's Castle" 6473:"History of St Catherine's Castle" 6438:"History of St Catherine's Castle" 6361:, Golden Hill Fort, archived from 5128:Department of the Environment 1975 5116:Department of the Environment 1975 5096:Department of the Environment 1975 4753:Department of the Environment 1975 2120:Commissioners of Woods and Forests 1810:The South Blockhouse (centre) and 1009:was protected with new castles at 744:Henrician blockhouses and bulwarks 265:Despite a French raid against the 25: 12121: 9321:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 9245:. Stroud, UK: The History Press. 8843:Research Department Report Series 8756:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 5876:"Norris, Sir John (1670/71–1749)" 4439:, pp. 457, 459, 462, 464–465 1134:in Dorset was begun in 1545, and 12068: 12067: 9874: 9819: 9739:The History of the Isle of Wight 9302:. London, UK: English Heritage. 9283:. London, UK: English Heritage. 9222:O'Neill, B. H. St John (1985) . 9205:Oliver, Samuel Pasfield (1875). 9135:Madresfield: The Real Brideshead 8978:. London, UK: English Heritage. 8809:. London, UK: English Heritage. 8616:. London, UK: English Heritage. 8529:. London, UK: English Heritage. 8454:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIII.CCCXXVII.225 8366:. London, UK: English Heritage. 8273:. London, UK: English Heritage. 7825: 7813: 7704: 7614: 7547: 7523: 7476: 7440: 7428: 7412: 7304: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7196: 7180: 7141: 7084: 7068: 7042:"Deal Emergency Coastal Battery" 6984: 6972: 6944: 6928: 6908: 6896: 6884: 6868: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6746: 6721: 6697: 6685: 6669: 6653: 6629: 6613: 6601: 6585: 6565: 6553: 6515: 6430: 6379: 6347: 6331: 6315: 6286: 6266: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6162: 6129: 6083: 6067: 6047: 6031: 6015: 5995: 5937: 5925: 5905: 5889: 5816: 5789: 5773: 5757: 5741: 5690: 5678: 5662: 5628: 5581: 5569: 5549: 5501: 5489: 5469: 5399: 5333: 5300: 5284: 5272: 5252: 5221: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5141: 5121: 5105: 5089: 5065: 5053: 5037: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4949: 4929: 4880: 4860: 4848: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4784: 4758: 4742: 4730: 4706: 4690: 4674: 4662: 4646: 4634: 4618: 4606: 4582: 4566: 4546: 4522: 4491: 4457: 4416: 4404: 4388: 4367: 4347: 4335: 4299: 4279: 4263: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4180: 4156: 4111: 4078: 4066: 4046: 4030: 4018: 4002: 3974: 3934: 3300:"Lee, Sir Richard (1501/2–1575)" 2437:, pp. 178–180; more needed. 2320: 2310: 1636: 1627: 1613: 1380: 1371: 1178: 1169: 1090: 1081: 844: 835: 791:between 1512 and 1514, and then 739: 733: 717: 708: 699: 690: 681: 672: 663: 654: 645: 636: 627: 618: 609: 600: 591: 582: 573: 564: 555: 546: 537: 528: 519: 510: 501: 492: 483: 474: 465: 456: 447: 438: 429: 420: 411: 402: 393: 384: 375: 366: 359: 47: 9777:. London, UK: Collins Fontana. 8959:. London, UK: Routledge Press. 8794:East Riding Antiquarian Society 8718:. London, UK: Hambledon Press. 8101: 7329:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 6093:, Mersea Museum, archived from 6091:"The Tudor Fort at East Mersea" 5947:, Mersea Museum, archived from 5945:"The Tudor Fort at East Mersea" 5525:, Mersea Museum, archived from 5523:"The Tudor Fort at East Mersea" 5441:, Mersea Museum, archived from 5439:"The Tudor Fort at East Mersea" 5206:, Mersea Museum, archived from 5204:"The Tudor Fort at East Mersea" 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3816: 3800: 3784: 3764: 3744: 3701: 3689: 3673: 3642: 3626: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3551: 3535: 3519: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3448: 3428: 3416: 3400: 3384: 3372: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3283: 3267: 3247: 3235: 3219: 3207: 3177: 3161: 3117: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3045: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2953: 2941: 2915: 2903: 2883: 2863: 2847: 2835: 2815: 2795: 2771: 2751: 2739: 2723: 2711: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2636: 2611: 2591: 2575: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2500: 2488: 2472: 2456: 2300: 2291: 1929:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1802:Interregnum and the Restoration 1680: 1618: 1545:. Some older guns, for example 1265: 12105:1539 establishments in England 9395:Yarmouth Castle, Isle of Wight 9067:Maurice-Jones, K. W. (2012) . 9024:10.1080/00681288.1884.11887698 8667:Godwin, George Nelson (1904). 8546:Pendennis and St Mawes Castles 8305:Churchill, Winston S. (1948). 8197:. Andover, UK: Pitkin Guides. 7505:Oliver Gillie (2 April 1994), 3717:"Devils Point Artillery Tower" 2440: 2428: 2412: 2396: 2384: 2359: 2339: 2260: 240:Dissolution of the Monasteries 13: 1: 11464:British "hedgehog" road block 10096:Devil's Point Artillery Tower 9497:Skempton, A. W., ed. (2002). 9459:Saunders, Andrew D. (1977) . 9340:. London, UK: Penguin Books. 8955:King, D. J. Cathcart (1991). 8923:10.1093/ehr/lxxvii.ccciii.247 8911:The English Historical Review 8578:Elvin, Charles R. S. (1894). 8561:Elvin, Charles R. S. (1890). 8442:The English Historical Review 7917:"Hurst Castle and Lighthouse" 7606:, 17 May 2013, archived from 6706:, pp. 103–104, 109–110; 2333: 1533:, and smaller pieces such as 1338:smoke generated by the guns. 1103:in 2011, and depicted in the 352: 9542:Smith, Victor T. C. (1985). 9478:Saunders, Andrew D. (1989). 9152:Murfett, Malcolm H. (2009). 9050:Mackenzie, James D. (1896). 8146:. Avon, UK: The Bath Press. 6537:"West Blockhouse Fort, Dale" 2090: 2015: 1950: 1902: 1466: 1362: 1207:Surveyor of the King's Works 894:were constructed to protect 221:overlooking the entrance to 7: 12110:16th-century fortifications 11874:Cities with defensive walls 11459:Defensive fighting position 11374: 11179: 10989: 10935: 10796: 10787: 10753: 10744: 10599: 9912:Great White Bulwark of Clay 9156:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 9054:. New York, US: Macmillan. 8733:Hammer, Paul E. J. (2003). 8599:. Ottawa, Canada: Gilmore. 8595:Finley, Eric Gault (1994). 8178:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. 3194:"Benese, Richard (d. 1547)" 2236: 1568:(tin could be sourced from 1494: 1259:Libro dell'art della guerra 912:Great White Bulwark of Clay 10: 12126: 9578:Sutcliffe, Sheila (1973). 8752:Harrington, Peter (2007). 8697:Guillame, William (1848). 8565:. London, UK: Henry Gray. 8395:10.1179/175201606797188516 8129:. London, UK: Rivingtons. 8015:"Sandsfoot Castle Remains" 7875:"Artillery Castle at Deal" 7747:Spurgeon & Brooke 1996 7644:William Page, ed. (1912), 7556:"Netley Castle, Hampshire" 6844:William Page, ed. (1912), 6769:William Page, ed. (1912), 6500:William Page, ed. (1912), 5796:William Page, ed. (1912), 5721:William Page, ed. (1912), 5645:"Netley Castle, Hampshire" 5509:"Little Dennis Blockhouse" 5369:"Netley Castle, Hampshire" 5340:William Page, ed. (1912), 4972:"Netley Castle, Hampshire" 4887:William Page, ed. (1912), 2248:List of castles in England 12058: 11988: 11912: 11856: 11790: 11676: 11581: 11504:Hardened aircraft shelter 11479:Entry control point (ECP) 11391: 11302: 11018: 11011: 10443: 10192: 10134: 10073: 10001: 9963: 9955:East and West Blockhouses 9945: 9883: 9872: 9827: 9775:The King's War, 1641–1647 9773:Wedgwood, C. V. (1970) . 9649:The Decline of the Castle 9482:. Liphook, UK: Beaufort. 9452:10.1017/s0003581500061928 9317:Pettifer, Adrian (2002). 9260:Parker, Sarah E. (2005). 9198:10.1017/s0018246x0001551x 9137:. London, UK: Doubleday. 8974:Lawson, Susannah (2002). 8936:Post-Medieval Archaeology 8894:. London, UK: Routledge. 8890:Johnson, Matthew (2002). 8773:Post-Medieval Archaeology 8754:The Castles of Henry VIII 8629:Garnett, Oliver (2005) . 8506:Creighton, O. H. (2002). 8423:Calshot Castle: Hampshire 8404:Walmer Castle and Gardens 8324:Post-Medieval Archaeology 6877:, pp. 11–12, 15–16; 6846:"The Borough of Yarmouth" 6771:"The Borough of Yarmouth" 6502:"The Borough of Yarmouth" 6171:, pp. 246, 248–249; 5982:"East Tilbury Blockhouse" 5798:"The Borough of Yarmouth" 5723:"The Borough of Yarmouth" 5342:"The Borough of Yarmouth" 4889:"The Borough of Yarmouth" 3512:, pp. 349, 357–358; 3437:, pp. 37–39, 43–44; 3302:, Oxford University Press 2130:With the outbreak of the 2012:house from 1826 onwards. 1205:, and James Needham, the 973:. Work was also begun on 811:In 1533 Henry broke with 285:Second English Civil Wars 149: 141: 133: 123: 115: 110: 102: 92: 87: 69: 46: 41:English and Welsh coasts 39: 34: 12001:Continuity of government 10136:Yorkshire and the Humber 10101:Little Dennis Blockhouse 9841:Brightlingsea Blockhouse 9737:Warner, Richard (1795). 9647:Thompson, M. W. (1987). 8862:. London, UK: Pan Book. 8525:Davison, Robert (2000). 8212:Brown, R. Allen (1989). 8193:Brooks, Stephen (1996). 7648:, British History Online 7633:, British History Online 7486:, Dorset Councils Online 6848:, British History Online 6773:, British History Online 6541:British Listed Buildings 6504:, British History Online 6326:Pevsner & Lloyd 1967 6140:Howes & Foreman 1999 5831:, British History Online 5800:, British History Online 5748:Howes & Foreman 1999 5725:, British History Online 5604:, British History Online 5456:Howes & Foreman 1999 5344:, British History Online 4996:Howes & Foreman 1999 4891:, British History Online 4593:Howes & Foreman 1999 4480:, British History Online 4468:Howes & Foreman 1999 4073:Howes & Foreman 1999 3298:Marcus Merriman (2004), 3192:Jonathan Hughes (2008), 2481:, pp. 11, 21, 333; 2253: 1981:William Pitt the Younger 1771:Second English Civil War 1763:Little Dennis Blockhouse 1754:Second English Civil War 1288:West Tilbury blockhouses 1161:Architects and engineers 827:Initial phase, 1539–1543 343:Early history and design 11823:Motte-and-bailey castle 11529:Missile launch facility 11524:Main line of resistance 10219: 9993:West Tilbury Blockhouse 9973:East Tilbury Blockhouse 9601:. Poole, UK: Sydenham. 9597:Sydenham, John (1839). 9440:The Antiquaries Journal 9393:Rigold, S. E. (2012) . 9298:Pattison, Paul (2009). 9279:Pattison, Paul (2004). 9031:Lowry, Bernard (2006). 8976:Portland Castle: Dorset 8716:Renaissance War Studies 8527:Dartmouth Castle, Devon 8510:. London, UK: Equinox. 8480:Corney, Arthur (1968). 8421:Coad, Jonathan (2013). 8362:Coad, Jonathan (2000). 8345:Hurst Castle, Hampshire 8309:. London, UK: Cassell. 8142:Ashton, Robert (1994). 6523:"West Blockhouse, Dale" 5874:J. K. Laughton (2008), 1987:and Lord Warden of the 1706:First English Civil War 1444:First Fruits and Tenths 1073:Second phase, 1544–1547 981:and the blockhouses of 12100:Coastal fortifications 11899:Military installations 11763: 11744: 11735: 11726: 11644: 11315: 11290: 11266: 11256:Scarp and Counterscarp 11227: 11218: 11203: 11170: 11156: 11127: 11098: 11089: 11065: 11026: 10831: 10812: 10730: 10679: 10670: 10626: 10617: 10608: 10545: 10531: 10522: 10468: 10427: 10414: 10405: 10396: 10382: 10342: 10328: 10264: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10228: 10210: 9355:Potter, Henry (2011). 9241:Osborne, Mike (2011). 9209:. Truro, UK: W. Lake. 9186:The Historical Journal 9133:Mulvagh, Jane (2008). 9114:Morley, B. M. (1976). 8805:Hopkins, Dave (2004). 8614:Research Report Series 8597:RCN Beach Commando "W" 8271:Research Report Series 8231:Bull, Stephen (2008). 7889:"Gravesend Blockhouse" 7128:"Monument No. 1413734" 6302:"Gravesend Blockhouse" 6275:, pp. 27–28, 30; 2224:John Lewis Partnership 2198: 2160:anti-aircraft defences 2103: 2028: 1964: 1923: 1848:restored to the throne 1819: 1766: 1723: 1507: 1479: 1440:Court of Augmentations 1353: 1291: 1258: 1248: 1236:Stefan von Haschenperg 1019:Milford Haven Waterway 953:on the opposite bank. 755:. The introduction of 753:declined in importance 209:positioned to protect 11668:Floating water castle 11399:Admiralty scaffolding 10692:Fortified buildings ( 10121:St Catherine's Castle 9668:Architectural History 9531:Archaeologia Cantiana 9518:Archaeologia Cantiana 9427:Archaeologia Cantiana 9414:Archaeologia Cantiana 9105:Moore, Peter (1990). 9086:Miller, John (2007). 8858:Jenkins, Roy (2002). 8648:Gaunt, Peter (2014). 8286:Childs, John (1980). 6142:, pp. 166, 169; 5782:, pp. 151, 193; 5600:William Page (1912), 5478:, pp. 118, 131; 4793:, pp. xxi–xxii; 4476:K. J. Alison (1969), 2189: 2098: 2023: 1995:and in 1802 units of 1958: 1910: 1859:, supported by local 1840:First Anglo-Dutch War 1809: 1761: 1713: 1502: 1474: 1280:Gravesend blockhouses 1273: 259:contemporary thinking 12011:Subterranean warfare 10964:Viking ring fortress 9978:Gravesend Blockhouse 8948:10.1179/pma.1979.002 8785:10.1179/pma.1980.003 8714:Hale, J. R. (1983). 8465:. London, UK: HMSO. 8343:Coad, J. G. (1990). 8336:10.1179/pma.1985.005 8214:Castles From the Air 7734:"St Andrew's Castle" 7627:, pp. 389–390; 7562:on 25 September 2006 7061:, pp. 100–101; 6299:, pp. 158–161; 6255:, pp. 106–107; 5671:, pp. 154–155; 5651:on 25 September 2006 5375:on 25 September 2006 5046:, pp. 208–209; 4978:on 25 September 2006 4957:"St Andrew's Castle" 4837:, pp. 250–251; 4723:, pp. 249–250; 4575:, pp. 155–156; 3710:, pp. 202–203; 2923:"St Andrew's Castle" 2449:, pp. 103–111; 1716:Gravesend Blockhouse 1211:Hampton Court Palace 1109:Battle of the Solent 728:class=notpageimage| 242:a few years before. 11828:Quadrangular castle 11564:Weapon storage area 10920:Quadrangular castle 10040:Sharpenrode Bulwark 9917:Little Turf Bulwark 9866:St Osyth Blockhouse 9846:Harwich blockhouses 9754:Webb, John (1977). 9461:Tilbury Fort: Essex 7716:"East Cowes Castle" 7646:"Parishes: Brading" 7593:, pp. 53, 86; 7484:"Sandsfoot Gardens" 7396:on 27 November 2015 7100:"Operation Neptune" 6714:, pp. 19, 21; 6574:, pp. 82, 86; 6203:, pp. 246, 248 5918:, pp. 25, 27; 5843:"West Cowes Castle" 5750:, pp. 56, 59; 5598:, pp. 123–25; 5458:, pp. 42, 44; 5134:, pp. 19, 24; 5026:, pp. 19, 24; 4424:"East Cowes Castle" 4324:, Hull City Council 4201:, pp. 387, 390 4136:, pp. 387, 390 3898:"East Cowes Castle" 3170:, pp. 68, 71; 3110:, pp. 33, 35; 2182:1946 – 21st century 2086:20th–21st centuries 1918:(left) depicted by 1898:18th–19th centuries 1872:Glorious Revolution 1836:political detainees 1784:Battle of Maidstone 1254:Niccolò Machiavelli 1136:Sharpenrode Bulwark 924:artillery batteries 908:Little Turf Bulwark 817:Catherine of Aragon 789:one war with France 189:, were a series of 145:Stone, brick, earth 137:16th–20th centuries 11559:Underground hangar 11344:Fire control tower 11141:Gunpowder magazine 10569:Butter-churn tower 10045:St Andrew's Castle 9907:Great Turf Bulwark 8497:Crane, P. (2012). 8125:Anonymous (1883). 8108:Anonymous (1824). 8087:, Historic England 8073:, Historic England 8059:, Historic England 8045:, Historic England 8031:, Historic England 8017:, Historic England 8003:, Historic England 7989:, Historic England 7975:, Historic England 7961:, Historic England 7947:, Historic England 7933:, Historic England 7919:, Historic England 7905:, Historic England 7891:, Historic England 7877:, Historic England 7863:, Historic England 7849:, Historic England 7835:, Historic England 7802:, Historic England 7800:"Sandsfoot Castle" 7793:, pp. 22–23; 7776:, Historic England 7751:Tapete et al. 2013 7736:, Historic England 7718:, Historic England 7693:on 17 January 2016 7501:Biddle et al. 2001 7457:, pp. 3, 32; 7423:Biddle et al. 2001 7384:"Pendennis Castle" 7368:, England Heritage 7354:, Historic England 7297:, pp. 3, 32; 7260:, Historic England 7246:, England Heritage 7169:, Historic England 7155:, Heritage Gateway 7148:Biddle et al. 2001 7130:, Historic England 7125:, pp. 30–32; 7044:, Historic England 7030:, Historic England 7028:"Sandsfoot Castle" 7008:, Historic England 6994:, England Heritage 6937:, pp. 20–22; 6798:, pp. 103–104 6694:, pp. 109–110 6646:, pp. 96–97; 6594:, pp. 26–27; 6489:, Historic England 6475:, England Heritage 6454:, Historic England 6440:, English Heritage 6427:, pp. 106–107 6368:on 17 January 2016 6328:, pp. 348–350 6304:, Historic England 6295:, pp. 37–38; 6225:Maurice-Jones 2012 6191:, pp. 248–249 6177:Maurice-Jones 2012 6151:, Historic England 6076:, pp. 73–82; 6056:, pp. 67–68; 6004:, pp. 42–43; 5984:, Historic England 5922:, pp. 115–116 5868:, pp. 32–33; 5845:, Historic England 5754:, pp. 100–101 5707:, pp. 11–13; 5637:, pp. 32–33; 5602:"Parishes: Hordle" 5511:, Historic England 5462:, pp. 18–19; 5409:, Historic England 5396:, pp. 211–213 5388:, pp. 18–19; 5365:, pp. 18–19; 5190:, pp. 439–440 5166:, pp. 251–252 5154:, pp. 251–252 5034:, pp. 206–207 5022:, pp. 49–50; 4959:, Historic England 4831:Biddle et al. 2001 4821:, pp. 153–154 4779:Biddle et al. 2001 4768:, Historic England 4627:, pp. 28–29; 4559:, pp. 78–81; 4555:, pp. 28–29; 4537:Biddle et al. 2001 4513:Biddle et al. 2001 4426:, Historic England 4362:Biddle et al. 2001 4292:, pp. 21–23; 4254:Biddle et al. 2001 4242:Biddle et al. 2001 4230:Biddle et al. 2001 4120:, pp. 32–33; 4011:, pp. 38–39; 3983:, pp. 1, 35; 3981:Biddle et al. 2001 3948:, Historic England 3914:, Historic England 3900:, Historic England 3886:, Historic England 3823:Biddle et al. 2001 3791:Biddle et al. 2001 3775:Biddle et al. 2001 3755:Biddle et al. 2001 3733:, Historic England 3719:, Historic England 3526:Biddle et al. 2001 3353:, pp. 175–176 3276:, pp. 67–68; 3262:Biddle et al. 2001 3260:, pp. 44–45; 3232:, pp. 561–562 3188:Biddle et al. 2001 3108:Biddle et al. 2001 3034:, Historic England 2925:, Historic England 2912:, pp. 470–471 2808:, pp. 8, 28; 2782:Biddle et al. 2001 2732:, pp. 54–55; 2649:, pp. 177–178 2497:, pp. 176–177 2479:Biddle et al. 2001 2453:, pp. 256–257 2199: 2104: 2054:iron-clad warships 2029: 1965: 1961:Duke of Wellington 1924: 1820: 1818:, mid-17th century 1767: 1724: 1722:, mid-17th century 1671:Federigo Giambelli 1570:Cornwall and Devon 1508: 1480: 1292: 1203:Master of Ordnance 1143:Claude d'Annebault 1063:St Andrew's Castle 1048:, overlooking the 1021:in Pembrokeshire. 904:Great Turf Bulwark 821:Charles V of Spain 738:Henrician castles 322:in the 1850s, and 320:iron-clad warships 12082: 12081: 12006:Military urbanism 11940:Fortified gateway 11813:Concentric castle 11577: 11576: 11494:Fire support base 11334:Coastal artillery 11209:(Spanish America) 10803: 10645:Concentric castle 10152: 10151: 10060:West Cowes Castle 10050:St Helens Bulwark 10020:East Cowes Castle 9988:Milton Blockhouse 9983:Higham Blockhouse 9639:978-3-642-31319-6 9589:978-0-8386-1313-9 9570:978-0-85989-424-1 9508:978-0-7277-2939-2 9404:978-1-85074-049-0 9385:978-0-521-45828-3 9366:978-90-04-20431-7 9328:978-0-85115-782-5 9309:978-1-85074-723-9 9290:978-1-85074-866-3 9252:978-0-7524-5986-8 9224:Deal Castle, Kent 9163:978-1-134-04813-7 9144:978-0-385-60772-8 9097:978-0-19-928839-7 9078:978-1-78149-115-7 9042:978-0-7478-0651-6 8985:978-1-85074-725-3 8966:978-0-415-00350-6 8901:978-0-415-26100-5 8869:978-0-330-48805-1 8763:978-1-4728-0380-1 8744:978-1-137-17338-6 8659:978-1-84885-881-7 8640:978-1-84359-110-8 8536:978-1-85074-759-8 8517:978-1-904768-67-8 8432:978-1-85074-102-2 8413:978-1-85074-726-0 8364:Deal Castle, Kent 8297:978-0-312-04949-2 8261:978-0-85989-424-1 8242:978-1-84383-403-8 8153:978-0-300-06114-7 8085:"Yarmouth Castle" 8057:"Southsea Castle" 8029:"Sandgate Castle" 7973:"Portland Castle" 7959:"Pendenis Castle" 7833:"Brownsea Castle" 7580:on 18 August 2015 6678:, pp. 97–98 6582:, pp. 19, 21 5566:, pp. 123–25 4781:, pp. 35, 41 4727:, pp. 152–53 4643:, pp. 35, 38 4377:, British Library 3639:, pp. 77, 90 3608:, pp. 77, 90 2625:, British Library 2405:, pp. 9–11; 2356:, pp. 37, 40 2352:, pp. 3, 8; 2176:Winston Churchill 2111:station instead. 2076:direction finding 1880:William of Orange 1309:Christopher Duffy 1105:Cowdray engraving 801:Holy Roman Empire 773:Wars of the Roses 766:crenellated walls 333:Second World Wars 255:medieval features 200:. Traditionally, 183:Henrician castles 175: 174: 170:Second World Wars 154:English Civil War 74:Artillery castles 16:(Redirected from 12117: 12071: 12070: 12064: 11955:National redoubt 11884:Fortified estate 11808:Circular rampart 11768: 11749: 11740: 11731: 11649: 11409:Anti-tank trench 11404:Air raid shelter 11379: 11339:Disappearing gun 11320: 11295: 11271: 11232: 11223: 11208: 11184: 11175: 11161: 11132: 11103: 11094: 11070: 11031: 11016: 11015: 10994: 10974:Bailey (or ward) 10940: 10845:Motte-and-bailey 10836: 10817: 10801: 10793: 10792: 10758: 10749: 10735: 10684: 10675: 10631: 10622: 10613: 10604: 10550: 10536: 10527: 10473: 10430: 10419: 10410: 10401: 10387: 10347: 10333: 10273:Circular rampart 10269: 10260: 10251: 10242: 10233: 10224: 10215: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10156: 10155: 10116:Sandsfoot Castle 10106:Pendennis Castle 9878: 9814: 9807: 9800: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9769: 9750: 9733: 9704: 9691: 9662: 9643: 9623: 9610: 9593: 9574: 9555: 9538: 9525: 9512: 9493: 9474: 9455: 9446:(3–4): 152–174. 9434: 9421: 9408: 9389: 9370: 9351: 9332: 9313: 9294: 9275: 9256: 9237: 9218: 9201: 9180: 9167: 9148: 9129: 9110: 9101: 9082: 9063: 9046: 9027: 9006: 8989: 8970: 8951: 8926: 8917:(303): 247–256. 8905: 8886: 8873: 8854: 8837: 8818: 8801: 8788: 8767: 8748: 8729: 8710: 8693: 8680: 8663: 8644: 8625: 8608: 8591: 8574: 8557: 8540: 8521: 8502: 8493: 8476: 8457: 8448:(327): 225–234. 8436: 8417: 8398: 8377: 8358: 8339: 8318: 8301: 8282: 8265: 8246: 8227: 8208: 8189: 8170: 8157: 8138: 8121: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8043:"Sandown Castle" 8039: 8038: 8036: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8011: 8010: 8008: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7554:Michael Heaton, 7551: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7480: 7474: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7416: 7410: 7409:, pp. 4, 32 7404: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7388: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7352:"Calshot Castle" 7340: 7339: 7337: 7308: 7302: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7200: 7194: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7088: 7082: 7072: 7066: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6948: 6942: 6932: 6926: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6893:, pp. 13–14 6888: 6882: 6872: 6866: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6841: 6835: 6834:, pp. 10–14 6829: 6823: 6822:, pp. 20–22 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6719: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6673: 6667: 6657: 6651: 6633: 6627: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6598:, pp. 85–87 6589: 6583: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6367: 6360: 6351: 6345: 6335: 6329: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6290: 6284: 6270: 6264: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6133: 6127: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6087: 6081: 6071: 6065: 6051: 6045: 6044:, pp. 42–43 6035: 6029: 6019: 6013: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5909: 5903: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5793: 5787: 5777: 5771: 5761: 5755: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5694: 5688: 5687:, pp. 85–87 5682: 5676: 5675:, pp. 84–85 5666: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5643:Michael Heaton, 5632: 5626: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5553: 5547: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5473: 5467: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5403: 5397: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5367:Michael Heaton, 5352: 5351: 5349: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5314: 5304: 5298: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5235: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5145: 5139: 5125: 5119: 5109: 5103: 5102:, pp. 39–40 5093: 5087: 5086:, pp. 93–94 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4998:, pp. 27–28 4993: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4970:Michael Heaton, 4967: 4966: 4964: 4953: 4947: 4933: 4927: 4926:, pp. 26–27 4921: 4920: 4918: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4884: 4878: 4864: 4858: 4857:, pp. 98–99 4852: 4846: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4762: 4756: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4710: 4704: 4694: 4688: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4631:, pp. 78–81 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4586: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4550: 4544: 4526: 4520: 4519:, pp. 34–35 4510: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4478:"Fortifications" 4461: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4371: 4365: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4276:, pp. 21–23 4267: 4261: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4232:, pp. 44–46 4227: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4184: 4178: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4137: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4092: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4050: 4044: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4006: 4000: 3978: 3972: 3971:, pp. 37–38 3966: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3946:"Milton Chantry" 3938: 3932: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3820: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3788: 3782: 3768: 3762: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3677: 3671: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3599: 3593: 3592:, pp. 89–90 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3568:, pp. 43–44 3555: 3549: 3539: 3533: 3532:, pp. 61–62 3523: 3517: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3488:, pp. 22–24 3483: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3452: 3446: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3413:, pp. 44–45 3404: 3398: 3397:, pp. 37–28 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3329:, pp. 70–71 3320: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3287: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3174:, pp. 15–15 3165: 3159: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3126:, pp. 46–47 3121: 3115: 3114:, pp. 46–47 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3005:, pp. 29–30 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2981:, pp. 79–80 2976: 2967: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2887: 2881: 2872:, pp. 8–9; 2867: 2861: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2819: 2813: 2799: 2793: 2775: 2769: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2659: 2650: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2588:, pp. 63–64 2579: 2573: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2523: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2454: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2425:, pp. 168–9 2416: 2410: 2409:, pp. 34–36 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2363: 2357: 2348:, pp. 8–9; 2343: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2307:and earth banks. 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2268: 2264: 2172:William Birdwood 2152:Second World War 2101:Second World War 1933:Lionel Sackville 1857:Third Dutch Wars 1832:prisoners of war 1816:Wenceslas Hollar 1640: 1631: 1579:vertical casting 1505:Pendennis Castle 1384: 1375: 1358: 1261: 1251: 1182: 1173: 1094: 1085: 848: 839: 813:Pope Clement VII 745: 743: 737: 721: 712: 703: 694: 685: 676: 667: 658: 649: 640: 631: 622: 613: 604: 595: 586: 577: 568: 559: 550: 541: 532: 523: 514: 505: 496: 487: 478: 469: 460: 451: 442: 433: 424: 415: 406: 397: 388: 379: 370: 363: 348:Device programme 229:, and earthwork 181:, also known as 158:Anglo-Dutch Wars 88:Site information 63:Pendennis Castle 51: 42: 32: 31: 21: 12125: 12124: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12114: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12062: 12054: 11984: 11908: 11852: 11786: 11721:Imperial castle 11694:Coercion castle 11689:Coastal defence 11672: 11634:Promontory fort 11604:Hillside castle 11573: 11489:Fallout shelter 11454:Concertina wire 11434:Border security 11387: 11298: 11007: 10640:Coercion castle 10628:Cheval de frise 10610:Chemin de ronde 10458:Albarrana tower 10439: 10384:Schwedenschanze 10361:Promontory fort 10188: 10183: 10153: 10148: 10130: 10126:St Mawes Castle 10111:Portland Castle 10091:Brownsea Castle 10069: 10065:Yarmouth Castle 10055:Southsea Castle 9997: 9959: 9941: 9932:Sandgate Castle 9879: 9870: 9823: 9818: 9766: 9680:10.2307/1568302 9659: 9640: 9590: 9580:Martello Towers 9571: 9509: 9490: 9471: 9405: 9386: 9367: 9348: 9329: 9310: 9291: 9272: 9253: 9234: 9164: 9145: 9126: 9098: 9079: 9043: 8986: 8967: 8902: 8870: 8834: 8815:10.5284/1000227 8764: 8745: 8726: 8660: 8641: 8631:Brownsea Castle 8537: 8518: 8482:Southsea Castle 8473: 8433: 8414: 8374: 8355: 8298: 8262: 8243: 8224: 8205: 8195:Southsea Castle 8186: 8154: 8104: 8099: 8090: 8088: 8083: 8076: 8074: 8071:"Walmer Castle" 8069: 8062: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8020: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7990: 7985: 7978: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7950: 7948: 7945:"Netley Castle" 7943: 7936: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7906: 7901: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7864: 7861:"Camber Castle" 7859: 7852: 7850: 7845: 7838: 7836: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7820:Harrington 2007 7818: 7814: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7779: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7753:, p. 456; 7749:, p. 122; 7739: 7737: 7732: 7721: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7696: 7694: 7685: 7666: 7664: 7651: 7649: 7636: 7634: 7621:Harrington 2007 7619: 7615: 7610:on 27 July 2013 7598: 7583: 7581: 7574:"Netley Castle" 7572: 7565: 7563: 7552: 7548: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7515: 7513: 7511:The Independent 7489: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7421:, p. 175; 7417: 7413: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7382: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7357: 7355: 7350: 7349:, p. 112; 7335: 7333: 7322: 7309: 7305: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7249: 7247: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7231:Harrington 2007 7229: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7201: 7197: 7185: 7181: 7172: 7170: 7167:"Camber Castle" 7165: 7158: 7156: 7153:"Camber Castle" 7151: 7150:, p. 133; 7146: 7142: 7133: 7131: 7126: 7115: 7113: 7112:on 30 June 2015 7109: 7102: 7098: 7089: 7085: 7073: 7069: 7047: 7045: 7040: 7033: 7031: 7026: 7021:, p. 162; 7011: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6995: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6961:, p. 320; 6957:, p. 295; 6949: 6945: 6939:Harrington 2007 6933: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6873: 6869: 6851: 6849: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6776: 6774: 6767:, p. 178; 6763:, p. 253; 6759:, p. 475; 6751: 6747: 6738: 6736: 6735:on 6 April 2015 6727: 6726: 6722: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6674: 6670: 6662:, p. 159; 6658: 6654: 6638:, p. 159; 6634: 6630: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6590: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6545: 6543: 6535: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6505: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6416: 6408:, p. 158; 6384: 6380: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6336: 6332: 6320: 6316: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6291: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6259:, p. 226; 6247: 6243: 6237:Harrington 2007 6235: 6231: 6223: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6175:, p. 106; 6167: 6163: 6154: 6152: 6147: 6134: 6130: 6122:, p. 138; 6118:, p. 226; 6110:, p. 166; 6100: 6098: 6097:on 6 April 2016 6089: 6088: 6084: 6072: 6068: 6052: 6048: 6040:, p. 103; 6036: 6032: 6022:Harrington 2007 6020: 6016: 6008:, p. 105; 6000: 5996: 5987: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5971: 5954: 5952: 5951:on 6 April 2016 5943: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5894: 5890: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5832: 5821: 5817: 5803: 5801: 5794: 5790: 5778: 5774: 5766:, p. 126; 5762: 5758: 5746: 5742: 5728: 5726: 5703:, p. 163; 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5652: 5641:, p. 474; 5633: 5629: 5621:, p. 248; 5607: 5605: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5544:Van Raalte 1905 5532: 5530: 5529:on 6 April 2016 5521: 5514: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5474: 5470: 5448: 5446: 5445:on 6 April 2016 5437: 5430: 5428: 5427:on 6 April 2015 5419: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5378: 5376: 5361:, p. 118; 5347: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5328:Harrington 2007 5326: 5317: 5307:Harrington 2007 5305: 5301: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265:, p. 442; 5259:Harrington 2007 5257: 5253: 5247:Harrington 2007 5245: 5238: 5232:Harrington 2007 5230:, p. 440; 5226: 5222: 5213: 5211: 5210:on 6 April 2016 5202: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5148:Harrington 2007 5146: 5142: 5136:Harrington 2007 5126: 5122: 5110: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5078:, p. 156; 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5042: 5038: 5028:Harrington 2007 5020:Harrington 2007 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4981: 4979: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4944:Harrington 2007 4934: 4930: 4916: 4914: 4913:on 6 April 2015 4905: 4894: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4873:, p. 190; 4871:Van Raalte 1905 4869:, p. 391; 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841:, p. 131; 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4789: 4785: 4771: 4769: 4766:"Fort Victoria" 4764: 4763: 4759: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4711: 4707: 4701:Harrington 2007 4695: 4691: 4679: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4657:Harrington 2007 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4619: 4613:Harrington 2007 4611: 4607: 4591:, p. 471; 4587: 4583: 4571: 4567: 4551: 4547: 4527: 4523: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4466:, p. 475; 4462: 4458: 4450: 4443: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4411:Harrington 2007 4409: 4405: 4399:Harrington 2007 4397:, p. 103; 4393: 4389: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358:Harrington 2007 4352: 4348: 4342:Harrington 2007 4340: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4268: 4264: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4212: 4205: 4195:Harrington 2007 4189:, p. 344; 4185: 4181: 4161: 4157: 4151:Harrington 2007 4149: 4140: 4130:Harrington 2007 4124:, p. 794; 4116: 4112: 4104: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4057:Harrington 2007 4051: 4047: 4037:Harrington 2007 4035: 4031: 4025:Harrington 2007 4023: 4019: 4009:Harrington 2007 4007: 4003: 3987:, p. 154; 3979: 3975: 3969:Harrington 2007 3967: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3943:, p. 344; 3939: 3935: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3867:Harrington 2007 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3807:Harrington 2007 3805: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3779:Harrington 2007 3769: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3680:Harrington 2007 3678: 3674: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3612: 3604:, p. 113; 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3578:Harrington 2007 3576: 3572: 3558:Harrington 2007 3556: 3552: 3546:Harrington 2007 3544:, p. 113; 3540: 3536: 3524: 3520: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3457:, p. 180; 3453: 3449: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409:, p. 112; 3405: 3401: 3393:, p. 178; 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365:, p. 180; 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3321: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3294:Harrington 2007 3292:, p. 175; 3288: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3256:, p. 303; 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3178: 3172:Harrington 2007 3166: 3162: 3154: 3145: 3137: 3130: 3124:Harrington 2007 3122: 3118: 3112:Harrington 2007 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3084:Harrington 2007 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3060:Harrington 2007 3054:, p. 376; 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3032:"Fort Victoria" 3030: 3025: 3021: 3015:Harrington 2007 3013: 3009: 3003:Harrington 2007 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2960:Harrington 2007 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896:, p. 177; 2890:Harrington 2007 2888: 2884: 2874:Harrington 2007 2868: 2864: 2858:Harrington 2007 2856:, p. 153; 2852: 2848: 2842:Harrington 2007 2840: 2836: 2822:Harrington 2007 2820: 2816: 2806:Harrington 2007 2804:, p. 153; 2800: 2796: 2778:Harrington 2007 2776: 2772: 2764:, p. 342; 2758:Harrington 2007 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2718:Harrington 2007 2716: 2712: 2706:Harrington 2007 2704:, p. 178; 2700: 2696: 2690:Harrington 2007 2688: 2684: 2678:Harrington 2007 2676: 2672: 2662:Harrington 2007 2660: 2653: 2643:Harrington 2007 2641: 2637: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2606:Harrington 2007 2596: 2592: 2580: 2576: 2570:Harrington 2007 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528:, p. 111; 2524: 2517: 2511:Harrington 2007 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2477: 2473: 2465:, p. 225; 2461: 2457: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421:, p. 225; 2417: 2413: 2403:Harrington 2007 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2364: 2360: 2350:Harrington 2007 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2239: 2231:coastal erosion 2203:nuclear weapons 2195:coastal erosion 2191:Sandgate Castle 2184: 2164:Operation Grasp 2132:First World War 2124:Office of Works 2093: 2088: 2018: 2006:New Tavern Fort 1973:Napoleonic Wars 1953: 1920:J. M. W. Turner 1912:St Mawes Castle 1905: 1900: 1888:Duke of Berwick 1884:James FitzJames 1846:Charles II was 1804: 1756: 1708: 1683: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1621: 1616: 1512:Tower of London 1497: 1477:St Mawes Castle 1469: 1421:Labour disputes 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1376: 1365: 1355:trace italienne 1296:Marcus Merriman 1268: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189:Yarmouth Castle 1185: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1163: 1132:Brownsea Castle 1124:Southsea Castle 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1101:Southsea Castle 1097: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1075: 1050:Needles Passage 920:Sandgate Castle 864: 863: 862: 861: 851: 850: 849: 841: 840: 829: 748: 747: 746: 731: 730: 724: 723: 722: 714: 713: 705: 704: 696: 695: 687: 686: 678: 677: 669: 668: 660: 659: 651: 650: 642: 641: 633: 632: 624: 623: 615: 614: 606: 605: 597: 596: 588: 587: 579: 578: 570: 569: 561: 560: 552: 551: 543: 542: 534: 533: 525: 524: 516: 515: 507: 506: 498: 497: 489: 488: 480: 479: 471: 470: 462: 461: 453: 452: 444: 443: 435: 434: 426: 425: 417: 416: 408: 407: 399: 398: 390: 389: 381: 380: 372: 371: 355: 350: 345: 337:Coastal erosion 301:Napoleonic Wars 162:Napoleonic Wars 95:the public 94: 65: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12123: 12113: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12040: 12038:Trench warfare 12035: 12033:Tunnel warfare 12030: 12029: 12028: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11992: 11990: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11889:Fortifications 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11741: 11732: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11706: 11701: 11699:Counter-castle 11696: 11691: 11686: 11684:Border barrier 11680: 11678: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11619:Lowland castle 11616: 11611: 11609:Hilltop castle 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11484:Electric fence 11481: 11476: 11474:Dragon's teeth 11471: 11469:Czech hedgehog 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11383:Wire obstacles 11380: 11371: 11369:Polygonal fort 11366: 11361: 11359:Martello tower 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11324:Border outpost 11321: 11312: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11224: 11215: 11210: 11200: 11198:Polygonal fort 11195: 11190: 11185: 11176: 11167: 11162: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11095: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11022: 11020: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10809: 10804: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10750: 10741: 10736: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10690: 10688:Flanking tower 10685: 10676: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10655:Counter-castle 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10623: 10614: 10605: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10542: 10537: 10528: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10449: 10447: 10445:Post-classical 10441: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10435:Vitrified fort 10432: 10420: 10411: 10402: 10393: 10388: 10379: 10374: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10339: 10334: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10293:Defensive wall 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10261: 10252: 10243: 10234: 10225: 10216: 10207: 10202: 10196: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10186:Fortifications 10182: 10181: 10174: 10167: 10159: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10146: 10140: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10087: 10085: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10035:Sandown Castle 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10015:Calshot Castle 10011: 10009: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9969: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9951: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9937:Sandown Castle 9934: 9929: 9924: 9922:Walmer Bulwark 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9893: 9891: 9881: 9880: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9825: 9824: 9817: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9770: 9764: 9751: 9734: 9722:10.1086/657263 9705: 9692: 9663: 9657: 9644: 9638: 9624: 9611: 9594: 9588: 9575: 9569: 9556: 9539: 9526: 9513: 9507: 9494: 9488: 9475: 9469: 9456: 9435: 9422: 9409: 9403: 9390: 9384: 9371: 9365: 9352: 9346: 9333: 9327: 9314: 9308: 9295: 9289: 9276: 9270: 9257: 9251: 9238: 9232: 9219: 9202: 9192:(4): 789–812. 9181: 9168: 9162: 9149: 9143: 9130: 9124: 9111: 9102: 9096: 9083: 9077: 9064: 9047: 9041: 9028: 9018:(2): 173–178. 9007: 8990: 8984: 8971: 8965: 8952: 8927: 8906: 8900: 8887: 8874: 8868: 8855: 8838: 8832: 8819: 8802: 8789: 8768: 8762: 8749: 8743: 8730: 8724: 8711: 8694: 8681: 8664: 8658: 8645: 8639: 8626: 8609: 8592: 8575: 8558: 8541: 8535: 8522: 8516: 8503: 8494: 8477: 8471: 8458: 8437: 8431: 8418: 8412: 8399: 8378: 8372: 8359: 8353: 8340: 8319: 8302: 8296: 8283: 8266: 8260: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8222: 8209: 8203: 8190: 8184: 8171: 8158: 8152: 8139: 8122: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097: 7824: 7812: 7797:, p. 34; 7789:, p. 33; 7757:, p. 54; 7703: 7684:, p. 41; 7680:, p. 30; 7676:, p. 29; 7659:RCHME (1970), 7623:, p. 56; 7613: 7597:, p. 23; 7546: 7522: 7503:, p. 16; 7499:, p. 24; 7475: 7469:, p. 34; 7465:, p. 48; 7461:, p. 84; 7453:, p. 20; 7449:, p. 22; 7439: 7427: 7411: 7381:, p. 11; 7345:, p. 24; 7321:, p. 34; 7317:, p. 20; 7313:, p. 22; 7303: 7293:, p. 29; 7289:, p. 20; 7285:, p. 22; 7281:, p. 19; 7277:, p. 48; 7273:, p. 24; 7235: 7223: 7211: 7207:Churchill 1948 7205:, p. 29; 7195: 7189:, p. 34; 7179: 7140: 7097:, p. 19; 7083: 7077:, p. 22; 7067: 7057:, p. 48; 7025:, p. 22; 6983: 6971: 6965:, p. 30; 6953:, p. 35; 6943: 6927: 6921:, p. 47; 6917:, p. 17; 6907: 6895: 6883: 6867: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6755:, p. 19; 6745: 6729:"Cowes Castle" 6720: 6710:, p. 16; 6696: 6684: 6668: 6652: 6642:, p. 44; 6628: 6622:, p. 30; 6612: 6600: 6584: 6578:, p. 16; 6564: 6552: 6514: 6464: 6429: 6414: 6404:, p. 43; 6400:, p. 77; 6396:, p. 26; 6392:, p. 19; 6388:, p. 16; 6378: 6346: 6340:, p. 76; 6330: 6314: 6293:Anonymous 1883 6285: 6281:Anonymous 1824 6279:, p. 67; 6265: 6241: 6229: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6161: 6146:, p. 14; 6138:, p. 18; 6128: 6114:, p. 27; 6082: 6078:Sutcliffe 1973 6066: 6060:, p. 23; 6046: 6030: 6024:, p. 54; 6014: 5994: 5936: 5924: 5914:, p. 41; 5904: 5898:, p. 17; 5888: 5872:, p. 29; 5855: 5815: 5788: 5772: 5756: 5740: 5715:, p. 91; 5711:, p. 15; 5699:, p. 40; 5689: 5677: 5661: 5627: 5617:, p. 21; 5594:, p. 32; 5590:, p. 11; 5580: 5576:Tomlinson 1973 5568: 5562:, p. 32; 5558:, p. 11; 5548: 5500: 5488: 5482:, p. 32; 5468: 5421:"Cowes Castle" 5398: 5392:, p. 24; 5332: 5315: 5309:, p. 51; 5299: 5283: 5271: 5261:, p. 51; 5251: 5236: 5220: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5150:, p. 50; 5140: 5130:, p. 12; 5120: 5114:, p. 40; 5104: 5098:, p. 11; 5088: 5082:, p. 13; 5080:Mackenzie 1896 5074:, p. 39; 5064: 5052: 5036: 5030:, p. 49; 5012: 5000: 4988: 4948: 4942:, p. 10; 4938:, p. 14; 4928: 4904:, p. 15; 4879: 4859: 4847: 4845:, p. 183; 4833:, p. 42; 4823: 4811: 4799: 4783: 4757: 4751:, p. 38; 4741: 4729: 4719:, p. 69; 4705: 4699:, p. 38; 4689: 4683:, p. 38; 4673: 4661: 4655:, p. 38; 4645: 4633: 4617: 4605: 4595:, p. 18; 4581: 4565: 4545: 4539:, p. 35; 4535:, p. 11; 4531:, p. 35; 4521: 4515:, p. 40; 4502: 4490: 4474:, p. 30; 4470:, p. 16; 4456: 4441: 4415: 4403: 4387: 4366: 4360:, p. 41; 4356:, p. 10; 4346: 4334: 4310: 4298: 4288:, p. 10; 4278: 4272:, p. 10; 4262: 4256:, p. 46; 4246: 4234: 4222: 4216:, p. 47; 4203: 4197:, p. 33; 4193:, p. 51; 4179: 4173:, p. 11; 4169:, p. 72; 4165:, p. 20; 4155: 4138: 4132:, p. 33; 4128:, p. 51; 4110: 4093: 4087:, p. 26; 4077: 4065: 4059:, p. 39; 4055:, p. 26; 4045: 4039:, p. 37; 4029: 4017: 4001: 3995:, p. 21; 3973: 3958: 3933: 3927:, p. 71; 3881:, p. 86; 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3829:, p. 46; 3825:, p. 26; 3815: 3799: 3793:, p. 28; 3783: 3777:, p. 28; 3773:, p. 46; 3763: 3757:, p. 28; 3753:, p. 46; 3743: 3714:, p. 43; 3700: 3688: 3672: 3666:, p. 26; 3653: 3641: 3635:, p. 51; 3625: 3610: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3564:, p. 13; 3560:, p. 52; 3550: 3534: 3528:, p. 12; 3518: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3463: 3447: 3441:, p. 13; 3427: 3415: 3399: 3383: 3371: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3325:, p. 51; 3323:Creighton 2002 3312: 3296:, p. 11; 3282: 3266: 3246: 3234: 3218: 3206: 3190:, p. 11; 3186:, p. 45; 3176: 3160: 3143: 3128: 3116: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3058:, p. 86; 3044: 3029:, p. 51; 3019: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2968: 2962:, p. 29; 2952: 2940: 2914: 2902: 2892:, p. 29; 2882: 2876:, p. 25; 2862: 2846: 2834: 2828:, p. 41; 2824:, p. 22; 2814: 2812:, pp. 8–9 2794: 2788:, p. 41; 2780:, p. 21; 2770: 2760:, p. 20; 2750: 2738: 2722: 2710: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2651: 2635: 2620:, p. 26; 2610: 2604:, p. 66; 2590: 2574: 2568:, p. 63; 2558: 2546: 2534: 2515: 2499: 2487: 2471: 2455: 2439: 2427: 2411: 2395: 2393:, pp. 8–9 2383: 2372:MeasuringWorth 2358: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2319: 2309: 2299: 2290: 2269: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2183: 2180: 2168:D-Day landings 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2017: 2014: 1985:prime minister 1952: 1949: 1937:Duke of Dorset 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1803: 1800: 1755: 1752: 1743:Thomas Fairfax 1714:Sketch of the 1707: 1704: 1682: 1679: 1666:Spanish armada 1651:Sandown Castle 1645: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1496: 1493: 1468: 1465: 1461:Milton Chantry 1449:Beaulieu Abbey 1399:Beaulieu Abbey 1391:Calshot Castle 1389: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1267: 1264: 1244:Albrecht Dürer 1219:Richard Benese 1187: 1186: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1128:Sandown Castle 1099: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1003:Portland Roads 975:Calshot Castle 916:Walmer Bulwark 853: 852: 843: 842: 834: 833: 832: 831: 830: 828: 825: 726: 725: 716: 715: 707: 706: 698: 697: 689: 688: 680: 679: 671: 670: 662: 661: 653: 652: 644: 643: 635: 634: 626: 625: 617: 616: 608: 607: 599: 598: 590: 589: 581: 580: 572: 571: 563: 562: 554: 553: 545: 544: 536: 535: 527: 526: 518: 517: 509: 508: 500: 499: 491: 490: 482: 481: 473: 472: 464: 463: 455: 454: 446: 445: 437: 436: 428: 427: 419: 418: 410: 409: 401: 400: 392: 391: 383: 382: 374: 373: 365: 364: 358: 357: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 314:in the 1840s, 276:Spanish Armada 194:fortifications 173: 172: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 96: 90: 89: 85: 84: 71: 67: 66: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12122: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12075: 12074: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12043:Urban warfare 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11996:Civil defense 11994: 11993: 11991: 11987: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11864:Bastion forts 11862: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11849: 11848:Z-plan castle 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11818:L-plan castle 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11803:Bridge castle 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11772:Refuge castle 11770: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11753:Military base 11751: 11748: 11747: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11716:Hunting lodge 11714: 11712: 11711: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11675: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11629:Moated castle 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11614:Island castle 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582:By topography 11580: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11554:Submarine pen 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11509:Hesco bastion 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11424:Blast shelter 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11193:Place-of-arms 11191: 11189: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11010: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10827: 10826:Machicolation 10824: 10822: 10821:L-plan castle 10819: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10554:Bridge castle 10552: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10520: 10518: 10517:Bent entrance 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10502:Battery tower 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10453:Advanced work 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10378: 10377:Refuge castle 10375: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10168: 10166: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10030:Netley Castle 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10004: 10003:Isle of Wight 10000: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9947:Pembrokeshire 9944: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9927:Walmer Castle 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9897:Camber Castle 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9810: 9808: 9803: 9801: 9796: 9795: 9792: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9771: 9767: 9765:0-901559-33-4 9761: 9757: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9664: 9660: 9658:1-85422-608-8 9654: 9650: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9581: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9500: 9495: 9491: 9489:1-85512-000-3 9485: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9470:0-11-670311-3 9466: 9462: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9406: 9400: 9396: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9347:0-14-071032-9 9343: 9339: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9320: 9315: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9273: 9271:1-873993-50-1 9267: 9263: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9233:1-85074-032-1 9229: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9125:0-11-670777-1 9121: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8977: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8833:1-902039-02-5 8829: 8825: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8725:0-907628-17-6 8721: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8472:0-11-670832-8 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8373:1-85074-697-4 8369: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8354:1-85074-053-4 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8289: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8223:0-521-32932-9 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8204:0-85372-809-7 8200: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8185:0-904220-23-0 8181: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8086: 8072: 8058: 8044: 8030: 8016: 8002: 7988: 7974: 7960: 7946: 7932: 7918: 7904: 7890: 7876: 7862: 7848: 7834: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7775: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7735: 7731:, p. 2; 7730: 7717: 7713:, p. 5; 7712: 7707: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7662: 7647: 7632: 7626: 7625:Sydenham 1839 7622: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7579: 7575: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7532: 7526: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7463:Pattison 2009 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7437:, p. 175 7436: 7431: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7367: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7324:"Deal Castle" 7320: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7275:Pattison 2009 7272: 7259: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7221:, p. 225 7220: 7219:Saunders 1989 7215: 7209:, p. 737 7208: 7204: 7199: 7193:, p. 104 7192: 7188: 7183: 7168: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7129: 7124: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7093:, p. 1; 7092: 7087: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7055:Pattison 2009 7043: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7007: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6969:, p. 161 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6925:, p. 127 6924: 6920: 6919:Pattison 2009 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6861:, p. 7; 6860: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6810:, p. 161 6809: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6785: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6664:Pattison 2009 6661: 6656: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6640:Pattison 2009 6637: 6632: 6625: 6624:Pettifer 2002 6621: 6616: 6610:, p. 172 6609: 6608:Saunders 1960 6604: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6542: 6538: 6524: 6518: 6503: 6488: 6474: 6468: 6453: 6439: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6410:Pattison 2009 6407: 6403: 6402:Pattison 2009 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6342:Pattison 2009 6339: 6334: 6327: 6324:, p. 4; 6323: 6322:Guillame 1848 6318: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6283:, p. 137 6282: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6263:, p. 188 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6227:, p. 102 6226: 6221: 6215:, p. 106 6214: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6179:, p. 102 6178: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112:Pattison 2004 6109: 6108:Saunders 1960 6096: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6062:Pattison 2009 6059: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6042:Pattison 2009 6039: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6002:Pattison 2009 5998: 5983: 5969: 5965: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5934:, p. 122 5933: 5932:Saunders 1989 5928: 5921: 5920:Saunders 1989 5917: 5913: 5912:Pattison 2009 5908: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5844: 5830: 5825:, p. 7; 5824: 5819: 5812: 5799: 5792: 5786:, p. 241 5785: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5752:Saunders 1989 5749: 5744: 5737: 5724: 5719:, p. 7; 5718: 5714: 5713:Saunders 1989 5710: 5706: 5705:Saunders 1977 5702: 5701:Saunders 1960 5698: 5697:Pattison 2009 5693: 5686: 5685:Saunders 1989 5681: 5674: 5673:Saunders 1989 5670: 5665: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5546:, p. 190 5545: 5542:, p. 7; 5541: 5528: 5524: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5444: 5440: 5426: 5422: 5408: 5402: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5357:, p. 15 5356: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5313:, p. 442 5312: 5308: 5303: 5296: 5293:, p. 7; 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5178:, p. 250 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5113: 5112:Pattison 2009 5108: 5101: 5100:Pattison 2009 5097: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5072:Pattison 2009 5068: 5061: 5060:Pattison 2009 5056: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4977: 4973: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4867:Sydenham 1839 4863: 4856: 4855:Wedgwood 1970 4851: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4797:, p. 103 4796: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4749:Pattison 2009 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717:Saunders 1989 4715:, p. 6; 4714: 4709: 4702: 4698: 4697:Pattison 2009 4693: 4686: 4685:Saunders 1989 4682: 4681:Pattison 2009 4677: 4671:, p. 103 4670: 4665: 4658: 4654: 4653:Pattison 2009 4649: 4642: 4641:Pattison 2009 4637: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4603:, p. 151 4602: 4599:, p. 2; 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4577:Pattison 2004 4574: 4573:Saunders 1960 4569: 4563:, p. 471 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529:Pattison 2009 4525: 4518: 4517:Pattison 2009 4514: 4509: 4507: 4500:, p. 347 4499: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4454:, p. 471 4453: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4425: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4364:, p. 345 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4323: 4322:"Henry's Gun" 4317: 4315: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4214:Saunders 1989 4210: 4208: 4200: 4199:Sydenham 1839 4196: 4192: 4191:Saunders 1989 4188: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4134:Sydenham 1839 4131: 4127: 4126:Saunders 1989 4123: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4106:Saunders 1989 4102: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4089:Saunders 1989 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4061:Saunders 1989 4058: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4041:Saunders 1989 4038: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4005: 3999:, p. 162 3998: 3994: 3993:Pattison 2004 3991:, p. 9; 3990: 3989:Saunders 1977 3986: 3985:Saunders 1960 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3929:Saunders 1989 3926: 3913: 3899: 3885: 3880: 3879:Pettifer 2002 3875: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3833:, p. 144 3832: 3828: 3827:Saunders 1989 3824: 3819: 3812: 3809:, p. 8; 3808: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771:Saunders 1989 3767: 3761:, p. 582 3760: 3759:Skempton 2002 3756: 3752: 3751:Saunders 1989 3747: 3732: 3718: 3713: 3712:Chandler 1996 3709: 3704: 3697: 3696:Saunders 1989 3692: 3686:, p. 582 3685: 3684:Skempton 2002 3682:, p. 8; 3681: 3676: 3669: 3668:Saunders 1989 3665: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3634: 3633:Saunders 1989 3629: 3622: 3621:Saunders 1989 3617: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3602:Thompson 1987 3598: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3566:Saunders 1989 3563: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3543: 3542:Thompson 1987 3538: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3516:, p. 143 3515: 3511: 3506: 3500:, p. 179 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3435:Saunders 1989 3431: 3425:, p. 112 3424: 3423:Thompson 1987 3419: 3412: 3411:Saunders 1989 3408: 3407:Thompson 1987 3403: 3396: 3395:Saunders 1989 3392: 3387: 3380: 3379:Saunders 1989 3375: 3368: 3367:Saunders 1989 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3301: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3278:Saunders 1989 3275: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3258:Saunders 1989 3255: 3254:Skempton 2002 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3228:, p. 7; 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3184:Saunders 1989 3180: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3156:Saunders 1989 3152: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3074:, p. 376 3073: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3033: 3028: 3027:Saunders 1989 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2924: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2900:, p. 472 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2878:Pettifer 2002 2875: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2826:Saunders 1989 2823: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2792:, p. 470 2791: 2787: 2786:Saunders 1989 2784:, p. 1; 2783: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2766:Saunders 1989 2763: 2759: 2754: 2748:, p. 178 2747: 2742: 2736:, p. 229 2735: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2664:, p. 11 2663: 2658: 2656: 2648: 2645:, p. 6; 2644: 2639: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2600:, p. 7; 2599: 2594: 2587: 2584:, p. 7; 2583: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2526:Thompson 1987 2522: 2520: 2512: 2509:, p. 7; 2508: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2469:, p. 249 2468: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2447:Thompson 1987 2443: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2407:Saunders 1989 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2354:Saunders 1989 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2323: 2313: 2303: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2193:, damaged by 2192: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136:anti-Zeppelin 2133: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2102: 2097: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2056:, led to the 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2010:Gothic-styled 2007: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969:Revolutionary 1962: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1917: 1914:(centre) and 1913: 1909: 1895: 1893: 1892:Robert Holmes 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1861:trained bands 1858: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1748:John Arundell 1744: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1647:Walmer Castle 1639: 1630: 1614:Later history 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1574:Weald of Kent 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1227:Edmund Knyvet 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1054:Netley Castle 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030:Carrick Roads 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005:anchorage in 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:Isle of Wight 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955:Camber Castle 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 878: 874: 869: 860: 856: 847: 838: 824: 822: 818: 814: 809: 808:as a result. 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 774: 769: 767: 763: 758: 754: 742: 736: 729: 720: 711: 702: 693: 684: 675: 666: 657: 648: 639: 630: 621: 612: 603: 594: 585: 576: 567: 558: 549: 540: 531: 522: 513: 504: 495: 486: 477: 468: 459: 450: 441: 432: 423: 414: 405: 396: 387: 378: 369: 362: 340: 338: 334: 330: 325: 324:torpedo boats 321: 317: 316:rifled cannon 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 273: 268: 267:Isle of Wight 263: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 236: 232: 228: 227:Pembrokeshire 224: 223:Milford Haven 220: 216: 213:anchorage in 212: 208: 203: 199: 195: 192: 188: 184: 180: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124:Built by 122: 118: 114: 109: 105: 101: 97: 91: 86: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 53:16th-century 50: 45: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12095:Device Forts 12066: 12021:Siege engine 11989:Other topics 11913:Related word 11879:Defense line 11843:Tower castle 11798:Bastion fort 11782:Urban castle 11710:Ganerbenburg 11708: 11663:Water castle 11639:Ridge castle 11624:Marsh castle 11439:Bomb shelter 11419:Belgian gate 11392:20th century 11303:19th century 11241:Retrenchment 11213:Punji sticks 11122:Entrenchment 11117:Device Forts 11116: 11084:Counterguard 11019:Early modern 10949:Tower castle 10885:Powder tower 10860:Outer bailey 10772:Inner bailey 10746:Gulyay-gorod 10714:Ganerbenburg 10712: 10708:Fujian tulou 10650:Corner tower 10589:Chamber gate 10559:Bridge tower 10407:Trou de loup 10025:Hurst Castle 9851:Langar Point 9821:Device Forts 9820: 9774: 9755: 9738: 9716:(1): 66–84. 9713: 9709: 9700: 9696: 9671: 9667: 9648: 9629: 9619: 9615: 9598: 9579: 9560: 9543: 9534: 9530: 9521: 9517: 9498: 9479: 9460: 9443: 9439: 9430: 9426: 9417: 9413: 9394: 9375: 9356: 9337: 9318: 9299: 9281:Tilbury Fort 9280: 9261: 9242: 9223: 9206: 9189: 9185: 9176: 9172: 9153: 9134: 9115: 9106: 9087: 9068: 9051: 9032: 9015: 9011: 8994: 8975: 8956: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8914: 8910: 8891: 8882: 8878: 8859: 8842: 8823: 8806: 8797: 8793: 8776: 8772: 8753: 8734: 8715: 8698: 8689: 8685: 8668: 8649: 8630: 8613: 8596: 8579: 8562: 8545: 8526: 8507: 8498: 8481: 8462: 8445: 8441: 8422: 8403: 8386: 8382: 8363: 8344: 8327: 8323: 8306: 8287: 8270: 8251: 8232: 8213: 8194: 8175: 8166: 8162: 8143: 8126: 8109: 8102:Bibliography 8089:, retrieved 8075:, retrieved 8061:, retrieved 8047:, retrieved 8033:, retrieved 8019:, retrieved 8005:, retrieved 7991:, retrieved 7977:, retrieved 7963:, retrieved 7949:, retrieved 7935:, retrieved 7921:, retrieved 7907:, retrieved 7893:, retrieved 7879:, retrieved 7865:, retrieved 7851:, retrieved 7837:, retrieved 7827: 7822:, p. 56 7815: 7804:, retrieved 7787:Symonds 1914 7778:, retrieved 7764:, retrieved 7738:, retrieved 7720:, retrieved 7706: 7695:, retrieved 7691:the original 7678:Symonds 1914 7665:, retrieved 7650:, retrieved 7635:, retrieved 7616: 7608:the original 7603: 7595:Garnett 2005 7582:, retrieved 7578:the original 7564:, retrieved 7560:the original 7549: 7538:, retrieved 7525: 7514:, retrieved 7510: 7488:, retrieved 7478: 7473:, p. 29 7459:Chapple 2014 7442: 7430: 7425:, p. 12 7414: 7398:, retrieved 7391:the original 7370:, retrieved 7356:, retrieved 7334:, retrieved 7332:, 1 May 1956 7327: 7306: 7301:, p. 84 7299:Chapple 2014 7262:, retrieved 7248:, retrieved 7238: 7233:, p. 55 7226: 7214: 7198: 7182: 7171:, retrieved 7157:, retrieved 7143: 7132:, retrieved 7114:, retrieved 7107:the original 7086: 7081:, p. 84 7079:Murfett 2009 7070: 7065:, p. 29 7046:, retrieved 7032:, retrieved 7019:Jenkins 2007 7010:, retrieved 6996:, retrieved 6986: 6981:, p. 41 6974: 6967:Jenkins 2007 6959:Mulvagh 2008 6955:Jenkins 2002 6946: 6941:, p. 55 6930: 6923:Osborne 2011 6910: 6905:, p. 34 6903:Davison 2000 6898: 6886: 6881:, p. 35 6870: 6865:, p. 19 6859:Hopkins 2004 6850:, retrieved 6839: 6827: 6815: 6808:Jenkins 2007 6803: 6791: 6786:, p. 19 6775:, retrieved 6748: 6737:, retrieved 6733:the original 6723: 6718:, p. 18 6699: 6687: 6682:, p. 28 6671: 6666:, p. 44 6660:Jenkins 2007 6655: 6650:, p. 28 6636:Jenkins 2007 6631: 6626:, p. 66 6615: 6603: 6587: 6567: 6562:, p. 16 6555: 6544:, retrieved 6540: 6527:, retrieved 6517: 6506:, retrieved 6491:, retrieved 6487:"List Entry" 6477:, retrieved 6467: 6456:, retrieved 6452:"List Entry" 6442:, retrieved 6432: 6412:, p. 44 6406:Jenkins 2007 6381: 6370:, retrieved 6363:the original 6349: 6344:, p. 43 6333: 6317: 6306:, retrieved 6288: 6268: 6251:, p. 17 6244: 6239:, p. 54 6232: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6164: 6153:, retrieved 6131: 6126:, p. 34 6099:, retrieved 6095:the original 6085: 6080:, p. 55 6069: 6064:, p. 42 6049: 6033: 6028:, p. 41 6017: 6012:, p. 14 5997: 5986:, retrieved 5972:, retrieved 5967: 5953:, retrieved 5949:the original 5939: 5927: 5907: 5902:, p. 12 5891: 5880:, retrieved 5847:, retrieved 5833:, retrieved 5823:Garnett 2005 5818: 5813:, p. 16 5802:, retrieved 5791: 5775: 5770:, p. 12 5768:O'Neill 1985 5759: 5743: 5738:, p. 16 5727:, retrieved 5692: 5680: 5664: 5653:, retrieved 5649:the original 5635:Symonds 1914 5630: 5625:, p. 22 5606:, retrieved 5588:O'Neill 1985 5583: 5571: 5556:O'Neill 1985 5551: 5540:Garnett 2005 5531:, retrieved 5527:the original 5513:, retrieved 5503: 5498:, p. 24 5491: 5486:, p. 10 5484:O'Neill 1985 5471: 5466:, p. 24 5447:, retrieved 5443:the original 5429:, retrieved 5425:the original 5411:, retrieved 5407:"List Entry" 5401: 5377:, retrieved 5373:the original 5346:, retrieved 5335: 5330:, p. 53 5302: 5297:, p. 31 5291:O'Neill 1985 5286: 5281:, p. 31 5274: 5267:O'Neill 1985 5254: 5249:, p. 51 5234:, p. 51 5223: 5212:, retrieved 5208:the original 5183: 5171: 5164:Kennedy 1962 5159: 5152:Kennedy 1962 5143: 5138:, p. 49 5123: 5118:, p. 12 5107: 5091: 5076:Jenkins 2007 5067: 5062:, p. 39 5055: 5050:, p. 24 5044:Barrett 1910 5039: 5032:Barrett 1910 5015: 5010:, p. 29 5008:Davison 2000 5003: 4991: 4980:, retrieved 4976:the original 4961:, retrieved 4951: 4946:, p. 50 4931: 4915:, retrieved 4911:the original 4907:"The Castle" 4893:, retrieved 4882: 4862: 4850: 4826: 4814: 4809:, p. 88 4802: 4786: 4770:, retrieved 4760: 4755:, p. 10 4744: 4739:, p. 20 4732: 4713:O'Neill 1985 4708: 4703:, p. 49 4692: 4687:, p. 69 4676: 4664: 4659:, p. 48 4648: 4636: 4620: 4615:, p. 48 4608: 4584: 4579:, p. 20 4568: 4548: 4543:, p. 22 4524: 4493: 4482:, retrieved 4459: 4428:, retrieved 4418: 4413:, p. 47 4406: 4401:, p. 47 4390: 4379:, retrieved 4369: 4349: 4344:, p. 42 4337: 4326:, retrieved 4308:, p. 79 4301: 4296:, p. 79 4281: 4265: 4260:, p. 79 4249: 4244:, p. 46 4237: 4225: 4220:, p. 76 4182: 4158: 4153:, p. 41 4118:Symonds 1914 4113: 4108:, p. 47 4091:, p. 47 4080: 4075:, p. 16 4068: 4063:, p. 47 4048: 4043:, p. 47 4032: 4027:, p. 38 4020: 4015:, p. 26 4004: 3976: 3950:, retrieved 3936: 3931:, p. 46 3916:, retrieved 3912:"List Entry" 3902:, retrieved 3888:, retrieved 3884:"List Entry" 3874: 3862: 3857:, p. 71 3850: 3845:, p. 29 3838: 3818: 3813:, p. 70 3802: 3797:, p. 70 3786: 3781:, p. 18 3766: 3746: 3735:, retrieved 3731:"List Entry" 3721:, retrieved 3703: 3698:, p. 46 3691: 3675: 3670:, p. 46 3644: 3628: 3623:, p. 51 3597: 3585: 3580:, p. 52 3573: 3553: 3548:, p. 52 3537: 3521: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3476:, p. 10 3461:, p. 23 3450: 3445:, p. 22 3430: 3418: 3402: 3386: 3381:, p. 40 3374: 3369:, p. 37 3358: 3346: 3341:, p. 15 3334: 3304:, retrieved 3285: 3280:, p. 45 3269: 3264:, p. 31 3249: 3244:, p. 68 3237: 3221: 3216:, p. 70 3209: 3198:, retrieved 3179: 3163: 3158:, p. 45 3141:, p. 70 3119: 3103: 3098:, p. 86 3091: 3086:, p. 46 3079: 3067: 3062:, p. 45 3047: 3036:, retrieved 3022: 3017:, p. 30 3010: 2998: 2993:, p. 80 2986: 2966:, p. 10 2955: 2943: 2938:, p. 75 2927:, retrieved 2917: 2905: 2885: 2880:, p. 86 2865: 2860:, p. 24 2854:Jenkins 2007 2849: 2844:, p. 11 2837: 2817: 2802:Jenkins 2007 2797: 2773: 2768:, p. 42 2753: 2741: 2725: 2720:, p. 16 2713: 2708:, p. 16 2697: 2692:, p. 20 2685: 2680:, p. 12 2673: 2668:, p. 70 2638: 2627:, retrieved 2613: 2593: 2577: 2561: 2549: 2544:, p. 63 2537: 2532:, p. 63 2502: 2490: 2485:, p. 69 2474: 2458: 2442: 2435:Johnson 2002 2430: 2414: 2398: 2386: 2375:, retrieved 2371: 2361: 2341: 2322: 2312: 2302: 2293: 2262: 2228: 2220:nursing home 2216: 2212: 2200: 2149: 2141:Dover Patrol 2129: 2113: 2105: 2080: 2063: 2047: 2030: 2025:Hurst Castle 2002: 1989:Cinque Ports 1983:– then both 1978: 1966: 1945: 1925: 1869: 1865: 1845: 1821: 1788: 1776: 1768: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1720:Cornelis Bol 1684: 1681:17th century 1675: 1662: 1658: 1619:16th century 1588: 1555: 1531:demi-cannons 1520: 1509: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1437: 1425: 1417: 1405: 1349: 1345: 1336:black powder 1332:fire control 1317: 1313: 1305: 1293: 1284:East Tilbury 1266:Architecture 1232: 1223: 1196: 1140: 1116: 1067: 1046:Hurst Castle 1023: 951:East Tilbury 947:West Tilbury 928: 881: 865: 810: 782: 770: 749: 305: 264: 244: 186: 182: 179:Device Forts 178: 176: 111:Site history 93:Open to 59:gun platform 35:Device Forts 29: 11920:Castle town 11777:Toll castle 11746:Lustschloss 11728:Kaiserpfalz 11658:Spur castle 11653:Rock castle 11594:Hill castle 11589:Cave castle 11549:Spider hole 11449:Bremer wall 11414:Barbed tape 11310:Barbed wire 10984:Witch tower 10954:Tower house 10944:Toll castle 10930:Shield wall 10850:Murder hole 10739:Guard tower 10356:Pincer gate 10303:Faussebraye 10144:Hull Castle 9902:Deal Castle 9861:Mersea Fort 9856:Langar Rode 8389:: 103–113. 7806:27 December 7795:Norman 1920 7791:Groves 1879 7755:Harris 1980 7674:Groves 1879 7667:27 December 7591:Harris 1980 7490:27 December 7455:Lawson 2002 7451:Brooks 1996 7447:Corney 1968 7407:Lawson 2002 7400:27 November 7315:Brooks 1996 7311:Corney 1968 7295:Lawson 2002 7287:Brooks 1996 7283:Corney 1968 7279:Rigold 2012 7191:Parker 2005 7123:Lawson 2002 7095:Rigold 2012 7091:Finley 1994 7075:Corney 1968 7034:27 December 6979:Morley 1976 6963:Lawson 2002 6915:Brooks 1996 6863:Rigold 2012 6784:Rigold 2012 6761:Rutton 1893 6753:Rigold 2012 6712:Corney 1968 6708:Brooks 1996 6620:Lawson 2002 6580:Corney 1968 6576:Brooks 1996 6572:Harris 1980 6560:Brooks 1996 6390:Corney 1968 6386:Brooks 1996 6277:Warner 1795 6273:Lawson 2002 6136:Corney 1968 6074:Harris 1980 6026:Morley 1976 5988:3 September 5916:Lawson 2002 5900:Brooks 1996 5896:Corney 1968 5811:Rigold 2012 5784:Miller 2007 5780:Childs 1980 5736:Rigold 2012 5709:Corney 1968 5639:Norrey 1988 5623:Lawson 2002 5619:Rutton 1895 5578:, p. 6 5496:Lawson 2002 5464:Lawson 2002 5390:Lawson 2002 5355:Rigold 2012 5311:Ashton 1994 5269:, p. 7 5263:Ashton 1994 5228:Ashton 1994 5188:Ashton 1994 5176:Rutton 1895 5132:Lawson 2002 5084:Oliver 1875 5048:Lawson 2002 5024:Lawson 2002 4940:Brooks 1996 4936:Corney 1968 4924:Godwin 1904 4902:Rigold 2012 4877:, p. 6 4875:Godwin 1904 4835:Rutton 1895 4721:Rutton 1895 4541:Lawson 2002 4306:Hammer 2003 4294:Hammer 2003 4290:Morley 1976 4274:Morley 1976 4258:Hammer 2003 4218:Kenyon 1979 4177:, p. 8 4175:Lawson 2002 4167:Kenyon 1979 4122:Norrey 1988 4085:Morley 1976 4053:Morley 1976 4013:Morley 1976 3869:, p. 8 3843:Morley 1976 3708:Leland 1907 3664:Morley 1976 3651:, p. 4 3649:Rigold 2012 3530:Kenyon 1979 3486:Morley 1976 3459:Morley 1976 3443:Morley 1976 3339:Morley 1976 3274:Walton 2010 3242:Walton 2010 3226:Corney 1968 3214:Walton 2010 3168:Walton 2010 3072:Potter 2011 3052:Potter 2011 2950:, p. 9 2936:Kenyon 1979 2870:Morley 1976 2832:, p. 2 2810:Morley 1976 2734:Rutton 1893 2730:Harris 1980 2666:Walton 2010 2608:, p. 6 2598:Morley 1976 2582:Morley 1976 2572:, p. 5 2556:, p. 7 2554:Morley 1976 2513:, p. 5 2507:Morley 1976 2483:Walton 2010 2467:Pounds 1994 2463:Colvin 1968 2451:Pounds 1994 2419:Colvin 1968 2391:Morley 1976 2346:Morley 1976 2150:During the 2052:cannon and 2042:Crimean War 2037:steam ships 1997:bombardiers 1941:John Norris 1828:Interregnum 1433:lime mortar 1413:comptroller 1395:dissolution 1282:(top), and 1215:Augustinian 1199:Richard Lee 1147:the Channel 999:Southampton 993:to protect 855:Deal Castle 289:Interregnum 272:Elizabeth I 219:blockhouses 217:, to small 187:blockhouses 134:In use 78:blockhouses 18:Device fort 12089:Categories 11945:Gatekeeper 11765:Ordensburg 11737:Landesburg 11544:Sentry gun 11499:Flak tower 11429:Blast wall 11349:Gun turret 11246:Sally port 11151:Kotta mara 11091:Couvreface 11055:Breastwork 11050:Blockhouse 11028:Abwurfdach 10979:Watchtower 10969:Wall tower 10925:Shell keep 10875:Portcullis 10870:Peel tower 10855:Neck ditch 10814:Landesburg 10762:Half tower 10720:Gate tower 10665:Drawbridge 10507:Battlement 10423:Wagon fort 10266:Chengqiang 9965:The Thames 9703:: 187–194. 9537:: 341–362. 9524:: 141–168. 9433:: 244–259. 9420:: 228–257. 8885:: 153–172. 8330:: 63–104. 8169:: 204–229. 7729:Crane 2012 7711:Smith 1985 7697:17 January 7631:"Studland" 7358:10 October 6765:Lewis 1884 6372:17 January 6297:Smith 1974 6261:Elvin 1894 6257:Elvin 1890 6201:Elvin 1890 6189:Elvin 1890 6169:Elvin 1890 6120:Elvin 1894 6116:Elvin 1890 5829:"Studland" 5764:Elvin 1894 5717:Moore 1990 5669:Smith 1974 5608:7 February 5596:Elvin 1894 5564:Elvin 1894 5476:Elvin 1894 5394:Elvin 1890 5359:Elvin 1894 4843:Elvin 1890 4839:Elvin 1894 4819:Smith 1974 4807:Gaunt 2014 4725:Smith 1974 4629:Elvin 1894 4601:Smith 1974 4597:Crane 2012 4557:Elvin 1894 4498:Smith 1980 4472:Hirst 1895 4354:Lowry 2006 4286:Lowry 2006 4270:Lowry 2006 4187:Smith 1980 3997:Elvin 1890 3941:Smith 1980 3831:Smith 1974 3562:Lowry 2006 3514:Smith 1974 3510:Smith 1980 3474:Lowry 2006 3439:Lowry 2006 3327:Brown 1989 2964:Lowry 2006 2948:Lowry 2006 2830:Crane 2012 2762:Smith 1980 2377:10 October 2334:References 2156:naval guns 2116:War Office 2033:shell guns 1779:Colchester 1731:Parliament 1397:of nearby 1328:embrasures 995:the Solent 987:West Cowes 963:Winchelsea 900:Deal Beach 868:Parliament 859:Henry VIII 785:Henry VIII 762:gatehouses 353:Background 312:shell guns 308:steamships 293:Charles II 233:along the 198:Henry VIII 128:Henry VIII 12048:Guerrilla 11791:By design 11539:Revetment 11354:Land mine 11285:Star fort 11112:Crownwork 11107:Covertway 11040:Barricade 10681:Embrasure 10594:Chartaque 10524:Bergfried 10482:Arrowslit 10308:Gatehouse 10278:City gate 10239:Castellum 10205:Acropolis 9747:606282339 9730:144384757 9552:866642339 9060:504892038 8942:: 61–77. 8860:Churchill 8851:1749-8775 8779:: 53–88. 8622:2046-9799 8554:886485719 8490:504812915 8315:223119295 8279:2046-9799 8135:874176803 8118:316568111 8091:28 August 8077:28 August 8063:28 August 8049:28 August 8035:28 August 8021:28 August 8007:28 August 7993:28 August 7979:28 August 7965:28 August 7951:28 August 7937:28 August 7923:28 August 7909:28 August 7895:28 August 7881:28 August 7867:28 August 7853:28 August 7839:28 August 7682:Hunt 2011 7584:18 August 7566:18 August 7497:Coad 2013 7471:Coad 1990 7467:Coad 2000 7435:King 1991 7419:King 1991 7379:Coad 1990 7347:Coad 2006 7343:Coad 2013 7319:Coad 2000 7291:Coad 1990 7271:Coad 2013 7203:Coad 2008 7187:Coad 2000 7134:31 August 7063:Coad 1990 7059:Coad 1985 7023:Coad 2013 6951:Coad 2008 6935:Coad 2013 6879:Coad 2000 6820:Coad 2013 6796:Coad 2006 6716:Coad 2013 6704:Coad 2006 6692:Coad 2006 6680:Coad 1990 6676:Coad 1985 6648:Coad 1990 6644:Coad 1985 6596:Coad 1985 6592:Coad 1990 6425:Coad 2006 6398:Coad 1985 6394:Coad 1990 6338:Coad 1985 6253:Coad 2006 6249:Coad 2013 6213:Coad 2006 6173:Coad 2006 6144:Coad 2013 6124:Coad 2000 6058:Coad 1990 6054:Coad 1985 6038:Coad 2006 6010:Coad 2013 6006:Coad 2006 5964:"Fishery" 5870:Coad 2008 5866:Coad 2000 5655:18 August 5615:Coad 1990 5592:Coad 2000 5560:Coad 2000 5480:Coad 2000 5460:Webb 1977 5386:Webb 1977 5379:18 August 5363:Webb 1977 5295:Coad 2000 5279:Coad 2000 4982:18 August 4795:Coad 2006 4791:Bull 2008 4737:Coad 1990 4669:Coad 2006 4625:Coad 2000 4553:Coad 2000 4533:Coad 2013 4395:Coad 2006 4381:24 August 4171:Coad 2013 4163:Coad 1990 3925:Hale 1983 3855:Hale 1983 3811:Hale 1983 3795:Hale 1983 3637:Hale 1983 3606:Hale 1983 3590:Hale 1983 3498:King 1991 3455:King 1991 3391:King 1991 3363:King 1991 3351:King 1991 3290:King 1991 3139:Hale 1983 3096:Hale 1983 3056:Hale 1983 2991:Hale 1983 2979:Hale 1983 2894:King 1991 2746:King 1991 2702:King 1991 2647:King 1991 2618:Coad 2000 2602:Hale 1983 2586:Hale 1983 2566:Hale 1983 2542:Hale 1983 2530:Hale 1983 2495:King 1991 2423:King 1991 2207:reservist 2091:1900–1945 2067:minefield 2016:1850–1899 1993:fencibles 1951:1792–1849 1916:Pendennis 1903:1700–1791 1727:Civil war 1700:Charles I 1583:portpiece 1527:culverins 1467:Garrisons 1457:Carmelite 1409:paymaster 1363:Logistics 1038:Pendennis 1034:River Fal 1015:Sandsfoot 935:Gravesend 896:the Downs 805:the Crown 783:His son, 757:gunpowder 247:artillery 211:the Downs 202:the Crown 191:artillery 142:Materials 103:Condition 12073:Category 12063:See also 11950:Loophole 11838:Ringwork 11833:Ringfort 11758:Obstacle 11599:Hillfort 11519:Loophole 11317:Barbette 11292:Tenaille 11275:Sea fort 11205:Presidio 11165:Magazine 11146:Hornwork 11079:Cavalier 11074:Casemate 11067:Caponier 10910:Ringwork 10798:Detinets 10767:Hoarding 10672:Enceinte 10547:Bretèche 10492:Bartizan 10487:Barbican 10463:Alcazaba 10391:Stockade 10371:Ringfort 10351:Palisade 10323:Landwehr 10318:Hillfort 10075:Cornwall 9783:58038493 9674:: 5–25. 9622:: 27–40. 9215:23442843 9179:: 34–38. 8800:: 24–39. 8692:: 20–24. 8605:37489940 8588:23374336 7740:2 August 7604:BBC News 6891:Fry 2014 6875:Fry 2014 6832:Fry 2014 2929:2 August 2237:See also 2109:seaplane 1876:James II 1824:slighted 1607:Longbows 1603:halberds 1591:arquebus 1495:Armament 1320:parapets 1290:(bottom) 1151:Newhaven 1145:crossed 1119:Boulogne 1042:St Mawes 1026:Cornwall 1011:Portland 914:and the 799:and the 297:restored 251:bastions 231:bulwarks 82:bulwarks 11980:Vedette 11970:Schloss 11935:Festung 11930:Dungeon 11925:Château 11869:Castles 11677:By role 11534:Pillbox 11364:Outpost 11280:Station 11268:Schanze 11251:Sandbag 11236:Redoubt 11220:Ravelin 11188:Palanka 11172:Orillon 11158:Lunette 11100:Coupure 11045:Bastion 11035:Arsenal 11003:Zwinger 10915:Roundel 10905:Ricetto 10880:Postern 10865:Outwork 10789:Kremlin 10660:Curtain 10635:Citadel 10619:Chemise 10579:Caltrop 10497:Bastion 10470:Alcázar 10366:Rampart 10344:Oppidum 10337:Nuraghe 10283:Crannog 10257:Castros 10193:Ancient 9833:Suffolk 9688:1568302 9607:5842224 9003:2858987 8707:7881011 8677:4237451 8571:4866519 7780:7 April 7766:7 April 7652:20 June 7637:13 July 7516:9 April 7336:26 June 7173:9 April 7159:9 April 7116:26 June 7048:26 June 6852:14 June 6777:14 June 6739:26 June 6546:16 July 6508:14 June 6444:14 June 6155:12 June 6101:6 April 5974:7 April 5955:6 April 5882:29 June 5849:26 June 5835:13 July 5804:14 June 5729:14 June 5533:6 April 5449:6 April 5431:26 June 5413:26 June 5348:14 June 5214:6 April 4917:26 June 4895:14 June 4484:12 June 3918:26 June 3306:30 July 3200:30 July 2629:29 June 2145:Asquith 1922:in 1823 1796:Charles 1792:Flemish 1765:in 2008 1695:limpets 1691:Flemish 1686:James I 1653:(right) 1543:falcons 1539:minions 1523:cannons 1240:Moravia 1217:canon, 1155:Seaford 1111:in 1545 1107:of the 989:on the 967:Harwich 888:Sandown 877:Guisnes 793:another 207:castles 119:1539–47 11975:Trench 11965:Picket 11376:Sangar 11329:Bunker 11261:Sconce 11181:Ostrog 11129:Flèche 11012:Modern 10991:Yagura 10959:Turret 10895:Reduit 10833:Merlon 10777:Kasbah 10755:Gusuku 10732:Glacis 10725:Gabion 10694:church 10601:Chashi 10584:Castle 10428:Laager 10416:Vallum 10373:(Rath) 10248:Castra 10230:Burgus 10200:Abatis 10083:Dorset 10007:Solent 9889:Sussex 9781: 9762: 9745: 9728: 9710:Osiris 9686: 9655: 9636: 9605: 9586: 9567: 9550: 9505: 9486: 9467: 9401: 9382: 9363: 9344: 9325: 9306: 9287: 9268: 9249: 9230: 9213: 9160: 9141: 9122: 9094: 9075: 9058: 9039: 9001: 8982: 8963: 8898: 8866: 8849: 8830: 8760: 8741: 8722: 8705: 8675: 8656: 8637: 8620: 8603: 8586: 8569: 8552: 8533: 8514: 8488: 8469: 8429: 8410: 8370: 8351: 8313: 8294: 8277: 8258: 8239: 8220: 8201: 8182: 8150: 8133: 8116: 7722:26 May 7372:26 May 7264:26 May 7250:26 May 7012:26 May 6998:26 May 6529:10 May 6493:26 May 6479:26 May 6458:26 May 6308:16 May 5515:10 May 4963:17 May 4772:26 May 4430:26 May 4328:4 June 3952:13 May 3904:26 May 3890:17 May 3737:26 May 3723:26 May 3038:26 May 2317:speed. 2050:rifled 1935:, the 1931:, and 1886:, the 1853:Second 1812:Castle 1566:copper 1547:slings 1535:sakers 1276:Milton 1058:castle 1052:, and 1007:Dorset 1001:. The 979:Fawley 943:Higham 941:, and 939:Milton 931:Thames 910:, the 906:, the 892:Walmer 873:Calais 778:Sussex 150:Events 106:Varied 12016:Siege 11960:Palas 11904:Walls 11894:Forts 11857:Lists 11704:Fence 11646:Rocca 11514:Kabal 11229:Redan 11136:Gorge 11060:Canal 10937:Shiro 10900:Ribat 10890:Qalat 10702:Dzong 10698:house 10398:Sudis 10330:Limes 10288:Ditch 10221:Broch 10212:Agger 10079:Devon 9829:Essex 9726:S2CID 9684:JSTOR 7540:8 May 7534:(PDF) 7394:(PDF) 7387:(PDF) 7110:(PDF) 7103:(PDF) 6366:(PDF) 6359:(PDF) 2254:Notes 2072:range 1718:, by 1599:pikes 1595:bills 1558:brass 1551:bases 1453:Quarr 1429:chalk 1340:Moats 1238:from 971:Dover 797:Spain 329:First 281:First 235:Essex 166:First 116:Built 12026:list 11444:Buoy 10998:Yett 10840:Moat 10807:Ksar 10782:Keep 10574:Caer 10564:Burh 10540:Boom 10533:Berm 10512:Bawn 10477:Amba 10313:Gord 9885:Kent 9779:OCLC 9760:ISBN 9743:OCLC 9653:ISBN 9634:ISBN 9603:OCLC 9584:ISBN 9565:ISBN 9548:OCLC 9503:ISBN 9484:ISBN 9465:ISBN 9399:ISBN 9380:ISBN 9361:ISBN 9342:ISBN 9323:ISBN 9304:ISBN 9285:ISBN 9266:ISBN 9247:ISBN 9228:ISBN 9211:OCLC 9158:ISBN 9139:ISBN 9120:ISBN 9092:ISBN 9073:ISBN 9056:OCLC 9037:ISBN 8999:OCLC 8980:ISBN 8961:ISBN 8896:ISBN 8879:Fort 8864:ISBN 8847:ISSN 8828:ISBN 8758:ISBN 8739:ISBN 8720:ISBN 8703:OCLC 8673:OCLC 8654:ISBN 8635:ISBN 8618:ISSN 8601:OCLC 8584:OCLC 8567:OCLC 8550:OCLC 8531:ISBN 8512:ISBN 8486:OCLC 8467:ISBN 8427:ISBN 8408:ISBN 8368:ISBN 8349:ISBN 8311:OCLC 8292:ISBN 8275:ISSN 8256:ISBN 8237:ISBN 8218:ISBN 8199:ISBN 8180:ISBN 8148:ISBN 8131:OCLC 8114:OCLC 8093:2016 8079:2016 8065:2016 8051:2016 8037:2016 8023:2016 8009:2016 7995:2016 7981:2016 7967:2016 7953:2016 7939:2016 7925:2016 7911:2016 7897:2016 7883:2016 7869:2016 7855:2016 7841:2016 7808:2015 7782:2016 7768:2016 7742:2015 7724:2015 7699:2016 7669:2015 7654:2015 7639:2015 7586:2015 7568:2015 7542:2016 7518:2015 7492:2015 7402:2015 7374:2015 7360:2015 7338:2016 7266:2015 7252:2015 7175:2015 7161:2015 7136:2015 7118:2015 7050:2016 7036:2015 7014:2015 7000:2015 6854:2015 6779:2015 6741:2015 6548:2016 6531:2015 6510:2015 6495:2015 6481:2015 6460:2015 6446:2015 6374:2016 6310:2015 6157:2016 6103:2016 5990:2016 5976:2016 5957:2016 5884:2016 5851:2015 5837:2015 5806:2015 5731:2015 5657:2015 5610:2016 5535:2016 5517:2015 5451:2016 5433:2015 5415:2015 5381:2015 5350:2015 5216:2016 4984:2015 4965:2015 4919:2015 4897:2015 4774:2015 4486:2016 4432:2015 4383:2016 4330:2016 3954:2015 3920:2015 3906:2015 3892:2015 3739:2015 3725:2015 3308:2016 3202:2016 3040:2015 2931:2015 2631:2016 2379:2015 2158:and 2074:and 2035:and 1971:and 1967:The 1959:The 1855:and 1601:and 1562:iron 1560:and 1549:and 1541:and 1529:and 1442:and 1411:, a 1324:keep 1286:and 1278:and 1040:and 1013:and 985:and 983:East 961:and 949:and 929:The 890:and 884:Deal 875:and 764:and 331:and 318:and 310:and 295:was 283:and 215:Kent 185:and 177:The 168:and 98:Most 80:and 70:Type 57:and 55:keep 10298:Dun 9718:doi 9676:doi 9448:doi 9194:doi 9020:doi 8944:doi 8934:". 8919:doi 8811:doi 8781:doi 8450:doi 8391:doi 8332:doi 7844:; 1834:or 1256:'s 1246:'s 977:in 959:Rye 225:in 61:at 12091:: 12065:: 10700:, 10696:, 10081:/ 10077:/ 10005:/ 9887:/ 9831:/ 9724:. 9714:25 9712:. 9701:26 9699:. 9682:. 9670:. 9620:35 9618:. 9535:96 9533:. 9522:89 9520:. 9444:40 9442:. 9431:21 9429:. 9418:20 9416:. 9190:31 9188:. 9177:41 9175:. 9016:40 9014:. 8940:13 8938:. 8915:77 8913:. 8883:35 8881:. 8796:. 8777:14 8775:. 8688:. 8446:83 8444:. 8385:. 8328:19 8326:. 8167:31 8165:. 8082:; 8068:; 8054:; 8040:; 8026:; 8012:; 7998:; 7984:; 7970:; 7956:; 7942:; 7928:; 7914:; 7900:; 7886:; 7872:; 7858:; 7785:; 7771:; 7745:; 7727:; 7672:; 7657:; 7642:; 7602:, 7589:; 7571:; 7509:, 7495:; 7405:; 7377:; 7363:; 7341:; 7326:, 7269:; 7255:; 7164:; 7121:; 7053:; 7039:; 7017:; 7003:; 6857:; 6782:; 6539:, 6534:; 6498:; 6484:; 6449:; 6417:^ 6106:; 5979:; 5966:, 5960:; 5858:^ 5840:; 5809:; 5734:; 5613:; 5538:; 5520:; 5454:; 5436:; 5418:; 5384:; 5353:; 5318:^ 5239:^ 5195:^ 4968:; 4922:; 4900:; 4777:; 4505:^ 4444:^ 4435:; 4313:^ 4206:^ 4141:^ 4096:^ 3961:^ 3923:; 3909:; 3895:; 3728:; 3656:^ 3613:^ 3466:^ 3315:^ 3146:^ 3131:^ 2971:^ 2934:: 2654:^ 2518:^ 2370:, 2272:^ 1605:. 1597:, 1537:, 1525:, 1303:. 1028:. 937:, 886:, 164:, 160:, 156:, 76:, 10802:) 10794:( 10704:) 10431:) 10425:( 10178:e 10171:t 10164:v 9813:e 9806:t 9799:v 9785:. 9768:. 9749:. 9732:. 9720:: 9690:. 9678:: 9672:1 9661:. 9642:. 9609:. 9592:. 9573:. 9554:. 9511:. 9492:. 9473:. 9454:. 9450:: 9407:. 9388:. 9369:. 9350:. 9331:. 9312:. 9293:. 9274:. 9255:. 9236:. 9217:. 9200:. 9196:: 9166:. 9147:. 9128:. 9100:. 9081:. 9062:. 9045:. 9026:. 9022:: 9005:. 8988:. 8969:. 8950:. 8946:: 8925:. 8921:: 8904:. 8872:. 8853:. 8836:. 8817:. 8813:: 8798:3 8787:. 8783:: 8766:. 8747:. 8728:. 8709:. 8690:3 8679:. 8662:. 8643:. 8624:. 8607:. 8590:. 8573:. 8556:. 8539:. 8520:. 8492:. 8475:. 8456:. 8452:: 8435:. 8416:. 8397:. 8393:: 8387:1 8376:. 8357:. 8338:. 8334:: 8317:. 8300:. 8281:. 8264:. 8245:. 8226:. 8207:. 8188:. 8156:. 8137:. 8120:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index