2076:
On this basis, the Kurds must be free to organize in a way that they can live their culture and language and can develop economically and ecologically. This would allow Kurds, Turks and other cultures to come together under the roof of a democratic nation in Turkey. This is only possible, though, with a democratic constitution and an advanced legal framework warranting respect for different cultures. Our idea of a democratic nation is not defined by flags and borders. Our idea of a democratic nation embraces a model based on democracy instead of a model based on state structures and ethnic origins. Turkey needs to define itself as a country which includes all ethnic groups. This would be a model based on human rights instead of religion or race. Our idea of a democratic nation embraces all ethnic groups and cultures.
1893:
1999:
2010:
2440:
1057:
803:
2092:
20:
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827:
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791:
228:
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815:
2477:, these politicians begin to use the municipal services and dispatch official correspondence in Kurdish, to reinsert Kurdish names in public places and to spend resources for the development and spread of the Kurdish language. However, these policies made the DTP mayors and deputies targets of judicial harassment, and the Kurdish party was banned by the Turkish Constitutional Court in 2009.
2599:, and agreed with Bookchin's analysis. Looking for theoretical guidance, the Kurdish leader asked to Reimar Heider, his German translator, to send an e-mail to Bookchin. Sent in April 2004, the message told him that Ă–calan had been reading Turkish translations of Bookchin's books in prison and considered himself a
915:, and larger congresses, where citizens are the agents of self-government, allowing individuals and communities to exercise a real influence over their common environment and activities. Inspired by the struggle of women in the PKK, democratic confederalism has feminism as one of its central pillars. Seeing
919:
as "an ideological product of the national state and power" no less dangerous than capitalism, Ă–calan advocates a new vision of society in order to dismantle the institutional and psychological relations of power currently established in capitalist societies and to ensure that women have a vital and
3078:
The ideology behind this progressive autonomous structure, which has a secular constitution, is that of the PKK leader, Abdullah Ă–calan. His vision of 'Democratic
Confederalism' builds on a concept espoused by the American anarchist Murray Bookchin. Since Ă–calan's arrest in 1999, the PKK's ideology
2583:
In his book "In defense of the people" (published in German in 2010), Ă–calan wrote that "The development of authority and hierarchy even before the class society emerged is a significant turning point in history", adding that "no law of nature requires natural societies to develop into hierarchical
2075:
I offer the
Turkish society a simple solution. We demand a democratic nation. We are not opposed to the unitary state and republic. We accept the republic, its unitary structure and laicism. However, we believe that it must be redefined as a democratic state respecting peoples, cultures and rights.
1876:
Democratic confederalism of
Kurdistan is not a state system, but a democratic system of the people without a state. With the women and youth at the forefront, it is a system in which all sectors of society will develop their own democratic organisations. It is a politics exercised by free and equal
898:
in the world, democratic confederalism defends a "type of organization or administration can be called non-state political administration or stateless democracy", which would provide the framework for the autonomous organization of "every community, confessional group, gender specific collective
1863:
condemned Turkey for "inhumane treatment" and "unfair prosecution" in the case of Ă–calan, calling for a new trial for the
Kurdish leader, Ă–calan issued "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", where he laid the groundwork of democratic confederalism. Later, the concept was further
1877:
confederal citizens by electing their own free regional representatives. It is based on the principle of its own strength and expertise. It derives its power from the people and in all areas including its economy it will seek self-sufficiency.
1984:
of humanity needs to be rethought and transformed from a destructive hierarchical society to an ecological social society that maintains a balance between its parts and whose communities can organize their lives independently.
3046:
It was compelling enough to win over Ă–calan, who, in the popular narrative, made a balance sheet of the PKK's failures and decided to reorient his goals to a similar kind of libertarian socialism called "democratic
2254:". At the end of this process of subjection to democratic reforms, the nation-state must become a more modest political institution, functioning as a social authority that observes functions only in the fields of
4353:"Turkey: The situation and treatment of members and supporters of the Democratic Society Party (Democratik Toplum Partisi, DTP) and the Peace and Democracy Party (BariĹź ve Demokrasi Partisi, BDP)"
944:
does not belong to the state, but to society. Although it presents itself as a model opposed to the nation-state, democratic confederalism admits the possibility, under specific circumstances, of
3619:
4173:
2043:
as "the basis for the establishment of a basic democracy, without the need to seek new political frontiers". Based on this, Ă–calan proposes that a political solution for the
4129:
971:"to the Kurdish people and the international community" and, in later years, the concept was further developed in other publications, such as the four volumes of the
115:
952:. Although it was theorized initially as a new social and ideological basis for the Kurdish liberation movement, democratic confederalism is now presented as an
857:
4149:
2991:"Jineology: Kurdish "feminism" in the doctrine of democratic confederalism and the political system of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (Rojava)"
3571:
3922:
2161:" without aiming new political borders and is seeking to a system of democratic self-organization in Kurdistan with the features of a confederation that "
2957:
Gerber, Damian; Brincat, Shannon (2021). "When Ă–calan met
Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism".
4336:
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3015:
Thus, the doctrine of democratic confederalism presents itself as a libertarian socialism based on the neo-Marxism, ecologism and, finally, feminism.
1020:
1766:
from a
Marxist–Leninist perspective, Abdullah Öcalan initiated a substantial transition from the Kurdish liberation movement in search of a form of
920:
equal role to that of men at all levels of organization and decision-making. Other key principles of democratic confederalism are environmentalism,
3847:
4227:
3808:
1290:
2204:) should have the direct involvement of local communities. A self-government model allow a more adequate implementation of basic values such as
3872:
1746:. Over the years, however, the PKK has distanced itself from these ideologies, considering that the Kurdish question was not a mere problem of
3978:
3718:
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1804:, but also to elaborate his proposals on the Kurdish question and on its political solution. Having access to hundreds of books, including
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1785:
850:
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4279:
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1812:, his plan was initially to find theoretical foundations in these works that would justify the PKK's past actions, and to discuss the
975:. Shortly after being released, the declaration was immediately adopted by the PKK, which organized clandestine assemblies in Turkey,
669:
1706:
4133:
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has changed considerably, so much so that they have all but denounced nationalism in favour of a form of libertarian socialism.
1816:
within a comprehensive analysis of the development of the nation-state throughout history. Thus, Ă–calan began his studies from
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2192:", as well as the creation of necessary institutions and the elaboration of instruments that guarantee and enable society
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between both, as long as there is no intervention by the state in the central issues of self-government or attempts at
305:
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state-based societies" and judging "the
Marxist belief that class society is an inevitability" to be deeply mistaken.
1933:
1423:
1368:
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953:
2788:
2496:. Creating a political entity opposed to the capitalist nation-state, Rojava experienced an original experience of
267:
3665:
4103:. Translated by International Initiative Freedom for Abdullah Ocalan. London: Transmedia Publishing. p. 46.
4069:. Translated by International Initiative Freedom for Abdullah Ocalan. London: Transmedia Publishing. p. 48.
3768:
2819:"From national liberation to radical democracy: Exploring the shift in the Kurdish liberation movement in Turkey"
2231:
and their affiliated institutions "committed to the interests of the society instead of fulfilling state orders".
1609:
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is not only an individual right, but an important social issue who depends on the existence of an independent
1735:
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262:
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established to put into effect Ă–calan's concept. The KCK brings together
Kurdish political parties such as
1813:
1699:
1453:
1433:
674:
2605:"has recommended Bookchin's books to every mayor in all Kurdish cities and wanted everybody to read them."
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3031:
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2132:
2040:
1731:
1157:
984:
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24:
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Although the liberation struggle of the PKK was originally guided by the prospect of creating a
Kurdish
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is admitted as long as there is no intervention in central issues of self-government or attempts at
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320:
55:
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4274:
White, Paul (15 August 2015). "Democratic
Confederalism and the PKK's Feminist Transformation".
2376:
Thereafter, the Kurdish liberation movement began to form clandestine assemblies immediately in
2250:, as well as this coexistence does not mean acceptance of its "classic state structure with its
3690:
Leaving the mountain: How may the PKK lay down arms? Freeing the Kurdish Question from violence
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aspirations, as well as other fundamental problems in countries in the region deeply rooted in
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must be a strategic part of the fight for freedom and democracy in Kurdistan, as well as the
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4337:"7748 Kurds in Turkish custody - 3895 Arrested in 30 months in the scope of KCK operations"
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and democratic control, in which each decision-making process (organized in open councils,
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51:
4174:"In the Heart of Syria's Darkness, a Democratic, Egalitarian and Feminist Society Emerges"
8:
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that an opportunity arose to implement Ocalan's new political doctrine deeply, after the
2436:; and armed groups in all countries in the region over the different parts of Kurdistan.
1998:
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perspective and develops a new proposal for a system called "democratic confederalism".
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and/or minority ethnic group, among other". It is a model of libertarian socialism and
706:
335:
310:
157:
4125:
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4057:
2367:
program at the end of the 3rd General Assembly of the People's Congress of Kurdistan (
2009:
967:
The general lines of democratic confederalism were presented in March 2005, through a
468:
403:
59:
4356:
4298:"Revolution in Rojava Democratic Autonomy and Women's Liberation in Syrian Kurdistan"
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718:
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601:
483:
373:
79:
63:
3765:"Marxism, class and revolution in Africa: the legacy of the 1917 Russian Revolution"
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The Kurdish movement does not work for creating a Kurdish nation-state based on the
175:
and centralizing socialist project for a radical and renewed proposal for a form of
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Social Ecology in the Digital Age: Solving Complex Problems in a Globalized World
4196:
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1957:
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Inspired by the project of democratic confederalism, mayors of the Party of the
2211:
The solution of the Kurdish question should be tried together with a process of
4457:
4192:
4157:
2607:
Bookchin and Ă–calan corresponded for a while, but the philosopher died in 2006.
2566:
Followers of Ă–calan and members of the PKK are known by his diminutive name as
2274:
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committed to the population should also be based on the implementation of an
2316:
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solved by the revolutionary seizure of state power or the constitution of an
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130:
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is also extremely essential "for the liberation process of the society". An
1882:
Abdullah Ă–calan, Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan, 2005.
1784:
This process was consolidated after the capture and arrest of Ă–calan by the
503:
19:
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2543:
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1973:
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957:
908:
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408:
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383:
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145:
91:
3923:"Syria's Kurds dreamt of a 'Rojava revolution'. Assad will snuff this out"
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4004:
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1921:
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1202:
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1086:
875:
775:
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826:
3818:
Politics at a Distance from the State: Radical and African Perspectives
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2448:
2444:
2201:
1969:
1841:
1825:
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a broad societal project aiming at the economic, social and political
3822:
2505:
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2251:
2220:
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2143:
2052:
1937:
1909:
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1747:
1549:
968:
758:
743:
523:
192:
161:
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4044:. Sacramento, CA: Science, Class, and Politics. 1984. pp. 3–30
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1940:, the latter in particular having been inspired by the struggle of
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1114:
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basis, Ă–calan became disillusioned with the nation-state model and
83:
71:
2035:
Admiring Bookchin's concepts, Ă–calan developed a critical view of
4177:
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2335:
2205:
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2104:
1980:
and social hierarchy, the American philosopher observes that the
940:), self-defense, and a sharing economy where control of economic
576:
172:
134:
3600:"How My Father's Ideas Helped the Kurds Create a New Democracy"
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3264:
2524:
ideas, and participatory politics and consensual construction.
2489:
2377:
2176:
2100:
1398:
891:
184:
4464:
2018:
1916:
addressed various aspects of Kurdish society in the fields of
814:
4039:"National Liberation Movements and the Question of Socialism"
3949:
Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone
2473:. Challenging the laws that prohibit the official use of the
2381:
1965:
1941:
1901:
1720:
976:
723:
711:
3696:. Translated by Bölme, Suzan. Istanbul: Tesev. p. 113.
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2763:
2292:
must be taken seriously during the process of social change.
2159:
as the basis for the establishment of grassroots democracies
907:
of local communities and the organization of open councils,
3354:
3352:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3084:
2385:
980:
4254:"Turkey bans main Kurdish party over alleged terror links"
3852:"What the World Loses if Turkey Destroys the Syrian Kurds"
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2492:, a region comprising parts of the north and northeast of
2277:
and culture education must be warranted by both state and
2227:. A new democratic policy, however, could only exist from
4399:
2850:
2848:
2753:
2751:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2700:
2698:
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1832:(whom Ă–calan calls "the prophet of the capitalist era"),
125:, Ă–calan presents the concept as a political solution to
3897:
The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society
3349:
3339:
3337:
3137:
3108:
2039:
and the nation-state that led him to interpret peoples'
1960:. In his works, Bookchin argues that the domination and
3388:
3376:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3125:
3096:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
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2886:
2884:
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2727:
2135:
finds its most appropriate expression in the so-called
2095:
Protest in support of Democratic confederalism and the
1908:
Responding to the needs of the Kurdish movement across
199:
entity based on the ideas of democratic confederalism.
4130:"Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan"
3520:
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2938:
2936:
2934:
2921:
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2683:
2681:
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2631:
2629:
2627:
2184:
The democratization process in Kurdistan encompasses "
1800:
strategy in the course of the Turkish trial which had
167:, Ă–calan reformulated the political objectives of the
4405:
3472:
3334:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3217:
4037:
3532:
3496:
3484:
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3300:
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3193:
3171:
3169:
3154:
2881:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
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2326:
are not the property of the state but of the society
1808:
of numerous historical and philosophical texts from
3572:"Bookchin, Ă–calan, and the Dialectics of Democracy"
3436:
3234:
3232:
2931:
2908:
2676:
2624:
1738:across the planet, many of whom were influenced by
3544:
3276:
2781:
2664:
2081:Abdullah Ă–calan, War and peace in Kurdistan, 2008.
1948:. His greatest theoretical inspirations came from
3424:
3295:
3181:
3166:
2641:
1788:in 1999. Although he is kept in isolation on the
1021:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
4477:
4010:New World Academy Reader #5: Stateless Democracy
3508:
3229:
2816:
2388:, which in 2007 resulted in the creation of the
2319:with the public is marked by democratic balance.
1758:. Becoming a major critic of the very idea of a
160:such as the libertarian municipalist and former
1852:,, that led him to a definitive break with the
1796:, Ă–calan used his time not only to prepare his
1291:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas
2350:and in satisfying basic natural needs for all.
1968:by each other, including through the forms of
3788:"A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard"
2956:
2460:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2393:
2368:
1700:
1006:
988:
924:(religious, political, ethnic and cultural),
886:, seen by Ă–calan as most responsible for the
851:
3807:
3358:
4317:"GRAND CHAMBER JUDGMENT - Ă–CALAN v. TURKEY"
4276:In: The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains
4148:
4016:. Utrecht: New World Academy. p. 256.
3755:
3394:
3382:
3061:
2817:Fadaee, Simin; Brancolini, Camilla (2019).
2782:Dockstader, Jason; Mûkrîyan, Rojîn (2022).
1828:. But it was the readings of thinkers like
16:Political ideology and government structure
4335:
4232:"European court rules Ocalan trial unfair"
3526:
2488:declared the autonomy of three cantons in
1707:
1693:
858:
844:
4373:"Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization"
4002:
3408:Building Free Life: Dialogues with Ă–calan
3270:
2988:
2836:
2801:
2570:(Apo-ites), and his movement is known as
2047:does not involve the foundation of a new
1964:is the continuation of the domination of
1864:developed and presented in works such as
27:, often used by Democratic Confederalists
4351:
3846:
3660:
3614:
3594:
3538:
3502:
3466:
3454:
3320:
2902:
2469:of a political nature in Turkey through
2438:
2215:not only of all countries that exercise
2090:
1976:. Establishing a connection between the
1956:as formulated by the American anarchist
1891:
983:, which resulted in the creation of the
687:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
18:
4226:
4191:
4171:
3782:
3478:
3442:
3029:
2944:
2925:
2181:" can organize themselves autonomously.
4478:
4375:. The Middle East Policy Council. 2015
4124:
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3328:
3324:
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3131:
3102:
3090:
3064:"A new kind of freedom born in terror"
2875:
2854:
2769:
2757:
2721:
2704:
2687:
2658:
2635:
2155:right of self-determination of peoples
670:International Workingmen's Association
4315:
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4273:
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3717:
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2223:, but also extends across the entire
1824:, as well as from the history of the
1286:Federation of Green Parties of Africa
4371:
4282:(published 2015). pp. 126–149.
4251:
3735:To Dare Imagining: Rojava Revolution
3514:
3238:
3062:Fitzherbert, Yvo (August 26, 2014).
1870:Manifesto of Democratic Civilization
973:Manifesto of Democratic Civilization
4154:"Little trace of Marxism in Africa"
2424:Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party
2163:provides a frame-work within which
1296:Federation of Young European Greens
179:that no longer aims at building an
39:
13:
4396:Democratic confederalism manifesto
3052:
3020:
2979:
2429:Partî Çareserî Dîmukratî Kurdistan
14:
4527:
4389:
4252:Tait, Robert (11 December 2009).
2789:Philosophy & Social Criticism
2419:Partiya Jiyana Azad to KurdistanĂŞ
2354:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4415:
3030:De Jong, Alex (March 18, 2016).
2989:BĹ‚aszczyk, Cezary (2022-06-27).
2008:
1997:
1912:, Ă–calan's studies resulting in
1734:(PKK) was initially inspired by
1606:List of environmental incidents
1055:
825:
813:
801:
789:
226:
3895:Maisel, Sebastian, ed. (2018).
3769:International Socialism journal
3400:
3310:
3003:10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-90.4
2950:
2810:
2775:
2587:
2577:
1900:system in Syria created by the
1772:statist and centralizing system
4339:. Nationalia. 23 December 2009
4321:European Court of Human Rights
3877:"Europe as an Agent of Change"
3621:Social Ecology and Communalism
3602:. The New York Review of Books
2560:
2086:
1872:(the latter in four volumes).
1861:European Court of Human Rights
1764:national and social liberation
1276:Asia Pacific Greens Federation
1019:that eventually grew into the
1:
3410:. Kairos. pp. 227, 235.
2973:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016
2613:
2202:local and general parliaments
1786:Turkish intelligence services
1736:national liberation movements
1153:Bright green environmentalism
1031:
141:for people around the world.
62:about a system of democratic
4172:Shilton, Dor (9 June 2019).
3882:. Berlin: SWP Research Paper
2618:
2471:civil disobedience campaigns
2342:that does not aim solely at
2219:over the different parts of
2157:, but considers this right "
2051:, but the constitution of a
1369:Corporate political activism
7:
2603:of his works. Also, Ă–calan
2527:
2465:, DTP) started a fight for
2461:
2434:civil society organizations
2428:
2418:
2408:
2394:
2390:Kurdistan Communities Union
2369:
2348:production based on sharing
2340:alternative economic policy
2286:freedom and rights of women
2190:of all parts of the society
2133:Kurdish liberation movement
2041:right to self-determination
1932:, as well as introducing a
1774:associated with the former
1158:Criticisms of globalization
1007:
989:
985:Kurdistan Communities Union
516:Philosophies and tendencies
169:Kurdish liberation movement
156:. Influenced by ideas from
70:based on the principles of
10:
4532:
4097:War and Peace in Kurdistan
3559:
2252:despotic attitude of power
1887:
1854:Marxist–Leninist socialist
1097:Politics of climate change
1026:
692:Spanish Revolution of 1936
3983:"In the Autonomous Zones"
3666:"What is Social Ecology?"
3371:ScienceClassPolitics 1984
2803:10.1177/01914537211040250
2462:Demokratik Toplum Partisi
2414:Kurdistan Free Life Party
2409:Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat
2179:and other societal groups
2146:is only conceivable as a
1344:Climate change mitigation
1072:Climate change litigation
1008:Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat
896:environmental destruction
808:Libertarianism portal
273:Revolutionary spontaneity
202:
187:, but at establishing an
40:Konfederalîzma demokratîk
4491:Democratic confederalism
4063:Democratic Confederalism
3359:Helliker & Walt 2019
2838:10.1177/1468796819826146
2554:
2457:Democratic Society Party
2365:democratic confederalism
2290:environmental protection
2262:, and its state-related
2258:and in the provision of
2113:democratic confederalism
1954:libertarian municipalism
1914:democratic confederalism
1866:Democratic Confederalism
1814:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
1732:Kurdistan Workers' Party
1481:Environmental skepticism
1384:Ecological modernization
1311:World Ecological Parties
675:Revolutions of 1917–1923
638:Libertarian municipalism
628:Democratic confederalism
592:Chaulieu–Montal tendency
341:Workers' self-management
108:libertarian municipalism
32:Democratic confederalism
3395:Dwyer & Zeilig 2018
2363:officially adopted the
2238:is not yet possible, a
2111:The main principles of
1740:Marxist–Leninist ideals
1728:geopolitical bipolarity
1329:Carbon fee and dividend
901:participatory democracy
551:Individualist anarchism
321:Participatory economics
66:with the features of a
56:Kurdistan Workers Party
2772:, pp. 7–8, 34–35.
2596:The Ecology of Freedom
2452:
2404:Democratic Union Party
2395:Koma CivakĂŞn Kurdistan
2309:Freedom of information
2177:gender-specific groups
2129:ideological approaches
2115:can be summarized in:
2108:
2084:
1991:YBĹž and PKK Guerrillas
1926:international politics
1905:
1885:
1802:sentenced him to death
1419:effects of agriculture
1003:Democratic Union Party
990:Koma CivakĂŞn Kurdistan
306:Decentralized planning
301:Co-operative economics
112:Middle Eastern history
28:
3899:. Santa Barbara, CA:
3731:Wilson, Peter Lamborn
3271:Maur & Staal 2015
3093:, pp. 21, 33–34.
2539:Libertarian socialism
2442:
2370:Kongra GelĂŞ Kurdistan
2359:On June 1, 2005, the
2169:religious communities
2165:inter alia minorities
2099:against genocide, in
2094:
2073:
2021:and PKK Guerillas in
1962:destruction of nature
1895:
1874:
1744:left-wing nationalism
1723:under the context of
1500:Fossil fuel phase-out
1364:Conservation movement
1013:declared the autonomy
950:cultural assimilation
888:economic inequalities
882:and the predation of
258:Egalitarian community
243:Anti-authoritarianism
220:Libertarian socialism
177:libertarian socialism
171:, abandoning the old
22:
4150:Schwikowski, Martina
4136:on 29 September 2016
4003:Maur, Renée In der;
3954:Taylor & Francis
3813:Walt, Lucien van der
3786:(24 November 2015).
3570:(16 February 2012).
2240:peaceful coexistence
2137:democratic socialism
1838:Immanuel Wallerstein
1806:Turkish translations
1379:Ecological economics
1281:European Green Party
1243:Green libertarianism
1125:Grassroots democracy
1015:of three cantons in
946:peaceful coexistence
820:Socialism portal
796:Anarchism portal
764:Democratic socialism
702:New social movements
316:Industrial democracy
133:, and as a route to
116:general state theory
4506:Anti-Stalinist left
3921:(27 October 2019).
3850:(14 October 2019).
3723:Strauss, David Levi
3648:on 24 November 2020
3122:, pp. 126–149.
2451:cooperative farming
2332:just redistribution
2297:individual freedoms
2248:social assimilation
1859:In 2005, while the
1848:, and particularly
1830:Friedrich Nietzsche
1820:and the origins of
1580:transport hierarchy
1424:effects of aviation
1306:Global Young Greens
1183:Ecoauthoritarianism
1148:Alter-globalization
997:it came during the
995:chance to implement
926:individual freedoms
870:Rejecting both the
832:Politics portal
568:Anarcho-syndicalism
331:Socialist economics
100:cooperative economy
44:Kurdish communalism
4516:Political theories
3988:The New York Times
3857:The New York Times
3793:The New York Times
3763:(9 January 2018).
3273:, p. 174–175.
2518:cultural pluralism
2508:society, based on
2482:Civil War in Syria
2480:It was during the
2453:
2324:economic resources
2236:democratic reforms
2229:democratic parties
2198:municipal councils
2109:
2027:Southern Kurdistan
1906:
1904:in southern Afrin.
1822:Neolithic cultures
1818:Sumerian mythology
1770:distinct from the
1602:Low-carbon economy
1228:Green conservatism
1077:Fossil fuels lobby
993:, KCK). The first
928:(such as those of
707:Zapatista uprising
336:Worker cooperative
311:Economic democracy
237:Political concepts
98:and elements of a
29:
4357:UN Refugee Agency
4212:978-0-12-803114-8
4128:(20 March 2005).
4076:978-0-9567514-2-3
4023:978-90-77288-22-1
3963:978-0-415-35002-0
3703:978-605-5832-02-5
3671:. psichenatura.it
3638:978-1-904859-49-9
3134:, pp. 16–17.
3105:, pp. 31–32.
3032:"The New-Old PKK"
2878:, pp. 28–30.
2784:"Kurdish liberty"
2760:, pp. 35–44.
2724:, pp. 31–36.
2707:, pp. 21–32.
2467:collective rights
2443:YPJ members in a
2307:are irrevocable.
2273:and the right to
2266:are only limited.
2256:internal security
2097:Rojava revolution
2067:in the form of a
2065:self-organization
1978:ecological crisis
1934:feminist approach
1930:international law
1826:first city-states
1756:independent state
1717:
1716:
1622:Political ecology
1540:industrial policy
1115:Ecological wisdom
868:
867:
719:Rojava Revolution
655:
654:
643:Utopian socialism
602:Council communism
181:independent state
80:political ecology
64:self-organization
52:political concept
42:), also known as
4523:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4293:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4203:Elsevier Science
4188:
4186:
4184:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4132:. Archived from
4126:Ă–calan, Abdullah
4121:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4092:Ă–calan, Abdullah
4087:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4058:Ă–calan, Abdullah
4053:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4015:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3914:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3752:
3727:Taussig, Michael
3714:
3712:
3710:
3695:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3662:Bookchin, Murray
3657:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3641:. Archived from
3626:
3616:Bookchin, Murray
3611:
3609:
3607:
3598:(15 June 2018).
3596:Bookchin, Debbie
3591:
3589:
3587:
3578:. Archived from
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3383:Schwikowski 2018
3380:
3374:
3373:, pp. 3–30.
3368:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3332:
3331:, pp. 16–17
3314:
3308:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3274:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3027:
3018:
3017:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2923:
2906:
2900:
2879:
2873:
2858:
2857:, pp. 7–14.
2852:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2796:(8): 1174–1196.
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2691:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2608:
2593:Ă–calan had read
2591:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2564:
2506:non-hierarchical
2494:Syrian territory
2475:Kurdish language
2464:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2397:
2372:
2264:sovereign rights
2082:
2012:
2001:
1982:social structure
1898:micro-irrigation
1883:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1632:Renewable energy
1471:Environmentalism
1339:Circular economy
1238:Green liberalism
1218:Environmentalism
1059:
1036:
1035:
1017:Syrian Kurdistan
1010:
999:Syrian Civil War
992:
962:internationalist
954:anti-nationalist
922:multiculturalism
872:authoritarianism
860:
853:
846:
830:
829:
818:
817:
806:
805:
804:
794:
793:
792:
754:Social democracy
620:Other tendencies
534:Social anarchism
520:
519:
278:Workers' control
263:Free association
253:Decentralization
230:
207:
206:
158:Western thinkers
150:Marxist–Leninist
127:Kurdish national
124:
102:. Influenced by
88:multiculturalism
76:direct democracy
41:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4501:Anti-capitalism
4486:Abdullah Ă–calan
4476:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4414:
4406:
4392:
4387:
4378:
4376:
4362:
4360:
4342:
4340:
4326:
4324:
4306:
4304:
4290:
4264:
4262:
4242:
4240:
4230:(12 May 2005).
4217:
4215:
4213:
4193:Stokols, Daniel
4182:
4180:
4162:
4160:
4139:
4137:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4100:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4066:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4013:
4007:, eds. (2015).
3993:
3991:
3981:(1 July 2020).
3968:
3966:
3964:
3933:
3931:
3911:
3903:. p. 376.
3885:
3883:
3879:
3862:
3860:
3848:Krajeski, Jenna
3837:
3835:
3833:
3825:. p. 172.
3815:, eds. (2019).
3798:
3796:
3773:
3771:
3749:
3741:. p. 160.
3733:, eds. (2016).
3708:
3706:
3704:
3693:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3624:
3605:
3603:
3585:
3583:
3582:on 1 April 2016
3562:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3527:Nationalia 2009
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3350:
3346:, pp. 7–8.
3342:
3335:
3321:Krajeski (2019)
3315:
3311:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3245:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3053:
3047:confederalism."
3040:
3038:
3028:
3021:
2995:Studia Iuridica
2987:
2980:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2932:
2924:
2909:
2901:
2882:
2874:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2815:
2811:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2728:
2720:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2686:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2642:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2530:
2522:sharing economy
2520:, co-operative
2357:
2275:native language
2260:social services
2217:hegemonic power
2213:democratization
2194:self-government
2173:cultural groups
2089:
2083:
2080:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1958:Murray Bookchin
1944:in the PKK and
1890:
1884:
1881:
1850:Murray Bookchin
1846:Michel Foucault
1834:Fernand Braudel
1810:Western thought
1719:Created in the
1713:
1684:
1683:
1354:Climate justice
1349:Climate finance
1324:
1316:
1315:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1223:Green anarchism
1208:Eco-nationalism
1143:
1135:
1134:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1067:
1034:
1029:
905:self-government
880:state socialism
864:
824:
812:
802:
800:
790:
788:
781:
780:
739:
731:
730:
665:
657:
656:
633:Guild socialism
612:Western Marxism
517:
509:
508:
354:
346:
345:
296:Anti-capitalism
291:
283:
282:
238:
205:
165:Murray Bookchin
154:state socialism
139:democratization
118:
96:self-governance
60:Abdullah Ă–calan
17:
12:
11:
5:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4473:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4390:External links
4388:
4386:
4385:
4369:
4359:. 9 March 2010
4349:
4333:
4313:
4294:
4288:
4271:
4249:
4228:Sturcke, James
4224:
4211:
4205:. p. 33.
4189:
4169:
4158:Deutsche Welle
4152:(4 May 2018).
4146:
4122:
4110:978-3942961059
4109:
4088:
4075:
4054:
4035:
4022:
4000:
3975:
3962:
3956:. p. 32.
3940:
3915:
3910:978-1440842566
3909:
3892:
3869:
3844:
3832:978-0815346920
3831:
3809:Helliker, Kirk
3805:
3780:
3753:
3748:978-1570273124
3747:
3715:
3702:
3685:Çandar, Cengiz
3681:
3658:
3637:
3612:
3592:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3416:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3348:
3333:
3309:
3294:
3275:
3260:
3243:
3228:
3226:, p. 347.
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3165:
3153:
3136:
3124:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3051:
3019:
2978:
2967:(4): 973–997.
2949:
2930:
2907:
2880:
2859:
2844:
2831:(5): 858–875.
2809:
2774:
2762:
2747:
2726:
2709:
2692:
2675:
2663:
2640:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2601:"good student"
2586:
2576:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:Social ecology
2529:
2526:
2356:
2355:Implementation
2353:
2352:
2351:
2320:
2293:
2282:
2267:
2232:
2209:
2182:
2151:
2088:
2085:
2078:
2049:national state
2045:Kurdish people
2017:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1950:social ecology
1889:
1886:
1879:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:Water conflict
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:infrastructure
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:pricing reform
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Climate target
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:Related topics
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:Social ecology
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Eco-capitalism
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:Social justice
1117:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:List of topics
1089:
1084:
1082:Green politics
1079:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1049:Green politics
1045:
1044:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
866:
865:
863:
862:
855:
848:
840:
837:
836:
835:
834:
822:
810:
798:
783:
782:
779:
778:
773:
772:
771:
766:
756:
751:
749:Libertarianism
746:
740:
738:Related topics
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
727:
726:
716:
715:
714:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
683:
682:
680:Makhnovshchina
672:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
622:
621:
617:
616:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
581:
580:
573:
572:
571:
570:
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560:
559:
558:
548:
547:
546:
541:
528:
527:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Class conflict
245:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
223:
222:
216:
215:
204:
201:
183:separate from
104:social ecology
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4528:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4374:
4370:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4338:
4334:
4323:. 12 May 2005
4322:
4318:
4314:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4289:9781783600403
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4112:
4106:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4040:
4036:
4025:
4019:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3944:Mango, Andrew
3941:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3878:
3874:
3873:Kurban, Dilek
3870:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3539:Krajeski 2019
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3503:REFWorld 2010
3499:
3493:, p. 39.
3492:
3487:
3481:, p. 33.
3480:
3475:
3468:
3467:Bookchin 2007
3463:
3456:
3455:Bookchin 2006
3451:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3417:9781629637044
3413:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3329:Maisel (2018)
3326:
3325:Marcus (2020)
3322:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3258:, p. 82.
3257:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3214:, p. 24.
3213:
3208:
3202:, p. 32.
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3163:, p. 24.
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3069:
3068:openDemocracy
3065:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2903:Bookchin 2018
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2690:, p. 32.
2689:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2673:, p. 32.
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2638:, p. 21.
2637:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:decentralized
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2422:, PJAK), and
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:communication
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:civil society
2276:
2272:
2271:health system
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2208:and equality.
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2125:philosophical
2122:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2069:confederation
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:decentralized
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2000:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Sakine Cansiz
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:prison island
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:refurbishment
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Progressivism
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:Environmental
1407:
1405:
1404:Eco-terrorism
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Eco-investing
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Global Greens
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:Organizations
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:Queer ecology
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Green Zionism
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Eco-socialism
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Disinvestment
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
910:
909:town councils
906:
903:built on the
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:bureaucratism
873:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
821:
816:
811:
809:
799:
797:
787:
786:
785:
784:
777:
774:
770:
769:Eco-socialism
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
735:
734:
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
661:
660:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
619:
618:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Communization
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
578:
575:
574:
569:
566:
564:
561:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
525:
522:
521:
513:
512:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Socialization
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
229:
225:
224:
221:
218:
217:
213:
209:
208:
200:
198:
197:decentralized
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:class society
128:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:confederation
65:
61:
58:(PKK) leader
57:
54:theorized by
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
26:
21:
4377:. Retrieved
4361:. Retrieved
4341:. Retrieved
4325:. Retrieved
4305:. Retrieved
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4259:The Guardian
4257:
4241:. Retrieved
4237:The Guardian
4235:
4216:. Retrieved
4197:
4181:. Retrieved
4161:. Retrieved
4138:. Retrieved
4134:the original
4114:. Retrieved
4096:
4080:. Retrieved
4062:
4046:. Retrieved
4027:. Retrieved
4009:
4005:Staal, Jonas
3992:. Retrieved
3986:
3979:Marcus, Ezra
3967:. Retrieved
3948:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:The Guardian
3926:
3919:Malik, Kenan
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3861:. Retrieved
3855:
3836:. Retrieved
3817:
3797:. Retrieved
3791:
3784:Enzinna, Wes
3772:. Retrieved
3757:Dwyer, Peter
3737:. New York:
3734:
3719:Dirik, Dilar
3707:. Retrieved
3689:
3673:. Retrieved
3650:. Retrieved
3643:the original
3620:
3604:. Retrieved
3584:. Retrieved
3580:the original
3568:Biehl, Janet
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3479:Stokols 2018
3474:
3462:
3450:
3443:Sturcke 2005
3438:
3426:
3407:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3317:Malik (2019)
3312:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3156:
3127:
3098:
3086:
3077:
3071:. Retrieved
3067:
3045:
3039:. Retrieved
3035:
3014:
2994:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2945:Enzinna 2015
2926:Shilton 2019
2828:
2822:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2777:
2765:
2666:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2544:Neozapatismo
2479:
2454:
2400:organization
2398:, KCK), the
2375:
2364:
2358:
2327:
2244:nation-state
2185:
2162:
2158:
2112:
2110:
2074:
2034:
1974:nation-state
1966:human beings
1918:anthropology
1913:
1907:
1896:Sustainable
1875:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1783:
1762:and even of
1760:nation-state
1718:
1389:Ecomodernism
1163:Deep ecology
1142:Perspectives
1109:Four pillars
972:
966:
958:multi-ethnic
869:
648:Neozapatismo
627:
607:Situationism
544:Collectivist
146:nation state
143:
92:self-defense
47:
43:
31:
30:
23:Flag of the
4302:Pluto Books
3761:Zeilig, Leo
3739:Autonomedia
3576:New Compass
3551:Marcus 2020
3491:Ă–calan 2008
3344:Ă–calan 2011
3290:Kurban 2014
3256:Çandar 2012
3224:Maisel 2018
3212:Ă–calan 2008
3200:Ă–calan 2011
3161:Ă–calan 2011
3132:Ă–calan 2011
3103:Ă–calan 2008
3091:Ă–calan 2011
2960:Geopolitics
2876:Ă–calan 2008
2855:Ă–calan 2011
2824:Ethnicities
2770:Ă–calan 2008
2758:Ă–calan 2011
2722:Ă–calan 2008
2705:Ă–calan 2011
2688:Ă–calan 2008
2659:Ă–calan 2005
2636:Ă–calan 2011
2234:While this
2225:Middle East
2188:sovereignty
2087:Main points
2037:nationalism
1922:linguistics
1752:nationality
1674:War on coal
1657:engineering
1647:development
1637:Sustainable
1535:imperialism
1510:development
1488:Stewardship
1203:Ecofeminism
1193:Ecocentrism
1173:Dirty hands
1130:Nonviolence
1087:Green party
1066:Core topics
1001:, when the
969:declaration
938:information
913:parliaments
776:Syndicalism
389:Castoriadis
119: [
4480:Categories
4278:. London:
3431:Hudoc 2005
3305:Pluto 2016
3188:Biehl 2012
3176:Malik 2019
3151:, chpt. 3.
3149:Dirik 2016
3120:White 2015
3073:2023-07-24
3041:2023-07-24
2997:(90): 77.
2745:, chpt. 2.
2743:Dirik 2016
2671:Mango 2005
2614:References
2549:Autonomism
2498:democratic
2449:ecological
2447:farm, for
2445:greenhouse
2301:expression
2150:Kurdistan.
2148:democratic
2063:system of
2061:autonomous
2053:democratic
1970:capitalism
1842:Maria Mies
1779:superpower
1476:opposition
1464:technology
1394:Eco-tariff
1334:Carbon tax
1233:Green left
1198:Ecofascism
1032:Background
964:movement.
930:expression
917:patriarchy
884:capitalism
587:Autonomism
579:tendencies
526:tendencies
414:Fotopoulos
268:Mutual aid
193:democratic
189:autonomous
4496:Anarchism
4470:Socialism
4446:Anarchism
4434:Kurdistan
3823:Routledge
3515:Tait 2009
3239:MEPC 2015
3011:253829748
2619:Citations
2574:(Apoism).
2432:, PÇDK);
2242:with the
2221:Kurdistan
2144:Kurdistan
2121:political
1938:jineology
1910:Kurdistan
1768:socialism
1748:ethnicity
1667:transport
1610:conflicts
942:resources
759:Socialism
744:Communism
563:Mutualism
539:Communist
524:Anarchist
484:Pannekoek
479:Pankhurst
429:Kropotkin
290:Economics
162:anarchist
4422:Politics
4280:Zed Book
4195:(2018).
4094:(2008).
4060:(2011).
3946:(2005).
3901:ABC-CLIO
3875:(2014).
3687:(2012).
3664:(2007).
3629:AK Press
3618:(2006).
2572:Apoculuk
2528:See also
2510:feminist
2412:, PYD),
2346:, but a
2330:and its
2119:The new
2079:—
2023:Northern
1972:and the
1880:—
1725:Cold War
1615:killings
1597:Localism
1565:retrofit
1560:recovery
1555:New Deal
1530:greening
1525:grabbing
1493:in music
1449:planning
1444:movement
1414:conflict
1168:Degrowth
1041:a series
1039:Part of
911:, local
697:New Left
489:Proudhon
404:DĂ©jacque
379:Bookchin
212:a series
210:Part of
84:feminism
72:autonomy
4511:Ecology
4458:Ecology
4408:Portals
4178:Haaretz
3560:Sources
3036:Jacobin
2514:ecology
2336:economy
2206:freedom
2131:of the
2105:Germany
2029:in 2017
1936:called
1888:Concept
1798:defense
1590:washing
1585:vehicle
1515:economy
1439:justice
1429:finance
1027:History
1011:, PYD)
664:History
577:Marxist
499:Russell
459:Marcuse
449:Margall
419:Fourier
394:Chomsky
374:Berkman
369:Bakunin
364:Andrews
173:statist
135:freedom
50:, is a
36:Kurdish
4379:8 July
4363:7 July
4355:. The
4343:7 July
4327:6 July
4307:6 July
4286:
4265:7 July
4243:7 July
4218:6 July
4209:
4183:6 July
4163:7 July
4140:6 July
4116:7 July
4107:
4082:7 July
4073:
4048:7 July
4029:6 July
4020:
3994:6 July
3969:6 July
3960:
3934:6 July
3907:
3886:7 July
3863:6 July
3838:7 July
3829:
3799:6 July
3774:7 July
3745:
3709:6 July
3700:
3675:6 July
3652:6 July
3635:
3606:6 July
3586:6 July
3414:
3009:
2490:Rojava
2378:Turkey
2344:profit
2315:whose
2305:choice
2101:Berlin
1924:, and
1794:İmralı
1776:Soviet
1730:, the
1652:energy
1642:design
1575:theory
1520:growth
1459:racism
1434:issues
1399:Ecotax
934:choice
892:sexism
556:Market
494:Rocker
474:Pallis
469:Ă–calan
454:Morris
444:Marcos
439:Makhno
434:Lefort
424:Guérin
359:Albert
353:People
203:Theory
185:Turkey
48:Apoism
4101:(PDF)
4067:(PDF)
4042:(PDF)
4014:(PDF)
3880:(PDF)
3694:(PDF)
3669:(PDF)
3646:(PDF)
3625:(PDF)
3007:S2CID
2568:Apocu
2555:Notes
2382:Syria
2313:media
1942:women
1902:AANES
1721:1970s
1570:state
1505:Green
977:Syria
724:AANES
712:MAREZ
504:RĂĽhle
464:Negri
384:Camus
148:on a
123:]
4398:(in
4381:2020
4365:2020
4345:2020
4329:2020
4309:2020
4284:ISBN
4267:2020
4245:2020
4220:2020
4207:ISBN
4185:2020
4165:2020
4142:2020
4118:2020
4105:ISBN
4084:2020
4071:ISBN
4050:2020
4031:2020
4018:ISBN
3996:2020
3971:2020
3958:ISBN
3936:2020
3905:ISBN
3888:2020
3865:2020
3840:2020
3827:ISBN
3801:2020
3776:2020
3743:ISBN
3711:2020
3698:ISBN
3677:2020
3654:2020
3633:ISBN
3608:2020
3588:2020
3412:ISBN
2504:and
2386:Iraq
2384:and
2322:The
2303:and
2295:The
2284:The
2269:The
2141:free
2139:. A
2127:and
2107:2018
2059:and
2025:and
1952:and
1868:and
1750:and
1742:and
981:Iraq
979:and
960:and
936:and
894:and
874:and
409:Foot
399:Cole
195:and
137:and
114:and
4400:PDF
2999:doi
2969:doi
2833:doi
2798:doi
2486:PYD
2373:).
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2299:of
2019:YBĹž
1792:of
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