527:. Cleopatra had the support of the Greek administration in the capital Alexandria, while Ptolemy VIII had the support of the countryside and native Egyptians. Cleopatra II might have sent out a request for aid to Demetrius II, or he might have gotten an impression from travelers and spies that Ptolemy VIII's government was weak. Around 128 BC, Demetrius II mounted a military expedition to Egypt to "save" Cleopatra II. Ancient sources roundly condemn Demetrius II for this action as foolish when so many problems were on-going for the Seleucid Empire. A modern historian, John Grainger, defends it as a reasonable gamble: small forces had set off waves of defections before in recent history, so if Ptolemy VIII was truly as unpopular as reported, it might work. More generally, the geopolitical situation for both the Seleucids and Ptolemys was desperate enough that uniting the remaining great Greek states might be the only way for them to maintain their relevance, given that
414:
422:
31:
338:
487:, once with the help of his friend Kallimander, who had gone to great lengths to rescue the king: he had travelled incognito through Babylonia and Parthia. When the two friends were captured, the Parthian king did not punish Kallimander but rewarded him for his fidelity to Demetrius. The second time Demetrius was captured when he tried to escape, Mithridates humiliated him by giving him a golden set of dice, thus hinting that Demetrius II was a restless child who needed toys. It was however for political reasons that the Parthians treated Demetrius II kindly.
1041:
366:
Alexander against his father and for speaking to him disrespectfully. He disarmed the citizens and the Cretan mercenaries under
Lasthenes slaughtered those who resisted, including women and children. This led the Antiochenes to rise up and besiege Demetrius in his palace. Jewish troops violently restored Demetrius' control, burning down a large portion of the city in the process. This left the city even more hostile to him.
535:, the gateway to Egypt, but Ptolemy VIII's troops remained loyal; there was no mass defection. It was Demetrius' own troops that mutinied in the dry desert. King Ptolemy VIII reacted by finding another potential Seleucid royal claimant to undermine the obviously hostile Demetrius II. He found and sent a man named
503:
However, the
Seleucid kingdom was now but a shadow of its former glory, and Demetrius had a hard time ruling. Notably, his first wife Cleopatra Thea detested her returned husband. He was apparently unpopular, perhaps from memories of his humiliating defeat and general discontent with the decline of
328:
river. Alexander then fled to Arabia, where he was killed. Ptolemy was wounded in the battle and died three days later. With both his rival and his self-appointed guardian gone, Demetrius took the opportunity to assert his control over his kingdom. By late 145, Demetrius II had expelled all
Ptolemaic
320:
from
Alexander and remarrying her to Demetrius. Shortly after, Antioch surrendered to the Egyptian forces and offered the kingship to Ptolemy VI. However, he insisted Demetrius would become king, believing that Rome would not tolerate the unification of Egypt and Syria. Ptolemy pledged to serve as "a
467:
He was initially successful, but was defeated in the
Iranian mountains and taken prisoner in July or August of 138 BC. Parthian control of Mesopotamia was thus reaffirmed. In Syria, Tryphon was briefly left as uncontested ruler of the remaining Seleucid territories, but the Seleucid dynasty's grip
365:
However, new troubles soon arose. Once he had expelled the
Egyptian forces, he demobilised a large portion of his army. It appears that his financial situation led him to cut the soldiers' wages and debase the coinage. Demetrius had also punished the city of Antioch severely for having supported
494:
made what he thought was a powerful move: he released
Demetrius, hoping that the two brothers would start a civil war. However, Sidetes was defeated soon after his brother's release and never met him. Phraates II sent people to pursue Demetrius, but he managed to safely return home to Syria and
393:. Antiochus VI died in 142 or 141, and Diodotus made himself king as Tryphon. The division of the kingdom between Demetrius in Seleucia and Diodotus in Antioch persisted. Initially, Diodotus succeeded in bringing the leader of the Jews,
546:
The remainder of
Demetrius' reign would be spent fighting a slowly losing battle against Alexander II. He retained the loyalty of Coele-Syria and Cilica, but not the capital Antioch. In 126 BC, Demetrius was defeated in a battle at
504:
the Empire, and perhaps from resentment that he had lived while so many
Seleucid soldiers and family members sent to Parthia had died. To the good luck of Demetrius, however, Phraates II was faced by an invasion from
397:, onto his side, but this relationship broke down; ultimately Diodotus captured and executed Jonathan. By means of adroit diplomacy and grants of extensive freedoms, Demetrios II was able to secure Jonathan's brother
421:
312:, king of Egypt, marched with an army into Syria ostensibly in support of Alexander Balas, but he soon switched his support to Demetrius, perhaps after receiving an offer to formalize the Ptolemaic occupation of
266:, first from September 145 BC to July/August 138 BC, and again from 129 BC until his death in 125 BC. His brother Antiochus VII ruled the Seleucid Empire in the interim between his two reigns.
508:
nomads to his east. The
Parthians attempted to use captured Greeks against the Sacaeans, but they mostly defected, and Phraates was killed in battle. The next Parthian king,
283:
for control of the Seleucid throne. Somewhat surprisingly, Balas won, and Demetrius' father, mother, and older brother were all killed. The young Demetrius II fled to
1056:
512:, also had a short and violent reign fighting in the east rather than to Parthia's west. This gave the Seleucid Empire a temporary reprieve from the Parthian threat.
425:
Parthian conquest of Babylonia, the defeat of the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator by the Parthian ruler Mithradates I in 141 BCE. From Babylon, Iraq. British Museum
600:
for the imperial court of Vienna in 1731, it was one of Metastasio's most popular librettos, eventually set by dozens of 18th-century composers up to the year 1790.
2732:
1000:
382:. Many of Demetrius' soldiers defected to Diodotus, out of anger at his conduct or the cuts to their pay. Demetrius was defeated in battle and lost control of
444:
in 144 and of Mesopotamia in mid-141 BC. In 139/8, Demetrius journeyed east to reclaim these territories from the Parthians. As late as 140 vassal rulers of
2231:
413:
374:
In order to secure his hold on power, Demetrius had eliminated officials associated with Alexander Balas. One of these officials, the general
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1295:
1061:
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531:
had been crushed by Rome in the preceding decades. Regardless, the gamble backfired. Demetrius II camped outside the fortress of
890:
386:
and Antioch to Diodotus. Numismatic evidence indicates that Apamea was lost in early 144 and Antioch in late 144 or early 143.
1094:
719:
659:
30:
1144:
1125:
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troops from Syria and reasserted Seleucid control by leading his own forces all the way down to the Egyptian border.
1288:
490:
In 130 BC Antiochus Sidetes felt secure enough to march against Parthia, and scored massive initial successes. Now
643:
2412:
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tutor in goodness and a guide" to Demetrius II. He probably intended for Demetrius to serve as a puppet ruler.
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479:, with whom he had children. However, Demetrius was restless and twice tried to escape from his exile in
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Alexander returned from Cilicia with his army, but Ptolemy VI and Demetrius II defeated his forces at
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He was succeeded by the victorious usurper, Alexander II, while his queen, Cleopatra Thea, ruled in
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2179:
2169:
2045:
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1012:"New Evidence from the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries Concerning Seleucid and Asarcid Chronology"
378:, fled into Arabia, where he secured the infant son of Alexander Balas and proclaimed him king as
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Incidents from the life of Demetrius II Nicator and Cleopatra Thea are the basis of the libretto
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King Mithridates had kept Demetrius II alive and even married him to a Parthian princess named
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mercenaries led by a man called Lasthenes, while Alexander Balas was occupied with a revolt in
231:
215:
888:
Houghton, Arthur (1992). "The Revolt of Tryphon and the Accession of Antiochos VI at Apamea".
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1955:
1945:
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88:
1046:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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8:
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2010:
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had taken advantage of the conflict between Demetrius and Tryphon to seize control of
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375:
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182:
70:
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2020:
1980:
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60:
42:
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2015:
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1313:
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Demetrius proved unable to retake the capital, instead establishing himself in
350:
317:
135:
102:
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1960:
1950:
1907:
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closed the gates against him. He was captured and then killed on a ship near
383:
2515:
2478:
2442:
2095:
2080:
1995:
1935:
1897:
1877:
1862:
1537:
524:
520:
398:
357:, i.e. "of king Demetrius God victorious". The date ΔΠΡ is year 184 of the
2055:
2050:
1990:
1975:
1912:
1857:
1834:
1829:
1804:
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757:
699:
484:
313:
2614:
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2105:
1965:
1852:
1819:
1781:
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1065:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 983.
567:
417:
Demetrius Nicator, King of Syria, Killed as He Attempts to Land at Tyre
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2100:
2090:
2065:
2035:
1940:
1882:
1814:
1809:
1562:
1557:
1432:
1354:
1273:
472:, the younger brother of Demetrius, who also married Cleopatra Thea.
461:
247:
202:
1118:
Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King
543:, to fight a civil war against Demetrius, backed by the Ptolemies.
2060:
1985:
1970:
559:, after his wife had deserted him and he was denied temple asylum.
548:
532:
480:
457:
259:
38:
1011:
2629:
2025:
807:
453:
441:
305:
177:
258:
for two periods, separated by a number of years of captivity in
2040:
841:
839:
445:
301:
279:
When he was a young boy, Demetrius' father Demetrius I fought
968:
505:
284:
836:
782:
464:) to support Demetrius II in his war against the Parthians.
1004:
730:
449:
437:
342:
408:
636:
Polygamy Prostitutes and Death. The Hellenistic Dynasties
316:. Ptolemy sealed the alliance by divorcing his daughter
638:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 150.
401:
as a close ally. These grants were later seen by the
405:
as the moment when they achieved full independence.
995:III 137 A rev. 8–11; I Maccabees 14.1-3; Josephus
300:About 147 BC he returned to Syria with a force of
2709:
295:
2733:Prisoners and detainees of the Parthian Empire
720:"E. R. Bevan: The House of Ptolemy • Chap. IX"
714:
712:
627:
1289:
1095:"E. R. Bevan: The House of Ptolemy • Chap. X"
1009:
498:
709:
519:, a power struggle developed between Queen
495:regained his throne and his queen as well.
290:
1296:
1282:
1115:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1021:
954:
942:
908:
845:
829:33.4.2–3; I Maccabees 11.45–50; Josephus
813:
788:
736:
1134:
1051:
887:
420:
412:
369:
341:Coin of Demetrius II. The reverse shows
336:
287:, where he was raised by his guardians.
409:Parthian war and captivity (139–130 BC)
2710:
1303:
1027:
1010:van der Spek, Robertus (August 1997).
966:
891:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
874:33.4a; 1 Maccabees 11.55-56; Josephus
2228:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
1277:
633:
2696:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
551:. He fled to Ptolemais but his wife
242:, "Victor"), was one of the sons of
1120:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
967:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
332:
250:, as was the case with his brother
13:
539:, the alleged illegitimate son of
52:September 145 – July/August 138 BC
14:
2744:
660:"Britannica article on Demetrius"
355:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΝΙΚΑΤΟΡΟΣ
2723:2nd-century BC Seleucid monarchs
1039:
29:
16:Seleucid king from 145 to 138 BC
1087:
1084:Grainger 2010, p, 375–380
1078:
1075:Grainger 2010, p, 370–375
1069:
986:
960:
948:
936:
927:
914:
902:
881:
864:
851:
819:
794:
763:
690:Grainger 2010, p, 351–355
751:
742:
693:
684:
666:
652:
456:sent auxiliary troops (mostly
361:, corresponding to 129–128 BC.
1:
2700:in most of their territories.
1498:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
620:
274:
957:, p. 137 n. 50 & 51
861:33.4.2; 1 Maccabees 11.39–40
800:I Maccabees 11.38; Josephus
596:. First set by the composer
296:Victory over Alexander Balas
269:
7:
1493:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1057:Demetrius s.v. Demetrius II
603:
581:
246:. His mother may have been
10:
2749:
1135:Grainger, John D. (2010).
1109:
1016:Archiv für Orientforschung
615:Timeline of Syrian history
235:
219:
2694:
2600:
2431:
2338:
2280:
2193:
2114:
1921:
1843:
1795:
1772:
1614:
1571:
1442:
1398:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
1388:
1345:
1312:
1262:
1242:
1236:
1226:
1191:
1183:
1156:
1116:Chrubasik, Boris (2016).
499:Second reign (130–125 BC)
198:
188:
176:
150:
128:
120:
112:
108:
94:
84:
76:
66:
56:
48:
37:
28:
23:
1759:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
1558:Cleopatra VII Philopator
570:with two of their sons,
468:was reestablished under
291:First reign (147–139 BC)
2556:'s attempted rule with
2237:Mithridates V Euergetes
1649:Antiochus III the Great
1462:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1403:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
1327:Alexander III the Great
1062:Encyclopædia Britannica
704:Antiquities of the Jews
610:List of Syrian monarchs
326:Battle of the Oenoparus
226:; died 125 BC), called
2340:Monarchs of Cappadocia
2242:Mithridates VI Eupator
1764:Philip II Philoromaeus
1749:Antiochus XII Dionysus
1739:Demetrius III Eucaerus
1734:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
1719:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
1659:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
1654:Seleucus IV Philopator
1639:Seleucus II Callinicus
1538:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
1413:Demetrius II Aetolicus
771:Antiquites of the Jews
674:"Demetrius II Nicator"
634:Ogden, Daniel (1999).
426:
418:
403:Hasmonean Jewish state
362:
254:. Demetrius ruled the
2282:Monarchs of Commagene
2203:Mithridates I Ctistes
1744:Philip I Philadelphus
1724:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
1714:Antiochus VIII Grypus
1709:Seleucus V Philometor
1694:Antiochus VII Sidetes
1684:Antiochus VI Dionysus
1644:Seleucus III Ceraunus
1543:Berenice IV Epiphanea
1488:Ptolemy VI Philometor
1472:Ptolemy IV Philopator
1467:Ptolemy III Euergetes
1332:Philip III Arrhidaeus
1239:Antiochus VII Sidetes
1230:Antiochus VII Sidetes
1210:Antiochus VI Dionysus
1158:Demetrius II Nicator
1099:penelope.uchicago.edu
724:penelope.uchicago.edu
576:Antiochus VIII Grypus
572:Seleucus V Philometor
523:and her brother king
483:on the shores of the
470:Antiochus VII Sidetes
424:
416:
380:Antiochus VI Dionysus
370:Rebellion of Diodotus
340:
310:Ptolemy VI Philometor
252:Antiochus VII Sidetes
165:Antiochus VIII Grypus
160:Seleucus V Philometor
89:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2116:Monarchs of Bithynia
1699:Alexander II Zabinas
1679:Demetrius II Nicator
1596:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
1563:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
1528:Ptolemy XI Alexander
1503:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
1408:Antigonus II Gonatas
1255:Alexander II Zabinas
993:Astronomical Diaries
933:I Maccabees 13.35-49
776:Astronomical Diaries
537:Alexander II Zabinas
143:(married 138–131 BC)
141:Rhodogune of Parthia
99:Alexander II Zabinas
24:Demetrius II Nicator
2698:Hellenistic satraps
1729:Antiochus X Eusebes
1664:Antiochus V Eupator
1606:Cleopatra Selene II
1533:Ptolemy XII Auletes
1518:Ptolemy X Alexander
1513:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
1477:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
1418:Antigonus III Doson
848:, pp. 135–136.
791:, pp. 134–135.
739:, pp. 133–134.
529:Antigonid Macedonia
2602:Monarchs of Epirus
2435:Cimmerian Bosporus
2195:Monarchs of Pontus
1754:Cleopatra Selene I
1634:Antiochus II Theos
1624:Seleucus I Nicator
1591:Demetrius the Fair
1573:Monarchs of Cyrene
1259:(129–123 BC)
1223:(142–139 BC)
1214:(145–142 BC)
945:, pp. 139–140
427:
419:
363:
353:inscription reads
2728:Ptolemaic dynasty
2705:
2704:
2185:Socrates Chrestus
1674:Alexander I Balas
1669:Demetrius I Soter
1629:Antiochus I Soter
1375:Antipater Etesias
1272:
1271:
1263:Succeeded by
1247:
1227:Succeeded by
1202:
973:iranicaonline.org
969:"SELEUCID EMPIRE"
594:Pietro Metastasio
244:Demetrius I Soter
209:
208:
193:Demetrius I Soter
2740:
2497:
2413:Ariobarzanes III
1787:Ptolemy Epigonos
1689:Diodotus Tryphon
1482:Cleopatra I Syra
1457:Ptolemy Keraunos
1298:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1250:129–126 BC
1245:
1237:Preceded by
1219:Diodotus Tryphon
1205:146–139 BC
1196:
1184:Preceded by
1179:
1172:
1163:Seleucid dynasty
1154:
1153:
1150:
1131:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1025:
1019:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
931:
925:
918:
912:
911:, pp. 136–7
906:
900:
899:
885:
879:
868:
862:
855:
849:
843:
834:
823:
817:
811:
805:
798:
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780:
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761:
755:
749:
746:
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734:
728:
727:
716:
707:
697:
691:
688:
682:
681:
670:
664:
663:
656:
650:
649:
631:
333:Antiochene riots
237:
221:
124:125 BC (Aged 35)
71:Diodotus Tryphon
33:
21:
20:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2690:
2596:
2587:Mithridates III
2491:
2434:
2433:Monarchs of the
2427:
2408:Ariobarzanes II
2393:Ariarathes VIII
2334:
2320:Mithridates III
2276:
2218:Mithridates III
2189:
2110:
1917:
1845:Greco-Bactrians
1839:
1791:
1768:
1610:
1567:
1452:Ptolemy I Soter
1438:
1384:
1341:
1308:
1302:
1268:
1251:
1249:
1246:(King of Syria)
1240:
1232:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1187:Alexander Balas
1173:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1137:The Syrian Wars
1128:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1055:, ed. (1911). "
1040:
1038:
1037:
1028:
991:
987:
977:
975:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
932:
928:
919:
915:
907:
903:
886:
882:
869:
865:
856:
852:
844:
837:
824:
820:
816:, p. 135 n. 45.
812:
808:
799:
795:
787:
783:
779:III.144 obv. 35
768:
764:
756:
752:
747:
743:
735:
731:
718:
717:
710:
706:13.106-107, 115
698:
694:
689:
685:
672:
671:
667:
658:
657:
653:
646:
632:
628:
623:
606:
598:Antonio Caldara
584:
541:Alexander Balas
517:Ptolemaic Egypt
515:At the time in
501:
411:
395:Jonathan Apphus
391:Seleucia Pieria
372:
335:
298:
293:
281:Alexander Balas
277:
272:
256:Seleucid Empire
172:
146:
61:Alexander Balas
43:Seleucid Empire
17:
12:
11:
5:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Neoptolemus II
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2540:Mithridates II
2537:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:Paerisades III
2503:
2498:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Ariobarzanes I
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Ariarathes VII
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Ariarathes III
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Mithridates II
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Mithridates II
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Apollodotus II
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Cleopatra Thea
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1266:Cleopatra Thea
1264:
1261:
1244:Seleucid King
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1132:
1126:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1053:Chisholm, Hugh
1026:
1022:Chrubasik 2016
985:
959:
955:Chrubasik 2016
947:
943:Chrubasik 2016
935:
926:
913:
909:Chrubasik 2016
901:
880:
863:
850:
846:Chrubasik 2016
835:
818:
814:Chrubasik 2016
806:
793:
789:Chrubasik 2016
781:
762:
750:
748:Strabo 16.2.8.
741:
737:Chrubasik 2016
729:
708:
692:
683:
665:
651:
644:
625:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
612:
605:
602:
583:
580:
564:Ptolemais Akko
553:Cleopatra Thea
500:
497:
410:
407:
371:
368:
334:
331:
318:Cleopatra Thea
297:
294:
292:
289:
276:
273:
271:
268:
207:
206:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
171:
170:
167:
162:
156:
154:
148:
147:
145:
144:
138:
136:Cleopatra Thea
132:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
103:Cleopatra Thea
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2745:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:125 BC deaths
2716:
2715:
2713:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Neoptolemus I
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Mithridates I
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Paerisades IV
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Paerisades II
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Spartokos III
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Ariarathes IX
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Ariarathes VI
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Ariarathes IV
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Ariarathes II
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Antiochus III
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Mithridates I
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Nicomedes III
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Demetrius III
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Antimachus II
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Apollodotus I
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Eucratides II
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Euthydemus II
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Ptolemy Apion
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Cleopatra III
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1199:King of Syria
1195:
1194:Seleucid King
1188:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1146:9789004180505
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:9780198786924
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:public domain
1035:
1033:
1031:
1024:, p. 140
1023:
1018:. 44/45: 172.
1017:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
974:
970:
963:
956:
951:
944:
939:
930:
923:
917:
910:
905:
897:
893:
892:
884:
877:
873:
867:
860:
854:
847:
842:
840:
832:
828:
822:
815:
810:
803:
797:
790:
785:
778:
777:
772:
766:
759:
754:
745:
738:
733:
725:
721:
715:
713:
705:
702:11; Josephus
701:
696:
687:
679:
675:
669:
661:
655:
647:
641:
637:
630:
626:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
601:
599:
595:
591:
590:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
496:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Mithridates I
423:
415:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
367:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
330:
327:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
288:
286:
282:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
232:Ancient Greek
229:
225:
217:
216:Ancient Greek
213:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
155:
153:
149:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2660:Alexander II
2516:Paerisades V
2479:Spartokos IV
2443:Paerisades I
2418:Ariarathes X
2373:Ariarathes V
2348:Ariarathes I
2330:Antiochus IV
2315:Antiochus II
2247:Pharnaces II
2208:Ariobarzanes
2180:Nicomedes IV
2170:Nicomedes II
2096:Apollophanes
2081:Hippostratos
1996:Heliokles II
1956:Demetrius II
1936:Antimachus I
1898:Eucratides I
1893:Demetrius II
1878:Antimachus I
1863:Euthydemus I
1678:
1548:Ptolemy XIII
1523:Berenice III
1370:Antipater II
1337:Alexander IV
1258:
1252:
1243:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1136:
1117:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1060:
1015:
1008:260 F32.16;
1003:
996:
992:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
962:
950:
938:
929:
921:
916:
904:
895:
889:
883:
875:
871:
866:
858:
853:
830:
826:
821:
809:
801:
796:
784:
774:
770:
765:
753:
744:
732:
723:
703:
695:
686:
677:
668:
654:
635:
629:
587:
585:
561:
545:
525:Ptolemy VIII
521:Cleopatra II
514:
502:
489:
474:
466:
428:
399:Simon Thassi
388:
373:
364:
359:Seleucid era
354:
323:
308:. In 145 BC
299:
278:
239:
227:
223:
220:Δημήτριος Β`
212:Demetrius II
211:
210:
80:129 – 126 BC
18:
2681:Pyrrhus III
2665:Olympias II
2635:Alexander I
2492: [
2489:Spartokos V
2358:Ariamnes II
2305:Antiochus I
2267:Pythodorida
2223:Pharnaces I
2144:Zipoetes II
2139:Nicomedes I
2056:Artemidoros
2051:Menander II
1991:Antialcidas
1976:Agathokleia
1931:Demetrius I
1923:Indo-Greeks
1913:Heliocles I
1868:Demetrius I
1858:Diodotus II
1835:Eumenes III
1830:Attalus III
1805:Philetaerus
1774:Lysimachids
1586:Berenice II
1553:Ptolemy XIV
1435:(pretender)
1365:Alexander V
1347:Antipatrids
1305:Hellenistic
872:Bibliotheca
859:Bibliotheca
827:Bibliotheca
758:I Maccabees
700:I Maccabees
645:07156-29301
492:Phraates II
485:Caspian Sea
462:babylonians
452:, and even
314:Coele-Syria
224:Dēmḗtrios B
85:Predecessor
57:Predecessor
2712:Categories
2671:Pyrrhus II
2650:Alcetas II
2615:Tharrhypas
2582:Gepaepyris
2554:Scribonius
2448:Satyros II
2378:Orophernes
2290:Ptolemaeus
2272:Polemon II
2165:Prusias II
2134:Zipoetes I
2106:Strato III
2031:Theophilos
2011:Philoxenus
1966:Menander I
1946:Agathocles
1888:Agathocles
1853:Diodotus I
1825:Attalus II
1820:Eumenes II
1782:Lysimachus
1390:Antigonids
898:: 119–141.
769:Josephus,
760:11.1-11.19
678:Livius.org
621:References
568:co-regency
432:, king of
275:Early life
2655:Pyrrhus I
2620:Alcetas I
2526:Pharnaces
2501:Kamasarye
2484:Leukon II
2468:Hygiainon
2423:Archelaus
2262:Polemon I
2160:Prusias I
2101:Strato II
2091:Zoilos II
2086:Dionysios
2066:Archebius
2036:Peukolaos
2001:Polyxenos
1941:Pantaleon
1883:Pantaleon
1815:Attalus I
1810:Eumenes I
1616:Seleucids
1444:Ptolemies
1433:Philip VI
1380:Sosthenes
1360:Philip IV
1355:Cassander
1322:Philip II
1139:. Brill.
922:Periochae
870:Diodoros
857:Diodoros
833:13.137–41
825:Diodorus
510:Artabanus
477:Rhodogune
270:Biography
248:Laodice V
203:Laodice V
116:c. 160 BC
95:Successor
67:Successor
2686:Deidamia
2667:(regent)
2640:Aeacides
2577:Aspurgus
2470:(regent)
2453:Prytanis
2295:Sames II
2151:(regent)
2124:Boteiras
2071:Telephos
2061:Hermaeus
2016:Diomedes
1986:Strato I
1971:Zoilos I
1797:Attalids
1484:(regent)
1423:Philip V
1001:Porphyry
999:13.186;
773:13.120;
604:See also
589:Demetrio
582:In opera
549:Damascus
533:Pelusium
481:Hyrcania
458:persians
376:Diodotus
345:bearing
260:Hyrcania
183:Seleucid
169:Laodice
39:Basileus
2676:Ptolemy
2630:Arybbas
2610:Admetus
2592:Cotys I
2572:Polemon
2567:Polemon
2563:Dynamis
2558:Dynamis
2549:Dynamis
2545:Asander
2535:Dynamis
2531:Asander
2458:Eumelos
2257:Arsaces
2232:Laodice
2155:Ziaelas
2149:Etazeta
2026:Epander
2021:Amyntas
1428:Perseus
1314:Argeads
1171:Unknown
1110:Sources
1050::
978:23 June
804:13.129.
454:Bactria
442:Elymais
434:Parthia
306:Cilicia
264:Parthia
240:Nikátōr
236:Νικάτωρ
228:Nicator
178:Dynasty
41:of the
2252:Darius
2046:Nicias
2041:Thraso
1981:Lysias
1307:rulers
1178:125 BC
1174:
1143:
1124:
1044:
878:13.144
642:
506:Sacaen
446:Persis
384:Apamea
349:. The
302:Cretan
199:Mother
189:Father
129:Spouse
2565:with
2547:with
2533:with
2496:]
2230:with
1903:Plato
1581:Magas
1253:with
1208:with
1176:Died:
1169:Born:
920:Livy
351:Greek
285:Crete
152:Issue
77:Reign
49:Reign
1141:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1005:FGrH
980:2023
640:ISBN
574:and
557:Tyre
460:and
450:Elam
440:and
438:Susa
347:Nike
343:Zeus
121:Died
113:Born
2129:Bas
1059:".
592:by
566:in
262:in
101:or
2714::
2494:ru
1097:.
1029:^
1020:;
1014:.
997:AJ
971:.
924:52
896:71
894:.
876:AJ
838:^
831:AJ
802:AJ
722:.
711:^
676:.
578:.
448:,
238:,
234::
222:,
218::
1297:e
1290:t
1283:v
1201:)
1197:(
1149:.
1130:.
1101:.
982:.
726:.
680:.
662:.
648:.
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