770:. Gotarzes invaded Hyrcania in 46 AD with the support of the Hyrcanians and Dahae to press his claim to the throne, however, upon Gotarzes' discovery of a plot amongst the nobles to remove both Gotarzes and Vardanes I and place another upon the throne, the two brothers made peace. Gotarzes agreed to not press his claim to the throne and was appointed satrap of Hyrcania, only to revolt with the support of a number of nobles and attempt to press his claim once more. Gotarzes was defeated in Hyrcania and forced into exile amongst the Dahae until the death of Vardanes I in 47 AD, thus becoming Gotarzes II.
3003:
3277:
75:
884:(governor) of Hyrcania as a reward for his support during the rebellion, however, Khosrow's mistrust for Vistahm led him to attempt to execute him by luring him to the royal court. Vistahm was informed of Khosrow's intentions and rose in revolt, conquering much of the eastern provinces of the Sasanian Empire prior to his death and defeat in battle against
711:, who was permitted to continue his rule over Hyrcania and Parthia, to become a vassal of the Seleucid Empire. During the siege of Syrinx, when the wall was breached, the garrison slaughtered the Greek inhabitants and attempted to flee. Arsaces II may have reasserted his independence in 189 BC, following Antiochus' defeat at the hands of the Romans at the
482:
where they were settled, most likely during the reign of Cyrus the Great, as part of a policy to establish military colonies in Asia Minor. Under the
Achaemenid Empire, Hyrcania served as a sub-province of the satrapy of Parthia, which was also known as the satrapy of Parthia and Hyrcania. At times,
550:
as satrap. Idernes' son
Terituchmes succeeded him as satrap of Hyrcania following his death and was married to Amestris, daughter of Darius II, but Terituchmes was murdered by Udiastes, a henchman of Terituchmes, for conspiring to murder Amestris and revolt against Darius so he could wed his
789:
hastily concluded a peace treaty with the rebels to allow him to deal with the threat posed by the Romans. However, the peace treaty did not last and the
Hyrcanians launched another revolt that continued until at least 75 AD. In 75 AD, the Hyrcanian rebels allied with nomadic
1033:, and constitutes one of his exemplary stories which were published in 1613. Cervantes uses this reference to portray the illiteracy of Juliana la Cariharta, a member of Monipodio's guild. She is intending to make reference to Ocaña, a provincial town in
2489:
825:
was assassinated by the nobility who alleged that he had been killed by a white horse that emerged from and disappeared into a stream. The myth propagated by the nobility led people to believe the white horse was an angel sent by
597:, not long after. In 328 BC, Autophradates rebelled against Alexander and Phrataphernes, who had been reinstated as satrap of Parthia, was sent to quell the revolt. Autophradates was defeated and executed by Alexander at
723:' conquest of Media in 148 BC, Hyrcanians launched an unsuccessful revolt, which was crushed by Mithridates shortly afterwards. Hyrcania served as a royal retreat and Mithridates retired there in 141 BC. In 139 BC,
940:
deported
Phoenician and Egyptian Jews to Hyrcania as punishment for opposing him. Some Hyrcanian Jews returned to Palestine; however, they maintained a presence within the region as late as the 4th century AD.
838:
noble family, exile in
Hyrcania in 451 AD. Priests and other nobles who had led the revolt against Yazdegerd II were also deported to Hyrcania where they stayed until they were moved to the city of
777:, a series of forts and outposts with the plains of Hyrcania, was constructed to aid in the defence of Hyrcania against raids undertaken by the neighbouring Dahae tribes. At the beginning of the
2082:
2499:
538:, Hyrcania was likely detached from the satrapy of Parthia and administered separately. Some sources imply Hyrcania was later administered as a sub-province of Media. According to Ctesias,
989:"You had neither a goddess for a parent, nor was Dardanus the author of your race, faithless one, but the horrible Caucasus produced you from hard crags, and Hyrcanian tigers nursed you."
2372:
2529:
3305:
1090:
refers to "the tiger of the
Hyrcanian deserts" as a "lesser risk than the slumbering fire of wild fanaticism" (the epigraph is cited as being written by an anonymous author).
735:
tribes invaded and pillaged
Hyrcania, alongside other eastern provinces, and defeated and killed two successive Arsacid kings. Soon after his ascension to the throne in 124 BC,
2653:
798:(138–161), Hyrcania had made itself independent and was not considered part of the Arsacid Empire. Hyrcania is mentioned as Li-chien (or Li-kan, 黎幹) in the 2nd century AD
1076:, the Prince of Morocco also made references to Hyrcania. He said (an excerpt), "The Hyrcanian deserts and the vasty wilds/Of wild Arabia are as thoroughfares now."
562:
of the
Achaemenid Empire in 334 BC, Hyrcania was reattached to the satrapy of Parthia and administered as a sub-province. Hyrcanian soldiers are mentioned in the
510:, satrap of Parthia. In May, Phraortes was defeated and Hyrcania returned to Achaemenid rule. Darius later settled Hyrcanians in the settlement of Dareionkome (
2572:
727:
launched an invasion of the
Arsacid Empire only to be defeated and captured, following which he was provided a princely residence in Hyrcania and married to
487:
may have been administered as part of
Hyrcania. Fortifications to protect Hyrcania against nomadic incursions were constructed during the Achaemenid period.
433:– a modern Iranian word for "district" or "county") is sometimes used interchangeably with Hyrcania. Dahistān refers, strictly speaking to the "place of the
2173:
921:
888:
in 596 AD. Smbat was rewarded and appointed marzban of Hyrcania, which he served as until 602 AD, during which time the region is known to have prospered.
794:
tribes and granted them safe passage through Hyrcania into Media, allowing the Alans to pillage Media and Armenia. In the time of the reign of the Emperor
2696:
688:
attempted to reassert Seleucid control of Hyrcania and Parthia in 231 BC, but was unsuccessful as he was forced to return to Asia Minor to quell unrest.
530:
in 480 BC under the command of Megapanus. After the war, a garrison composed of Hyrcanian soldiers was posted in the valleys of the rivers Hermus and
2096:
2619:
2718:
2535:
2006:
1002:(a standard Mediaeval textbook), the name of Hyrcania became known and taught as far off as Ireland, where it was included in poems such as
754:
in 10 AD and successfully usurped the throne, becoming Artabanus III. Roman interference in the Arsacid Empire resulted in the ascension of
629:, satrap of Media, in 318 BC and Peithon appointed his brother Eudemus as satrap. Eudemus was driven from Parthia and Hyrcania in 317 BC by
3051:
3013:
672:
in c. 245 BC. Andragoras may have founded the city of Dehestān during his tenure as satrap. Andragoras was killed in 238 BC during the
3320:
3002:
466:
in 549-548 BC, and for a time Artasyras continued as satrap under Cyrus, prior to his replacement by Astyages himself. According to
458:, who appointed a certain Artasyras as satrap (governor). Upon the fall of the Median Empire, the region willingly submitted to the
1072:
the Duke of York compares Queen Margaret unfavorably to "Tygers of Hyrcania" (I.iv.622) for her inhumanity. Even in Shakespeare's
2659:
2312:
522:) in the Hyrcanian Plain in Lydia. Other Hyrcanian settlements in the Hermus valley include Ormoita and Tyanolla. According to
589:, later that year and received the surrender of other satraps and nobles. Whilst in Hyrcania, Alexander appointed his general
3082:
1904:
570:
in 330 BC, many Persian noblemen fled to Hyrcania. Alexander reached Hyrcania in 330 BC, where he accepted the surrender of
2054:
2726:
502:, in September 522 BC, revolts spread throughout the empire. In December 522 BC, a revolt in support of the Median leader
778:
2711:
2206:
1097:
is described as coming from Hyrkania, an imaginary locale bordering an inland sea based loosely on Hyrcania and set in
429:
2687:
2561:
2445:
2396:
2361:
2131:
559:
527:
3044:
834:. An unsuccessful revolt led by Vahan Amatuni, assistant governor of Armenia, led to his, and other members of the
750:, king of Hyrcania, belonging to a collateral branch of the Arsacid dynasty, led a revolt against the Roman-backed
2068:
758:
in 36 AD, exiling Artabanus III to Hyrcania for a short time. During his exile in Hyrcania, Artabanus III adopted
593:
as satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, but was succeeded as satrap of Hyrcania by Autophradates, satrap of Mardia and
2853:
861:
rallied against the Hepthalites and were defeated and captured in battle near Gurgan. At the time of the usurper
3276:
1946:
766:
in 38 AD, however, Gotarzes unsuccessfully attempted to usurp the throne and was forced into exile amongst the
507:
3315:
3160:
2857:
2704:
2675:
547:
2435:
2067:
Choksy, Jamsheed K. (2015). "ZOROASTRIANISM ii. Historical Review: from the Arab Conquest to Modern Times".
3241:
1177:
665:
2600:
3037:
668:
as satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania at an unknown date prior to 266 BC, but rebelled against his successor
2353:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
3165:
3124:
2386:
762:, son of Ardawan, satrap of Hyrcania. Artabanus III retrieved the throne and was succeeded by his son
3261:
3201:
1247:
736:
673:
634:
618:
470:, Astyages' grandson Megabernes also served as satrap of Hyrcania. Hyrcanians gave their name to the
27:
20:
3216:
2642:
2040:
3231:
3144:
2992:
2749:
1183:
970:
755:
747:
720:
3118:
2382:
1988:
1018:
696:
637:, allowing Antigonus to take control of the Asian territories of the empire. Antigonus appointed
630:
1192:
1026:
786:
759:
716:
653:
in 310 BC which allowed Seleucus to conquer the eastern territories of the empire and form the
539:
1938:
1931:
1012:
437:": an extinct people who lived immediately north of Hyrcania, as early as the 5th century BC.
2959:
2195:
1894:
1880:
1083:
1007:
708:
692:
359:
2301:
546:
as satrap of Hyrcania in c. 425 BC, who later assumed the throne as Darius II and appointed
2949:
2813:
2737:
2424:
2410:
2050:
818:
814:
774:
728:
724:
677:
614:
451:
382:
355:
2608:
2159:
2020:
8:
2828:
2525:
2147:
The Heritage of Persia: The pre-Islamic History of One of the World's Great Civilizations
2106:
2092:
2078:
1109:
also has various adventures set in this locale, including as a pirate on the inland sea.
1106:
1030:
958:
917:
830:
to end Yazdegerd's tyranny. Gurgān is known to have held a mint as early as the reign of
609:
Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his empire was divided amongst the
563:
555:
248:
2583:
2184:
601:
in 324 BC and Phrataphernes was granted the satrapies of Hyrcania, Tapuria, and Mardia.
2889:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2596:
2437:
The Jews of Iran: The History, Religion and Culture of a Community in the Islamic World
1204:
993:
925:
885:
870:
862:
719:, in the late 2nd century BC, Hyrcania still formed part of the Seleucid Empire. After
712:
669:
650:
506:
erupted in Hyrcania, and in March 521 BC, the Hyrcanian rebels unsuccessfully attacked
351:
1978:
3310:
3251:
3175:
2833:
2823:
2808:
2778:
2731:
2683:
2557:
2441:
2392:
2357:
2340:
2324:
2259:
2245:
2127:
1952:
1942:
1900:
1232:
1217:
661:
459:
287:
49:
2515:
2478:
2456:
2287:
3139:
3092:
3029:
2420:
2406:
2273:
2231:
1171:
1098:
1079:
1067:
950:
638:
491:
389:
184:
2217:
2110:
821:, held lands principally within the region. Whilst staying in Hyrcania in 420 AD,
3149:
3061:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2551:
2351:
2169:
2155:
2145:
2141:
2121:
1992:
1162:
1117:
Although the below list is incomplete, they are the known governors of Hyrcania.
654:
642:
622:
471:
463:
378:
299:
291:
113:
61:
53:
2467:
2339:
Perry, John R.; Shahbazi, A. Shapur; Kettenhofen, Erich (1994). "DEPORTATIONS".
2313:"Inscriptional Literature: A Review of Parthian Inscription of Sare Pol-e Zohab"
3266:
3226:
3206:
3112:
2929:
2919:
2877:
2745:
2680:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (1)
2297:
2283:
2269:
2255:
2241:
2227:
2205:
Jakubiak, Krzysztof (2008). "ARSACIDS viii. Military Architecture Of Parthia".
1227:
1047:, relying on his Latin sources, makes repeated references in his plays to the "
937:
929:
897:
866:
810:
795:
681:
646:
511:
340:
315:
295:
240:
217:
95:
74:
57:
1312:
3299:
2788:
2638:
1156:
1144:
1034:
571:
531:
1956:
865:'s movement eastward into Abarshahr in 591 AD, Hyrcania was governed by the
680:, who went on to conquer Hyrcania in 235 BC, thereafter forming part of the
2008:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule
1974:
1222:
1102:
1048:
901:
831:
264:
167:
857:
invaded Hyrcania and quartered at Gurgan in 465/469 AD. Peroz and his son
3170:
3077:
2032:
The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary
1044:
998:
854:
827:
822:
799:
685:
475:
413:
367:
344:
256:
232:
3186:
3154:
3087:
2977:
2934:
2741:
2426:
The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 6: Parthia
2016:
2002:
1257:
1237:
874:
806:
763:
704:
598:
594:
586:
582:
578:
567:
417:
87:
2883:
2412:
The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 5: Persia
617:, which confirmed Phrataphernes' control of Hyrcania and Parthia. The
450:
Hyrcania formed part of the Median Empire by 600 BC, and according to
3102:
3097:
3072:
3018:
2862:
2848:
2783:
1132:
1094:
933:
909:
869:, one of the Seven Great Houses. Following the defeat of the usurper
843:
751:
590:
575:
543:
523:
503:
454:, was administered as a satrapy by the time of the last Median king,
307:
272:
781:, a rebellion erupted in Hyrcania and rebels sent envoys to Emperor
645:, in 315 BC and continued in this office until his death during the
3256:
3196:
3129:
2924:
2769:
1124:
858:
839:
700:
610:
535:
455:
396:
2039:
Brunner, C. J. (2004). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic".
633:, satrap of the Indus, who was subsequently defeated in 315 BC by
3236:
3221:
2954:
2939:
2904:
2838:
2592:
1198:
1087:
1053:
905:
881:
878:
850:
835:
626:
499:
484:
467:
371:
303:
279:
2553:
From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire
255:) is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the
3246:
3211:
3191:
3180:
2987:
2982:
2944:
2866:
1060:
1041:; but she has misheard it and does not realise the difference.
974:
966:
962:
957:, which were apparently particularly abundant there during the
268:
1937:(Modern Library ed.). New York: Modern Library. pp.
896:
Hyrcania, and the rest of Iran in Antiquity, was dominated by
813:, which lent its name to the province during this period. The
190:
3107:
2843:
2818:
2753:
1242:
1038:
954:
791:
767:
516:
479:
434:
420:, the then-largest city and the capital of ancient Hyrcania.
334:
319:
311:
283:
222:
45:
2655:
English-Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language
2969:
2872:
2455:
Schippmann, K. (1986). "ARSACIDS ii. The Arsacid dynasty".
1708:
Pulleyblank (1991); Anthony François Paulus Hulsewé (ed.),
1252:
913:
782:
732:
495:
260:
208:
205:
199:
162:
2019:; Bivar, A. D. H.; Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2001). "GŌDARZ".
1313:
François de Blois & Willem Vogelsang, 2011, "Dahae",
805:
Hyrcania was annexed to the Sasanian Empire in 225 AD by
739:, recovered Hyrcania and re-established Arsacid control.
3306:
States and territories established in the 6th century BC
2338:
2216:
Kiani, Muhammad Yusof (2002). "GORGĀN iv. Archeology".
1710:
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 BC - AD 23,
985:
Caucasus Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres. (IV.365-7)
900:
which was practised by the majority of the population.
1712:
an annotated translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the
16:
Historical region in the south-east of the Caspian sea
785:
requesting aid. The rebellion raged until 60 AD when
202:
196:
3059:
2056:
Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens
1065:
II.ii.447) as an emblem of bloodthirsty cruelty. In
961:(though extinct in the area since the early 1970s).
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
928:is known to have existed from 424 AD. According to
193:
187:
2549:
2015:
1930:
1716:with an introduction by M.A.N.Loewe. Volume 14 of
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
641:satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, also known as the
981:Nec tibi diva parens generis nec Dardanus auctor,
953:, Hyrcania is often mentioned in relationship to
809:, after which the provincial centre was moved to
3297:
2371:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991). "CH'IEN HAN SHU".
1590:
1385:
566:against Alexander in 331 BC. After the death of
412:means "Wolf-land". The name was extended to the
2550:Sherwin-White, Susan M.; Kuhrt, Amélie (1993).
2488:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1989). "BESṬĀM O BENDŌY".
2001:
1881:Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran
1279:
2310:
2194:Jacobs, Bruno (2006). "ACHAEMENID SATRAPIES".
585:, the capital of Hyrcania, hereafter known as
403:
3045:
2712:
2570:
1928:
1873:
983:perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens
2349:
1399:
1397:
290:, and a province within its successors, the
79:Achaemenid Empire, with Province of Hyrcania
3014:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
2582:Strootman, Rolf (2015). "SELEUCID EMPIRE".
2524:
2514:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2003). "YAZDEGERD I".
2370:
932:, following the suppression of a revolt in
3052:
3038:
2719:
2705:
2628:
2465:
2454:
2105:
2091:
2077:
1866:
1864:
1780:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1025:Hyrcania is mentioned in the short story "
912:, the apocryphal 4th century AD bishop of
742:
731:, daughter of Mithridates. In 129 BC, the
699:invaded Hyrcania and seized the cities of
621:in 321 BC granted Parthia and Hyrcania to
343:name for the region, a borrowing from the
73:
2673:
2651:
2617:
2606:
2581:
2419:
2405:
2296:
2282:
2268:
2254:
2240:
2226:
2119:
2109:(1993). "CYRUS iii. Cyrus II The Great".
1991:(2002). "GORGĀN v. Pre-Islamic history".
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1394:
526:, Hyrcanian soldiers participated in the
445:
2513:
2487:
2204:
2183:Garsoian, N. (2005). "SMBAT BAGRATUNI".
2182:
1886:
1798:
1728:
1726:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1360:
1358:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
908:were also practised in the region, and,
2637:
2491:BESṬĀM O BENDŌY – Encyclopaedia Iranica
2476:
2433:
2038:
1861:
1536:
1443:
1303:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt (1993), p. 81
1058:III.iv.1281) or "th' Hyrcanian beast" (
3298:
2631:Histoire de L'Empire Parthe (-250-227)
2571:Sims-Williams, N. (1988). "BARŠABBĀ".
2388:The Historical Geography of Asia Minor
2381:
2193:
2066:
2049:
2005:; Grenet, Frantz; Beck, Roger (1991).
1973:
1892:
1493:
1306:
992:Following its geographical listing by
944:
574:, satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, and
3033:
2700:
2215:
2029:
1987:
1771:
1723:
1415:
1355:
1321:
936:and the conquest of Egypt in 343 BC,
916:, is attributed to the foundation of
604:
2477:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1990). "CADUSII".
2168:
2154:
2140:
1112:
2607:Toumanoff, C. (1988). "BAGRATIDS".
1720:Leiden, Brill Archive, 1979, p.118.
416:and underlies the name of the city
135:• Fall of the Sasanian Empire
13:
3287:* indicates short living provinces
2599:and William Jackson Brodribb, ed.
2556:. University of California Press.
1879:Humphreys, P., Kahrom, E. (1999).
1714:History of the Former Han Dynasty,
1645:Nasrollahzadeh (2011), pp. 157-175
14:
3332:
2618:Toumanoff, C. (1989). "AMATUNI".
2120:Debevoise, Neilson Carel (1938).
528:Second Persian invasion of Greece
3321:Provinces of the Sasanian Empire
3275:
3001:
2528:(2013). Bevington, David (ed.).
2466:Schippmann, K. (1999). "FĪRŪZ".
1777:Perry et al. (1994), pp. 297-312
1569:Boyce & Grenet (1991), p. 30
625:, however, Philip was killed by
183:
2641:(2015). "Alexander the Great".
2350:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
2030:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1990).
1922:
1913:
1899:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67.
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1789:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1406:
1376:
1086:to the thirty-fifth chapter of
715:in 190 BC. During the reign of
542:appointed his illegitimate son
2682:. Cambridge University Press.
2391:. Cambridge University Press.
2317:Journal of Language Researches
2311:Nasrollahzadeh, Cyrus (2011).
2123:A Political History of Parthia
2062:. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
1786:Schippmann (1999), pp. 631-632
1750:Pourshariati (2008), pp. 66-67
1663:Boyce et al. (2001), pp. 31-39
1654:Verstandig (2008), pp. 251-252
1551:Schippmann (1986), pp. 525-536
1367:
1346:
1343:Dandamayev (1993), pp. 516-521
1337:
1297:
1270:
773:Under the Arsacid Empire, the
358:(522 BC), as well as in other
1:
2300:(2005). "Wall of Alexander".
1813:Toumanoff (1988), pp. 419-422
1768:Toumanoff (1989), pp. 928-929
1263:
1840:Sims-Williams (1988), p. 823
1804:Shahbazi (1989), pp. 180-182
325:
306:to the east (later known as
267:, bound in the south by the
7:
2161:The History of Ancient Iran
2126:. Literary Licensing, LLC.
1795:Pourshariati (2008), p. 112
1211:
891:
779:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
302:empires. Hyrcania bordered
10:
3337:
3125:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
1967:
1896:The complete fauna of Iran
1883:. Images Publishing, Avon.
1741:Pourshariati (2008), p. 49
1153:Autophradates (330-324 BC)
517:
440:
335:
223:
25:
18:
3284:
3273:
3068:
3010:
2999:
2764:
2652:Woodhouse, S. C. (1910).
2095:(1987). "AUTOPHRADATES".
1977:(2015). "PHRATAPHERNES".
1732:Kiani (2002), pp. 148-151
1440:Bivar (2002), pp. 151-153
1352:Dandamayev (1986), p. 652
1276:Woodhouse (1910), p. 1013
1248:Name of Georgia (country)
996:in the early 7th century
674:Parni conquest of Parthia
619:Partition of Triparadisus
515:
427:(not to be confused with
404:
221:
155:
151:
147:
143:
133:
123:
119:
109:
105:
83:
72:
67:
43:
35:
28:Hyrcania (disambiguation)
2434:Sarshar, Houman (2014).
1933:Ivanhoe : a romance
1490:Dandamayev (1987), p. 29
286:, a sub-province of the
19:Not to be confused with
3119:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
2644:Encyclopædia Britannica
2629:Verstandig, A. (2001).
2440:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2356:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2244:(1999). "Peithon (1)".
1627:Yarshater (1983), p. 55
1618:Yarshater (1983), p. 54
1560:Debevoise (1938), p. 18
1093:The comic book heroine
743:Post-Hellenistic period
278:The region served as a
271:mountain range and the
2674:Yarshater, E. (1983).
2172:(1985). "ANDRAGORAS".
1929:Scott, Walter (1997).
1373:Schmitt (1990), p. 612
1027:Rinconete y Cortadillo
987:
446:Pre-Hellenistic Period
423:Another archaic name,
2960:Hellespontine Phrygia
2621:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2610:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2585:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2574:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2517:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2496:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2480:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2469:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2458:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2374:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2342:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2286:(2004). "Amminapes".
2258:(2000). "Phraortes".
2219:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2208:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2197:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2186:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2175:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2112:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2098:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2084:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2081:(1986). "ARTASYRAS".
2070:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2051:Chabot, Jean-Baptiste
2042:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2022:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1994:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1980:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1870:Sarshar (2014), p. 15
1412:Ramsay (1890), p. 125
1364:Ramsay (1890), p. 124
1008:Luccreth moccu Chiara
979:
918:Christian monasteries
693:Battle of Mount Labus
360:Old Persian cuneiform
3316:Achaemenid satrapies
2526:Shakespeare, William
2230:(1996). "Hyrcania".
1858:Bruce (1990), p. 117
1690:Tacitus, Annals XV.2
1315:Encyclopedia Iranica
1168:Eudemus (318-317 BC)
969:, had the abandoned
849:During the reign of
775:Great Wall of Gorgan
615:Partition of Babylon
551:half-sister Roxana.
494:'s victory over the
462:and was occupied by
356:Behistun Inscription
26:For other uses, see
2272:(2002). "Nicanor".
1919:Shakespeare 1.4.622
1893:Firouz, E. (2005).
1699:Frye (1983), p. 243
1681:Frye (1983), p. 283
1636:Frye (1983), p. 237
1578:Frye (1963), p. 173
1542:Frye (1983), p. 208
1454:Frye (1983), p. 112
1107:Conan the Barbarian
1031:Miguel de Cervantes
1013:Auraicept na n-Éces
945:Literary references
581:. Alexander seized
564:Battle of Gaugamela
556:Alexander the Great
452:Nicolaus Damascenus
125:• Established
2974:Samaritan Province
2597:Alfred John Church
1533:Frye (1985), p. 26
1150:Amminapes (330 BC)
1138:Idernes (423 BC-?)
1074:Merchant of Venice
1019:Lebor Gabála Érenn
994:Isidore of Seville
926:Church of the East
819:Seven Great Houses
815:House of Aspahbadh
713:Battle of Magnesia
649:in battle against
605:Hellenistic Period
282:(province) of the
3293:
3292:
3060:Provinces of the
3027:
3026:
2732:Achaemenid Empire
2730:Provinces of the
2639:Walbank, Frank W.
2421:Rawlinson, George
2407:Rawlinson, George
2107:Dandamayev, M. A.
2093:Dandamayev, M. A.
2079:Dandamayev, M. A.
1906:978-1-85043-946-2
1718:Sinica Leidensia,
1233:Golestan Province
1218:Hyrcanian forests
1113:List of governors
922:diocese of Gurgan
460:Achaemenid Empire
408:). Consequently,
318:to the south and
288:Achaemenid Empire
176:
175:
101:
93:
3328:
3288:
3279:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3005:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:. Archived from
2648:
2634:
2625:
2614:
2589:
2578:
2567:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2534:. Archived from
2531:Henry VI, Part 3
2521:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2498:. Archived from
2484:
2473:
2462:
2451:
2430:
2416:
2402:
2378:
2367:
2346:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2323:. Archived from
2307:
2293:
2279:
2265:
2251:
2237:
2223:
2212:
2201:
2190:
2179:
2170:Frye, Richard N.
2165:
2156:Frye, Richard N.
2151:
2142:Frye, Richard N.
2137:
2116:
2102:
2088:
2074:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2035:
2026:
2012:
1998:
1984:
1961:
1960:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:Rawlinson (1873)
1607:
1588:
1587:Strootman (2015)
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1524:Lendering (2002)
1522:
1516:
1515:Lendering (1999)
1513:
1507:
1504:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1481:Lendering (2004)
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1441:
1438:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:Lendering (2000)
1401:
1392:
1391:Rawlinson (1867)
1389:
1383:
1382:Lendering (2005)
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:Lendering (1996)
1292:
1277:
1274:
1099:Robert E. Howard
1080:Sir Walter Scott
1068:Henry VI, Part 3
1022:(11th century).
951:Latin literature
521:
520:
519:
492:Darius the Great
407:
406:
366:means "wolf" in
352:Darius the Great
338:
337:
227:
226:
225:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
99:
91:
77:
44:Province of the
33:
32:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3271:
3217:Nodardashiragan
3064:
3062:Sasanian Empire
3058:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3006:
2997:
2983:Skudra (Thrace)
2964:Greater Phrygia
2760:
2759:
2725:
2690:
2665:
2663:
2564:
2541:
2539:
2505:
2503:
2448:
2399:
2364:
2330:
2328:
2298:Lendering, Jona
2284:Lendering, Jona
2270:Lendering, Jona
2256:Lendering, Jona
2242:Lendering, Jona
2228:Lendering, Jona
2134:
2059:
1989:Bivar, A. D. H.
1970:
1965:
1964:
1949:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:Garsoian (2005)
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:Shahbazi (2003)
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:Jakubiak (2008)
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1439:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1322:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1214:
1205:Smbat Bagratuni
1135:(c. 425-423 BC)
1115:
984:
982:
947:
920:in Hyrcania. A
894:
886:Smbat Bagratuni
745:
660:Seleucus' son,
655:Seleucid Empire
643:upper satrapies
607:
554:By the time of
472:Hyrcanian plain
464:Cyrus the Great
448:
443:
350:as recorded in
328:
243:: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭
186:
182:
172:
136:
126:
98:
94:
92:(548 BC–225 AD)
90:
78:
62:Sasanian Empire
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Padishkhwargar
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3017:(according to
3011:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2746:Naqsh-e Rustam
2734:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2676:"Introduction"
2671:
2649:
2635:
2626:
2615:
2604:
2590:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2547:
2522:
2511:
2485:
2474:
2463:
2452:
2446:
2431:
2417:
2403:
2397:
2379:
2368:
2362:
2347:
2336:
2308:
2294:
2280:
2266:
2252:
2238:
2224:
2213:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2132:
2117:
2103:
2089:
2075:
2064:
2047:
2036:
2027:
2013:
2011:. Vol. 3.
1999:
1985:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1885:
1872:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1722:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1472:Walbank (2015)
1465:
1463:Brunner (2004)
1456:
1442:
1414:
1405:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1320:
1318:(23 May 2015).
1305:
1296:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1228:Gonbad-e Kavus
1225:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1111:
1010:(665 AD), the
1004:Cú-cen-máthair
946:
943:
938:Artaxerxes III
930:Paulus Orosius
898:Zoroastrianism
893:
890:
867:House of Karen
796:Antoninus Pius
744:
741:
737:Mithridates II
691:Following the
682:Arsacid Empire
647:Babylonian War
606:
603:
474:in the middle
447:
444:
442:
439:
390:Modern Persian
362:inscriptions.
327:
324:
314:to the north,
259:in modern-day
241:Middle Persian
174:
173:
171:
170:
165:
159:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
110:Historical era
107:
106:
103:
102:
85:
81:
80:
70:
69:
65:
64:
41:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3333:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2756:inscriptions)
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2691:
2689:9780521200929
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2662:on 2021-02-24
2661:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2563:9780520081833
2559:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2538:on 2016-12-31
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2502:on 2013-09-22
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2447:9781780768885
2443:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2398:9781108014533
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:Ramsay, W. M.
2380:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2363:9781845116453
2359:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2327:on 2016-12-31
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
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2018:
2014:
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1996:
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1990:
1986:
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1975:Badian, Ernst
1972:
1971:
1958:
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322:to the west.
321:
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284:Median Empire
281:
276:
275:in the east.
274:
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262:
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242:
238:
235:: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴
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156:Today part of
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68:548 BC–651 AD
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2325:the original
2320:
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1932:
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1207:(596-602 AD)
1201:(591-596 AD)
1174:(315-310 BC)
1165:(321-318 BC)
1159:(324-321 BC)
1116:
1103:Hyborian Age
1092:
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1059:
1052:
1049:Hyrcan tiger
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1024:
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168:Turkmenistan
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3171:Kushanshahr
3078:Adurbadagan
2017:Boyce, Mary
2003:Boyce, Mary
1849:Chabot, 285
1141:Terituchmes
1105:. Howard's
1045:Shakespeare
999:Etymologiae
873:in 591 AD,
855:Hepthalites
846:in 453 AD.
828:Ahura Mazda
823:Yazdegerd I
800:Book of Han
787:Vologases I
721:Mithridates
695:in 209 BC,
686:Seleucus II
662:Antiochus I
518:Δαρειονκώμη
414:Caspian Sea
383:Mazandarani
368:Old Iranian
345:Old Persian
257:Caspian Sea
233:Old Persian
3300:Categories
3187:Machelonia
3155:Kadagistan
3088:Arbayistan
2978:Sattagydia
2935:Massagetae
2886:(Gandhara)
2814:Cappadocia
2768:Akaufaka (
2742:Persepolis
2666:2016-12-30
2542:2016-12-30
2506:2017-01-01
2331:2016-12-30
1948:0679602631
1264:References
1238:Mazandaran
1195:(46-47 AD)
1180:(?-238 BC)
1178:Andragoras
1147:(?-330 BC)
1129:Megabernes
877:appointed
875:Khosrow II
840:New-Shapur
807:Ardashir I
764:Vardanes I
709:Arsaces II
707:, forcing
666:Andragoras
599:Pasargadae
583:Zadracarta
579:Nabarzanes
568:Darius III
490:Following
478:valley in
418:Zadracarta
88:Zadracarta
50:Achaemenid
3161:Khuzistan
3103:Balasagan
3098:Asoristan
3073:Abarshahr
3019:Herodotus
3012:See also
2950:Phoenicia
2863:Eber-Nari
2858:2nd Egypt
2854:1st Egypt
2849:Drangiana
2829:Chorasmia
2804:Babylonia
2784:Arachosia
1186:(?-10 AD)
1184:Artabanus
1121:Artasyras
1095:Red Sonja
965:, in the
934:Phoenicia
910:Barshabba
844:Abarshahr
752:Vonones I
748:Artabanus
729:Rhodogune
676:, led by
635:Antigonus
591:Amminapes
576:chiliarch
524:Herodotus
508:Hystaspes
504:Phraortes
498:usurper,
386:verk/verg
339:) is the
326:Etymology
308:Abarshahr
273:Kopet Dag
114:Antiquity
3311:Hyrcania
3257:Suristan
3242:Sakastan
3176:Khwarazm
3130:Garmekan
3108:Dihistan
2925:Margiana
2895:Hyrcania
2890:Gedrosia
2824:Carmania
2770:Quhistan
2738:Behistun
2595:(1876).
2423:(1873).
2409:(1867).
2385:(1890).
2158:(1983).
2144:(1963).
2053:(1902).
1957:35919304
1212:See also
1193:Gotarzes
1125:Astyages
1084:epigraph
892:Religion
760:Gotarzes
651:Seleucus
611:Diadochi
560:invasion
536:Xerxes I
534:. Under
456:Astyages
430:dehestan
425:Dahistān
410:Hyrcania
397:Sanskrit
331:Hyrcania
312:Dihistan
300:Sasanian
292:Seleucid
253:Urqananu
249:Akkadian
229:Hyrkanía
179:Hyrcania
54:Seleucid
36:Hyrcania
21:Hercynia
3237:Parthia
3222:Paradan
3192:Makuran
3093:Armenia
3083:Albania
2955:Phrygia
2940:Parthia
2905:Hindush
2884:Gandāra
2880:(Nubia)
2839:Colchis
2834:Cilicia
2809:Bactria
2799:Assyria
2794:Armenia
2775:Amyrgoi
2593:Tacitus
1968:Sources
1199:Vistahm
1189:Ardawan
1172:Nicanor
1088:Ivanhoe
1054:Macbeth
973:accuse
924:of the
906:Judaism
882:marzban
879:Vistahm
851:Peroz I
836:Amatuni
701:Tambrax
678:Arsaces
639:Nicanor
631:Peithon
627:Peithon
613:in the
595:Tapuria
548:Idernes
500:Gaumata
485:Cadusia
468:Ctesias
441:History
372:Avestan
348:Verkâna
336:Ὑρκανία
304:Parthia
296:Arsacid
280:satrapy
237:Varkâna
224:Ὑρκανία
84:Capital
58:Arsacid
3252:Spahan
3247:Sogdia
3212:Meshan
3181:Lazica
3166:Kirman
3150:Iberia
3135:Gurgan
2988:Sogdia
2945:Persis
2867:Levant
2779:Arabia
2686:
2601:Annals
2560:
2444:
2395:
2360:
2303:Livius
2289:Livius
2275:Livius
2261:Livius
2247:Livius
2233:Livius
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1903:
1223:Gorgan
1163:Philip
1082:in an
1061:Hamlet
1035:Toledo
1016:, and
975:Aeneas
967:Aeneid
963:Virgil
955:tigers
859:Kavadh
853:, the
811:Gurgān
705:Syrinx
623:Philip
587:Syrinx
532:Caicus
496:Magian
476:Hermus
395:, and
379:Gilaki
375:vəhrkō
370:, cf.
320:Mardia
269:Alborz
245:Gurgān
139:651 AD
129:548 BC
96:Gurgān
60:, and
46:Median
38:Gurgān
3267:Yemen
3262:Turan
3207:Media
3202:Mazun
3140:Harev
3113:Egypt
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2930:Media
2915:Lydia
2910:Libya
2900:Ionia
2844:Dahae
2819:Caria
2754:Daeva
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1243:Gilan
1133:Ochus
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544:Ochus
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364:Verkā
341:Greek
316:Media
218:Greek
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3197:Marw
3145:Hind
2970:Saka
2920:Maka
2878:Kush
2873:Elam
2789:Aria
2750:Susa
2684:ISBN
2558:ISBN
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2128:ISBN
1953:OCLC
1943:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1258:Sari
1253:Amol
971:Dido
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