781:. Gotarzes invaded Hyrcania in 46 AD with the support of the Hyrcanians and Dahae to press his claim to the throne, however, upon Gotarzes' discovery of a plot amongst the nobles to remove both Gotarzes and Vardanes I and place another upon the throne, the two brothers made peace. Gotarzes agreed to not press his claim to the throne and was appointed satrap of Hyrcania, only to revolt with the support of a number of nobles and attempt to press his claim once more. Gotarzes was defeated in Hyrcania and forced into exile amongst the Dahae until the death of Vardanes I in 47 AD, thus becoming Gotarzes II.
3014:
3288:
86:
895:(governor) of Hyrcania as a reward for his support during the rebellion, however, Khosrow's mistrust for Vistahm led him to attempt to execute him by luring him to the royal court. Vistahm was informed of Khosrow's intentions and rose in revolt, conquering much of the eastern provinces of the Sasanian Empire prior to his death and defeat in battle against
722:, who was permitted to continue his rule over Hyrcania and Parthia, to become a vassal of the Seleucid Empire. During the siege of Syrinx, when the wall was breached, the garrison slaughtered the Greek inhabitants and attempted to flee. Arsaces II may have reasserted his independence in 189 BC, following Antiochus' defeat at the hands of the Romans at the
493:
where they were settled, most likely during the reign of Cyrus the Great, as part of a policy to establish military colonies in Asia Minor. Under the
Achaemenid Empire, Hyrcania served as a sub-province of the satrapy of Parthia, which was also known as the satrapy of Parthia and Hyrcania. At times,
561:
as satrap. Idernes' son
Terituchmes succeeded him as satrap of Hyrcania following his death and was married to Amestris, daughter of Darius II, but Terituchmes was murdered by Udiastes, a henchman of Terituchmes, for conspiring to murder Amestris and revolt against Darius so he could wed his
800:
hastily concluded a peace treaty with the rebels to allow him to deal with the threat posed by the Romans. However, the peace treaty did not last and the
Hyrcanians launched another revolt that continued until at least 75 AD. In 75 AD, the Hyrcanian rebels allied with nomadic
1044:, and constitutes one of his exemplary stories which were published in 1613. Cervantes uses this reference to portray the illiteracy of Juliana la Cariharta, a member of Monipodio's guild. She is intending to make reference to Ocaña, a provincial town in
2500:
836:
was assassinated by the nobility who alleged that he had been killed by a white horse that emerged from and disappeared into a stream. The myth propagated by the nobility led people to believe the white horse was an angel sent by
608:, not long after. In 328 BC, Autophradates rebelled against Alexander and Phrataphernes, who had been reinstated as satrap of Parthia, was sent to quell the revolt. Autophradates was defeated and executed by Alexander at
734:' conquest of Media in 148 BC, Hyrcanians launched an unsuccessful revolt, which was crushed by Mithridates shortly afterwards. Hyrcania served as a royal retreat and Mithridates retired there in 141 BC. In 139 BC,
951:
deported
Phoenician and Egyptian Jews to Hyrcania as punishment for opposing him. Some Hyrcanian Jews returned to Palestine; however, they maintained a presence within the region as late as the 4th century AD.
849:
noble family, exile in
Hyrcania in 451 AD. Priests and other nobles who had led the revolt against Yazdegerd II were also deported to Hyrcania where they stayed until they were moved to the city of
788:, a series of forts and outposts with the plains of Hyrcania, was constructed to aid in the defence of Hyrcania against raids undertaken by the neighbouring Dahae tribes. At the beginning of the
2093:
2510:
549:, Hyrcania was likely detached from the satrapy of Parthia and administered separately. Some sources imply Hyrcania was later administered as a sub-province of Media. According to Ctesias,
1000:"You had neither a goddess for a parent, nor was Dardanus the author of your race, faithless one, but the horrible Caucasus produced you from hard crags, and Hyrcanian tigers nursed you."
2383:
2540:
3316:
1101:
refers to "the tiger of the
Hyrcanian deserts" as a "lesser risk than the slumbering fire of wild fanaticism" (the epigraph is cited as being written by an anonymous author).
746:
tribes invaded and pillaged
Hyrcania, alongside other eastern provinces, and defeated and killed two successive Arsacid kings. Soon after his ascension to the throne in 124 BC,
2664:
809:(138–161), Hyrcania had made itself independent and was not considered part of the Arsacid Empire. Hyrcania is mentioned as Li-chien (or Li-kan, 黎幹) in the 2nd century AD
1087:, the Prince of Morocco also made references to Hyrcania. He said (an excerpt), "The Hyrcanian deserts and the vasty wilds/Of wild Arabia are as thoroughfares now."
573:
of the
Achaemenid Empire in 334 BC, Hyrcania was reattached to the satrapy of Parthia and administered as a sub-province. Hyrcanian soldiers are mentioned in the
521:, satrap of Parthia. In May, Phraortes was defeated and Hyrcania returned to Achaemenid rule. Darius later settled Hyrcanians in the settlement of Dareionkome (
2583:
738:
launched an invasion of the
Arsacid Empire only to be defeated and captured, following which he was provided a princely residence in Hyrcania and married to
498:
may have been administered as part of
Hyrcania. Fortifications to protect Hyrcania against nomadic incursions were constructed during the Achaemenid period.
444:– a modern Iranian word for "district" or "county") is sometimes used interchangeably with Hyrcania. Dahistān refers, strictly speaking to the "place of the
2184:
932:
899:
in 596 AD. Smbat was rewarded and appointed marzban of Hyrcania, which he served as until 602 AD, during which time the region is known to have prospered.
805:
tribes and granted them safe passage through Hyrcania into Media, allowing the Alans to pillage Media and Armenia. In the time of the reign of the Emperor
2707:
699:
attempted to reassert Seleucid control of Hyrcania and Parthia in 231 BC, but was unsuccessful as he was forced to return to Asia Minor to quell unrest.
541:
in 480 BC under the command of Megapanus. After the war, a garrison composed of Hyrcanian soldiers was posted in the valleys of the rivers Hermus and
2107:
2630:
2729:
2546:
2017:
1013:(a standard Mediaeval textbook), the name of Hyrcania became known and taught as far off as Ireland, where it was included in poems such as
765:
in 10 AD and successfully usurped the throne, becoming Artabanus III. Roman interference in the Arsacid Empire resulted in the ascension of
640:, satrap of Media, in 318 BC and Peithon appointed his brother Eudemus as satrap. Eudemus was driven from Parthia and Hyrcania in 317 BC by
3062:
3024:
683:
in c. 245 BC. Andragoras may have founded the city of Dehestān during his tenure as satrap. Andragoras was killed in 238 BC during the
3331:
3013:
477:
in 549-548 BC, and for a time Artasyras continued as satrap under Cyrus, prior to his replacement by Astyages himself. According to
469:, who appointed a certain Artasyras as satrap (governor). Upon the fall of the Median Empire, the region willingly submitted to the
1083:
the Duke of York compares Queen Margaret unfavorably to "Tygers of Hyrcania" (I.iv.622) for her inhumanity. Even in Shakespeare's
2670:
2323:
533:) in the Hyrcanian Plain in Lydia. Other Hyrcanian settlements in the Hermus valley include Ormoita and Tyanolla. According to
600:, later that year and received the surrender of other satraps and nobles. Whilst in Hyrcania, Alexander appointed his general
3093:
1915:
581:
in 330 BC, many Persian noblemen fled to Hyrcania. Alexander reached Hyrcania in 330 BC, where he accepted the surrender of
2065:
2737:
513:, in September 522 BC, revolts spread throughout the empire. In December 522 BC, a revolt in support of the Median leader
789:
2722:
2217:
1108:
is described as coming from Hyrkania, an imaginary locale bordering an inland sea based loosely on Hyrcania and set in
440:
2698:
2572:
2456:
2407:
2372:
2142:
570:
538:
3055:
845:. An unsuccessful revolt led by Vahan Amatuni, assistant governor of Armenia, led to his, and other members of the
761:, king of Hyrcania, belonging to a collateral branch of the Arsacid dynasty, led a revolt against the Roman-backed
2079:
769:
in 36 AD, exiling Artabanus III to Hyrcania for a short time. During his exile in Hyrcania, Artabanus III adopted
604:
as satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, but was succeeded as satrap of Hyrcania by Autophradates, satrap of Mardia and
2864:
872:
rallied against the Hepthalites and were defeated and captured in battle near Gurgan. At the time of the usurper
3287:
1957:
777:
in 38 AD, however, Gotarzes unsuccessfully attempted to usurp the throne and was forced into exile amongst the
518:
3326:
3171:
2868:
2715:
2686:
558:
2446:
2078:
Choksy, Jamsheed K. (2015). "ZOROASTRIANISM ii. Historical Review: from the Arab Conquest to Modern Times".
3252:
1188:
676:
2611:
3048:
679:
as satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania at an unknown date prior to 266 BC, but rebelled against his successor
2364:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
3176:
3135:
2397:
17:
773:, son of Ardawan, satrap of Hyrcania. Artabanus III retrieved the throne and was succeeded by his son
3272:
3212:
1258:
747:
684:
645:
629:
481:, Astyages' grandson Megabernes also served as satrap of Hyrcania. Hyrcanians gave their name to the
38:
31:
3227:
2653:
2051:
3242:
3155:
3003:
2760:
1194:
981:
766:
758:
731:
3129:
2393:
1999:
1029:
707:
648:, allowing Antigonus to take control of the Asian territories of the empire. Antigonus appointed
641:
1203:
1037:
797:
770:
727:
664:
in 310 BC which allowed Seleucus to conquer the eastern territories of the empire and form the
550:
1949:
1942:
1023:
448:": an extinct people who lived immediately north of Hyrcania, as early as the 5th century BC.
2970:
2206:
1905:
1891:
1094:
1018:
719:
703:
370:
2312:
557:
as satrap of Hyrcania in c. 425 BC, who later assumed the throne as Darius II and appointed
2960:
2824:
2748:
2435:
2421:
2061:
829:
825:
785:
739:
735:
688:
625:
462:
393:
366:
2619:
2170:
2031:
8:
2839:
2536:
2158:
The Heritage of Persia: The pre-Islamic History of One of the World's Great Civilizations
2117:
2103:
2089:
1120:
also has various adventures set in this locale, including as a pirate on the inland sea.
1117:
1041:
969:
928:
841:
to end Yazdegerd's tyranny. Gurgān is known to have held a mint as early as the reign of
620:
Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his empire was divided amongst the
574:
566:
259:
2594:
2195:
612:
in 324 BC and Phrataphernes was granted the satrapies of Hyrcania, Tapuria, and Mardia.
2900:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2607:
2448:
The Jews of Iran: The History, Religion and Culture of a Community in the Islamic World
1215:
1004:
936:
896:
881:
873:
730:, in the late 2nd century BC, Hyrcania still formed part of the Seleucid Empire. After
723:
680:
661:
517:
erupted in Hyrcania, and in March 521 BC, the Hyrcanian rebels unsuccessfully attacked
362:
1989:
3321:
3262:
3186:
2844:
2834:
2819:
2789:
2742:
2694:
2568:
2452:
2403:
2368:
2351:
2335:
2270:
2256:
2138:
1963:
1953:
1911:
1243:
1228:
672:
470:
298:
60:
2526:
2489:
2467:
2298:
3150:
3103:
3040:
2431:
2417:
2284:
2242:
1182:
1109:
1090:
1078:
961:
649:
502:
400:
195:
2228:
2121:
832:, held lands principally within the region. Whilst staying in Hyrcania in 420 AD,
3160:
3072:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2562:
2362:
2180:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2132:
2003:
1173:
1128:
Although the below list is incomplete, they are the known governors of Hyrcania.
665:
653:
633:
482:
474:
389:
310:
302:
124:
72:
64:
2478:
2350:
Perry, John R.; Shahbazi, A. Shapur; Kettenhofen, Erich (1994). "DEPORTATIONS".
2324:"Inscriptional Literature: A Review of Parthian Inscription of Sare Pol-e Zohab"
3277:
3237:
3217:
3123:
2940:
2930:
2888:
2756:
2691:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (1)
2308:
2294:
2280:
2266:
2252:
2238:
2216:
Jakubiak, Krzysztof (2008). "ARSACIDS viii. Military Architecture Of Parthia".
1238:
1058:, relying on his Latin sources, makes repeated references in his plays to the "
948:
940:
908:
877:
821:
806:
692:
657:
522:
351:
326:
306:
251:
228:
106:
85:
68:
1323:
3310:
2799:
2649:
1167:
1155:
1045:
582:
542:
1967:
876:'s movement eastward into Abarshahr in 591 AD, Hyrcania was governed by the
691:, who went on to conquer Hyrcania in 235 BC, thereafter forming part of the
2019:
A History of Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule
1985:
1233:
1113:
1059:
912:
842:
275:
178:
868:
invaded Hyrcania and quartered at Gurgan in 465/469 AD. Peroz and his son
3181:
3088:
2043:
The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary
1055:
1009:
865:
838:
833:
810:
696:
486:
424:
378:
355:
267:
243:
3197:
3165:
3098:
2988:
2945:
2752:
2437:
The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 6: Parthia
2027:
2013:
1268:
1248:
885:
817:
774:
715:
609:
605:
597:
593:
589:
578:
428:
98:
2894:
2423:
The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 5: Persia
628:, which confirmed Phrataphernes' control of Hyrcania and Parthia. The
461:
Hyrcania formed part of the Median Empire by 600 BC, and according to
3113:
3108:
3083:
3029:
2873:
2859:
2794:
1143:
1105:
944:
920:
880:, one of the Seven Great Houses. Following the defeat of the usurper
854:
762:
601:
586:
554:
534:
514:
465:, was administered as a satrapy by the time of the last Median king,
318:
283:
792:, a rebellion erupted in Hyrcania and rebels sent envoys to Emperor
656:, in 315 BC and continued in this office until his death during the
3267:
3207:
3140:
2935:
2780:
1135:
869:
850:
711:
621:
546:
466:
407:
2050:
Brunner, C. J. (2004). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic".
644:, satrap of the Indus, who was subsequently defeated in 315 BC by
3247:
3232:
2965:
2950:
2915:
2849:
2603:
1209:
1098:
1064:
916:
892:
889:
861:
846:
637:
510:
495:
478:
382:
314:
290:
2564:
From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire
266:) is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the
3257:
3222:
3202:
3191:
2998:
2993:
2955:
2877:
1071:
1052:; but she has misheard it and does not realise the difference.
985:
977:
973:
968:, which were apparently particularly abundant there during the
279:
1948:(Modern Library ed.). New York: Modern Library. pp.
907:
Hyrcania, and the rest of Iran in Antiquity, was dominated by
824:, which lent its name to the province during this period. The
201:
3118:
2854:
2829:
2764:
1253:
1049:
965:
802:
778:
527:
490:
445:
431:, the then-largest city and the capital of ancient Hyrcania.
345:
330:
322:
294:
233:
56:
2666:
English-Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language
2980:
2883:
2466:
Schippmann, K. (1986). "ARSACIDS ii. The Arsacid dynasty".
1719:
Pulleyblank (1991); Anthony François Paulus Hulsewé (ed.),
1263:
924:
793:
743:
506:
271:
219:
216:
210:
173:
2030:; Bivar, A. D. H.; Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2001). "GŌDARZ".
1324:
François de Blois & Willem Vogelsang, 2011, "Dahae",
816:
Hyrcania was annexed to the Sasanian Empire in 225 AD by
750:, recovered Hyrcania and re-established Arsacid control.
3317:
States and territories established in the 6th century BC
2349:
2227:
Kiani, Muhammad Yusof (2002). "GORGĀN iv. Archeology".
1721:
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 BC - AD 23,
996:
Caucasus Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres. (IV.365-7)
911:
which was practised by the majority of the population.
1723:
an annotated translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the
27:
Historical region in the south-east of the Caspian sea
796:
requesting aid. The rebellion raged until 60 AD when
213:
207:
3070:
2067:
Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens
1076:
II.ii.447) as an emblem of bloodthirsty cruelty. In
972:(though extinct in the area since the early 1970s).
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
939:is known to have existed from 424 AD. According to
204:
198:
2560:
2026:
1941:
1727:with an introduction by M.A.N.Loewe. Volume 14 of
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
652:satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, also known as the
992:Nec tibi diva parens generis nec Dardanus auctor,
964:, Hyrcania is often mentioned in relationship to
820:, after which the provincial centre was moved to
3308:
2382:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991). "CH'IEN HAN SHU".
1601:
1396:
577:against Alexander in 331 BC. After the death of
423:means "Wolf-land". The name was extended to the
2561:Sherwin-White, Susan M.; Kuhrt, Amélie (1993).
2499:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1989). "BESṬĀM O BENDŌY".
2012:
1892:Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran
1290:
2321:
2205:Jacobs, Bruno (2006). "ACHAEMENID SATRAPIES".
596:, the capital of Hyrcania, hereafter known as
414:
3056:
2723:
2581:
1939:
1884:
994:perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens
2360:
1410:
1408:
301:, and a province within its successors, the
90:Achaemenid Empire, with Province of Hyrcania
3025:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
2593:Strootman, Rolf (2015). "SELEUCID EMPIRE".
2535:
2525:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2003). "YAZDEGERD I".
2381:
943:, following the suppression of a revolt in
3063:
3049:
2730:
2716:
2639:
2476:
2465:
2116:
2102:
2088:
1877:
1875:
1791:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1036:Hyrcania is mentioned in the short story "
923:, the apocryphal 4th century AD bishop of
753:
742:, daughter of Mithridates. In 129 BC, the
710:invaded Hyrcania and seized the cities of
632:in 321 BC granted Parthia and Hyrcania to
354:name for the region, a borrowing from the
84:
2684:
2662:
2628:
2617:
2592:
2430:
2416:
2307:
2293:
2279:
2265:
2251:
2237:
2130:
2120:(1993). "CYRUS iii. Cyrus II The Great".
2002:(2002). "GORGĀN v. Pre-Islamic history".
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1405:
537:, Hyrcanian soldiers participated in the
456:
2524:
2498:
2215:
2194:Garsoian, N. (2005). "SMBAT BAGRATUNI".
2193:
1897:
1809:
1739:
1737:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1371:
1369:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
919:were also practised in the region, and,
2648:
2502:BESṬĀM O BENDŌY – Encyclopaedia Iranica
2487:
2444:
2049:
1872:
1547:
1454:
1314:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt (1993), p. 81
1069:III.iv.1281) or "th' Hyrcanian beast" (
14:
3309:
2642:Histoire de L'Empire Parthe (-250-227)
2582:Sims-Williams, N. (1988). "BARŠABBĀ".
2399:The Historical Geography of Asia Minor
2392:
2204:
2077:
2060:
2016:; Grenet, Frantz; Beck, Roger (1991).
1984:
1903:
1504:
1317:
1003:Following its geographical listing by
955:
585:, satrap of Hyrcania and Parthia, and
3044:
2711:
2226:
2040:
1998:
1782:
1734:
1426:
1366:
1332:
947:and the conquest of Egypt in 343 BC,
927:, is attributed to the foundation of
615:
2488:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1990). "CADUSII".
2179:
2165:
2151:
1123:
2618:Toumanoff, C. (1988). "BAGRATIDS".
1731:Leiden, Brill Archive, 1979, p.118.
427:and underlies the name of the city
146:• Fall of the Sasanian Empire
24:
3298:* indicates short living provinces
2610:and William Jackson Brodribb, ed.
2567:. University of California Press.
1890:Humphreys, P., Kahrom, E. (1999).
1725:History of the Former Han Dynasty,
1656:Nasrollahzadeh (2011), pp. 157-175
25:
3343:
2629:Toumanoff, C. (1989). "AMATUNI".
2131:Debevoise, Neilson Carel (1938).
539:Second Persian invasion of Greece
3332:Provinces of the Sasanian Empire
3286:
3012:
2539:(2013). Bevington, David (ed.).
2477:Schippmann, K. (1999). "FĪRŪZ".
1788:Perry et al. (1994), pp. 297-312
1580:Boyce & Grenet (1991), p. 30
636:, however, Philip was killed by
194:
2652:(2015). "Alexander the Great".
2361:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
2041:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1990).
1933:
1924:
1910:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67.
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1800:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1417:
1387:
1097:to the thirty-fifth chapter of
726:in 190 BC. During the reign of
553:appointed his illegitimate son
2693:. Cambridge University Press.
2402:. Cambridge University Press.
2328:Journal of Language Researches
2322:Nasrollahzadeh, Cyrus (2011).
2134:A Political History of Parthia
2073:. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
1797:Schippmann (1999), pp. 631-632
1761:Pourshariati (2008), pp. 66-67
1674:Boyce et al. (2001), pp. 31-39
1665:Verstandig (2008), pp. 251-252
1562:Schippmann (1986), pp. 525-536
1378:
1357:
1354:Dandamayev (1993), pp. 516-521
1348:
1308:
1281:
784:Under the Arsacid Empire, the
369:(522 BC), as well as in other
13:
1:
2311:(2005). "Wall of Alexander".
1824:Toumanoff (1988), pp. 419-422
1779:Toumanoff (1989), pp. 928-929
1274:
1851:Sims-Williams (1988), p. 823
1815:Shahbazi (1989), pp. 180-182
336:
317:to the east (later known as
278:, bound in the south by the
7:
2172:The History of Ancient Iran
2137:. Literary Licensing, LLC.
1806:Pourshariati (2008), p. 112
1222:
902:
790:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
313:empires. Hyrcania bordered
10:
3348:
3136:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
1978:
1907:The complete fauna of Iran
1894:. Images Publishing, Avon.
1752:Pourshariati (2008), p. 49
1164:Autophradates (330-324 BC)
528:
451:
346:
234:
36:
29:
3295:
3284:
3079:
3021:
3010:
2775:
2663:Woodhouse, S. C. (1910).
2106:(1987). "AUTOPHRADATES".
1988:(2015). "PHRATAPHERNES".
1743:Kiani (2002), pp. 148-151
1451:Bivar (2002), pp. 151-153
1363:Dandamayev (1986), p. 652
1287:Woodhouse (1910), p. 1013
1259:Name of Georgia (country)
1007:in the early 7th century
685:Parni conquest of Parthia
630:Partition of Triparadisus
526:
438:(not to be confused with
415:
232:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
134:
130:
120:
116:
94:
83:
78:
54:
46:
39:Hyrcania (disambiguation)
2445:Sarshar, Houman (2014).
1944:Ivanhoe : a romance
1501:Dandamayev (1987), p. 29
297:, a sub-province of the
30:Not to be confused with
3130:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
2655:Encyclopædia Britannica
2640:Verstandig, A. (2001).
2451:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2367:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2255:(1999). "Peithon (1)".
1638:Yarshater (1983), p. 55
1629:Yarshater (1983), p. 54
1571:Debevoise (1938), p. 18
1104:The comic book heroine
754:Post-Hellenistic period
289:The region served as a
282:mountain range and the
2685:Yarshater, E. (1983).
2183:(1985). "ANDRAGORAS".
1940:Scott, Walter (1997).
1384:Schmitt (1990), p. 612
1038:Rinconete y Cortadillo
998:
457:Pre-Hellenistic Period
434:Another archaic name,
2971:Hellespontine Phrygia
2632:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2621:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2596:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2585:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2528:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2507:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2491:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2480:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2469:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2385:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2353:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2297:(2004). "Amminapes".
2269:(2000). "Phraortes".
2230:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2219:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2208:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2197:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2186:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2123:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2109:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2095:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2092:(1986). "ARTASYRAS".
2081:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2062:Chabot, Jean-Baptiste
2053:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2033:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2005:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1991:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1881:Sarshar (2014), p. 15
1423:Ramsay (1890), p. 125
1375:Ramsay (1890), p. 124
1019:Luccreth moccu Chiara
990:
929:Christian monasteries
704:Battle of Mount Labus
371:Old Persian cuneiform
3327:Achaemenid satrapies
2537:Shakespeare, William
2241:(1996). "Hyrcania".
1869:Bruce (1990), p. 117
1701:Tacitus, Annals XV.2
1326:Encyclopedia Iranica
1179:Eudemus (318-317 BC)
980:, had the abandoned
860:During the reign of
786:Great Wall of Gorgan
626:Partition of Babylon
562:half-sister Roxana.
505:'s victory over the
473:and was occupied by
367:Behistun Inscription
37:For other uses, see
2283:(2002). "Nicanor".
1930:Shakespeare 1.4.622
1904:Firouz, E. (2005).
1710:Frye (1983), p. 243
1692:Frye (1983), p. 283
1647:Frye (1983), p. 237
1589:Frye (1963), p. 173
1553:Frye (1983), p. 208
1465:Frye (1983), p. 112
1118:Conan the Barbarian
1042:Miguel de Cervantes
1024:Auraicept na n-Éces
956:Literary references
592:. Alexander seized
575:Battle of Gaugamela
567:Alexander the Great
463:Nicolaus Damascenus
136:• Established
2985:Samaritan Province
2608:Alfred John Church
1544:Frye (1985), p. 26
1161:Amminapes (330 BC)
1149:Idernes (423 BC-?)
1085:Merchant of Venice
1030:Lebor Gabála Érenn
1005:Isidore of Seville
937:Church of the East
830:Seven Great Houses
826:House of Aspahbadh
724:Battle of Magnesia
660:in battle against
616:Hellenistic Period
293:(province) of the
3304:
3303:
3071:Provinces of the
3038:
3037:
2743:Achaemenid Empire
2741:Provinces of the
2650:Walbank, Frank W.
2432:Rawlinson, George
2418:Rawlinson, George
2118:Dandamayev, M. A.
2104:Dandamayev, M. A.
2090:Dandamayev, M. A.
1917:978-1-85043-946-2
1729:Sinica Leidensia,
1244:Golestan Province
1229:Hyrcanian forests
1124:List of governors
933:diocese of Gurgan
471:Achaemenid Empire
419:). Consequently,
329:to the south and
299:Achaemenid Empire
187:
186:
112:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3339:
3299:
3290:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3016:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2669:. Archived from
2659:
2645:
2636:
2625:
2600:
2589:
2578:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2545:. Archived from
2542:Henry VI, Part 3
2532:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:. Archived from
2495:
2484:
2473:
2462:
2441:
2427:
2413:
2389:
2378:
2357:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2334:. Archived from
2318:
2304:
2290:
2276:
2262:
2248:
2234:
2223:
2212:
2201:
2190:
2181:Frye, Richard N.
2176:
2167:Frye, Richard N.
2162:
2153:Frye, Richard N.
2148:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2046:
2037:
2023:
2009:
1995:
1972:
1971:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:Rawlinson (1873)
1618:
1599:
1598:Strootman (2015)
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:Lendering (2002)
1533:
1527:
1526:Lendering (1999)
1524:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1492:Lendering (2004)
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:Lendering (2000)
1412:
1403:
1402:Rawlinson (1867)
1400:
1394:
1393:Lendering (2005)
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:Lendering (1996)
1303:
1288:
1285:
1110:Robert E. Howard
1091:Sir Walter Scott
1079:Henry VI, Part 3
1033:(11th century).
962:Latin literature
532:
531:
530:
503:Darius the Great
418:
417:
377:means "wolf" in
363:Darius the Great
349:
348:
238:
237:
236:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
110:
102:
88:
55:Province of the
44:
43:
21:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3228:Nodardashiragan
3075:
3073:Sasanian Empire
3069:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3017:
3008:
2994:Skudra (Thrace)
2975:Greater Phrygia
2771:
2770:
2736:
2701:
2676:
2674:
2575:
2552:
2550:
2516:
2514:
2459:
2410:
2375:
2341:
2339:
2309:Lendering, Jona
2295:Lendering, Jona
2281:Lendering, Jona
2267:Lendering, Jona
2253:Lendering, Jona
2239:Lendering, Jona
2145:
2070:
2000:Bivar, A. D. H.
1981:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:Garsoian (2005)
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:Shahbazi (2003)
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:Jakubiak (2008)
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1450:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1225:
1216:Smbat Bagratuni
1146:(c. 425-423 BC)
1126:
995:
993:
958:
931:in Hyrcania. A
905:
897:Smbat Bagratuni
756:
671:Seleucus' son,
666:Seleucid Empire
654:upper satrapies
618:
565:By the time of
483:Hyrcanian plain
475:Cyrus the Great
459:
454:
361:as recorded in
339:
254:: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭
197:
193:
183:
147:
137:
109:
105:
103:(548 BC–225 AD)
101:
89:
73:Sasanian Empire
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Padishkhwargar
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3028:(according to
3022:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2757:Naqsh-e Rustam
2745:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2687:"Introduction"
2682:
2660:
2646:
2637:
2626:
2615:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2558:
2533:
2522:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2428:
2414:
2408:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2358:
2347:
2319:
2305:
2291:
2277:
2263:
2249:
2235:
2224:
2213:
2202:
2191:
2177:
2163:
2149:
2143:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2086:
2075:
2058:
2047:
2038:
2024:
2022:. Vol. 3.
2010:
1996:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1958:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1896:
1883:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1483:Walbank (2015)
1476:
1474:Brunner (2004)
1467:
1453:
1425:
1416:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1331:
1329:(23 May 2015).
1316:
1307:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:Gonbad-e Kavus
1236:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1021:(665 AD), the
1015:Cú-cen-máthair
957:
954:
949:Artaxerxes III
941:Paulus Orosius
909:Zoroastrianism
904:
901:
878:House of Karen
807:Antoninus Pius
755:
752:
748:Mithridates II
702:Following the
693:Arsacid Empire
658:Babylonian War
617:
614:
485:in the middle
458:
455:
453:
450:
401:Modern Persian
373:inscriptions.
338:
335:
325:to the north,
270:in modern-day
252:Middle Persian
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
170:
168:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
121:Historical era
118:
117:
114:
113:
96:
92:
91:
81:
80:
76:
75:
52:
51:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3344:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2767:inscriptions)
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2702:
2700:9780521200929
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2673:on 2021-02-24
2672:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2574:9780520081833
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2549:on 2016-12-31
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2513:on 2013-09-22
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2458:9781780768885
2454:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:9781108014533
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:Ramsay, W. M.
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2374:9781845116453
2370:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2338:on 2016-12-31
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
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2025:
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2020:
2015:
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1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:Badian, Ernst
1983:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1961:
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1946:
1945:
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580:
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357:
353:
343:
334:
333:to the west.
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Median Empire
292:
287:
286:in the east.
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴
245:
241:
230:
224:
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180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
169:
167:Today part of
165:
161:
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143:
139:
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126:
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119:
115:
108:
100:
97:
93:
87:
82:
79:548 BC–651 AD
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
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45:
40:
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2763: /
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2671:the original
2665:
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2511:the original
2506:
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2331:
2327:
2313:
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2243:
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2122:
2108:
2094:
2080:
2066:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2018:
2004:
1990:
1943:
1935:
1926:
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1380:
1359:
1350:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1283:
1218:(596-602 AD)
1212:(591-596 AD)
1185:(315-310 BC)
1176:(321-318 BC)
1170:(324-321 BC)
1127:
1114:Hyborian Age
1103:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1060:Hyrcan tiger
1054:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1002:
999:
991:
959:
913:Christianity
906:
859:
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815:
783:
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736:Demetrius II
728:Antiochus IV
701:
681:Antiochus II
675:, appointed
670:
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551:Artaxerxes I
500:
460:
439:
435:
433:
420:
410:
403:
396:
385:
374:
358:
341:
340:
288:
276:Turkmenistan
263:
255:
247:
239:
189:
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179:Turkmenistan
111:(225–651 AD)
3182:Kushanshahr
3089:Adurbadagan
2028:Boyce, Mary
2014:Boyce, Mary
1860:Chabot, 285
1152:Terituchmes
1116:. Howard's
1056:Shakespeare
1010:Etymologiae
884:in 591 AD,
866:Hepthalites
857:in 453 AD.
839:Ahura Mazda
834:Yazdegerd I
811:Book of Han
798:Vologases I
732:Mithridates
706:in 209 BC,
697:Seleucus II
673:Antiochus I
529:Δαρειονκώμη
425:Caspian Sea
394:Mazandarani
379:Old Iranian
356:Old Persian
268:Caspian Sea
244:Old Persian
3311:Categories
3198:Machelonia
3166:Kadagistan
3099:Arbayistan
2989:Sattagydia
2946:Massagetae
2897:(Gandhara)
2825:Cappadocia
2779:Akaufaka (
2753:Persepolis
2677:2016-12-30
2553:2016-12-30
2517:2017-01-01
2342:2016-12-30
1959:0679602631
1275:References
1249:Mazandaran
1206:(46-47 AD)
1191:(?-238 BC)
1189:Andragoras
1158:(?-330 BC)
1140:Megabernes
888:appointed
886:Khosrow II
851:New-Shapur
818:Ardashir I
775:Vardanes I
720:Arsaces II
718:, forcing
677:Andragoras
610:Pasargadae
594:Zadracarta
590:Nabarzanes
579:Darius III
501:Following
489:valley in
429:Zadracarta
99:Zadracarta
61:Achaemenid
18:Hyrcanians
3172:Khuzistan
3114:Balasagan
3109:Asoristan
3084:Abarshahr
3030:Herodotus
3023:See also
2961:Phoenicia
2874:Eber-Nari
2869:2nd Egypt
2865:1st Egypt
2860:Drangiana
2840:Chorasmia
2815:Babylonia
2795:Arachosia
1197:(?-10 AD)
1195:Artabanus
1132:Artasyras
1106:Red Sonja
976:, in the
945:Phoenicia
921:Barshabba
855:Abarshahr
763:Vonones I
759:Artabanus
740:Rhodogune
687:, led by
646:Antigonus
602:Amminapes
587:chiliarch
535:Herodotus
519:Hystaspes
515:Phraortes
509:usurper,
397:verk/verg
350:) is the
337:Etymology
319:Abarshahr
284:Kopet Dag
125:Antiquity
3322:Hyrcania
3268:Suristan
3253:Sakastan
3187:Khwarazm
3141:Garmekan
3119:Dihistan
2936:Margiana
2906:Hyrcania
2901:Gedrosia
2835:Carmania
2781:Quhistan
2749:Behistun
2606:(1876).
2434:(1873).
2420:(1867).
2396:(1890).
2169:(1983).
2155:(1963).
2064:(1902).
1968:35919304
1223:See also
1204:Gotarzes
1136:Astyages
1095:epigraph
903:Religion
771:Gotarzes
662:Seleucus
622:Diadochi
571:invasion
547:Xerxes I
545:. Under
467:Astyages
441:dehestan
436:Dahistān
421:Hyrcania
408:Sanskrit
342:Hyrcania
323:Dihistan
311:Sasanian
303:Seleucid
264:Urqananu
260:Akkadian
240:Hyrkanía
190:Hyrcania
65:Seleucid
47:Hyrcania
32:Hercynia
3248:Parthia
3233:Paradan
3203:Makuran
3104:Armenia
3094:Albania
2966:Phrygia
2951:Parthia
2916:Hindush
2895:Gandāra
2891:(Nubia)
2850:Colchis
2845:Cilicia
2820:Bactria
2810:Assyria
2805:Armenia
2786:Amyrgoi
2604:Tacitus
1979:Sources
1210:Vistahm
1200:Ardawan
1183:Nicanor
1099:Ivanhoe
1065:Macbeth
984:accuse
935:of the
917:Judaism
893:marzban
890:Vistahm
862:Peroz I
847:Amatuni
712:Tambrax
689:Arsaces
650:Nicanor
642:Peithon
638:Peithon
624:in the
606:Tapuria
559:Idernes
511:Gaumata
496:Cadusia
479:Ctesias
452:History
383:Avestan
359:Verkâna
347:Ὑρκανία
315:Parthia
307:Arsacid
291:satrapy
248:Varkâna
235:Ὑρκανία
95:Capital
69:Arsacid
3263:Spahan
3258:Sogdia
3223:Meshan
3192:Lazica
3177:Kirman
3161:Iberia
3146:Gurgan
2999:Sogdia
2956:Persis
2878:Levant
2790:Arabia
2697:
2612:Annals
2571:
2455:
2406:
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2314:Livius
2300:Livius
2286:Livius
2272:Livius
2258:Livius
2244:Livius
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1914:
1234:Gorgan
1174:Philip
1093:in an
1072:Hamlet
1046:Toledo
1027:, and
986:Aeneas
978:Aeneid
974:Virgil
966:tigers
870:Kavadh
864:, the
822:Gurgān
716:Syrinx
634:Philip
598:Syrinx
543:Caicus
507:Magian
487:Hermus
406:, and
390:Gilaki
386:vəhrkō
381:, cf.
331:Mardia
280:Alborz
256:Gurgān
150:651 AD
140:548 BC
107:Gurgān
71:, and
57:Median
49:Gurgān
3278:Yemen
3273:Turan
3218:Media
3213:Mazun
3151:Harev
3124:Egypt
3004:Yehud
2941:Media
2926:Lydia
2921:Libya
2911:Ionia
2855:Dahae
2830:Caria
2765:Daeva
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1254:Gilan
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1050:Spain
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229:Greek
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3208:Marw
3156:Hind
2981:Saka
2931:Maka
2889:Kush
2884:Elam
2800:Aria
2761:Susa
2695:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2139:ISBN
1964:OCLC
1954:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1269:Sari
1264:Amol
982:Dido
925:Merv
915:and
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794:Nero
744:Saka
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