405:). In hypomania or mania, some bipolar patients can have grandiose delusions. In its most severe manifestation, days without sleep, auditory and other hallucinations, or uncontrollable racing thoughts can reinforce these delusions. In mania, this illness affects emotions and can also lead to impulsivity and disorganized thinking, which can be harnessed to increase their sense of grandiosity. Protecting this delusion can also lead to extreme irritability, paranoia, and fear. Sometimes their anxiety can be so over-blown that they believe others are jealous of them and, thus, undermine their "extraordinary abilities," persecuting them or even scheming to seize what they already have.
130:
310:. As a result, it is essential to consider the consequences of removing the grandiose delusion on self-esteem when trying to modify the grandiose delusion in therapy. In many instances of grandiosity, it is suitable to go for a fractional rather than a total modification, which permits those elements of the delusion that are central for self-esteem to be preserved. For example, a person who believes they are a senior secret service agent gains a great sense of self-esteem and purpose from this belief, thus until this sense of self-esteem can be provided from elsewhere, it is best not to attempt modification.
575:, but currently used for a variety of different mental disorders, in hope of providing relief from distress and disability. During therapy, grandiose delusions were linked to patients' underlying beliefs by using inference chaining. Some examples of interventions performed to improve the patient's state were focus on specific themes, clarification of patient's neologisms, and thought linkage. During thought linkage, the patient is asked repeatedly by the therapist to explain his/her jumps in thought from one subject to a completely different one.
409:
Some of these grandiose thoughts can be expressed as strong beliefs that the patient is very rich or famous or has super-human abilities, or can even lead to severe suicidal ideations. In the most severe form, in what was formerly labeled as megalomania, the bipolar patient may hear voices that support these grandiose beliefs. In their delusions, they can believe that they are, for example, a monarch, a creative genius, or even someone who can exterminate the world's poverty because of their extreme generosity.
636:
371:, in which a person has an extremely exaggerated sense of their significance, personality, knowledge, or authority. For example, the person may declare to be the owner of a major corporation and kindly offer to write a hospital staff member a check for $ 5 million if they only help them escape from the hospital. Other common grandiose delusions in schizophrenia include religious delusions such as the belief that one is
56:
364:
response to the individual attempting to explain their hallucinations. Patients who experience recurrent auditory hallucinations can develop the delusion that other people are scheming against them and are dishonest when they say they do not hear the voices that the delusional person believes that he or she hears.
363:
and delusions (unreal beliefs which endure even when there is contrary evidence). Delusions may include the false and constant idea that the person is being followed or poisoned, or that the person's thoughts are being broadcast for others to listen to. Delusions in schizophrenia often develop as a
408:
The vast majority of bipolar patients rarely experience delusions. Typically, when experiencing or displaying a stage of heightened excitability called mania, they can experience joy, rage, and other intense emotions that can cycle out of control, along with thoughts or beliefs that are grandiose.
282:
For example, someone who has extraordinary beliefs about their power or authority may believe themselves to be a ruling monarch who deserves to be treated like royalty. There are substantial differences in the degree of grandiosity linked with grandiose delusions in different people. Some patients
618:
found, in 1962, that there is no significant gender difference in the establishment of grandiose delusion. However, the particular content of religious
Grandiose delusions is variable across genders, with men more likely to consider themselves to be God, whereas women are more likely to consider
495:
Some studies indicate that GDs are associated with abnormalities in dopaminergic reward pathways and other limbic structures associated with reward and emotion processing. GDs seem to be related to impaired connectivity between the left middle temporal gyrus and more dorsal regions of the left
1623:
Bracht, T., Viher, P. V., Stegmayer, K., Strik, W., Federspiel, A., Wiest, R., & Walther, S. (2019). Increased structural connectivity of the medial forebrain bundle in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is associated with delusions of paranoid threat and grandiosity.
436:
levels of depression, anxiety and negative self-evaluation. Moreover, there is evidence from neurotypical persons that repetitive positive self-thinking can confer temporary increases in (non-delusional) grandiose ideas of own superiority, importance or uniqueness. A
1611:
2. Temporal lobe lesions have been primarily reported in patients with delusions of persecution and of guilt, while frontal and frontotemporal involvement have described in patients with grandiose delusions, Cotard's syndrome, and delusional misidentification
241:
of extraordinary self-regard (feelings of superiority, uniqueness, importance or invulnerability), while grandiose delusion concerns specific extraordinary factual beliefs about one's fame, wealth, powers, or religious and historical relevance.
623:
also noted that grandiose delusions are more prevalent in people with greater education. Similarly, the presence of grandiose delusions in individuals who are the eldest is greater than in individuals who are the youngest of their siblings.
598:
it has been found that GDs appeared more commonly in patients with bipolar disorder (59%) than in patients with schizophrenia (49%), followed by presence in substance misuse disorder patients (30%) and depressed patients (21%).
452:
Qualitative research likewise indicates that grandiose delusions, far from occurring against a backdrop of negative self-evaluation, conferred a sense of uniqueness, purpose, and belonging, and added meaning to adverse events.
1641:
Stegmayer, K., Horn, H., Federspiel, A., Razavi, N., Bracht, T., Laimböck, K., ... & Walther, S. (2014). Ventral striatum gray matter density reduction in patients with schizophrenia and psychotic emotional dysregulation.
1324:
Garety, P. A., Gittins, M., Jolley, S., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Kuipers, E., ... & Freeman, D. (2013). Differences in cognitive and emotional processes between persecutory and grandiose delusions.
283:
believe they are God, the Queen of the United
Kingdom, a president's son, a famous rock star, and some other examples. Others are not as expansive and think they are skilled athletes or great inventors.
571:, grandiose and religious delusions are found to be the least susceptible to cognitive behavioral interventions. Cognitive behavioral intervention is a form of psychological therapy, initially used for
1497:
Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review.
606:(2000), grandiose delusions appeared in 74% of the patients who were 21 or younger at the time of the onset, while they occurred only in 40% of individuals 30 years or older at the time of the onset.
1406:
Ghaznavi, S., Chou, T., Dougherty, D. D., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2023). Differential patterns of default mode network activity associated with negative and positive rumination in bipolar disorder.
614:
Research suggests that the severity of the delusions of grandeur is directly related to higher self-esteem and inversely related to severity of depression and negative self-evaluations. Lucas
1659:
Ping, L., Zhou, C., Sun, S., Wang, W., Zheng, Q., & You, Z. (2022). Alterations in restingâstate wholeâbrain functional connectivity pattern similarity in bipolar disorder patients.
835:
Stompe, T; Karakula, H; RudaleviÄiene, P; Okribelashvili, N; Chaudhry, HR; Idemudia, EE; et al. (2006). "The pathoplastic effect of culture on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia".
313:
In a case study of more than 13,000 non-clinical and almost 3,000 clinical participants, Isham et al. found that the primary sources of meaning derived from grandiose delusions were:
206:
When studied as a psychiatric disorder in clinical settings, grandiose delusions have been found to commonly occur with other disorders, including in two-thirds of patients in a
428:
Empirical evidence largely supports emotion-consistent models, but also suggests additional factors like reasoning biases. Grandiose delusions are usually associated with
1424:
Isham, Louise; Griffith, Laura; Boylan, Anne-Marie; Hicks, Alice; Wilson, Natalie; Byrne, Rory; Sheaves, Bryony; Bentall, Richard P.; Freeman, Daniel (29 November 2019).
590:
In a study of over 1000 individuals of a vast range of backgrounds, Stompe and colleagues (2006) found that grandiosity remains the second most common delusion after
970:"The meaning in grandiose delusions: measure development and cohort studies in clinical psychosis and non-clinical general population groups in the UK and Ireland"
1206:
Bipolar
Breakthrough: The Essential Guide to Going Beyond Moodswings to Harness Your Highs, Escape the Cycles of Recurrent Depression, and Thrive with Bipolar II
775:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES, Mental Status, Table 11.3â1 DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Delusional Disorder, p. 184.
192:
theme. Examples include the extraordinary belief that one is a deity or celebrity, or that one possesses extraordinary talents, accomplishments, or superpowers.
849:
496:
temporal lobe, regions forming a central hub of the default mode network and mediating a variety of cognitive functions (namely social and linguistic ones).
137:
A cartoon illustrating the phenomenon of paranoia. People with grandiose delusions wrongly hold themselves at an extraordinarily high status in their mind.
1343:
Jolley, Suzanne; Garety, Philippa; Bebbington, Paul; Dunn, Graham; Freeman, Daniel; Kuipers, Elizabeth; Fowler, David; Hemsley, David (1 November 2006).
195:
While non-delusional grandiose beliefs are somewhat commonâoccurring in at least 10% of the general populationâand often positively influence a person's
807:
Knowles, R; McCarthy-Jones, S; Rowse, G (2011). "Grandiose delusions: A review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives".
594:. The prevalence of grandiosity delusions in schizophrenic patients has also been observed to vary cross-culturally. In research done by Appelbaum
211:
298:
or marriage to the king. Grandiose and expansive delusions may also be part of fantastic hallucinosis in which all forms of hallucinations occur.
401:
Bipolar 1 disorder can lead to severe affective dysregulation, or mood states that sway from exceedingly low (depression) to exceptionally high (
2150:
Stompe, T.; et al. (2007). "Paranoid-hallucinatory syndromes in schizophrenia results of the international study on psychotic symptoms".
2115:
Oquendo, M.A.; et al. (2000). "Suicidal behavior in bipolar mood disorder: clinical characteristics of attempters and nonattempters".
1043:
1774:
Pandy, R.S.; Sreenivas, K.N.; Paith N.M.; Swamy H.S. (1981). "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a patient with Wilson's disease and mania".
1514:
Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies.
968:
Isham, Louise; Sheng Loe, Bao; Hicks, Alice; Wilson, Natalie; Bird, Jessica C; Bentall, Richard P; Freeman, Daniel (1 October 2022).
2214:
Appelbaum, P.S.; Clark
Robbins, P.; Roth, L. H. (1999). "Dimensional approach to delusions: Comparison across types and diagnoses".
1989:
Appelbaum, P.S.; Clark
Robbins, P.; Roth, L. H. (1999). "Dimensional approach to delusions: Comparison across types and diagnoses".
2261:
Carlson, GA; Bromet, EJ; Sievers, S (2000). "Phenomenology and outcome of subjects with early- and adult-onset psychotic mania".
2074:"A randomized controlled trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia resistant to medication"
441:(fMRI) study of patients with bipolar disorder found that such thinking is associated with exaggerated connectivity between the
1594:
33:
2574:
1235:
752:
602:
A relationship has been claimed between the age of onset of bipolar disorder and the occurrence of GDs. According to
Carlson
489:
438:
17:
199:, in some cases they may cause a person distress, in which case such beliefs may be clinically evaluated and diagnosed as a
2298:"Emotion and psychosis: Links between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations"
1233:
Smith, N.; Freeman D.; Kuipers E. (2005). "Grandiose
Delusions: An Experimental Investigation of the Delusion as Defense".
2660:
2448:
1991:
1858:
1776:
1204:
1177:
1150:
1389:
Bortolon, C., & Raffard, S. (2021). Pondering on how great I am: Does rumination play a role in grandiose ideas?.
1679:
1604:
1214:
1187:
1160:
1133:
1080:
1053:
946:
916:
882:
780:
223:
96:
2504:
853:
578:
Patients with mental disorders that experience grandiose delusions have been found to have a lower risk of having
456:
The defensive hypothesis bears a strong similarity to the psychodynamic mask model of non-delusional narcissistic
2599:
1593:
Tonkonogy, Joseph M; TonkonogiÄ, TM; Puente, AE (2009). "5 Disturbances in the
Recognition of the Social World".
559:
In diagnosing delusions, the MacArthur-Maudsley
Assessment of Delusions Schedule is used to assess the patient.
2604:
2078:
508:, including grandiose delusions. Grandiose delusions usually occur in patients with syndromes associated with
2655:
2483:
2350:
790:
delusions of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person
936:
665:
2165:
Suhail, K. (2003). "Phenomenology of delusions in
Pakistani patients: effect of gender and social class".
906:
504:
Patients with a wide range of mental disorders which disturb brain function experience different kinds of
1811:
Lin, J-T Y.; Ziegler, D. (1976). "Psychiatric symptoms with initiation of carbidopa-levodopa treatment".
484:, while frontal and frontotemporal involvement have been described in patients with grandiose delusions,
355:
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder distinguished by a loss of contact with reality and the occurrence of
1344:
1279:
969:
2167:
1677:
Cummings, Jeffrey L. (1985). "Organic delusions: phenomenology, anatomical correlations and review".
685:
446:
306:
Grandiose delusions frequently serve a very positive function by sustaining or increasing a person's
2510:
2536:
1280:"Grandiose delusions: A review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives"
78:
74:
513:
376:
287:
2614:
2441:
2302:
537:
517:
368:
2348:
Lucas, C.J.; et al. (1962). "A social and clinical study of delusions in schizophrenia".
1943:
Lehmann, J. (1966). "Mental disturbances followed by stupor in a patient with carcinoidosis".
742:
2521:
1739:
705:
670:
591:
771:
Sadock, B. J.; Sadock, VA (2008). "11.3 Delusional Disorder and Shared Psychotic Disorder".
2561:
2546:
2531:
2516:
2473:
1532:
Omar, Rohani; Sampson, Elizabeth L.; Loy, Clement T.; Mummery, Catherine J.; Fox, Nick C.;
680:
655:
485:
477:
200:
44:
8:
2457:
1813:
521:
219:
66:
2665:
2594:
2556:
2327:
2239:
2192:
2016:
1968:
1956:
1838:
1756:
1704:
1570:
1537:
1458:
1425:
1260:
1248:
1005:
549:
2128:
2037:
Beck, A.T.; Rush A.J.; Shaw B.F.; Emergy G (1979). "Cognitive Therapy of Depression".
1906:
985:
129:
2551:
2541:
2478:
2434:
2412:
2367:
2319:
2278:
2231:
2184:
2132:
2097:
2008:
1972:
1960:
1910:
1875:
1830:
1793:
1696:
1600:
1575:
1557:
1463:
1445:
1372:
1364:
1307:
1299:
1252:
1210:
1183:
1156:
1129:
1076:
1049:
1009:
997:
989:
942:
912:
878:
824:
776:
748:
710:
641:
572:
442:
142:
2331:
2243:
2196:
2020:
1842:
1760:
1708:
1264:
417:
Psychologists and psychiatrists have proposed multiple theoretical accounts of GDs:
2589:
2584:
2526:
2402:
2389:
RudaleviÄienÄ, P; Stompe, T; Narbekovas, A; RaĆĄkauskienÄ, N; BuneviÄius, R (2008).
2359:
2311:
2270:
2223:
2176:
2124:
2087:
2000:
1952:
1902:
1867:
1822:
1785:
1748:
1722:
McHugh, P.R; Folstein, M.F (1975). "Psychiatric syndromes in Huntington's chorea".
1688:
1565:
1549:
1453:
1437:
1356:
1291:
1244:
981:
816:
396:
874:
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy with Delusions and Hallucinations: A Practice Manual
421:
Delusion-as-defense: defense of the mind against lower self-esteem and depression.
2315:
1123:
1070:
872:
660:
545:
227:
185:
2493:
1426:"Understanding, treating, and renaming grandiose delusions: A qualitative study"
2274:
1360:
1179:
Bipolar Not Adhd: Unrecognized Epidemic of Manic Depressive Illness in Children
700:
360:
291:
2092:
2073:
1553:
1295:
820:
254:
diagnostic criteria for delusional disorders, grandiose-type symptoms include
2649:
2629:
2407:
2390:
1856:
Goggans, F.C. (1983). "A case of mania secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency".
1561:
1533:
1480:
Beck, A. T., & Rector, N. A. (2002). Delusions: A cognitive perspective.
1449:
1368:
1303:
1125:
Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders: A Step by Step Treatment Manual
993:
720:
568:
473:
384:
350:
215:
2363:
2227:
2004:
1789:
2416:
2371:
2323:
2282:
2235:
2188:
2136:
2101:
2012:
1579:
1467:
1376:
1311:
1256:
1097:
1001:
828:
469:
372:
189:
1964:
1914:
1879:
1871:
1797:
1700:
1692:
1152:
Understanding Paranoia: A Guide for Professionals, Families, and Sufferers
481:
2624:
2388:
1893:
Cooper, A.T. (1967). "Hypomanic psychosis precipitated by hemodialysis".
1834:
1826:
834:
690:
675:
650:
457:
380:
307:
255:
234:
196:
40:
1773:
1278:
Knowles, Rebecca; McCarthy-Jones, Simon; Rowse, Georgina (1 June 2011).
2634:
2488:
2426:
1752:
1441:
295:
294:, when, for example, the patient gives a thorough description of their
173:
2180:
1596:
Localization of Clinical Syndromes in Neuropsychology and Neuroscience
2213:
1988:
1345:"Attributional style in psychosisâThe role of affect and belief type"
533:
505:
356:
251:
2465:
2297:
635:
579:
449:(brain regions involved in self-relevant information-processing).
181:
169:
2391:"Are religious delusions related to religiosity in schizophrenia?"
1599:. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Conclusion, p. 288.
938:
Fish's Clinical Psychopathology: Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
233:
The term grandiose delusion overlaps with, but is distinct from,
177:
1045:
The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
715:
695:
541:
529:
180:, or otherwise very powerful. Grandiose delusions often have a
2036:
1737:
Bromberg, W. (1930). "Mental states in chronic encephalitis".
553:
525:
509:
402:
275:
207:
424:
Emotion-consistent: result of exaggerated positive emotions.
32:"Delusions of grandeur" redirects here. For other uses, see
1430:
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
773:
Kaplan and Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry
1342:
1277:
911:. Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 760.
536:
which modify the monoaminergic neurotransmitter function.
367:
Specifically, grandiose delusions are frequently found in
172:
characterized by extraordinary belief that one is famous,
1592:
1232:
1098:"Man who claimed to be 'Imam Mahdi' gets 24 months' jail"
967:
290:, which advise the patient that they are significant, or
1423:
908:
Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing: A Caring Approach
1391:
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry
1031:. California: Salem Press, Inc. 2003. pp. 718â719.
1531:
850:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
468:
Grandiose delusions may be related to lesions of the
432:
self-esteem and self-serving attributional style and
2260:
631:
2343:
2341:
1721:
1029:
Magill's Encyclopedia of Social Science: Psychology
476:lesions have been mainly reported in patients with
904:
1927:
1505:, 1415â1439. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00089.x
2647:
2338:
1538:"Delusions in frontotemporal lobar degeneration"
1068:
934:
1930:Neuropsychiatric Features of Medical Disorders
1810:
1023:
1021:
1019:
2442:
1048:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 122.
460:, which is also unsupported by the evidence.
1724:Psychiatric Aspectes of Neurological Disease
1182:. Lincoln: Writers Club Press. p. 184.
866:
864:
862:
770:
77:. There might be a discussion about this on
2289:
1499:Social & Personality Psychology Compass
1016:
963:
961:
959:
740:
528:has also been caused by substances such as
2449:
2435:
2051:
2045:
734:
412:
226:, and a substantial portion of those with
123:Expansive delusions, delusions of grandeur
2406:
2295:
2091:
2067:
2065:
2063:
1921:
1569:
1457:
941:. UK: RCPsych Publications. p. 138.
859:
852:Fourth edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
837:World Cultural Psychiatry Research Review
802:
800:
798:
286:Expansive delusions may be maintained by
218:, patients with the grandiose subtype of
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
2456:
1984:
1982:
1932:. New York: Plenum/Medical Book Company.
1736:
1730:
1676:
1670:
1228:
1226:
1075:. Oxford University Press. p. 676.
956:
843:
222:, frequently as a comorbid condition in
2114:
2108:
2032:
2030:
1942:
1936:
1855:
1849:
1095:
930:
928:
14:
2648:
2164:
2149:
2071:
2060:
1892:
1886:
1715:
1155:. West Port: Greenwoord. p. 252.
1148:
1121:
870:
795:
34:Delusions of grandeur (disambiguation)
2430:
2347:
1979:
1767:
1236:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1223:
1202:
1175:
747:. Taylor & Francis. p. 985.
490:delusional misidentification syndrome
439:functional magnetic resonance imaging
301:
245:
2027:
1041:
925:
766:
764:
49:
2384:
2256:
2209:
1804:
1128:. New York: Guilford. p. 722.
905:Davies, J.L.; Janosik E.H. (1991).
806:
552:have been found to cause secondary
390:
24:
2216:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1992:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1957:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1966.tb01921.x
1859:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1777:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1482:Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
1249:10.1097/01.nmd.0000168235.60469.cc
25:
2677:
1680:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1536:; Warren, Jason D. (April 2009).
761:
224:narcissistic personality disorder
2505:Ideas and delusions of reference
2152:World Cultural Psychiatry Review
2072:Sensky, T.; et al. (2000).
935:Casey, P.R.; Brendan K. (2007).
854:American Psychiatric Association
634:
619:themselves to be saints. Lucas
556:, and thus grandiose delusions.
344:
128:
54:
2600:Mirrored-self misidentification
2378:
2296:Smith, N.; et al. (2006).
2250:
2203:
2158:
2143:
1928:Jefferson, J.W.; Marshall J.R.
1653:
1635:
1617:
1586:
1525:
1508:
1491:
1474:
1417:
1400:
1383:
1336:
1318:
1271:
1196:
1169:
1142:
1115:
1089:
1072:A Guide to Assessment that Work
1069:Hunsley, J.; Mash E.J. (2008).
1062:
1035:
877:. Nelson Thornes. p. 339.
585:
463:
2605:Syndrome of subjective doubles
2263:American Journal of Psychiatry
2117:Journal of Affective Disorders
2079:Archives of General Psychiatry
2054:Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy
1945:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1408:Journal of Affective Disorders
1349:Behaviour Research and Therapy
898:
339:
274:exceptional relationship to a
13:
1:
2484:Delusional companion syndrome
2351:The Journal of Mental Science
2129:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00129-9
1907:10.1016/s0010-440x(67)80020-8
986:10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00236-X
727:
609:
2496:(Shared delusional disorder)
2316:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.018
2039:New York, NY. Guilford Press
744:The Dictionary of Psychology
666:Organic personality disorder
562:
499:
7:
627:
10:
2682:
2275:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.213
1361:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.002
1284:Clinical Psychology Review
809:Clinical Psychology Review
394:
348:
332:Positive social perception
38:
31:
2661:Symptoms of schizophrenia
2613:
2573:
2464:
2093:10.1001/archpsyc.57.2.165
2052:Salkovskis, P.M. (1996).
1554:10.1007/s00415-009-0128-7
1296:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.009
1096:Bernama (28 April 2016).
821:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.009
447:anterior cingulate cortex
141:
136:
127:
119:
114:
2537:Reduplicative paramnesia
2408:10.3390/medicina44070068
1895:Comprehensive Psychiatry
478:delusions of persecution
443:medial prefrontal cortex
39:Not to be confused with
2364:10.1192/bjp.108.457.747
2228:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1938
2005:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1938
1790:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1628
1209:. Rodale. p. 288.
582:thoughts and attempts.
413:Theories and mechanisms
288:auditory hallucinations
2303:Schizophrenia Research
2056:. New York: Guillford.
1327:Schizophrenia bulletin
538:Vitamin B12 deficiency
369:paranoid schizophrenia
317:Confidence in the self
2522:Monothematic delusion
2385:Knowles et al. (2011)
2257:Knowles et al. (2011)
2210:Knowles et al. (2011)
1872:10.1176/ajp.141.2.300
1740:Psychiatric Quarterly
1693:10.1192/bjp.146.2.184
1203:Fieve, R. R. (2009).
1122:Barlow, D.H. (2007).
974:The Lancet Psychiatry
871:Nelson, H.E. (2005).
706:Overconfidence effect
686:DunningâKruger effect
671:Persecutory delusions
592:persecutory delusions
359:behaviors, including
329:Supporting loved ones
214:, half of those with
162:delusions of grandeur
18:Delusions of grandeur
2656:Delusional disorders
2547:Thought broadcasting
2532:Persecutory delusion
2517:Clinical lycanthropy
2458:Delusional disorders
1827:10.1212/wnl.26.7.699
1644:NeuroImage: Clinical
1626:NeuroImage: Clinical
1542:Journal of Neurology
741:Ray Corsini (2016).
656:Illusory superiority
514:Huntington's disease
320:Overcoming adversity
237:. Grandiosity is an
201:psychiatric disorder
67:confusing or unclear
45:illusory superiority
2500:Grandiose delusions
1149:Kantor, M. (2004).
518:Parkinson's disease
220:delusional disorder
168:, are a subtype of
166:expansive delusions
154:Grandiose delusions
115:Grandiose delusions
75:clarify the article
27:Subtype of delusion
2595:Intermetamorphosis
2557:Thought withdrawal
1753:10.1007/bf01563408
1661:Brain and Behavior
1442:10.1111/papt.12260
1176:Isaac, G. (2001).
550:carcinoid syndrome
323:The "greater good"
302:Positive functions
246:Signs and symptoms
2643:
2642:
2577:misidentification
2552:Thought insertion
2542:Somatoparaphrenia
2479:Cryptic pregnancy
2474:Cotard's syndrome
2395:Medicina (Kaunas)
2222:(12): 1938â1943.
2181:10.1159/000072789
1999:(12): 1938â1943.
1784:(12): 1628â1629.
1534:Rossor, Martin N.
1355:(11): 1597â1607.
1042:Noll, R. (2009).
754:978-1-317-70570-3
711:Self-serving bias
642:Psychiatry portal
567:In patients with
486:Cotard's syndrome
278:or famous person.
250:According to the
186:science fictional
160:), also known as
151:
150:
109:Medical condition
107:
106:
99:
16:(Redirected from
2673:
2590:Fregoli delusion
2585:Capgras delusion
2527:Paranoid anxiety
2451:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2358:(457): 747â758.
2345:
2336:
2335:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2025:
2024:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1674:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1421:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1340:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1014:
1013:
965:
954:
952:
932:
923:
922:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
868:
857:
847:
841:
840:
832:
804:
793:
792:
768:
759:
758:
738:
644:
639:
638:
522:Wilson's disease
397:Bipolar disorder
391:Bipolar disorder
385:Muslim societies
212:bipolar disorder
132:
112:
111:
102:
95:
91:
88:
82:
58:
57:
50:
21:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2616:
2609:
2576:
2569:
2460:
2455:
2425:
2424:
2383:
2379:
2346:
2339:
2294:
2290:
2255:
2251:
2208:
2204:
2168:Psychopathology
2163:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2113:
2109:
2070:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2028:
1987:
1980:
1941:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1891:
1887:
1854:
1850:
1809:
1805:
1772:
1768:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1716:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1530:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1479:
1475:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1341:
1337:
1323:
1319:
1276:
1272:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1017:
980:(10): 792â803.
966:
957:
949:
933:
926:
919:
903:
899:
889:
887:
885:
869:
860:
848:
844:
805:
796:
788:Grandiose type:
783:
769:
762:
755:
739:
735:
730:
725:
661:Messiah complex
640:
633:
630:
612:
588:
565:
548:as well as the
546:hyperthyroidism
510:secondary mania
502:
466:
415:
399:
393:
353:
347:
342:
304:
248:
228:substance abuse
110:
103:
92:
86:
83:
72:
59:
55:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2401:(7): 529â535.
2377:
2337:
2310:(1): 181â188.
2288:
2269:(2): 213â219.
2249:
2202:
2175:(4): 195â199.
2157:
2142:
2123:(2): 107â117.
2107:
2086:(2): 165â172.
2059:
2044:
2026:
1978:
1951:(2): 153â161.
1935:
1920:
1901:(3): 168â172.
1885:
1866:(2): 300â301.
1848:
1821:(7): 679â700.
1803:
1766:
1747:(4): 537â566.
1729:
1714:
1687:(2): 184â197.
1669:
1652:
1634:
1616:
1605:
1585:
1548:(4): 600â607.
1524:
1507:
1490:
1473:
1436:(1): 119â140.
1416:
1399:
1382:
1335:
1317:
1290:(4): 684â696.
1270:
1243:(7): 480â487.
1222:
1215:
1195:
1188:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1054:
1034:
1015:
955:
947:
924:
917:
897:
883:
858:
842:
815:(4): 684â696.
794:
781:
760:
753:
732:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
701:Icarus complex
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
647:
646:
645:
629:
626:
611:
608:
587:
584:
564:
561:
501:
498:
465:
462:
426:
425:
422:
414:
411:
395:Main article:
392:
389:
361:hallucinations
349:Main article:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
303:
300:
292:confabulations
280:
279:
272:
269:
266:
263:
247:
244:
149:
148:
145:
139:
138:
134:
133:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
108:
105:
104:
62:
60:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2678:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Matchbox sign
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1606:9780826119681
1602:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1488:(4), 455â468.
1487:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1333:(3), 629â639.
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1216:9781605296456
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1189:9781475906493
1185:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1162:9780275981525
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1135:9781606237656
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1082:9780198042457
1078:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1055:9780816075089
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
960:
950:
948:9781904671329
944:
940:
939:
931:
929:
920:
918:9780867204421
914:
910:
909:
901:
886:
884:9780748792566
880:
876:
875:
867:
865:
863:
855:
851:
846:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
801:
799:
791:
789:
784:
782:9780781787468
778:
774:
767:
765:
756:
750:
746:
745:
737:
733:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
643:
637:
632:
625:
622:
617:
607:
605:
600:
597:
593:
583:
581:
576:
574:
570:
569:schizophrenia
560:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Temporal lobe
471:
461:
459:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
423:
420:
419:
418:
410:
406:
404:
398:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
352:
351:Schizophrenia
345:Schizophrenia
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
277:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
259:
257:
253:
243:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:schizophrenia
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
144:
140:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
113:
101:
98:
90:
80:
79:the talk page
76:
70:
68:
63:This article
61:
52:
51:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
2562:
2509:
2499:
2494:Folie Ă deux
2398:
2394:
2380:
2355:
2349:
2307:
2301:
2291:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2083:
2077:
2053:
2047:
2038:
1996:
1990:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1595:
1588:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1240:
1234:
1205:
1198:
1178:
1171:
1151:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1102:Malaysiakini
1101:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1044:
1037:
1028:
977:
973:
937:
907:
900:
888:. Retrieved
873:
845:
836:
812:
808:
787:
786:
772:
743:
736:
620:
615:
613:
603:
601:
595:
589:
586:Epidemiology
577:
566:
558:
524:. Secondary
503:
494:
470:frontal lobe
467:
464:Neurobiology
455:
451:
433:
429:
427:
416:
407:
400:
373:Jesus Christ
366:
354:
335:Spirituality
312:
305:
285:
281:
258:beliefs of:
249:
238:
232:
205:
194:
190:supernatural
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:
93:
84:
73:Please help
64:
29:
2625:Formication
2617:parasitosis
2563:Truman Show
1667:(5), e2580.
1107:30 November
691:Haughtiness
676:Put on airs
651:God complex
458:grandiosity
340:Comorbidity
308:self-esteem
256:exaggerated
235:grandiosity
230:disorders.
197:self-esteem
120:Other names
41:grandiosity
2650:Categories
2635:Morgellons
2615:Delusional
2575:Delusional
2489:Erotomania
1650:, 232â239.
1414:, 607â616.
839:: 157â163.
728:References
610:Prevalence
573:depression
512:, such as
296:coronation
262:self-worth
174:omnipotent
147:Psychiatry
69:to readers
2666:Delusions
2511:Idée fixe
1973:144556510
1814:Neurology
1632:, 102044.
1612:syndrome.
1562:0340-5354
1450:1476-0835
1397:, 101596.
1369:0005-7967
1304:0272-7358
1010:251940350
994:2215-0366
563:Treatment
534:isoniazid
506:delusions
500:Diagnosis
375:, or the
357:psychotic
326:Happiness
268:knowledge
252:DSM-IV-TR
210:state of
182:religious
143:Specialty
87:June 2024
2565:delusion
2417:18695349
2372:13931397
2332:31993235
2324:16857346
2283:10671389
2244:15263352
2236:10588408
2197:38400554
2189:14504453
2154:: 63â68.
2137:10837879
2102:10665619
2021:15263352
2013:10588408
1843:19413218
1761:33819397
1709:31949452
1580:19365594
1516:The self
1468:31785077
1377:16436270
1312:21482326
1265:22462383
1257:15985843
1002:36049491
890:5 August
829:21482326
721:ChĆ«nibyĆ
628:See also
580:suicidal
482:of guilt
381:End time
271:identity
239:attitude
170:delusion
2466:General
1965:5958539
1915:6046067
1880:6691503
1798:7304799
1701:3156653
1571:2756566
1459:7984144
681:Pronoia
178:wealthy
65:may be
2415:
2387:cites
2370:
2330:
2322:
2281:
2259:cites
2242:
2234:
2212:cites
2195:
2187:
2135:
2100:
2019:
2011:
1971:
1963:
1913:
1878:
1841:
1835:945518
1833:
1796:
1759:
1707:
1699:
1603:
1578:
1568:
1560:
1522:, 138.
1466:
1456:
1448:
1375:
1367:
1310:
1302:
1263:
1255:
1213:
1186:
1159:
1132:
1079:
1052:
1008:
1000:
992:
945:
915:
881:
856:(2000)
833:cites
827:
779:
751:
716:Vanity
696:Hubris
616:et al.
604:et al.
596:et al.
542:uremia
530:L-DOPA
520:, and
488:, and
2328:S2CID
2240:S2CID
2193:S2CID
2017:S2CID
1969:S2CID
1839:S2CID
1757:S2CID
1705:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1006:S2CID
621:et al
554:mania
526:mania
403:mania
377:Mahdi
276:deity
265:power
208:manic
188:, or
2413:PMID
2368:PMID
2320:PMID
2279:PMID
2232:PMID
2185:PMID
2133:PMID
2098:PMID
2009:PMID
1961:PMID
1911:PMID
1876:PMID
1831:PMID
1794:PMID
1697:PMID
1601:ISBN
1576:PMID
1558:ISSN
1464:PMID
1446:ISSN
1373:PMID
1365:ISSN
1308:PMID
1300:ISSN
1253:PMID
1211:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1109:2022
1077:ISBN
1050:ISBN
998:PMID
990:ISSN
943:ISBN
913:ISBN
892:2012
879:ISBN
825:PMID
777:ISBN
749:ISBN
532:and
480:and
445:and
430:high
2403:doi
2360:doi
2356:108
2312:doi
2271:doi
2267:157
2224:doi
2220:156
2177:doi
2125:doi
2088:doi
2001:doi
1997:156
1953:doi
1903:doi
1868:doi
1864:141
1823:doi
1786:doi
1782:138
1749:doi
1689:doi
1685:146
1566:PMC
1550:doi
1546:256
1520:115
1454:PMC
1438:doi
1412:323
1357:doi
1292:doi
1245:doi
1241:193
982:doi
817:doi
434:low
383:in
379:of
164:or
158:GDs
43:or
2652::
2411:.
2399:44
2397:.
2393:.
2366:.
2354:.
2340:^
2326:.
2318:.
2308:86
2306:.
2300:.
2277:.
2265:.
2238:.
2230:.
2218:.
2191:.
2183:.
2173:36
2171:.
2131:.
2121:59
2119:.
2096:.
2084:57
2082:.
2076:.
2062:^
2029:^
2015:.
2007:.
1995:.
1981:^
1967:.
1959:.
1949:42
1947:.
1909:.
1897:.
1874:.
1862:.
1837:.
1829:.
1819:26
1817:.
1792:.
1780:.
1755:.
1743:.
1703:.
1695:.
1683:.
1665:12
1663:,
1646:,
1630:24
1628:,
1609:.
1574:.
1564:.
1556:.
1544:.
1540:.
1518:,
1501:,
1486:16
1484:,
1462:.
1452:.
1444:.
1434:94
1432:.
1428:.
1410:,
1395:70
1393:,
1371:.
1363:.
1353:44
1351:.
1347:.
1331:39
1329:,
1306:.
1298:.
1288:31
1286:.
1282:.
1259:.
1251:.
1239:.
1225:^
1100:.
1018:^
1004:.
996:.
988:.
976:.
972:.
958:^
927:^
861:^
823:.
813:31
811:.
797:^
785:.
763:^
544:,
540:,
516:,
492:.
472:.
387:.
203:.
184:,
176:,
2450:e
2443:t
2436:v
2419:.
2405::
2374:.
2362::
2334:.
2314::
2285:.
2273::
2246:.
2226::
2199:.
2179::
2139:.
2127::
2104:.
2090::
2041:.
2023:.
2003::
1975:.
1955::
1917:.
1905::
1899:8
1882:.
1870::
1845:.
1825::
1800:.
1788::
1763:.
1751::
1745:4
1726:.
1711:.
1691::
1648:4
1582:.
1552::
1503:2
1470:.
1440::
1379:.
1359::
1314:.
1294::
1267:.
1247::
1219:.
1192:.
1165:.
1138:.
1111:.
1085:.
1058:.
1012:.
984::
978:9
953:.
951:.
921:.
894:.
831:.
819::
757:.
156:(
100:)
94:(
89:)
85:(
81:.
71:.
47:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
