Delhi Sultanate - Knowledge

2108:), as the second administrative capital of the Delhi Sultanate. He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Delhi, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enrol them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim. Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad seeing their non-compliance with his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived into Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained an administrative centre. One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the hatred of the nobility to the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time. The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite and result in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad who did not return to Delhi, without which the rise of the Bahmanid kingdom to challenge the Vijayanagara kingdom would not have been possible. Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration temples, for example, the Svayambhu Shiva Temple and the 3043: 3986: 3139: 2077: 3010:

memorialized in the Ghaznavid state, now the templates for the Delhi Sultanate. Cast within a historical narrative it allowed for a more self-reflective, linear rooting of the Sultanate in the great traditions of Muslim statecraft. Over time, successive Muslim dynasties created a "centralized structure in the Persian tradition whose task was to mobilize human and material resources for the ongoing armed struggle against both Mongol and Hindu monarchies". The monarch was not the Sultan of the Hindus or of, say, the people of Haryana, rather in the eyes of the Sultanate's chroniclers, the Muslims constituted what in more recent times would be termed a "Staatsvolk". For many Muslim observers, the ultimate justification for any ruler within the Islamic world was the protection and advancement of the faith. For the Sultans, as for their Ghaznavid and Ghurid predecessors, this entailed the suppression of heterodox Muslims, and

3381: 3256: 4628: 2270:. He became aware of the weakness and quarrelling of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, so he marched with his army to Delhi, plundering and killing all the way. Estimates for the massacre by Timur in Delhi range from 100,000 to 200,000 people. Timur had no intention of staying in or ruling India. He looted the lands he crossed, then plundered and burnt Delhi. Over fifteen days, Timur and his army raged a massacre. Then he collected wealth, captured women and men and children, and enslaved people (particularly skilled artisans), and returning with this loot to Samarkand. The people and lands within the Delhi Sultanate were left in a state of anarchy, chaos, and pestilence. Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, who had fled to Gujarat during Timur's invasion, returned and nominally ruled as the last ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, as a puppet of the various factions at the court. 1971:

prevent any opposition forming against him, and he cut salaries of officials, poets, scholars. These tax policies and spending controls strengthened his treasury to pay the keep of his growing army; he also introduced price controls on all agricultural produce and goods in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, by whom these goods could be sold. Markets called "shahana-i-mandi" were created. Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these "mandis" to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Those found violating these "mandi" rules were severely punished, often by mutilation. Taxes collected in the form of grain were stored in the kingdom's storage. During famines that followed, these granaries ensured sufficient food for the army.

4733: 3758: 2132:. During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies such as the base metal coins from 1329 to 1332. Famines, widespread poverty, and rebellion grew across the kingdom. In 1338 his nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught, flayed alive, killed ultimately. By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom. The historian Walford chronicled that Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule in the years after the base metal coin experiment. In 1335, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a Sayyid native of 3789: 2222:

and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of Muslim nobles, who were converted to Islam, taught to read and memorize the Quran, and employed in many offices especially in the military, out of which he was able to amass a large army. These slaves were known as the Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi formed an elite guard which later became influential in the state. The reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, elimination of favours to select parts of society, but also increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups, the latter of which resulting in conversion of significant parts of the population to Islam.

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and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though the non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture that was mixed in nature, different from ancient Indian culture. The overwhelming majority of Muslims in India were Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.

3837: 2226: 3857: 2345: 2166: 1006: 1022: 4695: 1799: 12086: 4079:(fee, tax). For example, a proposal by the Chinese to repair Himalayan Buddhist temples destroyed by the Sultanate army was refused, because such temple repairs were only allowed if the Chinese agreed to pay jizya tax to the treasury of the Sultanate. According to Eva De Clercq, an expert in the study of Jainism, the Delhi Sultans did not strictly prohibit construction of new temples in the sultanate, Islamic law notwithstanding. In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq describes how he destroyed temples and built mosques instead and killed those who dared build new temples. Other historical records from 1793: 11770: 107: 3805: 4676: 3821: 3637: 1667: 2426: 83: 2285: 1522: 1990:. Anyone Ala ud-Din suspected of being a threat to this power was killed along with the men, women, children of that family. He grew to eventually distrust the majority of his nobles and favoured only a handful of his slaves and family. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 Mongols near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to a mutiny during an invasion of Gujarat. He is also known for his cruelty against kingdoms he defeated in battle. 2157: 3453: 1751: 2024: 11726: 2387: 1564: 1013: 2069:, poetry and other fields. He was also deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, he ordered the minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins – a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses and used them to pay taxes and 8714:

his forebears were Arabs, who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him to the post, but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.

4798: 1975: 11714: 3584:, built for the same Delhi rulers, again with corbelled arches and domes. Here Hindu temple columns (and possibly some new ones) are piled up in threes to achieve extra height. Both mosques had large detached screens with pointed corbelled arches added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a couple of decades later. In these, the central arch is taller, in imitation of an 9606: 5537:(machine with wheel-pots attached), and according to Pacey, water-raising devices were used for irrigation in Ancient India predating their use in the Roman empire or China. Greco-Roman tradition, on the other hand, asserts that the device was introduced to India from the Roman Empire. Furthermore, South Indian mathematician 3099:). The price controls were inflexible even during droughts. Capitalist investors were completely banned from participating in the horse trade, animal and slave brokers were forbidden from collecting commissions, and private merchants were eliminated from all animal and slave markets. Bans were instituted against 1638:(Might of Islam) Mosque was built by Aibak, now a UNESCO world heritage site. The Qutub Minar Complex was expanded by Iltutmish, and later by Ala ud-Din Khalji in the early 14th century. During the Mamluk dynasty, many nobles from Afghanistan and Persia migrated and settled in India, as West Asia came under 1468:, the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave, who raided and plundered kingdoms in northern India from east of the Indus river to west of the Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030. Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retreated each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab. 2208:(1351–1388), who tried to regain the old kingdom, boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall. Firuz Shah ruled for 37 years. His reign was marked with prosperity much of which was due to the wise and capable Grand Vizier, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, a South Indian 4066:

The first historical record of a campaign of destruction of temples and defacement of faces or heads of Hindu idols lasted from 1193 to 1194 in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh under the command of Ghuri. Under the Mamluks and Khaljis, the campaign of temple desecration expanded to Bihar,

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While the Indian subcontinent has had invaders from Central Asia since ancient times, what made the Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal

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Traders regarded the regulations as burdensome, and violations were severely punished, leading to further resentment among the traders. A network of spies was instituted to ensure the implementation of the system; even after price controls were lifted after Khalji's death, Barani claims that the fear

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The economic policy of the Delhi Sultanate was characterized by greater government involvement in the economy relative to the Classical Hindu dynasties, and increased penalties for private businesses that broke government regulations. Alauddin Khalji replaced the private markets with four centralized

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sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild temples that his armies had destroyed. Firuz Shah Tughlaq also lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and jizya for those who convert,

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Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning, the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left, they carried their colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-ud-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon

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In the majority of cases, the demolished remains, rocks and broken statue pieces of temples destroyed by Delhi sultans were reused to build mosques and other buildings. For example, the Qutb complex in Delhi was built from stones from 27 demolished Hindu and Jain temples by some accounts. Similarly,

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according to the wide spectrum of the educated Muslim community within the subcontinent. The balance of the evidence is that in the latter half of the fourteenth century, if not before, the jizyah was levied as a discriminatory tax on non-Muslims, although even then it is difficult to see how such a

2461:, an ancient Hindu city that had been destroyed during the plunder and attacks of the early Delhi Sultanate period. Sikandar thus erected buildings with Indo-Islamic architecture in Agra during his rule, and the growth of Agra continued during the Mughal Empire, after the end of the Delhi Sultanate. 2360:

With the power of the Sayyid dynasty faltering, Islam's history on the Indian subcontinent underwent a profound change, according to Schimmel. The previously dominant Sunni sect of Islam became diluted, alternate Muslim sects such as Shia rose, and new competing centres of Islamic culture took roots

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The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation 'Sayyid', which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but it is likely that

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Khan-i-Jahan was a Brahmin from Telangana whose original name was Kattu or Kannu. Kannu was brought a captive to Delhi where he embraced Islam and was given the name of Maqbul. No wonder, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul and his family made a great contribution towards the initial administrative achievements of

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It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhammad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the

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were common headwear. The turbans were wrapped around the kullah (caps), and the feet were covered with red boots. The Wazirs and Katibs also dressed like the soldiers, except they did not use belts, and often let down a piece of cloth in front of them in the manner of the Sufis. The judges and the

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state and that its ruler, Mahmud Ghaznavi, provided the foundation and inspiration integral in the making of the Delhi regime. The Mongol and Hindus monarchies were the great "Others" in these narratives and the Persianate and class-conscious, aristocratic virtues of the ideal state were creatively

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Muslim. His reign attempted to stabilize the food supply and reduce famines by commissioning an irrigation canal from the Yamuna river. An educated sultan, Firuz Shah left a memoir. In it he wrote that he banned the practice of torture, such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive,

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in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In

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India and China have connections throughout the thousands of years of history. Paper had already reached some parts of India as early as the 6th or 7th century, initially through Chinese travellers and the ancient silk road which India was very well connected with. Earlier some historians believed

3252:, of which the sultanates represented a significant part, grew nearly 8% to $ 60.5 billion in 1500. Though the overall the percentage of the GDP share reduced from 33% to 22% According to Maddison's estimates, India's population grew from 85million in 1200 to 101 million in 1500 AD in the period. 3014:

attached some importance to the fact that he had acted against the ashab-i had-u ibadat (deviators and latitudinarians). It also involved plundering and extorting tribute from, independent Hindu principalities. Firuz Shah, who believed that India was changed into a Muslim nation, declared that "no

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assumed power. Ibrahim did not enjoy the support of Afghan and Persian nobles or regional chiefs. Ibrahim attacked and killed his elder brother Jalal Khan, who was installed as the governor of Jaunpur by his father and had the support of the amirs and chiefs. Ibrahim Lodi was unable to consolidate

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Ala ud-Din Khalji changed tax policies, raising agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% (payable in grain and agricultural produce), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banning socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help

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was invented in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries; Habib states that the development may likely occurred in peninsular India, before becoming more widespread across India during the Mughal era. The incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin may have appeared sometime during the late

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We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the

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A Description of Indian and Oriental Armour Illustrated from the Collection Formerly in the India Office, Now Exhibited at South Kensington, and the Author's Private Collection, with a Map, Twenty-three Full-page Plates (two Coloured), and Numerous Woodcuts, with an Introductory Sketch of the

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remarked that Bengali paper was white and made from "bark of a tree" similar to the Chinese method of papermaking (as opposed to the Middle-Eastern method of using rags and waste material), suggesting a direct route from China for the arrival of paper in Bengal and paper was already very well

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Beyond destruction and desecration, the sultans of the Delhi Sultanate in some cases had forbidden the reconstruction or repair of damaged Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples. In certain cases, the Sultanate would grant a permit for repairs and construction of temples if the patron or religious

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kings against rival Indian kingdoms between 642 and 1520, involving conflict between devotees of different Hindu deities, as well as between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains at small scales. He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the

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Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate. Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Muhammad Ghori in South Asia by that time.

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was introduced to India from Iran during the Delhi Sultanate. Smith and Cothren suggested that it was invented in India during the latter half of the first millennium, but Pacey and Habib said these early references to cotton spinning do not identify a wheel, but more likely refer to

1701:. He was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension and was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public. Jalal ud-Din Firuz ruled for 6 years before he was murdered in 1296 by Muhammad Salim of Samana, on the orders of his nephew and son-in-law 6298:... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from the Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ... 2005:, who ruled for four years before he was killed by Khusro Khan, another slave-general with Hindu origins, who reverted from Islam and favoured his Hindu Baradu military clan in the nobility. Khusro Khan's reign lasted only a few months, when Ghazi Malik, later to be called 2372:", i.e. merely 13 kilometres (8.1 mi). Historian Richard M. Eaton noted that this saying showcased how the "once-mighty empire had become a joke". The Sayyid dynasty was displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451, however, resulting in a resurgence of the Delhi Sultanate. 1544:

origin, and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as the Mamluk dynasty. Aibak reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years, from 1206 to 1210. Aibak was praised by the contemporary and later accounts for his generosity and due to this was called with the sobriquet of

4694: 4651: 3695:. Unlike the buildings mentioned previously, it completely lacks carved texts and sits in a compound with high walls and battlements. Both these tombs have external walls sloping slightly inwards, by 25° in the Delhi tomb, like many fortifications including the ruined 2341:. His authority was questioned even by those near Delhi. His successor was Mubarak Khan, who renamed himself Mubarak Shah, discontinued his father's nominal allegiance to Timur and unsuccessfully tried to regain lost territories in Punjab from Khokhar warlords. 2316:

is of the opinion that Khizr Khan's ancestors were likely descendants of an Arab family who had long ago settled in the region of Multan during the early Tughluq period, but he doubts his Sayyid lineage. A.L. Srivastava shares a similar viewpoint. According to

1599:, who asserted his rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori. Iltutmish's rule lasted until 1236. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate saw a succession of weak rulers, disputing Muslim nobility, assassinations, short-lived tenures. Power shifted from 4005:

being desecrated or destroyed in India during the Delhi Sultanate, from 1234 to 1518, for which reasonable evidences are available. He notes that this was not unusual in medieval India, as there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by

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originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate, and liberated south India from the Delhi Sultanate's rule. In the 1330s, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered an invasion of China, sending part of his forces over the

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was installed on the throne. The anamalous institution of the Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi became a corrupting influence on the successive Sultans following Firuz Shah. The last rulers of this dynasty both called themselves Sultan from 1394 to 1397:

1560:. Iltutmish's power was precarious, and several Muslim amirs (nobles) challenged his authority as they had been supporters of Qutb al-Din Aibak. After a series of conquests and brutal executions of opposition, Iltutmish consolidated his power. 7828: 5906:

Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540–1555) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis

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again corbelled, and is now missing, and the intricate carving has been described as having an "angular harshness", from carvers working in an unfamiliar tradition. Other elements were added to the complex over the next two centuries.

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gatehouse at the Qutb complex, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. Bold contrasting colours of masonry, with red

1778:. They collected much war booty (anwatan) from those they defeated. His commanders collected war spoils and paid ghanima (Arabic: الْغَنيمَة, a tax on spoils of war), which helped strengthen the Khalji rule. Among the spoils was the 3279:

also previously existed in India, as described by various Chinese monks and Arab travellers and writers in their books. During the Delhi Sultanate, various mechanical devices were introduced from the Islamic world to India, such as

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They had corps of regulars, the watch, formed primarily of mounted archers but which also had an advance reserve, the blemish, of lancers. The wajih had a nucleus of the elite khasakhail or household cavalry, composed largely of

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Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by Delhi Sultans, intermixed with certain years where the temples were protected from desecration. In his paper, he has listed 37 instances of

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The Delhi Sultanate period coincided with more use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent. India previously already had highly sophisticated agriculture, food crops, textiles, medicine, minerals, and metals.

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Alberuni's India : an Account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India about A.D. 1030. An English Edition, with Notes and Indices by Edward C.

3612:, introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. The pointed arches come together slightly at their base, giving a mild 8796:

And we find that a Khokhar chieftain, Khizr Khan who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had

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and ruled from 1489 to 1517. One of the better-known rulers of the dynasty, Sikandar Lodi expelled his brother Barbak Shah from Jaunpur, installed his son Jalal Khan as the ruler, then proceeded east to make claims on

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The series of raids on northern and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni. The raids did not establish or extend the permanent boundaries of the Islamic kingdoms. In contrast, the

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After Ala ud-Din died in 1316 by assassination through his nobles, his general Malik Kafur, who was born to a Hindu family but converted to Islam, assumed de facto power and was supported by non-Khalji nobles like

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Barnett & Haig (1926), A review of History of Mediaeval India, from ad 647 to the Mughal Conquest – Ishwari Prasad, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 58(04), pp

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The Khaiji rule proved much stronger for the Rajput principalities ... A new wave of invasions and conquests began, which ended only when practically the whole of India had been bought under the sway of the Delhi

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and other indigenous Indian styles. Both types of building essentially consist of a single large space under a high dome, and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temple architecture.

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of some of its subjects rather than exclusive supreme control. Accordingly, it did not interfere with the autonomy and military of certain conquered Hindu rulers and freely included Hindu vassals and officials.

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The claim of Khizr Khān, who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids, to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious, and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl-ud-dīn of

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Some historians argue that the Delhi Sultanate was responsible for making India more multicultural and cosmopolitan. The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in India has been compared to the expansion of the

1480:(commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor) began a systematic war of expansion into northern India in 1173. He sought to carve out a principality for himself and expand the Islamic world. Muhammad of Ghor created a 9141: 3757: 2213:

crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, setting people on fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others. He also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz

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Sultan Firuz Tughlaq, the peace and prosperity of his reign during the first two decades are unintelligible unless the services rendered by Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul to the throne are taken into consideration.

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While the sacking of cities was not uncommon in medieval warfare, the army of the Delhi Sultanate also often destroyed cities in their military expeditions. According to Jain chronicler Jinaprabha Suri,

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Delhi Sultanate era from 1000 to 1500, India as a whole experienced lasting population growth for the first time in a thousand years, with its population increasing nearly 50% to 110 million by 1500 AD.

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The establishment of the Sultanate drew the Indian subcontinent more closely into international and multicultural Islamic social and economic networks, as seen concretely in the development of the

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conquest. There was often a pattern of Delhi sultans plundering or damaging temples during conquest, and then patronizing or repairing temples after conquest. This pattern came to an end with the

8190:"Interpretation of the most ancient of inscriptions on the pillar called lat of Feroz Shah, near Delhi, and of the Allahabad, Radhia and Mattiah pillar, or lat inscriptions which agree therewith" 7468: 6823:

All contemporary and later chroniclers praise the qualities of loyalty, generosity, courage and justice in his character. His generosity won for him the sobriquet of lakhbaksh (giver of lakhs)

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The Tughlaqs had a corps of government architects and builders, and in this and other roles employed many Hindus. They left many buildings and a standardized dynastic style. The third sultan,

2453:. The Muslim governors of Bihar agreed to pay tribute and taxes but operated independently of the Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar Lodi led a campaign of destruction of temples, particularly around 4087:

and the court historians of various Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate describe the grandeur of idols and temples they witnessed in their campaigns and how these were destroyed and desecrated.

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measure could have been enforced outside the principal centres of Muslim authority. The Delhi Sultanate also continued the governmental conventions of the previous Hindu polities, claiming

1998:. However, he lacked the support of the majority of Khalji's nobles who had him assassinated, hoping to take power for themselves. However, the new ruler had the killers of Kafur executed. 3187:, which were composed of elite household cavalry archers who came from slave backgrounds. A major military contribution of the Delhi Sultanate was their successful campaigns repelling the 3110:

Various licensing rules were imposed. Registration of merchants was required, and expensive goods such as certain fabrics were deemed "unnecessary" for the general public and required a

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In 1451 Bahlul Khan, a Khalji of the Lodhi clan, deposed the then sultan and founded a second Afghan sultanate, the Lodhi Dynasty, which ruled northern India for 75 years (1451–1526).

5722:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962/1206–1555). 3741:

halls. After the death of Firoz the Tughlaqs declined, and the following Delhi dynasties were weak. Most of the monumental buildings constructed were tombs, although the impressive

10237: 10205: 2368:(whose name translated to "king of the world"), this resulted in a common northern Indian witticism, according to which the "kingdom of the king of the world extends from Delhi to 8071: 3433:

The officers, the Sultans, Khans, Maliks and the soldiers wore the Islamic qabas dress in the style of Khwarezm, which were tucked in the middle of the body, while the turban and

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that paper failed to catch on as palmyra leaves and birch bark remained far more popular but this theory was discredited later on. On the other hand, paper may have arrived in

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in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Delhi Sultanate armies and rebuilt by Chaulukya armies. It was destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 and was rebuilt afterwards.

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Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, and continued through the late 13th century. The campaign extended to Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu under Malik Kafur and

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with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and Afghanistan. Timber is also used internally. This was the earliest major monument of the

3549:, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower. The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is 7817:, p. 115: "The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals –Delhi and Daulatabad." 6794:

Jackson P. (1990), The Mamlūk institution in early Muslim India, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 122(02), pp. 340–358.

742:. As a successor to the Ghurid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate was originally one among several principalities ruled by the Turkic slave-generals of Muhammad Ghori, including 5404: 3557:

bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage. In general minarets were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.

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and called "part of a larger trend occurring throughout much of Eurasia, in which nomadic people migrated from the steppes of Inner Asia and became politically dominant".

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The strength of the armies changes according to time. Historians states the Delhi sultanate during Khalji dynasty maintain of 300,000–400,000 horse cavalry and 2500–3000

971:, where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-Muslim nomadic Turks from the Central Asian steppes and raising many of them to become loyal army slaves called 13092:

These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

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is a ruin, but parts are in fair condition. Some buildings from his reign take forms that had been rare or unknown in Islamic buildings. He was buried in the large

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Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu

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The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.

8817:, p. 105 "The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.". 10045:. London: John Murray, 1943. p. 79. Mandl, George. "Paper Chase: A Millennium in the Production and Use of Paper". Myers, Robin & Michael Harris (eds). 1492:

Shia Muslims. After the assassination, one of Ghori's slaves (or Mamluks), the Turkic Qutb al-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi.

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gardens, ponds, tombs and mosques) were constructed by the late Lodi dynasty. The architecture of other regional Muslim states was often more impressive.

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Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in 1351 while trying to chase and punish people in Gujarat who were rebelling against the Delhi Sultanate. He was succeeded by

1770:

After the Mongols withdrew, Ala ud-Din Khalji continued to expand the Delhi Sultanate into southern India with the help of Indian slave generals such as

1442:

invasion of the subcontinent. Orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205, which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.

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and ruled for 26 years. During his rule, the Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, covering most of the Indian subcontinent.

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was young and inexperienced and gave himself up to wine and pleasure. The nobles rose against him killed the Sultan and his vizier, and installed

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The members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.

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are generally perceived to be unfavorable, as mass forcible conversions were popular during the sultanate's rule and large-scale desecrations of

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or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick

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and tombs much the most common, were very different from those previously built in India. The exteriors of both were very often topped by large

2119:

Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk. The

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The old Firoz Shahi slaves , however , turned against Abu Bakr , who fled , and on their invitation Sultan Muhammad " entered the city and took

8018:, pp 70–72; Quote: "In 1335–42, during a severe famine and death in the Delhi region, the Sultanate offered no help to the starving residents." 1433: 766:. The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent under 3483:

introduced a large Islamic state to India, using Central Asian styles. The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with

1461:

that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.

758:, that had inherited and divided the Ghurid territories amongst themselves. Khalji and Tughlaq rule ushered a new wave of rapid and ceaseless 13144: 12676: 10970:

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5349: 7423: 1615:, a council of 40 Turkic slaves who had played a role as kingmakers and had been independent of the Sultan. He was succeeded by 17-year-old 13061: 2333:

clan. The Timurid invasion and plunder had left the Delhi Sultanate in shambles, and little is known about the rule by the Sayyid dynasty.

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In the course of the late Sayyid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate shrank until it became a minor power. By the time of the last Sayyid ruler,

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set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, intelligentsia, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from those regions

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and plunder raids from the northwest. The Mongols withdrew after plundering and stopped raiding northwest parts of the Delhi Sultanate.

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in the 14th century, and by the Bahmanis in the 15th century. Orissa temples were destroyed in the 14th century under the Tughlaqs.

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to expand the influence of the Delhi Sultanate and was partially successful through a treaty. Thereafter, the region from Delhi to

1953: 8365: 8231: 5919: 3820: 1464:

By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia faced a series of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia. Among them was

13094: 11758: 7868:, p. 115: "The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan." 6749:

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5774:, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in 3107:, granaries were nationalized and limits were placed on the amount of grain that could be used by cultivators for personal use. 13124: 6176: 3729:

By this time Islamic architecture in India had adopted some features of earlier Indian architecture, such as the use of a high

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effect, and their internal edges are not cusped but lined with conventionalized "spearhead" projections, possibly representing

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government-run markets, appointed a "market controller", and implemented strict price controls on all kinds of goods, "from

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their claim of Descendants of Prophet Mohammad is dubious but it seems certain that Khizr Khan's ancestors came from Arabia

7305:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 312. 3706:(r. 1351–88) is said to have designed buildings himself and was the longest ruler and greatest builder of the dynasty. His 10991:

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877:, the terminology applied to domains under Delhi Sultanate was often unspecified. It was called as "Empire of Delhi" 8409: 8029: 4051:

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778:'s devastating raid on Delhi in 1398, followed soon afterwards by the re-emergence of rival Hindu powers such as 17: 1961:

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protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. For example, a

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According to a hymn, Muhammad bin Tughlaq is said to have killed 12,000 Hindu ascetics during the sacking of

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Territory of the Tughlaq dynasty circa 1330–1335, corresponding to the maximum extent of the Delhi Sultanate.

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in Delhi, with many other buildings from his period and the later Sultanate, including several small domed

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3949: 3434: 3401: 3316:. The earliest unambiguous reference to a spinning wheel in India is dated to 1350. The worm gear roller 11657: 11493: 9796:

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8436: 3300:. Later, Mughal emperor Babur provided a description on the use of water wheels in the Delhi Sultanate. 13129: 12605: 11266: 11229: 10897: 10283: 8260:, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives 7687: 6491:. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5471: 5329: 4863: 4833: 4807: 2036: 82: 11164: 8189: 5979:

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11466: 11452: 9955: 9077: 5466: 5438: 5414: 5344: 5339: 4885: 4777: 4052: 3707: 3496: 3447: 3348: 3231: 3211:. Were it not for the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongol Empire may have been successful in invading India. 3208: 3192: 2494: 2225: 1744: 1661: 1326: 1263: 1109: 987:. Many of the Turkic Mamluk slaves eventually rose to become rulers and conquered large parts of the 818: 10722: 6041: 2503:: "The elite of the early Delhi sultanate comprised overwhelmingly first-generation immigrants from 13114: 12433: 11653: 10047:

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7269: 6137:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 198. 5276: 5061: 4535: 4381: 3671:(1320–1413), built during the unsustainable expansion of its massive territory. It was built for a 3656: 3640: 3358: 3200: 2970: 2827: 2141: 1501: 395: 247: 8774: 3183:

The nucleus of this Southeast Asian sultanate military were the Turco-Afghani regular units named

2266:, also known as Tamerlane in Western scholarly literature, was the Turkicized Mongol ruler of the 2259: 12461: 12405: 12152: 12148: 11988: 11806: 11801: 11567:

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2478: 2344: 1289: 1250: 1144: 803: 735: 11426:. In Kissling, H. J.; Barbour, N.; Spuler, Bertold; Trimingham, J. S.; Bagley, F. R. C. (eds.). 7411:

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in his incorrect proposal for a perpetual motion machine. Srivastava argues that the Sakia, or

5151: 4681: 4409: 3795: 3680: 3648: 3550: 3249: 3142: 2765: 2728: 2562: 2190:. Firuz Shah Tughlaq decided otherwise and had them installed near mosques. The meaning of the 2174:

The Tughlaq dynasty is remembered for its architectural patronage, such as the construction of

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6098: 6013: 5825: 2422:(then at the border of Bengal province), was back under the influence of the Delhi Sultanate. 12928: 12882: 12490: 10739: 10670: 10631: 10029: 10000: 7493: 7128: 7063: 6688: 5777: 5757: 5379: 5364: 5354: 5243: 4739: 4300: 3354: 2477:

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Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu

13081: 12144: 11863: 11818: 10872: 9529: 9459: 7394: 5481: 4020: 3934: 3898: 3764: 3734: 3588:. At Ajmer, the smaller screen arches are tentatively cusped, for the first time in India. 3573: 3375: 3130:

of his spies remained and that people continued to avoid trading in expensive commodities.

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5973: 3683:(d. 1325) is more austere, but impressive; like a Hindu temple, it is topped with a small 8: 12822: 12441: 12066: 11888: 11377: 5501: 5491: 5184: 5104: 5093: 4967: 4955: 4759: 4341:

Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

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2258:, which was a few miles from Delhi. The battle between the two relatives continued until 2120: 2093: 2089: 1736: 1709: 1698: 1620: 1611:

came to power and ruled from 1266 to 1287. Ghiyasuddin Balban destroyed the power of the

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Jordanus, Catalani; Yule, Henry; Parr, Charles McKew donor; Parr, Ruth (1863).

10224: 10192: 10071: 8054: 6808: 5738: 5384: 5237: 5178: 5166: 5156: 5137: 5081: 5009: 4938: 4712: 4618: 4141: 4028: 3910: 3811: 3613: 3596: 3539: 3362: 3308: 3245: 3174: 2865: 2689: 2520: 2516: 2411: 2338: 2293: 2279: 2267: 1755: 1691: 1679: 1671: 1655: 1612: 1473: 1405: 1390: 1241: 1218: 1086: 1071: 952: 696: 688: 654: 343: 332: 230: 10472: 10125: 6574:

Richard M. Frye, "Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Cultures in Central Asia", in

5893: 5880:

Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics".

5593:

temple went through cycles of destruction by Sultans and rebuilding by Hindus.

4916: 2039:

or Turkic Muslim dynasty, which lasted from 1320 to 1413. The first ruler was

1666: 1556:

assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Aibak's son-in-law,

13108: 13004: 12994: 12797: 12686: 12585: 12540: 12413: 12335: 12331: 12301: 12245: 12230: 12195: 12102: 12018: 11998: 11983: 11698: 11538: 11073:

Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center

10384: 9782: 9385: 8571:

Annemarie Schimmel (1997), Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Brill Academic,

7963:

A Compendium of the History of India: With a Synopsis of the Principal Events

7830:

Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center

7793: 7655: 7283: 6821:. The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. pp. 205–206. 6460:

Richard Eaton (September 2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States".

6211: 5665: 5223: 5211: 5034: 5021: 5015: 4981: 4462: 4417: 4393: 4358: 4276: 4210: 4032: 3989: 3676: 3422: 3313: 3238: 3188: 3088: 2941: 2807: 2611: 2524: 2482: 2313: 2238: 2209: 2191: 1958: 1885: 1639: 1604: 1592: 1489: 1439: 1188: 1179: 849:

temples, including universities and libraries took place. Mongolian raids on

834: 822: 807: 680: 475: 462: 91: 11613: 9418:

Saikat K Bose (2015). "And the Social Dynamics Behind South Asian Warfare".

8729:

The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, 711-1526 A. D.

7310: 7065:

Artisans, Sufis, Shrines: Colonial Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Punjab

6066:

Shared Space: Divided Space: Essays on Conflict and Territorial Organization

5801: 5799: 4688:

in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.

2425: 2308:, based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter 2284: 1521: 12983: 12769: 12397: 12339: 12323: 12285: 12137: 12107: 10910: 9887:. New Delhi: Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture. 8862: 8579:, pp 36–37; Also see: Elliot, Studies in Indian History, 2nd ed., pp 98–101 7998: 7355:

Alauddin gave the signal and in a twinkling Muhammad Salim of Samana struck

6812: 6804: 6473: 6438: 6128: 6094: 5229: 5171: 5046: 4973: 4928: 4905: 4899: 4520: 4458: 4435: 4268: 4189: 4060: 4002: 3867: 3847: 3843: 3742: 3711: 3600: 3468: 3417: 3385: 3215: 2951: 2922: 2797: 2738: 2508: 2433: 2381: 2353: 2234: 2229:

A base metal coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that led to an economic collapse.

2129: 1979: 1894: 1832: 1823: 1775: 1725: 1683: 1305: 988: 980: 948:

continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of

854: 700: 683:

in India. The sultanate's history is generally divided into five periods —

428: 279: 226: 10516: 10429: 9678:

Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history

9227: 7043: 6834:

C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Columbia University Press (1996)

6776: 5920:"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India" 3628:

screens, are introduced here; they already had been long used in temples.

3400:(Hindi) began to emerge in the Delhi Sultanate period, developed from the 3195:, which could have been devastating for the Indian subcontinent, like the 2444:

After Bahlul Lodi died, his son Nizam Khan assumed power, renamed himself

12973: 12625: 12570: 12275: 12205: 11332: 11313: 9908: 9452: 9285: 9283: 9281: 7496:, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, 7440:

the Sultan appointed his Wazir Nusrat Khan to deal with the Jalali nobles

7235:

World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa

6400:"Delhi sultanate | History, Significance, Map, & Rulers | Britannica" 6090: 5987:. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020. 5821: 5796: 5538: 5282: 5255: 5109: 4700: 4658: 4657:

The armies of the Delhi Sultanate led by their Delhi Sultanate commander

4579: 4551: 4486: 4328: 4237: 4161: 3779: 3524: 3413: 3304: 3276: 3047: 2532: 2429: 2101: 1771: 1481: 1056: 968: 894: 771: 763: 206: 11581:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

9572: 9393: 7801: 7663: 7406: 5857:

The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India

3511:, by 1199, and continued under Qutb al-Din Aibak and later sultans. The 3452: 3438:

learned men wore ample gowns (farajiyat) and an Arabic garment (durra).

2394:

The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan, or Turco-Afghan dynasty, related to the

2156: 2043:. Ghiyath al-Din ruled for five years and built a town near Delhi named 12953: 12918: 12774: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12615: 11953: 11645:

The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911

11354: 11036: 11026:

Frontline, p. 73, item 16 of the Table, Archived by Columbia University

9817: 8161: 7579: 7069: 7021: 6959: 5574: 5476: 5359: 5217: 4851: 4603: 4547: 4531: 4466: 4346: 4320: 4181: 4165: 4068: 4056: 3554: 3531: 3457: 3409: 3353:

According to one set of very uncertain estimates by modern historians,

3317: 3024: 3006: 2874: 2297: 2214: 1783: 1750: 1631: 1572: 1120: 996: 712: 620: 12580: 11605:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526)

10556: 10488: 10105: 9346: 9334: 9322: 9310: 9278: 9266: 9254: 7877: 6818:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526)

6206:. Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. p. 135. 5972:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "

2481:

in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the

2055:, he was killed by his son Juna Khan, who then assumed power in 1325. 2023: 12999: 12978: 12943: 12938: 12887: 12847: 12832: 12802: 12705: 12656: 12565: 12327: 12240: 12200: 12121: 12117: 11524: 11388:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 242–250. 10815: 10053:. London: Grafton & Co., 1952. p. 79. McMurtrie, Douglas C. 10049:. Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1994. p. 182. Mann, George. 9882: 9771: 7672: 6918: 6204:

History and Culture of Rajasthan (From Earliest Times upto 1956 A.D.)

6134:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

5759:

Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag

5619: 4923: 4587: 4454: 4332: 4194: 4040: 3963: 3906: 3738: 3664: 3605: 3581: 3561: 3080: 3055: 2904: 2591: 2581: 2437: 2365: 2255: 2125: 1934: 1845: 1763: 1759: 1740: 1568: 1557: 1553: 1168: 960: 910: 902: 850: 669: 184: 124: 12988: 9809: 9489: 8679:

The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig

7013: 6951: 5693: 13030: 12963: 12908: 12857: 12812: 12661: 12635: 12610: 12560: 12535: 12352: 12165: 12129: 12113: 9612: 9495: 6714:

Davis, Richard H. (January 1994). "Three styles in looting India".

6534: 6532: 4933: 4857: 4839: 4762:. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate. 4704: 4642: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4478: 4450: 4385: 4369: 4324: 4288: 4284: 4264: 4225: 4173: 4016: 4011: 4007: 3914: 3747: 3730: 3723: 3625: 3592: 3100: 2512: 2419: 2395: 2386: 2326: 2305: 2113: 2092:, a member of the Tughluq court and an ambassador to Iran. Ca.1410 1779: 1563: 1541: 846: 842: 708: 630: 240: 222: 214: 1627:, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty. 1536:, was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak was of Turkic 13040: 13020: 12933: 12550: 12545: 12525: 12478: 12347: 12265: 12210: 12190: 12170: 12160: 12125: 11725: 9300: 9298: 9244: 9242: 8331: 7907:

Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97

5590: 5004: 4950: 4827: 4666: 4591: 4474: 4401: 4336: 4308: 4280: 4260: 4248: 4206: 4202: 4177: 4169: 4157: 4129: 3902: 3715: 3692: 3684: 3679:

are much less exuberant. The tomb of the founder of the dynasty,

3565: 3535: 3520: 3330: 3285: 3111: 3092: 2469:

his power, and after Jalal Khan's death, the governor of Punjab,

2454: 2399: 2330: 2187: 2133: 1805: 1721: 1687: 722:

The foundation of the Sultanate was laid by the Ghurid conqueror

218: 143: 11169:

Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana

10318:

Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval And Modern

9703:"Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820" 9008:

Andrew Petersen, Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, Routledge,

8658: 6529: 3005:

suggested that the prehistory of the Delhi Sultanate lay in the

873:

Although conventionally named after its principal capital city,

703:(1451–1526). It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day 13066: 13025: 12807: 12764: 12714: 12575: 12530: 12520: 12504: 12498: 12483: 12473: 12309: 12270: 12260: 12225: 11713: 11359:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

8176:

Tarikh I Firozi Shahi – Records of Court Historian Sams-i-Siraj

6544: 6260: 6258: 5562: 4797: 4583: 4563: 4555: 4539: 4439: 4405: 4373: 4316: 4312: 4252: 4218: 4198: 4145: 3973: 3688: 3660: 3644: 3609: 3516: 3484: 3326: 3289: 3177: 3051: 3019: 2464:

Sikandar Lodi died a natural death in 1517, and his second son

2414:

of the Lodi clan. He started his reign by attacking the Muslim

2309: 2301: 2250:, the grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from Delhi, and 2179: 1987: 1974: 1923: 1584: 1580: 1537: 1377: 972: 956: 935: 727: 657: 291: 137: 11407:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press Pelican History of Art. 10504: 9367:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" 9295: 9239: 7775:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" 7708:

The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement, Parts 1–2

7637:"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul" 6595:

M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context,

6243: 3114:

from the state to be purchased. These licenses were issued to

3018:

The Hindu kingdoms who submitted to Islamic rule qualified as

2001:

The last Khalji ruler was Ala ud-Din Khalji's 18-year-old son

959:. This can be traced back to the 9th century when the Islamic 829:) and saw the enthronement of one of the few female rulers in 786:

asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the

13035: 12620: 12555: 12290: 10462: 10460: 9907: 7387: 6617:, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat 6609:

Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India,

6578:, ed. Robert L. Canfield (Cambridge U. Press c. 1991), 35–53. 5733:

Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black

5307: 4845: 4470: 4292: 4272: 4256: 4214: 4149: 4137: 4076: 4036: 4024: 3942: 3938: 3918: 3768: 3577: 3334:

established and widespread in that part of the subcontinent.

3173:

The army of the Delhi sultans initially consisted of nomadic

2474: 2450: 2369: 2263: 2218: 2070: 2047:. His son Juna Khan and general Ainul Mulk Multani conquered 999:, before turning their attention to the Indian subcontinent. 949: 906: 874: 799: 783: 775: 716: 704: 661: 625: 161: 149: 11386:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of

11189: 10727:. London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society. p. 23. 10413: 9921:. Leiden, South Holland: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 444. 9916:

The Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

8992: 8990: 8513: 8511: 8268: 8266: 7975: 7973: 6892: 6517: 6255: 3222:

further expanded into 500,000 horse cavalry in their force.

1595:

from the Hindu rulers. He also attacked, defeated, executed

821:. It was also one of the few powers to repel attacks by the 13076: 12852: 10973: 9215: 8523: 7730: 7728: 7618: 7616: 6852: 6850: 6053:

A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980

5749:. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. 4397: 4296: 3672: 3621: 3585: 3492: 3488: 3281: 3116: 3084: 3072: 3068: 2504: 2458: 2066: 1364: 1029: 945: 167: 11674: 10544: 10532: 10457: 10250: 10176: 10174: 9982: 9980: 8969:"Delhi Sultanate under Lodhi Dynasty: A Complete Overview" 8481:

Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India Issues 52–54

7601: 7454:

History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000–1526. Editor: Fauja Singh

6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 5529:

Pali literature dating to the 4th century BC mentions the

89:

Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary

9757:

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History

8987: 8799: 8508: 8263: 8213:

Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: Volume 2

7970: 6622: 6174: 4500: 3076: 3064: 2186:. The Sultanate initially wanted to use the pillarsmakee 9798:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

9411: 8852: 8850: 7725: 7613: 6847: 6279: 6015:

A Cultural Encyclopedia of Lost Cities and Civilizations

5995: 5993: 5618:). The Delhi Sultanate was also known as the "Empire of 5581:; his destruction campaign overlapped the two dynasties. 3955:

Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing Brahmins during his

3948:

Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing of 30,000 people at

3329:

from a separate route, as 15th century Chinese traveler

2254:, another relative of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from 909:". The Delhi Sultanate was also known as the "Empire of 10171: 9977: 9935: 9160: 8438:

Indo-Muslim Relations: A Study in Historical Background

6634: 6380:"Growth and Development of Oriental Libraries in India" 6356:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

6089: 3015:

zimmi living in a Musalman country might dare to act".

27:

1206–1526 Indo-Turkic empire in the Indian subcontinent

13062:

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)

11598: 10926:

Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India

9352: 9340: 9328: 9316: 9289: 9272: 9260: 9233: 9092:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. 9053:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II

8874: 8762:

After Timur Left: North India in the Fifteenth Century

8647:

Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent,

7198:

History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.

6995:"The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate" 6933:"The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate" 6434:

Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India

6178:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

6100:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

5752:

or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon.

5663:

Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the

5622:", a name that gained currency during the period. see 3737:

around its edges, as well as columns and brackets and

3572:

Another very early mosque, begun in the 1190s, is the

11472:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

11458:

the Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

10445: 9208:

Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society: Volume 45

8847: 8407: 8258:

Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak

6489:

The Delhi Sultanate: a political and military history

5990: 5954: 5942: 5681:

depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas

3599:(d. 1287) in Delhi may be the earliest survival. The 3426:

of the period, in his writings and referred to it as

3031: 2051:

in south India. According to some historians such as

1743:. However, these victories were cut short because of 1438:

Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the

63: 12513: 10720: 10159: 10057:. London: Oxford University Press, 1943. p. 63. 9960:. Vol. 4. John Wiley & Sons. p. viii. 9864: 9824: 9458: 9116:

Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History

8909: 8595:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp. 50–51. 8484:. Archaeological Survey of India. 1937. p. 19. 8384:

The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: C. 700–1800 CE

7393: 7278:(Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 141. 7201:

Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28.

7092: 6505: 5634:

Herbert Hartel calls the Lodi sultans Turco-Afghan:

2457:. He also moved his capital and court from Delhi to 1708:

Ala ud-Din began his military career as governor of

1630:

Qutb al-Din Aibak initiated the construction of the

11675:Seyyed Hussein-zadeh, Huda; Miller, Isabel (2018). 11405:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent

11096: 10606:

The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products

9957:

Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production

8497: 7878:P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (1977). 7296: 6556: 6011: 4043:criticized the excesses of earlier sultans such as 3357:had largely been stagnant at 75 million during the 1705:, who later came to be known as Ala ud-Din Khalji. 770:. A major political transformation occurred across 11676: 11572:Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate 1191-1526 11144: 11127:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate 10724:Mirabilia descripta : the wonders of the East 10650: 10636:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 30, 317. 10584: 10572: 9885:History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D 9143:Power, Administration, and Finance in Mughal India 8699:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate 8069: 7847: 7397:(1972). "the Kotwals under the Sultans of Delhi". 6693:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 73–79. 111:Delhi Sultanate at its greatest extent, under the 11376:Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Asher, Catherine B. (1994). 11308: 11183: 9578: 9211:. Pakistan Historical Society. 1997. p. 222. 8229: 8113: 7301:. In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 5779:The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study 5636:"The Turco-Afghan sultans of the Lodi Dynasty..." 5552:was in fact invented in India by the 4th century. 4063:in 1193 at the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate. 3145:leading his troops in the capture of the city of 3054:, AH 614–616 AD 1217–1220. Struck in the name of 1525:Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250. 921:, a name that gained currency during the period. 13106: 11251:. Yale University Press Pelican History of Art. 10055:The Book: The Story of Printing & Bookmaking 9883:Vinod Chanda Srivastava; Lallanji Gopal (2008). 9645:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE 9623:. W. H. Allen & Company, limited. p. 16 9139: 9112: 9080:(2010). "Muslim India: the Delhi sultanate". In 8541: 8434: 8289:Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Autobiographical memoirs 8130: 7353:. Karnatak Publishing House. 1939. p. 545. 7268: 6012:Shally-Jensen, Michael; Vivian, Anthony (2022). 3901:conquests destroyed hundreds of towns including 3699:opposite the tomb, intended as the new capital. 1448:It is also part of a longer trend predating the 11506:The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286 10103: 9843:Oleson, John Peter (2000), "Water-Lifting", in 8933:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present 8451: 8117:Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom 7164:The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis 7130:The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis 6807:(1992). "FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANAT". In 4422:Gujarat, Telangana, Karnataka, Orissa, Haryana 3479:The start of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 under 3180:military slaves belonging to Muhammad of Ghor. 11318:"15. Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí, of Ziauddin Barani" 11265: 11117: 11063: 10268: 9304: 9248: 7671:and his successors were contemporaries of the 7466: 6759:History of South Asia: A Chronological Outline 6283:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 6201: 5859:. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. 5698:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2012: 1982:, completed in 1311 during the Khalji dynasty. 13155:States and territories disestablished in 1526 11752: 11162: 11123: 11069: 10819:. Chennai, India. p. 297. Archived from 10002:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500 9545:War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate 9417: 9364: 9178: 8826: 8283: 8281: 7826: 7772: 7634: 7366: 6666:. Manchester University Press. pp. 5–7. 6459: 5446: 4055:destroyed Buddhist Religious Centres such as 3972:killed 180,000 people during his invasion of 3495:. Both of these features were hardly used in 2978: 2304:, or the descendants of the Islamic prophet, 2273: 1986:Historians note Ala ud-Din Khalji as being a 1712:province, from where he led two raids on the 1645: 1510: 420:3,200,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi) 46: 13095:State with limited international recognition 11620: 11249:The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800 11156: 11016: 10218: 10138: 9953: 9669: 8868: 8755: 8664: 8321: 7425:The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji 7126: 7049: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6803: 6782: 6550: 6275: 6273: 6127: 5805: 5746:The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi 3921:in Gujarat. This account is corroborated by 3663:, Pakistan is a large octagonal brick-built 3321:Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. 2390:Territory of the Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526). 2178:. It reused old Buddhist pillars erected by 11375: 11222:Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C. (1 January 2008). 11221: 10917: 10808:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States" 10256: 10230:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective 10198:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective 9641: 9538: 7933: 7451: 6628: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6538: 6523: 6264: 6141: 5974:East-West Orientation of Historical Empires 5820: 5782:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. 3810:Possibly the first "true" arches in India; 3675:rather than a sultan, and most of the many 3248:, between the years 1000 and 1500, India's 3218:as standing army. Its successor state, the 2375: 13120:States and territories established in 1206 11759: 11745: 11652: 11247:Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). 11246: 11035: 10888: 10859: 10566: 10550: 10538: 10522: 10510: 10494: 10478: 10466: 10435: 10398: 10378: 10358: 9119:. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. 9056:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 30–31. 8725: 8380: 8278: 8187: 8120:. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60. 8034:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. 7994:The Famines of the World: Past and Present 7399:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7370:History of medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.) 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 6992: 6930: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 5888:(2). Cambridge University Press: 317–349. 5762:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 5614: 5453: 5439: 4738:Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambha at 3591:By around 1300 true domes and arches with 2985: 2971: 2488: 1697:The first ruler of the Khalji dynasty was 1587:from contesting Muslim rulers, as well as 105: 48: 11495:Gold and Silver Coins of Sultans of Delhi 10785:Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States 10766:Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States 10314: 10186: 10088: 9954:Smith, C. Wayne; Cothren, J. Tom (1999). 9836: 9789: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9694: 9407:Architecture under the Sultanate of Delhi 8775:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002 8643: 8641: 8639: 8588: 8027: 7884:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. 7881:The Cambridge History of Islam" Volume 2A 7675:sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol 7231: 7225: 7194: 7188: 7093:Yunus, Mohammad; Aradhana Parmar (2003). 6907: 6659: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6270: 5912: 5775: 4093:Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States 3303:According to historians Arnold Pacey and 3157:, a member of the Tughluq court. Ca.1410 2136:in North India, revolted and founded the 2084:, founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, in the 13135:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent 12042: 11627:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11076:. Oxford University Press. p. 109. 10868:"Temple desecration in pre-modern India" 10801: 10799: 9795: 9700: 9680:. Oxford University Press. p. 379. 9465:History of Kanauj To the Moslem Conquest 8892:Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, 8300: 8147: 8086: 8010:Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, 7756: 7754: 7752: 7704: 7428:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1992. 6581: 4722:between 1200 and 1210, and again by the 3984: 3928: 3635: 3451: 3379: 3254: 3137: 3041: 2424: 2385: 2343: 2283: 2224: 2075: 2022: 1973: 1749: 1665: 1562: 1520: 11465: 11451: 11190:Robert Bradnock; Roma Bradnock (2000). 10979: 10673:. Oxford University Press. p. 69. 10668: 10145:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 67–68. 9675: 9582:Islamic Arms and Armour of Muslim India 9221: 9166: 9076: 9049: 9028: 8529: 8233:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India 8114:Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). 7607: 7317: 7133:. India: Indus Publishing. p. 43. 7099:. Oxford University Press. p. 97. 6988: 6986: 6984: 6867: 6865: 6856: 6686: 6647: 6486: 6418: 6147: 6062: 5999: 5960: 5948: 5816: 5814: 5742: 5577:also known as Almas Beg was brother of 4023:repaired a Shiva and Parvati temple in 3945:, killing approximately 100,000 people. 3631: 1021: 1012: 664:that stretched over large parts of the 14: 13107: 11545: 11421: 11337:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 11024:Temple desecration in pre-modern India 10700:. Transaction Publishers. p. 60. 10693: 10669:Hopkins, Steven Paul (18 April 2002). 10602: 9842: 9743: 9365:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). 8880: 8636: 8615: 8441:. Jugabani Sahitya Chakra. p. 36. 8093:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 7894:Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, 7773:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). 7635:ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). 7564: 7167:. India: APH Publishing. p. 141. 7086: 6993:Welch, Anthony; Crane, Howard (1983). 6931:Welch, Anthony; Crane, Howard (1983). 6576:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective 6511: 6444: 6324:, Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, pp. 2–7. 6228:Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, 6037: 6035: 1932: 1892: 1883: 1861: 1324: 1287: 1272: 1261: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1177: 1155: 1142: 991:, establishing Mamluk Sultanates from 774:, triggered by the Central Asian king 11740: 11641: 11548:India And South Asia: A Short History 11502: 11402: 11353: 11289: 11058:latter to the worship of the true God 10923: 10894: 10865: 10805: 10796: 10737: 10629: 10562: 10526: 10498: 10482: 10451: 10439: 10423: 10394: 10374: 10350: 10180: 10165: 10066: 10025: 9998: 9986: 9941: 9870: 9830: 9754: 9648:. Taylor & Francis. p. 219. 8996: 8856: 8814: 8696: 8517: 8272: 8210: 8134:Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama 7979: 7749: 7734: 7622: 7275:The Sultanate of Delhi, 711–1526 A.D. 7160: 7154: 6713: 6562: 6374: 6372: 6249: 5854: 5691: 5497:Turkish slaves in the Delhi Sultanate 4641:along with thousand other temples in 3882:List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate 3361:era from 1 AD to 1000 AD. During the 2128:. However, they were defeated by the 1921: 1872: 1830: 1812: 1803: 1335: 1315: 1248: 1239: 1228: 1166: 1131: 1096: 668:, for more than three centuries. The 13145:13th-century establishments in India 11491: 10928:. Gurgaon: Hope India Publications. 10839:, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, 10321:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 212. 9849:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 9468:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 327. 8411:A Military History of Medieval India 8346:, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, 8304:A History of Indian Economic Thought 8174:HM Elliot & John Dawson (1871), 7688:"Eight Cities of Delhi: Tughlakabad" 7120: 7061: 7055: 6981: 6862: 5879: 5827:Islam in South Asia: A Short History 5811: 2182:in the 3rd century BCE, such as the 1941: 1852: 1843: 1821: 1118: 1107: 1027: 738:, after suffering a reverse against 11662:. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company. 11659:The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 A D 11577: 11523: 11272:History of Medieval India: 800–1700 11150: 11130:. Penguin Books. pp. 155–156. 10866:Eaton, Richard M. (December 2000). 10656: 10590: 10578: 10107:Paper : paging through history 10035: 9911:; Harriet Zurndorfer, eds. (2008). 9769: 9614:Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton 9585:. Bahadur Publishers. p. 265. 9502:Indian and Oriental Arms and Armour 9497:Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton 9427:. Vij Books India Private Limited. 8930: 7865: 7853: 7814: 7238:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 320. 6919:Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi 6280:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), 6032: 5755: 5613: 2538: 2198:) was unknown in Firuz Shah's time. 1910: 1901: 1488:Ghori was assassinated in 1206, by 1417: 806:, leading to its succession by the 24: 11668: 11530:History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) 11361:. University of California Press. 11335:; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). 8726:Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1953). 7096:South Asia: a historical narrative 6369: 6175:Sugata Bose, Ayesha Jalal (1998). 5743:Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). 5410:List of Inventions and Discoveries 4796: 3133: 3032:Economic policy and administration 2500:The New Cambridge History of Islam 2288:Territories of the Sayyid Dynasty. 1040: 715:as well as some parts of southern 25: 13166: 11706: 11171:. Bourne and Shepherd. p. 19 10279:A Concise History of Modern India 10005:. Pearson Education. p. 53. 9551:. Orient Monographs. p. 24. 8363: 7934:Elphinstone, Mountstuart (2014). 3875: 3564:was added by 1236; its dome, the 3038:Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji 12084: 11768: 11724: 11712: 11624:A Historical atlas of South Asia 11621:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 11330: 11090: 11029: 11007: 10994: 10985: 10964: 10951: 10942: 10850: 10847:, Brill Academic, pp. 7–10. 10830: 10777: 10758: 10731: 10714: 10687: 10662: 10623: 10596: 10419: 10404: 10390: 10370: 10354: 10335: 10308: 10299: 10262: 10132: 10097: 10082: 10060: 9992: 9947: 9901: 9876: 9763: 9727: 9400: 9358: 9199: 9172: 9133: 9106: 9070: 9043: 9019: 9002: 8961: 8952: 8924: 8903: 8886: 8820: 8749: 8719: 8690: 8670: 8609: 8582: 8565: 8556: 8535: 8491: 8472: 8445: 8428: 8401: 8374: 8357: 8337: 8294: 8250: 8236:. Scarecrow Press. p. 141. 8223: 8204: 8181: 8168: 8141: 8124: 8107: 8080: 8063: 8048: 8021: 8004: 7985: 7954: 7927: 7910: 7901: 7888: 7871: 7401:. Indian History Congress: 194. 7303:A Comprehensive History of India 7299:"The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji" 7195:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). 6181:. Psychology Press. p. 28. 6103:. Psychology Press. p. 21. 5674: 5628: 5584: 5568: 5555: 5533:, which commentaries explain as 5523: 4929:Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha 4751: 4731: 4693: 4674: 4669:and looted it of all its wealth. 4650: 4626: 4610: 3855: 3835: 3819: 3803: 3787: 3756: 3530:Beside it is the extremely tall 2848:Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 2838:Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 2252:Nasir ud-Din Nusrat Shah Tughlaq 2248:Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq 2164: 2155: 1797: 1791: 1020: 1011: 1004: 597: 583: 569: 555: 541: 527: 513: 499: 455: 81: 13150:1526 disestablishments in India 13067:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) 11578:Ray, Aniruddha (4 March 2019). 11533:. Allahabad: The Indian Press. 11498:. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 11424:"India under the Moghol Empire" 7966:. Gantz Bros. 1870. p. 37. 7859: 7820: 7808: 7766: 7740: 7698: 7680: 7628: 7585: 7548: 7539: 7523: 7507: 7487: 7460: 7445: 7416: 7360: 7341: 7290: 7262: 6924: 6881: 6837: 6828: 6797: 6788: 6764: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6707: 6680: 6653: 6568: 6480: 6392: 6384:Library Philosophy and Practice 6348: 6327: 6312: 6303: 6222: 6195: 6168: 6121: 6083: 6069:. Routledge. pp. 106–134. 6056: 6047: 6005: 5966: 5855:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015). 5602: 5514: 3527:in the traditional Indian way. 3441: 3342: 3284:water-raising wheels and other 2406:. The founder of the dynasty, 2003:Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji 11642:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920). 11550:, Oxford: Oneworld, xii, 306, 11492:Khan, Mohd. Adul Wali (1974). 11475:. Cambridge University Press. 11100:A short history of South India 10633:The State at War in South Asia 8935:. Reaktion Books. p. 56. 8504:. Thacker, Spink. p. 444. 8408:Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003). 8387:. Cambridge University Press. 8194:Journal of the Asiatic Society 7940:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 7711:. Brill Archive. p. 105. 7532:Gujarat State Gazetteer:Part 1 7350:New Indian Antiquary: Volume 2 6773:Encyclopædia Britannica (2011) 6771:Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām 6388:University of Nebraska–Lincoln 6335:The State at War in South Asia 5873: 5848: 5776:Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938). 5727: 5685: 5657: 5405:Science and Technology History 4742:. The temple was destroyed by 4019:inscription notes that Sultan 3980: 3349:Demographics of India: History 2818:Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1782:loot that included the famous 13: 1: 13125:Empires and kingdoms of India 13057:Organization of Turkic States 11691:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 11461:. Cambridge University Press. 11428:The Last Great Muslim Empires 11002:Taju-l Ma-asir & Appendix 10110:. National Geographic Books. 10091:Chinese History: A New Manual 8910:Ramananda Chatterjee (1961). 8871:, p. 147, map XIV.4 (d). 8732:S. L. Agarwala. p. 229. 8548:. Vol. 10 (2 ed.). 8414:. Vision Books. p. 247. 7297:A. B. M. Habibullah (1992) . 7052:, p. 147, map XIV.3 (i). 6785:, p. 147, map XIV.3 (h). 6728:10.1080/02757206.1994.9960832 5808:, p. 147, map XIV.3 (j). 5756:Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). 5670: 5645: 5542: 4684:(Warangal Gate) built by the 4661:demolished and plundered the 4053:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji 3772: 3595:were being built; the ruined 3543: 3461: 2058:Juna Khan renamed himself as 1506:Sultans of Delhi Family trees 929: 673: 375:1 February–13 June 1290 96: 11196:. McGraw-Hill. p. 959. 11165:"The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur" 11097:Sarojini Chaturvedi (2006). 10089:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012), 8498:Āg̲h̲ā Mahdī Ḥusain (1963). 8458:. Alina Books. p. 112. 7232:Cavendish, Marshall (2006). 7062:Khan, Hussain Ahmad (2014). 6366:, Princeton University Press 6232:, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, 5650: 4934:Spread of Jainism – Mahavira 3647:, built during the reign of 3270:, 14th century illustration. 2473:, reached out to the Mughal 1534:Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori 1495: 1478:Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori 7: 13140:1206 establishments in Asia 11430:. BRILL. pp. 262–263. 11326:. London: Trübner & Co. 11292:India in the Persianate Age 11290:Eaton, Richard M. (2020) . 10961:, 5th Edition, Agra College 9353:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 9341:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 9329:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 9317:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 9290:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 9273:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 9261:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 9234:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 8701:. Penguin UK. p. 261. 8655:, Brill Academic, Chapter 2 8070:M. S. Nagaraja Rao (1987). 7127:Kumar Mandal, Asim (2003). 6687:Barnett, Lionel D. (1999). 5335:Dynasties in Indian History 4767: 3886: 3726:supported only by columns. 3355:the total Indian population 3168: 2096:copy of 1326 lost original. 2013:Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413) 1724:which was conquered by the 1694:Afghan habits and customs. 802:invaded northern India and 64: 10: 13171: 11574:. Oxford University Press. 11230:Cambridge University Press 11214: 11103:. Saṁskṛiti. p. 209. 10924:Eaton, Richard M. (2004). 10898:Journal of Islamic Studies 10806:Eaton, Richard M. (2000). 10791:, 22 December 2000, 62–70. 10609:. Routledge. p. 280. 10284:Cambridge University Press 9579:Syed Zafar Haider (1991). 8354:, Brill Academic, pp 20–23 8301:Dasgupta, Ajit K. (2002). 8230:Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). 7991:Cornelius Walford (1878), 7473:. Har-Anand Publications. 6761:Columbia University (2010) 6462:Journal of Islamic Studies 5710:10.29091/9783954909537/009 5561:Also two huge minarets at 5472:Delhi Sultanate literature 5330:Timeline of Indian History 3879: 3491:and made extensive use of 3445: 3373: 3369: 3346: 3337: 3229: 3225: 3035: 2997:Medieval scholars such as 2379: 2277: 2274:Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450) 2243:Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Shah 2016: 1659: 1649: 1646:Khalji dynasty (1290–1320) 1514: 1511:Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290) 1499: 933: 924: 29: 13090: 13049: 13013: 12896: 12870: 12783: 12735: 12728: 12649: 12598: 12093: 12082: 11782: 11654:Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal 11339:. Yale University Press. 11294:. London: Penguin Books. 10772:, 5 January 2001, 70–77. 10744:. Routledge. p. 85. 9701:Maddison (27 July 2016). 9620:Military History of India 9185:. S. Chand. p. 446. 9182:History of Medieval India 9140:John F. Richards (1993). 9113:John F. Richards (2013). 8833:. S. Chand. p. 239. 8830:History of Medieval India 8435:Debajyoti Burman (1947). 8307:. Routledge. p. 45. 8131:Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). 7898:, (Routledge, 1986), 188. 6660:Heathcote, T. A. (1995). 6151:History of Medieval India 6044:, Encyclopædia Britannica 6018:. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. 5894:10.1017/s0026749x98002947 5623: 5467:Mongol invasions of India 4886:Indus Valley Civilization 4758:Exterior wall reliefs at 4715:; the city was sacked by 4606:under the Delhi Sultanate 3937:wiped out the Rajputs of 3891: 3745:(adorned with fountains, 3708:Firoz Shah Palace Complex 3507:in Delhi was begun under 3497:Hindu temple architecture 3448:Indo-Islamic architecture 3232:Economic history of India 1699:Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji 1662:Mongol invasions of India 1621:Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji 819:Indo-Islamic architecture 613: 494: 487: 483: 434: 424: 414: 409: 405: 392: 388:17–20 December 1398 379: 366: 353: 349: 339: 328: 324: 314: 310:Yaqut-i-Mustasimi (first) 304: 300: 290: 286: 273: 260: 256: 246: 236: 198: 177: 130: 120: 104: 78: 73: 47: 41: 12672:Timeline of the Göktürks 11422:Hartel, Herbert (1997). 11163:Burgess; Murray (1874). 10957:A.L. Srivastava (1966), 10240:11 November 2020 at the 10208:11 November 2020 at the 10104:Kurlansky, Mark (2017). 9050:Chandra, Satish (2005). 8622:. Lulu.com. p. 15. 8616:Gipson, Therlee (2019). 8452:Dr. Aijaz Ahmad (2021). 8031:Essays on Medieval India 6716:History and Anthropology 5507: 5043:, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE 4917:Rise of Śramaṇa movement 4892:Post Indus Valley Period 4836:, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE 3996:, written in 1329–1338). 3909:), Anhilvad (modern-day 3659:(built 1320 to 1324) in 3657:tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 3641:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2828:Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah 2376:Lodi dynasty (1451–1526) 2142:rebellion of Ismail Mukh 1670:Territory controlled by 1502:List of sultans of Delhi 1019: 1010: 897:called the empire under 30:Not to be confused with 11570:Prasad, Pushpa (1990). 11331:Ettinghausen, Richard; 10630:Barua, Pradeep (2005). 10422:, p. 164(quoted); 10397:, p. 424(quoted); 10257:Asher & Talbot 2008 10246:OECD Development Centre 10214:OECD Development Centre 9755:Pacey, Arnold (1991) . 9676:Madison, Angus (2007). 9421:Boot, Hooves and Wheels 9038:Encyclopædia Britannica 8767:Oxford University Press 8697:Eraly, Abraham (2015). 7763:Encyclopædia Britannica 7467:Satish Chandra (2004). 6629:Asher & Talbot 2008 6539:Asher & Talbot 2008 6524:Asher & Talbot 2008 6487:Jackson, Peter (2000). 6265:Asher & Talbot 2008 5541:describes water-wheels 5078:, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE 4902:, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE 4896:, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE 4888:, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE 4635:Kashi Vishwanath Temple 4108:Temple Sites Destroyed 2489:Government and politics 955:from the Central Asian 868: 861:, thereby establishing 804:conquered the Sultanate 794:breaking off. In 1526, 672:was established around 178:Official languages 12386:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11729:Quotations related to 11600:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 11546:Ludden, David (2002), 11124:Abraham Eraly (2015). 11070:Carl W. Ernst (2004). 11045:. Brill. p. 333. 10694:Rummel, R. J. (2011). 10603:Hunter, W. W. (2013). 10567:Blair & Bloom 1995 10551:Blair & Bloom 1995 10539:Blair & Bloom 1995 10523:Blair & Bloom 1995 10511:Blair & Bloom 1995 10495:Blair & Bloom 1995 10479:Blair & Bloom 1995 10467:Blair & Bloom 1995 10436:Blair & Bloom 1995 10399:Blair & Bloom 1995 10379:Blair & Bloom 1995 10359:Blair & Bloom 1995 9508:. Dover Publications. 9179:V. D. Mahajan (2007). 8931:Lee, Jonathan (2019). 8827:V. D. Mahajan (2007). 8589:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 8545:Encyclopaedia of Islam 7827:Carl W. Ernst (1992). 7373:. TKonark Publishers. 7367:AL. P. Sharma (1987). 6154:. Chand. p. 121. 5400:Paper Currency History 5258:, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE 5252:, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE 5246:, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE 5240:, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE 5232:, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE 4908:, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE 4864:South Indian Neolithic 4801: 4682:Kakatiya Kala Thoranam 3997: 3796:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 3681:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 3652: 3513:Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque 3476: 3389: 3271: 3259:Transportation of the 3162: 3143:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 3059: 3056:Shams al-Din Iltutmish 2766:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 2729:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 2527:from the hot regions ( 2441: 2391: 2357: 2289: 2235:Ghiyath-ud-Din Shah II 2230: 2146:Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah 2110:Thousand Pillar Temple 2097: 2082:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 2041:Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq 2028: 2007:Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq 1983: 1767: 1675: 1576: 1571:(r. 1211–1236) in the 1558:Shams ud-Din Iltutmish 1526: 1517:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) 919:: Mamalik-i-Hindustan) 12883:Proto-Turkic language 12514:Extinct Turkic groups 11503:Kumar, Sunil (2007). 11000:Hasan Nizami et al., 10738:Juncu, Meera (2015). 10353:, pp. 421, 425; 10139:D. C. Sircar (1996). 10041:Harrison, Frederick. 9999:Habib, Irfan (2011). 8328:Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi 7494:Alexander Mikaberidze 6541:, pp. 19, 50–51. 6116:first Muslim sultante 5694:"On the Timurid flag" 5375:Philosophical History 5355:Architectural History 5289:Independence Movement 5125:, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE 5119:, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE 5096:, c. 760 – c. 973 CE 4800: 4740:Rudra Mahalaya Temple 3988: 3929:Battles and massacres 3743:Lodi Gardens in Delhi 3649:Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq 3639: 3455: 3383: 3258: 3141: 3045: 2428: 2389: 2347: 2287: 2228: 2079: 2026: 1977: 1754:The Khaljis captured 1753: 1669: 1566: 1524: 859:into the subcontinent 13082:World Turks Qurultai 11721:at Wikimedia Commons 11403:Harle, J.C. (1994). 10911:10.1093/jis/11.3.283 10525:, pp. 154–156; 10481:, pp. 151–156; 10438:, pp. 149–150; 10377:, pp. 423–424; 10373:, pp. 164–165; 9777:. Trübner & Co. 9770:Al-, Biruni (1888). 9642:Kaushik Roy (2015). 9460:Ram Shankar Tripathi 8287:Firoz Shah Tughlak, 8256:Firoz Shah Tughlak, 8057:"Jalal al-Din Ahsan" 7761:Muḥammad ibn Tughluq 7535:. 1989. p. 164. 7452:Fauja Singh (1972). 7395:Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi 6474:10.1093/jis/11.3.283 5930:on 29 September 2011 5882:Modern Asian Studies 5692:Kadoi, Yuka (2010). 5535:arahatta-ghati-yanta 5425:Wars involving India 5298:, 1947 CE – present 5123:2nd Chalukya Dynasty 5084:, c. 724 – c. 760 CE 5049:, c. 240 – c. 550 CE 4958:1700 – 682 BCE 4894:(Cemetery H Culture) 4760:Hoysaleshvara Temple 4021:Muhammad bin Tughluq 3935:Ghiyas ud din Balban 3765:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra 3632:Tughlaq architecture 3574:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra 3384:Decorative reliefs, 3376:Indo-Persian culture 3048:Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad 2778:Muhammad bin Tughluq 2662:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 2652:Ghiyas ud din Balban 2194:on the pillars (the 2060:Muhammad bin Tughlaq 1954:class=notpageimage| 1729:Nusrat Khan Jalesari 1703:Juna Muhammad Khalji 1617:Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad 1609:Ghiyas ud-Din Balban 1532:, a former slave of 1434:class=notpageimage| 977:Turks were migrating 899:Muhammad bin Tughlaq 768:Muhammad bin Tughluq 756:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha 489:All successor states 12823:Karachay-Cherkessia 11509:. Permanent Black. 11225:India Before Europe 10982:, pp. 287–295. 10697:Death by Government 10513:, pp. 154–156. 10485:, pp. 425–426. 9715:on 12 February 2021 9380:: 230, 258 Fig.56. 9305:Satish Chandra 2007 9249:Satish Chandra 2007 9236:, pp. 379–380. 9224:, pp. 283–287. 8999:, pp. 253–257. 8759:(13 October 2014), 8667:, pp. 39, 148. 8532:, pp. 312–317. 8520:, pp. 248–254. 8381:André Wink (2020). 8275:, pp. 249–251. 8188:Prinsep, J (1837). 7982:, pp. 242–248. 7788:: 230, 258 Fig.56. 7737:, pp. 236–242. 7625:, pp. 231–235. 7610:, pp. 244–248. 6553:, pp. 37, 147. 6378:Gul and Khan (2008) 6240:, pp. 187–190. 5502:Islam in South Asia 5492:Tomb of Bahlul Lodi 5482:Ibrahim Lodi's Tomb 5380:History of Religion 5345:Demographic History 5310:, 1950 CE – present 5277:The Great Rebellion 5220:, 1538/40 – 1556 CE 5094:Tripartite Struggle 5037:, c. 30 – c. 375 CE 4968:Shaishunaga Dynasty 4956:Brihadratha Dynasty 4491:Gujarat, Rajasthan 4363:Khalji and Tughlaq 4230:Jalal-ud-din Khalji 4095: 3994:Mirabilia Descripta 3542:in Afghanistan, of 3398:Hindustani language 3020:"protected peoples" 2672:Shamsuddin Kayumars 2325:, Khizr Khan was a 2121:Vijayanagara Empire 1549:. (giver of lakhs) 815:Hindustani language 730:led by Ajmer ruler 666:Indian subcontinent 660:primarily based in 320:Khwaja Jahan (last) 13014:Traditional sports 12818:Kabardino-Balkaria 12438:Meskhetia (Ahiska) 11648:. Clarendon Press. 11525:Lal, Kishori Saran 11275:. Orient Longman. 10837:Annemarie Schimmel 10826:on 6 January 2014. 10783:Richard M. Eaton, 10764:Richard M. Eaton, 10315:Raj Kumar (2008). 10276:(9 October 2006), 10076:Paper and Printing 10068:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 10043:A Book about Books 8918:Indiana University 8769:, pp. 47–59, 8682:. S. Chand. 1958. 8344:Annemarie Schimmel 8028:Raj Kumar (2003). 7896:A History of India 7161:Singh, D. (1998). 7008:. Brill: 123–166. 6946:. Brill: 123–166. 6406:. 17 November 2023 6404:www.britannica.com 6230:A History of India 5737:flag, and the red 5350:Linguistic History 5105:Rastrakuta Dynasty 5041:Satavahana Dynasty 5005:Kingdom of Magadha 4984:, c. 600 – 345 BCE 4951:Kingdom of Magadha 4924:Later Vedic Period 4912:Early Vedic period 4900:Vedic civilization 4802: 4351:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 4242:Mamluk and Khalji 4090: 4039:'s chief minister 3998: 3970:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 3814:(d. 1287) in Delhi 3710:(started 1354) at 3653: 3505:Qutb Minar complex 3477: 3473:Qutb Minar complex 3471:gatehouse (1311); 3390: 3272: 3261:Delhi-Topra pillar 3193:invasions of India 3163: 3060: 3058:, Sultan of Dehli. 2788:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 2622:Muiz ud din Bahram 2442: 2392: 2358: 2335:Annemarie Schimmel 2290: 2231: 2206:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 2184:Delhi-Topra pillar 2098: 2029: 1984: 1768: 1737:Ainul Mulk Multani 1676: 1607:and others, until 1577: 1552:After Aibak died, 1527: 1458:agrarian societies 883:: Mamalik-i-Delhi) 792:Bahmani Sultanates 732:Prithviraj Chauhan 728:Rajput Confederacy 681:Ghurid territories 651:Sultanate of Delhi 565:Khandesh Sultanate 43:Sultanate of Delhi 13130:Former sultanates 13102: 13101: 12878:Old Turkic script 12866: 12865: 12677:Timeline 500–1300 12594: 12593: 12080: 12079: 11939:Kipchak languages 11894:Karamanli Turkish 11717:Media related to 11683:Madelung, Wilferd 11678:"Delhi Sultanate" 11557:978-1-85168-237-9 11516:978-81-7824-147-0 11482:978-0-521-54329-3 11395:978-1-56859-021-9 11378:"Delhi Sultanate" 11301:978-0-141-98539-8 11282:978-81-250-3226-7 11239:978-0-521-51750-8 11203:978-0-658-01151-1 11137:978-93-5118-658-8 11110:978-81-87374-37-4 11083:978-0-19-566869-8 10751:978-1-317-44768-9 10293:978-0-521-68225-1 10183:, pp. 95–96. 10152:978-81-208-1166-9 10117:978-0-393-35370-9 9989:, pp. 23–24. 9928:978-90-04-17060-5 9894:978-81-8069-521-6 9858:978-90-04-11123-3 9687:978-0-19-922720-4 9099:978-0-521-85031-5 9063:978-81-241-1066-9 8916:. Vol. 109. 8913:The Modern Review 8869:Schwartzberg 1978 8797:aquired [ 8784:978-0-19-945066-4 8708:978-93-5118-658-8 8665:Schwartzberg 1978 8629:978-0-359-59732-1 8602:978-81-7156-928-1 8314:978-1-134-92551-3 8100:978-0-19-579148-8 8087:Suvorova (2000). 7947:978-1-78289-478-0 7705:Siddiqui (1980). 7245:978-0-7614-7571-2 7208:978-81-269-0123-4 7174:978-81-702-4992-4 7140:978-81-738-7143-6 7106:978-0-1957-9711-4 7050:Schwartzberg 1978 7031:on 13 August 2016 6969:on 13 August 2016 6877:978-0-8160-6386-4 6859:, pp. 29–48. 6783:Schwartzberg 1978 6700:978-81-7156-442-2 6673:978-0-7190-3570-8 6551:Schwartzberg 1978 6526:, pp. 50–51. 6498:978-0-521-54329-3 6354:Bowering et al., 6345:, pp. 29–30. 6321:Guide to the Qutb 6293:978-0-08-087774-7 6267:, pp. 50–52. 6110:978-0-415-30786-4 6076:978-1-317-35837-4 6025:978-1-4408-7311-9 5866:978-1-4008-6815-5 5806:Schwartzberg 1978 5789:978-81-7018-092-0 5769:978-1-107-11887-4 5579:Ala-al Din Khalji 5487:Persianate states 5463: 5462: 5390:Education History 5308:Republic of India 5302:Dominion of India 5296:Independent India 5285:, 1858 – 1947 CE 5250:Kingdom of Mysore 5226:, 1556 – 1857 CE 5148:, 1206 – 1526 CE 5100:Pratihara dynasty 4823:Madrasian culture 4720:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 4709:Chaulukya dynasty 4637:was destroyed by 4600: 4599: 4121:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 3828:Hauz Khas Complex 3826:Pavilions in the 3720:Hauz Khas Complex 3481:Qutb al-Din Aibak 3402:Middle Indo-Aryan 2995: 2994: 2960: 2959: 2913: 2912: 2856: 2855: 2747: 2746: 2680: 2679: 2642:Nasiruddin Mahmud 2602:Rukn ud din Firuz 2572:Qutb al-Din Aibak 2479:Battle of Panipat 2416:Jaunpur Sultanate 2138:Madurai Sultanate 1996:Kamal al-Din Gurg 1652:Khalji Revolution 1625:Khalji Revolution 1601:Rukn ud-Din Firuz 1597:Taj al-Din Yildiz 1530:Qutb al-Din Aibak 1296: 1281: 752:Bahauddin Tughril 748:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 744:Taj al-Din Yildiz 699:(1414–1451), and 643: 642: 639: 638: 609: 608: 605: 604: 579:Jaunpur Sultanate 537:Gujarat Sultanate 523:Bahmani Sultanate 468: 467: 396:Battle of Panipat 370:Khalji Revolution 316:• 1513–1526 306:• 1228–1235 275:• 1517–1526 267:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 262:• 1206–1210 32:Sultanate of Deli 16:(Redirected from 13162: 12924:Tibetan Buddhism 12904:Turkic mythology 12785:Autonomous areas 12737:Sovereign states 12733: 12732: 12511: 12510: 12493: 12468: 12365: 12342: 12304: 12255: 12220: 12181:Crimean Karaites 12155: 12132: 12088: 12040: 12039: 11919:Khorasani Turkic 11773: 11772: 11771: 11761: 11754: 11747: 11738: 11737: 11728: 11716: 11702: 11693:. 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L. Srivastava 7266: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7215: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7024:. Archived from 6999: 6990: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6962:. Archived from 6937: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6891:. 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Eaton 2260:Timur's invasion 2196:Edicts of Ashoka 2176:Firoz Shah Kotla 2168: 2159: 2090:Ikhtisān-i Dabir 1963:Mamluk Sultanate 1948: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1850: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1828: 1826: 1819: 1817: 1816:CHAGATAI KHANATE 1810: 1808: 1801: 1795: 1733:kingdom of Malwa 1714:Kingdom of Malwa 1619:, who appointed 1466:Mahmud of Ghazni 1428: 1426: 1412: 1397: 1382: 1369: 1356: 1344: 1342: 1333: 1331: 1322: 1320: 1310: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1153: 1151: 1140: 1138: 1129: 1127: 1116: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1091: 1078: 1062: 1051: 1049: 1038: 1036: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1008: 940:Turkic migration 827:Chagatai Khanate 760:Muslim conquests 736:1192 near Tarain 678: 677: 1206–1211 675: 601: 600: 593:Multan Sultanate 587: 586: 573: 572: 559: 558: 545: 544: 531: 530: 517: 516: 509:Bengal Sultanate 503: 502: 485: 484: 472: 471: 459: 458: 452: 451: 436: 435: 109: 98: 85: 68: 67: 65:Salṭanat-i-Dihlī 60: 52: 51: 50: 39: 38: 21: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13115:Delhi Sultanate 13105: 13104: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13086: 13045: 13009: 12892: 12862: 12779: 12760:Northern Cyprus 12724: 12710:Altai Mountains 12645: 12590: 12509: 12489: 12434:North Macedonia 12376: 12357: 12314: 12300: 12296:Siberian Tatars 12251: 12236:Khorasani Turks 12216: 12143: 12112: 12089: 12076: 12038: 11959:Ottoman Turkish 11879:Karachay-Balkar 11778: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11731:Delhi Sultanate 11719:Delhi Sultanate 11709: 11687:Daftary, Farhad 11671: 11669:Further reading 11666: 11635: 11592: 11558: 11517: 11483: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11415: 11396: 11369: 11347: 11302: 11283: 11259: 11240: 11217: 11212: 11211: 11204: 11188: 11184: 11174: 11172: 11161: 11157: 11149: 11145: 11138: 11122: 11118: 11111: 11095: 11091: 11084: 11068: 11064: 11053: 11034: 11030: 11021: 11017: 11012: 11008: 10999: 10995: 10990: 10986: 10978: 10974: 10969: 10965: 10959:Delhi Sultanate 10956: 10952: 10947: 10943: 10936: 10922: 10918: 10893: 10889: 10882:The Hindu Group 10864: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10835: 10831: 10823: 10810: 10804: 10797: 10782: 10778: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10736: 10732: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10667: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10644: 10628: 10624: 10617: 10601: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10577: 10573: 10565:, p. 426; 10561: 10557: 10549: 10545: 10537: 10533: 10521: 10517: 10509: 10505: 10501:, pp. 425. 10497:, p. 154; 10493: 10489: 10477: 10473: 10465: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10434: 10430: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10405: 10393:, p. 164; 10389: 10385: 10369: 10365: 10357:, p. 165; 10349: 10345: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10267: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10242:Wayback Machine 10223: 10219: 10210:Wayback Machine 10191: 10187: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10160: 10153: 10137: 10133: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10087: 10083: 10065: 10061: 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8855: 8848: 8841: 8825: 8821: 8813: 8809: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8709: 8695: 8691: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8663: 8659: 8646: 8637: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8587: 8583: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8540: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8509: 8501:Tughluq Dynasty 8496: 8492: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8466: 8450: 8446: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8362: 8358: 8342: 8338: 8334:from the jizya. 8326: 8322: 8315: 8299: 8295: 8286: 8279: 8271: 8264: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8228: 8224: 8215:. p. 225. 8209: 8205: 8186: 8182: 8173: 8169: 8146: 8142: 8129: 8125: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8085: 8081: 8068: 8064: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8026: 8022: 8009: 8005: 7990: 7986: 7978: 7971: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7932: 7928: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7893: 7889: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7703: 7699: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7639: 7633: 7629: 7621: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7590: 7586: 7572:Delhi Sultanate 7570:AL Srivastava, 7569: 7565: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7512: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7365: 7361: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7329: 7318: 7295: 7291: 7267: 7263: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7014:10.2307/1523075 6997: 6991: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6952:10.2307/1523075 6935: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6895:on 23 July 2015 6887: 6886: 6882: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6485: 6481: 6458: 6445: 6431:Richard Eaton, 6430: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6377: 6370: 6353: 6349: 6332: 6328: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6227: 6223: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6146: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6111: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6042:Delhi Sultanate 6040: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5991: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5834:. p. 104. 5819: 5812: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5770: 5732: 5728: 5690: 5686: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5633: 5629: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5573: 5569: 5560: 5556: 5545: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5459: 5430: 5429: 5395:Coinage History 5385:Musical History 5325: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5206: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5146:Delhi Sultanate 5140: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5064: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5012:, 322 – 185 BCE 4999: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4976:, 345 – 322 BCE 4893: 4881: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4866:3000 – 1000 BCE 4860:7000 – 2600 BCE 4842:7570 – 6200 BCE 4817: 4788: 4781: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4744:Alauddin Khalji 4736: 4727: 4717:Sultan of Delhi 4707:, built by the 4698: 4689: 4679: 4670: 4655: 4646: 4631: 4622: 4615: 4355:Raja Nahar Khan 4234:Alauddin Khalji 4099:Sultan / Agent 4075:community paid 3983: 3931: 3923:Ziauddin Barani 3894: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3860: 3851: 3840: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3792: 3783: 3775: 3761: 3669:Tughlaq dynasty 3634: 3546: 3464: 3450: 3444: 3378: 3372: 3359:Middle Kingdoms 3351: 3345: 3340: 3234: 3228: 3220:Tughlaq dynasty 3171: 3136: 3134:Social policies 3097:Ziauddin Barani 3040: 3034: 2991: 2962: 2961: 2925: 2915: 2914: 2868: 2858: 2857: 2770: 2759: 2757:Tughlaq dynasty 2749: 2748: 2692: 2682: 2681: 2565: 2548:Delhi Sultanate 2541: 2491: 2384: 2378: 2329:chieftain from 2296:was founded by 2282: 2276: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2160: 2033:Tughlaq dynasty 2021: 2019:Tughlaq dynasty 2015: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1664: 1658: 1650:Main articles: 1648: 1636:Quwwat-ul-Islam 1519: 1513: 1508: 1498: 1450:spread of Islam 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1016: 995:to present-day 942: 932: 927: 871: 863:Islamic culture 831:Islamic history 726:who routed the 676: 647:Delhi Sultanate 635: 598: 584: 570: 556: 551:Malwa Sultanate 542: 528: 514: 500: 490: 456: 417: 398: 385: 372: 359: 317: 307: 276: 263: 213: 209: 205: 194: 173: 116: 113:Tughlaq dynasty 100: 87: 86: 69: 62: 61: 54: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Delhi sultanate 15: 12: 11: 5: 13168: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13100: 13099: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13072:Turkic Academy 13069: 13064: 13059: 13053: 13051: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12969:Khalwati order 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12949:Bektashi Order 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12874: 12872: 12868: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12828:Karakalpakstan 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12793:Altai Republic 12789: 12787: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12741: 12739: 12730: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12694:Nomadic empire 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12517: 12515: 12508: 12507: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12462:Western Thrace 12368: 12367: 12366: 12350: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12186:Crimean Tatars 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12105: 12099: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11989:Siberian Tatar 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11794: 11788: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11764: 11763: 11756: 11749: 11741: 11735: 11734: 11722: 11708: 11707:External links 11705: 11704: 11703: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11650: 11639: 11633: 11618: 11596: 11590: 11575: 11568: 11565: 11562: 11556: 11543: 11521: 11515: 11500: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11481: 11467:Jackson, Peter 11455:(April 1999). 11453:Jackson, Peter 11449: 11436: 11419: 11413: 11400: 11394: 11373: 11368:978-0520972100 11367: 11357:, ed. (2019). 11351: 11345: 11328: 11306: 11300: 11287: 11281: 11267:Satish Chandra 11263: 11257: 11244: 11238: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11202: 11193:India Handbook 11182: 11155: 11143: 11136: 11116: 11109: 11089: 11082: 11062: 11051: 11028: 11022:Eaton (2000), 11015: 11006: 10993: 10984: 10972: 10963: 10950: 10941: 10935:978-8178710273 10934: 10916: 10905:(3): 283–319. 10887: 10858: 10849: 10845:978-9004061170 10829: 10795: 10776: 10757: 10750: 10730: 10713: 10706: 10686: 10679: 10661: 10649: 10642: 10622: 10615: 10595: 10583: 10571: 10569:, p. 156. 10555: 10553:, p. 156. 10543: 10541:, p. 149. 10531: 10529:, p. 425. 10515: 10503: 10487: 10471: 10469:, p. 151. 10456: 10454:, p. 425. 10444: 10442:, p. 425. 10428: 10426:, p. 425. 10412: 10403: 10401:, p. 149. 10383: 10381:, p. 149. 10363: 10361:, p. 149. 10343: 10341:Harle, 423–424 10334: 10327: 10307: 10298: 10292: 10274:Metcalf, T. R. 10261: 10249: 10225:Angus Maddison 10217: 10193:Angus Maddison 10185: 10170: 10158: 10151: 10131: 10116: 10096: 10081: 10072:Joseph Needham 10059: 10034: 10018: 10011: 9991: 9976: 9967:978-0471180456 9966: 9946: 9934: 9927: 9900: 9893: 9875: 9863: 9857: 9835: 9823: 9788: 9762: 9742: 9726: 9693: 9686: 9668: 9654: 9634: 9605: 9591: 9571: 9557: 9528: 9514: 9488: 9474: 9451: 9433: 9410: 9399: 9357: 9355:, p. 386. 9345: 9343:, p. 383. 9333: 9331:, p. 389. 9321: 9319:, p. 380. 9309: 9307:, p. 102. 9294: 9292:, p. 384. 9277: 9275:, p. 385. 9265: 9263:, p. 379. 9253: 9251:, p. 105. 9238: 9226: 9214: 9198: 9191: 9171: 9169:, p. 278. 9159: 9152: 9132: 9125: 9105: 9098: 9078:Jackson, Peter 9069: 9062: 9042: 9027: 9018: 9014:978-0415060844 9001: 8986: 8973:Jagranjosh.com 8960: 8951: 8941: 8923: 8902: 8898:978-0816083626 8885: 8883:, p. 261. 8873: 8861: 8859:, p. 108. 8846: 8839: 8819: 8807: 8783: 8748: 8739:978-8193009352 8738: 8718: 8707: 8689: 8669: 8657: 8653:978-9004061170 8635: 8628: 8608: 8601: 8581: 8577:978-9004061170 8564: 8555: 8534: 8522: 8507: 8490: 8471: 8464: 8444: 8427: 8420: 8400: 8393: 8373: 8370:. p. 217. 8356: 8352:978-9004061170 8336: 8320: 8313: 8293: 8277: 8262: 8249: 8242: 8222: 8211:Mehta (1979). 8203: 8180: 8167: 8150:Ars Orientalis 8140: 8137:. p. 140. 8123: 8106: 8099: 8079: 8062: 8047: 8040: 8020: 8016:978-0816083626 8003: 7984: 7969: 7953: 7946: 7926: 7922:978-8124105221 7909: 7900: 7887: 7870: 7858: 7856:, p. 115. 7846: 7839: 7833:. SUNY Press. 7819: 7807: 7765: 7748: 7739: 7724: 7717: 7697: 7679: 7627: 7612: 7600: 7597:978-8122002263 7584: 7563: 7547: 7538: 7522: 7506: 7502:978-1598843361 7486: 7479: 7459: 7456:. p. 150. 7444: 7434: 7415: 7386: 7379: 7359: 7340: 7336:978-0521291378 7316: 7289: 7261: 7244: 7224: 7207: 7187: 7173: 7153: 7139: 7119: 7105: 7085: 7078: 7072:. p. 15. 7054: 7042: 6980: 6923: 6906: 6880: 6861: 6846: 6836: 6827: 6809:Mohammad Habib 6796: 6787: 6775: 6763: 6751: 6742: 6733: 6722:(4): 293–317. 6706: 6699: 6679: 6672: 6652: 6633: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6615:978-9004083417 6607: 6604: 6601:978-9004177581 6580: 6567: 6555: 6543: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6497: 6479: 6468:(3): 283–319. 6443: 6417: 6391: 6368: 6364:978-0691134840 6347: 6343:978-0803213449 6333:Pradeep Barua 6326: 6311: 6302: 6292: 6269: 6254: 6242: 6221: 6194: 6187: 6167: 6160: 6140: 6120: 6109: 6082: 6075: 6055: 6046: 6031: 6024: 6004: 5989: 5965: 5953: 5951:, p. 359. 5941: 5911: 5872: 5865: 5847: 5841:978-9004168596 5840: 5810: 5795: 5788: 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5055: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5035:Kushan Dynasty 5032: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5018:, 185 – 73 BCE 5016:Shunga Dynasty 5013: 5010:Maurya Dynasty 5001: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4897: 4889: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4748: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4699: 4692: 4690: 4680: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4619:Somnath Temple 4616: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4222: 4221: 4192: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3930: 3927: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3880:Main article: 3877: 3876:List of rulers 3874: 3873: 3872: 3861: 3854: 3852: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3812:Tomb of Balban 3809: 3802: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3782:, some cusped. 3763:Screen of the 3762: 3755: 3633: 3630: 3614:horseshoe arch 3597:Tomb of Balban 3540:Minaret of Jam 3503:The important 3467:) next to the 3446:Main article: 3443: 3440: 3371: 3368: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3309:spinning wheel 3246:Angus Maddison 3227: 3224: 3170: 3167: 3151:Basātin al-uns 3149:in 1324, from 3135: 3132: 3050:, Governor of 3033: 3030: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2869: 2866:Sayyid dynasty 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2693: 2690:Khalji dynasty 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2566: 2563:Mamluk dynasty 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2540: 2537: 2493:The historian 2490: 2487: 2380:Main article: 2377: 2374: 2361:beyond Delhi. 2339:Timurid Empire 2294:Sayyid dynasty 2280:Sayyid dynasty 2278:Main article: 2275: 2272: 2268:Timurid Empire 2173: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2086:Basātin al-uns 2017:Main article: 2014: 2011: 1952: 1951: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1756:Jaisalmer Fort 1745:Mongol attacks 1739:, as well as 1680:Khalji dynasty 1672:Khalji dynasty 1656:Khalji dynasty 1647: 1644: 1613:Corps of Forty 1515:Main article: 1512: 1509: 1497: 1494: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1018: 1009: 1003: 1002: 1001: 953:Turkic peoples 931: 928: 926: 923: 870: 867: 839:dharmic faiths 724:Muhammad Ghori 679:in the former 641: 640: 637: 636: 634: 633: 628: 623: 617: 615: 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 595: 589: 588: 581: 575: 574: 567: 561: 560: 553: 547: 546: 539: 533: 532: 525: 519: 518: 511: 505: 504: 497: 492: 491: 488: 481: 480: 478: 476:Mughal Empire 469: 466: 465: 460: 448: 447: 442: 432: 431: 426: 422: 421: 418: 415: 412: 411: 407: 406: 403: 402: 401:21 April 1526 399: 393: 390: 389: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 344:Medieval India 341: 340:Historical era 337: 336: 333:Corps of Forty 330: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 311: 308: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 284: 283: 277: 274: 271: 270: 264: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 231:Zoroastrianism 203:State religion 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 187: 181: 179: 175: 174: 172: 171: 165: 159: 153: 147: 141: 134: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 110: 102: 101: 88: 80: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13167: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13096: 13089: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13050:Organizations 13048: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13005:Vattisen Yaly 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12869: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12798:Bashkortostan 12796: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12782: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12687:Turkification 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12597: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12486: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12369: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12308: 12303: 12302:Baraba Tatars 12299: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12213: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12087: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12057:Common Turkic 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12034:Western Yugur 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11849:Crimean Tatar 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11776: 11762: 11757: 11755: 11750: 11748: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11732: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11715: 11711: 11710: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11646: 11640: 11636: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11591:9781000007299 11587: 11584:. Routledge. 11583: 11582: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11450: 11439: 11437:90-04-02104-3 11433: 11429: 11425: 11420: 11416: 11410: 11406: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11346:9780300088694 11342: 11338: 11334: 11329: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11310:Elliot, H. M. 11307: 11303: 11297: 11293: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11250: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11205: 11199: 11195: 11194: 11186: 11170: 11166: 11159: 11153:, p. 84. 11152: 11147: 11139: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11120: 11112: 11106: 11102: 11101: 11093: 11085: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11066: 11059: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11038: 11032: 11025: 11019: 11010: 11003: 10997: 10988: 10981: 10976: 10967: 10960: 10954: 10945: 10937: 10931: 10927: 10920: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10862: 10853: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10833: 10822: 10818: 10817: 10809: 10802: 10800: 10793: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10761: 10753: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10734: 10726: 10725: 10717: 10709: 10707:9781412821292 10703: 10699: 10698: 10690: 10682: 10680:9780198029304 10676: 10672: 10665: 10659:, p. 55. 10658: 10653: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10626: 10618: 10616:9781136383014 10612: 10608: 10607: 10599: 10593:, p. 86. 10592: 10587: 10581:, p. 85. 10580: 10575: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10547: 10540: 10535: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10512: 10507: 10500: 10496: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10468: 10463: 10461: 10453: 10448: 10441: 10437: 10432: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10407: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10347: 10338: 10330: 10328:9788178356648 10324: 10320: 10319: 10311: 10302: 10295: 10289: 10286:, p. 6, 10285: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10259:, p. 47. 10258: 10253: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10203:pages 241–242 10200: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10177: 10175: 10168:, p. 96. 10167: 10162: 10154: 10148: 10144: 10143: 10135: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10100: 10092: 10085: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10031: 10027: 10022: 10014: 10012:9788131727911 10008: 10004: 10003: 9995: 9988: 9983: 9981: 9973: 9969: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9950: 9943: 9938: 9930: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9915: 9910: 9904: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9879: 9873:, p. 36. 9872: 9867: 9860: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9833:, p. 10. 9832: 9827: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9792: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9766: 9758: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9739:. p. 58. 9738: 9737: 9730: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9657: 9655:9781317586920 9651: 9647: 9646: 9638: 9622: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9594: 9592:9789698123000 9588: 9584: 9583: 9575: 9560: 9558:9780903871006 9554: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9517: 9515:9780486422299 9511: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9477: 9475:9788120804784 9471: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9455: 9448: 9436: 9434:9789384464547 9430: 9423: 9422: 9414: 9408: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9306: 9301: 9299: 9291: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9257: 9250: 9245: 9243: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9210: 9209: 9202: 9194: 9192:9788121903646 9188: 9184: 9183: 9175: 9168: 9163: 9155: 9153:9780860783664 9149: 9145: 9144: 9136: 9128: 9126:9781107034280 9122: 9118: 9117: 9109: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9086:Reid, Anthony 9083: 9079: 9073: 9065: 9059: 9055: 9054: 9046: 9039: 9036: 9031: 9022: 9015: 9011: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8955: 8948: 8944: 8942:9781789140101 8938: 8934: 8927: 8920:. p. 84. 8919: 8915: 8914: 8906: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8882: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8858: 8853: 8851: 8842: 8840:9788121903646 8836: 8832: 8831: 8823: 8816: 8811: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8786: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8752: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8722: 8715: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8612: 8604: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8585: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8538: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8514: 8512: 8503: 8502: 8494: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8465:9788193391426 8461: 8457: 8456: 8448: 8440: 8439: 8431: 8423: 8421:9788170945253 8417: 8413: 8412: 8404: 8396: 8394:9781108417747 8390: 8386: 8385: 8377: 8369: 8368: 8360: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8329: 8324: 8316: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8297: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8274: 8269: 8267: 8259: 8253: 8245: 8243:9780810864016 8239: 8235: 8234: 8226: 8219: 8214: 8207: 8200:(2): 600–609. 8199: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8119: 8118: 8110: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8066: 8058: 8051: 8043: 8041:9788171416837 8037: 8033: 8032: 8024: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7930: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7904: 7897: 7891: 7883: 7882: 7874: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7842: 7840:9781438402123 7836: 7832: 7831: 7823: 7816: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7743: 7736: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7701: 7693: 7692:Delhi Tourism 7689: 7683: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7560:0-415-15482-0 7557: 7551: 7542: 7534: 7533: 7526: 7520: 7519:0-8135-1304-9 7516: 7510: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7482: 7480:9788124110645 7476: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7435:9788171563623 7431: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7382: 7380:9788122000429 7376: 7372: 7371: 7363: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7258: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7228: 7221: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7142: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7123: 7108: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7089: 7081: 7079:9781784530143 7075: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6894: 6890: 6889:"Qutub Minar" 6884: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6840: 6831: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6791: 6784: 6779: 6772: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6631:, p. 19. 6630: 6625: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6577: 6571: 6565:, p. 38. 6564: 6559: 6552: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6520: 6514:, p. 67. 6513: 6508: 6500: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6306: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6246: 6239: 6238:0-415-15482-0 6235: 6231: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6188:9780415169523 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6161:9788121903646 6157: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6059: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6008: 6002:, p. 86. 6001: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5969: 5963:, p. 28. 5962: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5682: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5666:Catalan Atlas 5660: 5656: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Naval History 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5266: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5201: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5172:Lodhi Dynasty 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5138:Late medieval 5134: 5133: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5117:Chola Dynasty 5115: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5088:Arab Invasion 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5048: 5047:Gupta Dynasty 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030:Sangam period 5028: 5024:, 73 – 28 BCE 5023: 5022:Kanva Dynasty 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4983: 4982:Mahajanapadas 4980: 4975: 4974:Nanda Dynasty 4972: 4970:413 – 345 BCE 4969: 4966: 4964:544 – 413 BCE 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711:, located in 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4517:Sikandar Lodi 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459:Tripureshvara 4456: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4432:Muzaffar Shah 4429: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394:Somanathapura 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4359:Muzaffar Khan 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211:Uttar Pradesh 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033:Mughal Empire 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4003:Hindu temples 3995: 3991: 3990:Jordan Catala 3987: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899:Nusrat Khan's 3883: 3869: 3865: 3864:Sikandar Lodi 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3780:Corbel arches 3770: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677:Tughlaq tombs 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3553:with "superb 3552: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3460:(left, begun 3459: 3454: 3449: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3423:lingua franca 3419: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314:hand spinning 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3244:According to 3242: 3240: 3239:Mongol Empire 3233: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Mongol Empire 3186: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2942:Sikandar Lodi 2940: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2895:Muhammad Shah 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2808:Abu Bakr Shah 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2612:Razia Sultana 2610: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2495:Peter Jackson 2486: 2485:replaced it. 2484: 2483:Mughal Empire 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2446:Sikandar Lodi 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2350:Muhammad Shah 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2314:Abraham Eraly 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2239:Abu Bakr Shah 2236: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2193: 2192:Brahmi script 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104:(renaming it 2103: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2080:Depiction of 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2053:Vincent Smith 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1959:Mongol Empire 1955: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1918: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1869: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605:Razia Sultana 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1518: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452:. Like other 1451: 1441: 1440:Ghurid Empire 1435: 1427: 1425: 1413: 1411: 1398: 1396: 1383: 1381: 1370: 1368: 1357: 1355: 1343: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1299: 1298: 1284: 1282: 1269: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1245: 1236: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1183: 1174: 1163: 1161: 1152: 1150: 1139: 1137: 1128: 1126: 1115: 1113: 1104: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1079: 1077: 1064: 1061: 1050: 1048: 1037: 1035: 1007: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 983:and becoming 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 951: 947: 941: 937: 922: 920: 918: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 882: 876: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835:Razia Sultana 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 809: 808:Mughal Empire 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695:(1320–1414), 694: 691:(1290–1320), 690: 687:(1206–1290), 686: 682: 671: 667: 663: 659: 656: 655:late medieval 652: 648: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 616: 614:Today part of 612: 596: 594: 591: 590: 582: 580: 577: 576: 568: 566: 563: 562: 554: 552: 549: 548: 540: 538: 535: 534: 526: 524: 521: 520: 512: 510: 507: 506: 498: 496: 493: 486: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 470: 464: 463:Ghurid Empire 461: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 430: 427: 423: 419: 413: 408: 404: 400: 397: 391: 387: 384: 383:Sack of Delhi 378: 374: 371: 365: 361: 358: 352: 348: 345: 342: 338: 334: 331: 327: 323: 319: 313: 309: 303: 299: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 272: 268: 265: 259: 255: 251: 249: 245: 242: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 197: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 180: 176: 169: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 114: 108: 103: 94: 93: 92:Catalan Atlas 84: 77: 72: 66: 58: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12984:Qalandariyya 12959:Christianity 12770:Turkmenistan 12708: / 12699:Turco-Mongol 12138:Azerbaijanis 11733:at Wikiquote 11690: 11658: 11644: 11623: 11604: 11580: 11571: 11547: 11529: 11505: 11494: 11471: 11457: 11441:. Retrieved 11427: 11404: 11385: 11358: 11336: 11333:Grabar, Oleg 11322: 11291: 11271: 11248: 11224: 11192: 11185: 11173:. Retrieved 11168: 11158: 11146: 11126: 11119: 11099: 11092: 11072: 11065: 11056: 11041: 11031: 11018: 11009: 10996: 10987: 10980:Jackson 2003 10975: 10966: 10953: 10944: 10925: 10919: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10877: 10871: 10861: 10852: 10832: 10821:the original 10814: 10788: 10784: 10779: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10740: 10733: 10723: 10716: 10696: 10689: 10664: 10652: 10632: 10625: 10605: 10598: 10586: 10574: 10558: 10546: 10534: 10518: 10506: 10490: 10474: 10447: 10431: 10415: 10406: 10386: 10366: 10346: 10337: 10317: 10310: 10301: 10278: 10264: 10252: 10228: 10220: 10196: 10188: 10161: 10141: 10134: 10106: 10099: 10090: 10084: 10075: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10037: 10021: 10001: 9994: 9971: 9956: 9949: 9937: 9917: 9913: 9903: 9884: 9878: 9866: 9848: 9838: 9826: 9804:(1): 63–64. 9801: 9797: 9791: 9772: 9765: 9756: 9735: 9729: 9717:. Retrieved 9710:the original 9696: 9677: 9671: 9659:. Retrieved 9644: 9637: 9625:. Retrieved 9618: 9608: 9596:. Retrieved 9581: 9574: 9562:. Retrieved 9544: 9519:. Retrieved 9501: 9491: 9479:. Retrieved 9464: 9454: 9445: 9438:. Retrieved 9420: 9413: 9402: 9377: 9373: 9360: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9312: 9268: 9256: 9229: 9222:Jackson 1999 9217: 9207: 9201: 9181: 9174: 9167:Jackson 1999 9162: 9146:. Variorum. 9142: 9135: 9115: 9108: 9089: 9072: 9052: 9045: 9037: 9035:Lodi Dynasty 9030: 9021: 9004: 8977:. Retrieved 8972: 8963: 8954: 8946: 8932: 8926: 8912: 8905: 8888: 8876: 8864: 8829: 8822: 8810: 8798: 8795: 8788:, retrieved 8761: 8757:Digby, Simon 8751: 8743: 8728: 8721: 8712: 8698: 8692: 8683: 8678: 8672: 8660: 8618: 8611: 8591: 8584: 8567: 8558: 8543: 8537: 8530:Jackson 1999 8525: 8500: 8493: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8454: 8447: 8437: 8430: 8410: 8403: 8383: 8376: 8366: 8359: 8339: 8323: 8303: 8296: 8252: 8232: 8225: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8197: 8193: 8183: 8170: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8133: 8126: 8116: 8109: 8089: 8082: 8072: 8065: 8050: 8030: 8023: 8006: 7999:Google Books 7992: 7987: 7962: 7956: 7936: 7929: 7912: 7903: 7895: 7890: 7880: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7829: 7822: 7810: 7785: 7781: 7768: 7742: 7707: 7700: 7691: 7682: 7667: 7647: 7643: 7630: 7608:Jackson 2003 7603: 7587: 7582:, pp 156–158 7566: 7550: 7541: 7531: 7525: 7509: 7489: 7469: 7462: 7453: 7447: 7439: 7424: 7418: 7410: 7398: 7389: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7349: 7343: 7302: 7292: 7274: 7264: 7256: 7249:. Retrieved 7234: 7227: 7219: 7212:. Retrieved 7197: 7190: 7178:. Retrieved 7163: 7156: 7144:. Retrieved 7129: 7122: 7110:. Retrieved 7095: 7088: 7064: 7057: 7045: 7033:. Retrieved 7026:the original 7005: 7001: 6971:. Retrieved 6964:the original 6943: 6939: 6926: 6897:. Retrieved 6893:the original 6883: 6857:Jackson 2003 6839: 6830: 6822: 6817: 6813:K. A. Nizami 6805:K. A. Nizami 6799: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6689: 6682: 6662: 6655: 6648:Jackson 2003 6624: 6575: 6570: 6558: 6546: 6519: 6507: 6488: 6482: 6465: 6461: 6439:Google Books 6432: 6408:. Retrieved 6403: 6394: 6383: 6355: 6350: 6334: 6329: 6320: 6318:J. A. Page, 6314: 6305: 6297: 6286:, Elsevier, 6282: 6245: 6229: 6224: 6215: 6203: 6197: 6177: 6170: 6150: 6143: 6133: 6129:K. A. Nizami 6123: 6114: 6099: 6095:Ayesha Jalal 6085: 6065: 6058: 6049: 6014: 6007: 6000:Jackson 2003 5968: 5961:Jackson 2003 5956: 5949:Jackson 2003 5944: 5932:. Retrieved 5928:the original 5923: 5914: 5907:(1451–1526). 5905: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5856: 5850: 5826: 5778: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5729: 5721: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5664: 5659: 5635: 5630: 5604: 5586: 5570: 5557: 5549: 5534: 5531:cakkavattaka 5530: 5525: 5516: 5365:LGBT history 5230:Bengal Subah 5218:Suri Dynasty 5205:Early modern 5185:Vijayanagara 5145: 5110:Pala Dynasty 4906:Kuru kingdom 4716: 4521:Ibrahim Lodi 4513:Khawwas Khan 4386:Dvarasamudra 4378:Pillalamarri 4325:Dvarasamudra 4190:Vikramashila 4092: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4049: 3999: 3993: 3905:(modern-day 3895: 3868:Lodi Gardens 3848:Lodi Gardens 3844:Shish Gumbad 3746: 3733:, and often 3728: 3701: 3687:and a round 3654: 3601:Alai Darwaza 3590: 3571: 3560:The Tomb of 3559: 3529: 3502: 3478: 3469:Alai Darwaza 3442:Architecture 3432: 3427: 3421: 3418:Amir Khusrau 3404: 3395: 3391: 3386:Alai Darwaza 3352: 3343:Demographics 3323: 3302: 3288:with gears, 3277:Water wheels 3273: 3264: 3243: 3235: 3216:war elephant 3213: 3184: 3182: 3172: 3164: 3150: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3061: 3017: 2996: 2952:Ibrahim Lodi 2923:Lodi dynasty 2885:Mubarak Shah 2798:Tughluq Khan 2739:Khusrau Khan 2547: 2546: 2531:) of modern 2528: 2509:Central Asia 2498: 2497:explains in 2492: 2466:Ibrahim Lodi 2463: 2443: 2434:Lodi Gardens 2393: 2382:Lodi dynasty 2363: 2359: 2356:, New Delhi. 2354:Lodi Gardens 2348:The tomb of 2291: 2232: 2203: 2130:Kangra State 2118: 2099: 2085: 2064: 2057: 2037:Turko-Mongol 2030: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1980:Alai Darwaza 1969: 1876: 1863: 1825:GOLDEN HORDE 1769: 1726:Grand Vizier 1707: 1696: 1684:Turko-Afghan 1677: 1629: 1578: 1551: 1546: 1528: 1487: 1470: 1463: 1447: 1421: 1407: 1392: 1379: 1366: 1351: 1339: 1328: 1307: 1290: 1276: 1265: 1252: 1232: 1220: 1208: 1159: 1146: 1135: 1122: 1111: 1100: 1088: 1073: 1059: 1044: 1031: 989:Muslim world 981:Muslim lands 943: 914: 878: 872: 855:Central Asia 812: 780:Vijayanagara 740:them earlier 721: 650: 646: 644: 495: 445:Succeeded by 444: 439: 416:• 1312. 362:25 June 1206 357:Independence 280:Ibrahim Lodi 227:Christianity 217:(majority), 210: 202: 115:, 1330–1335. 90: 36: 12974:Malamatiyya 12626:Pan-Turkism 12606:Grey Wolves 12571:Oghuz Turks 12491:Afghanistan 12276:Qarai Turks 12206:Karakalpaks 11974:Sakha/Yakut 11864:Fuyü Gïrgïs 11819:Azerbaijani 11355:Green, Nile 11314:John Dowson 10768:, Part II, 10410:Harle, 429. 10270:Metcalf, B. 10028:, pp. 9918:(1957–2007) 9909:Jos Gommans 9549:(Hardcover) 9540:Simon Digby 9506:(Paperback) 8881:Hartel 1997 8156:: 105–118. 7997:, p. 3, at 7504:, pp. 62–63 7180:19 November 7146:19 November 6512:Ludden 2002 6410:31 December 6091:Sugata Bose 5822:Jamal Malik 5624:§ Name 5546: 1150 5539:Bhaskara II 5360:Art History 5283:British Raj 5256:Sikh Empire 5244:Company Raj 5090:, c. 738 CE 4816:Prehistoric 4787:History of 4701:Rani ki Vav 4659:Malik Kafur 4552:Kanchipuram 4509:Khalil Shah 4329:Chidambaram 4305:Ranthambore 4289:Vamanathali 4238:Malik Kafur 4162:Anahilavada 4061:Vikramshila 3981:Desecration 3776: 1229 3547: 1190 3465: 1200 3414:North India 3410:vernaculars 3406:apabhramsha 3305:Irfan Habib 3267:Firuz Shahi 3025:paramountcy 2533:Afghanistan 2430:Bara Gumbad 2323:Simon Digby 2217:Muslim and 2102:Maharashtra 2045:Tughlaqabad 1776:Khusro Khan 1772:Malik Kafur 1716:(1292) and 1674:circa 1320. 1589:Ranthambore 1295:(RATNAPURA) 1233:GAHADAVALAS 1060:QARA KHITAI 997:Afghanistan 985:Islamicized 969:Middle East 965:fragmenting 895:Ibn Battuta 772:North India 764:South India 440:Preceded by 335:(1211–1266) 329:Legislature 207:Sunni Islam 170:(1506–1526) 164:(1334–1506) 158:(1327–1334) 152:(1214–1327) 146:(1210–1214) 140:(1206–1210) 13109:Categories 12954:Burkhanism 12919:Aiyy Faith 12838:Nakhchivan 12775:Uzbekistan 12755:Kyrgyzstan 12750:Kazakhstan 12745:Azerbaijan 12616:Burkhanism 12442:Montenegro 12406:Dodecanese 12067:Old Uyghur 12052:Old Turkic 11954:Old Turkic 11889:Karakalpak 11634:0226742210 11414:0300062176 11258:0300064659 11052:9004102361 11037:Andre Wink 10787:, Part I, 10643:0803213441 10563:Harle 1994 10527:Harle 1994 10499:Harle 1994 10483:Harle 1994 10452:Harle 1994 10440:Harle 1994 10424:Harle 1994 10395:Harle 1994 10375:Harle 1994 10351:Harle 1994 10181:Habib 2011 10166:Habib 2011 10126:1119136572 10026:Habib 2011 9987:Pacey 1991 9942:Pacey 1991 9871:Pacey 1991 9831:Pacey 1991 8997:Smith 1920 8857:Eaton 2020 8815:Eaton 2020 8790:25 January 8518:Smith 1920 8273:Smith 1920 7980:Smith 1920 7735:Smith 1920 7718:9004061673 7623:Smith 1920 7580:B007Q862WO 7070:I.B.Tauris 6563:Eaton 2020 6250:Smith 1920 5934:29 January 5924:Asi.nic.in 5646:References 5615:سلطنت دهلی 5575:Ulugh Khan 5477:Iconoclasm 4852:Lahuradewa 4604:Iconoclasm 4548:Kondapalli 4532:Mandalgarh 4528:1457–1518 4487:Kumbhalmer 4447:1400–1442 4436:Ahmad Shah 4366:1320–1395 4347:Ulugh Khan 4321:Hanmakonda 4245:1211–1320 4182:Odantapuri 4134:1192–1206 4069:Ulugh Khan 4057:Odantapuri 4041:Abu'l-Fazl 4027:after his 3704:Firuz Shah 3673:Sufi saint 3651:in 1320 AD 3608:and white 3555:stalactite 3532:Qutb Minar 3458:Qutb Minar 3374:See also: 3347:See also: 3318:cotton gin 3263:to Delhi. 3230:See also: 3089:sweetmeats 3081:vegetables 3036:See also: 3012:Firuz Shah 2875:Khizr Khan 2699:Jalaluddin 2404:Lodi tribe 2298:Khizr Khan 2106:Daulatabad 1838:GREAT KHAN 1784:Koh-i-Noor 1766:, in 1299. 1660:See also: 1632:Qutb Minar 1573:Qutb Minar 1500:See also: 1292:KALACHURIS 1277:KALACHURIS 1253:KACHCHAPA- 1125:GHAZNAVIDS 1112:CHAHAMANAS 1101:CHAULUKYAS 1045:KARAKHANID 1032:South Asia 934:See also: 930:Background 825:(from the 762:deep into 713:Bangladesh 621:Bangladesh 237:Government 156:Daulatabad 49:سلطنت دهلی 13000:Zahediyeh 12995:Safaviyya 12944:Bayramiye 12939:Batiniyya 12914:Shamanism 12897:Religions 12888:Turkology 12848:Tatarstan 12833:Khakassia 12803:Chuvashia 12729:Locations 12706:Tian Shan 12682:Migration 12657:Turkestan 12640:Hungarian 12631:Turkesism 12328:Kryashens 12316:Astrakhan 12241:Krymchaks 12201:Karachays 12122:Telengits 12118:Kumandins 12044:Alphabets 11874:Ili Turki 11784:Languages 11699:1875-9831 11539:685167335 10873:Frontline 10816:The Hindu 10789:Frontline 10770:Frontline 9783:162833441 9386:0732-2992 8001:, pp 9–10 7794:0732-2992 7673:Jalayirid 7656:0732-2992 7574:5th ed., 7338:, pp 9–13 7284:607636383 7251:23 August 7214:23 August 7112:23 August 7035:13 August 6973:13 August 6212:264960720 5985:1076-156X 5902:146630389 5718:263250872 5651:Citations 5620:Hindustan 5550:araghatta 4997:Classical 4834:Neolithic 4588:Khajuraho 4455:Bijbehara 4414:Sainthali 4333:Srirangam 4281:Ashapalli 4195:Rajasthan 3964:Srirangam 3907:Ahmedabad 3903:Ashapalli 3739:hypostyle 3735:mouldings 3724:pavilions 3665:mausoleum 3606:sandstone 3593:voussoirs 3582:Rajasthan 3566:squinches 3562:Iltutmish 3525:corbelled 3475:in Delhi. 3159:Jalayirid 3105:regrating 3007:Ghaznavid 2956:1517–1526 2946:1489–1517 2936:1451–1489 2909:1445–1451 2905:Alam Shah 2899:1434–1445 2889:1421–1434 2879:1414–1421 2852:1394–1413 2842:1394–1398 2822:1390–1393 2812:1389–1390 2802:1388–1389 2792:1351–1388 2782:1325–1351 2771:1320–1325 2733:1316–1320 2713:1296–1316 2703:1290–1296 2666:1287–1290 2656:1266–1287 2646:1246–1266 2636:1242–1246 2626:1240–1242 2616:1236-1240 2596:1211–1236 2592:Iltutmish 2586:1210–1211 2582:Aram Shah 2576:1206–1210 2438:New Delhi 2366:Alam Shah 2262:in 1398. 2256:Firozabad 2126:Himalayas 2094:Jalayirid 1936:MAJAPAHIT 1916:SULTANATE 1867:SULTANATE 1847:ILKHANATE 1786:diamond. 1764:Rajputana 1760:Jaisalmer 1741:Rajputana 1569:Iltutmish 1554:Aram Shah 1547:Lakhbaksh 1496:Dynasties 1424:SULTANATE 1340:KAMARUPAS 1329:NAGVANSIS 1280:(TRIPURI) 1266:CHANDELAS 1160:KAKATIYAS 1149:CHALUKYAS 1136:PARAMARAS 961:Caliphate 911:Hindustan 670:sultanate 199:Religion 125:Sultanate 74:1206–1526 12964:Hurufism 12909:Tengrism 12858:Xinjiang 12813:Gagauzia 12662:Mongolia 12636:Turanism 12611:Kemalism 12599:Politics 12561:Kipchaks 12541:Göktürks 12536:Dughlats 12390:Bulgaria 12378:Abkhazia 12353:Turkmens 12336:Nağaybäk 12166:Bashkirs 12130:Tubalars 12114:Chelkans 12108:Altaians 12062:Cyrillic 11964:Pecheneg 11929:Krymchak 11834:Chagatai 11807:Southern 11802:Northern 11689:(eds.). 11656:(1929). 11614:31870180 11527:(1950). 11469:(2003). 11316:(1867). 11269:(2007). 11151:Lal 1950 11039:(1991). 10657:Lal 1950 10591:Lal 1950 10579:Lal 1950 10238:Archived 10235:page 236 10227:(2001), 10206:Archived 10195:(2001), 10070:(1985), 9661:14 April 9627:14 April 9616:(1896). 9598:14 April 9564:14 April 9542:(1971). 9521:14 April 9499:(2002). 9481:14 April 9462:(1989). 9394:23350289 9374:Muqarnas 9088:(eds.). 8979:1 August 8685:Bukhārā. 8332:Brahmins 7866:Ray 2019 7854:Ray 2019 7815:Ray 2019 7802:23350289 7782:Muqarnas 7664:23350289 7644:Muqarnas 7407:44145331 7311:31870180 7272:(1966). 7002:Muqarnas 6940:Muqarnas 6899:5 August 6815:(eds.). 6441:, (2004) 6217:kingdom. 6131:(1992). 6097:(2004). 5977:Archived 5824:(2008). 4858:Mehrgarh 4854:7000 BCE 4848:7106 BCE 4840:Bhirrana 4808:Timeline 4778:a series 4776:Part of 4768:See also 4726:in 1298. 4705:stepwell 4643:Varanasi 4576:Pavagadh 4572:Junagadh 4568:Vadnagar 4560:Nagarkot 4505:Bahmanis 4479:Navasari 4451:Paraspur 4428:Sikandar 4370:Warangal 4285:Khambhat 4265:Devagiri 4226:Iltumish 4186:Somapura 4174:Varanasi 4102:Dynasty 4035:, where 4017:Sanskrit 4012:Buddhist 3915:Vanthali 3887:Downfall 3862:Tomb of 3794:Tomb of 3767:mosque, 3748:charbagh 3626:openwork 3624:, stone 3363:Medieval 3286:machines 3265:Sirat i- 3169:Military 3101:hoarding 3093:chapatis 3046:Coin of 2709:Alauddin 2513:Persians 2420:Varanasi 2410:, was a 2306:Muhammad 2188:minarets 2114:Warangal 2049:Warangal 1780:Warangal 1718:Devagiri 1690:as they 1575:complex. 1567:Tomb of 1490:Ismāʿīlī 1319:KARNATAS 1221:HOYSALAS 1209:KADAMBAS 975:. Soon, 847:Buddhist 709:Pakistan 631:Pakistan 425:Currency 241:Monarchy 223:Buddhism 215:Hinduism 13041:Chovgan 13021:Kyz kuu 12934:Alevism 12871:Studies 12667:History 12650:Origins 12581:Türgesh 12551:Khazars 12546:Karluks 12526:Bulgars 12501:(Sakha) 12479:Uyghurs 12458:Tunisia 12446:Romania 12426:Lebanon 12394:Croatia 12382:Algeria 12371:Turkish 12363:Iranian 12348:Tofalar 12320:Chinese 12281:Qashqai 12266:Naimans 12211:Kazakhs 12191:Dolgans 12176:Chuvash 12171:Chulyms 12161:Balkars 12153:Georgia 12149:Armenia 12126:Teleuts 12103:Afshars 12095:Peoples 12072:Persian 12009:Turkmen 12004:Turkish 11969:Qashqai 11924:Kipchak 11844:Chuvash 11824:Bashkir 11443:20 July 11384:(ed.). 11215:Sources 11175:23 July 10074:(ed.), 9847:(ed.), 9818:3632072 9447:slaves. 9440:21 July 9425:(ebook) 8162:4629462 8090:Masnavi 7650:: 231. 7022:1523075 6960:1523075 6844:780–783 6603:, Brill 5735:Abbasid 5704:: 148. 5679:in the 5673:1375): 5610:Persian 5591:Somnath 4880:Ancient 4828:Soanian 4667:Madurai 4592:Gwalior 4544:Alampur 4483:Dilwara 4475:Sidhpur 4444:Sayyid 4410:Jaunpur 4402:Cuttack 4382:Ghanpur 4337:Madurai 4309:Chittor 4277:Somnath 4261:Vijapur 4207:Gujarat 4203:Haryana 4178:Nalanda 4170:Kannauj 4158:Pushkar 4130:Ghurids 4111:States 3950:Chittor 3870:, Delhi 3866:in the 3850:, Delhi 3846:in the 3830:, Delhi 3716:Haryana 3693:kalasha 3691:like a 3685:amalaka 3536:minaret 3485:mosques 3428:Hindavi 3388:, 1311. 3370:Culture 3338:Factors 3331:Ma Huan 3290:pulleys 3226:Economy 3087:, from 3079:; from 3071:; from 2529:garmsīr 2455:Mathura 2396:Pashtun 2331:Khokhar 2327:Punjabi 2134:Kaithal 1945:MUSCOVY 1905:BEYLIKS 1856:GEORGIA 1722:Gujarat 1692:adopted 1682:was of 1642:siege. 1593:Sivalik 1542:Kipchak 1476:Sultan 1454:settled 1410:EMIRATE 1352:EASTERN 1243:GUHILAS 1199:PANDYAS 1147:WESTERN 1047:KHANATE 1034:1175 CE 973:Mamluks 967:in the 957:steppes 950:nomadic 925:History 917:Persian 887:Juzjani 881:Persian 865:there. 823:Mongols 796:Timurid 693:Tughlaq 649:or the 394:• 381:• 368:• 355:• 269:(first) 219:Jainism 190:Persian 185:Hindavi 144:Badayun 131:Capital 57:Persian 13031:Kokpar 13026:Jereed 12989:Rifaʽi 12979:Qadiri 12808:Crimea 12765:Turkey 12715:Otuken 12576:Shatuo 12566:K'o-sa 12531:Cumans 12521:Bulaqs 12505:Yugurs 12499:Yakuts 12484:Uzbeks 12474:Tuvans 12450:Serbia 12422:Kosovo 12418:Israel 12402:Cyprus 12359:Afghan 12332:Mishar 12310:Tatars 12271:Nogais 12261:Kumyks 12246:Kyrgyz 12231:Khalaj 12226:Khakas 12196:Gagauz 12024:Uyghur 11944:Kyrgyz 11914:Khazar 11909:Khalaj 11904:Khakas 11899:Kazakh 11884:Karaim 11869:Gagauz 11859:Dolgan 11839:Chulym 11829:Bulgar 11792:Afshar 11777:topics 11775:Turkic 11697: 11631: 11612: 11588: 11554: 11537: 11513: 11479: 11434: 11411: 11392: 11365: 11343: 11298: 11279: 11255: 11236: 11200: 11134: 11107: 11080: 11049: 10932: 10880:(25). 10843: 10748: 10704: 10677: 10640: 10613: 10325: 10290: 10149: 10124: 10114: 10009: 9964: 9925: 9891: 9855: 9816: 9781: 9774:Sachau 9684: 9652: 9589: 9555: 9512: 9472: 9431: 9392: 9384: 9189: 9150: 9123: 9096: 9060: 9040:(2009) 9016:, p. 7 9012: 8939: 8896: 8837: 8803:]. 8781: 8736: 8705: 8651: 8626: 8599: 8575: 8462: 8418: 8391: 8350: 8311: 8240: 8160: 8097: 8038: 8014: 7944: 7920: 7837: 7800: 7792: 7715: 7662: 7654: 7595: 7578: 7558: 7517: 7500: 7477: 7432: 7405: 7377: 7334: 7309: 7282: 7242: 7205: 7171: 7137: 7103: 7076: 7020: 6958: 6921:UNESCO 6875: 6697: 6670: 6613: 6599: 6495: 6362: 6341: 6290: 6236: 6210: 6185: 6158: 6107: 6073: 6022: 5983: 5900: 5863: 5838: 5786: 5766: 5739:Ghurid 5716: 5563:Ghazni 5270:Modern 4780:on the 4584:Narwar 4564:Girnar 4540:Dwarka 4501:Begada 4497:Suhrab 4440:Mahmud 4406:Jajpur 4374:Bodhan 4317:Jalore 4313:Siwana 4269:Ellora 4253:Ujjain 4249:Bhilsa 4219:Bengal 4199:Punjab 4146:Kuhram 4142:Samana 4105:Years 4081:wazirs 4059:& 4029:Deccan 3974:Odisha 3892:Cities 3731:plinth 3689:finial 3661:Multan 3645:Multan 3620:buds. 3610:marble 3551:fluted 3493:arches 3435:kullah 3327:Bengal 3307:, the 3298:cranks 3296:, and 3282:geared 3209:Europe 3205:Persia 3178:Mamluk 3175:Turkic 3147:Tirhut 3123:maliks 3112:permit 3052:Bengal 3003:Barani 2525:Khalaj 2521:Ghūrīs 2412:Khalji 2400:Afghan 2310:Fatima 2302:Sayyid 2210:Telugu 2180:Ashoka 2035:was a 1988:tyrant 1914:MAMLUK 1877:Tungus 1836:OF THE 1834:EMPIRE 1731:, the 1688:Afghan 1640:Mongol 1585:Bengal 1581:Multan 1474:Ghurid 1422:MAKRAN 1408:SOOMRA 1380:MARYUL 1354:GANGAS 1255:GHATAS 1190:CHERAS 1181:CHOLAS 1170:SHILA- 1089:KUMAON 1076:EMPIRE 1074:GHURID 963:began 936:Mamluk 893:while 891:Barani 798:ruler 788:Bengal 711:, and 697:Sayyid 689:Khalji 685:Mamluk 658:empire 653:was a 296: 292:Vizier 282:(last) 252: 248:Sultan 211:Others 138:Lahore 121:Status 99:1375). 53: 13036:Jigit 12929:Islam 12843:Sakha 12621:Jadid 12556:Kimek 12466:Yemen 12454:Syria 12430:Libya 12410:Egypt 12398:Crete 12340:Volga 12324:Lipka 12291:Shors 12286:Salar 12253:China 12218:China 12029:Uzbek 12014:Tuvan 11994:Tatar 11979:Salar 11949:Nogai 11934:Kumyk 11854:Cuman 11797:Altai 11681:. In 11380:. 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