Deinonychus - Knowledge

2860:(upper foot bones). The ratio is actually larger in smaller individuals than in larger ones. Ostrom suggested that the short metatarsus may be related to the function of the sickle claw, and used the fact that it appears to get shorter as individuals aged as support for this. He interpreted all these features—the short second toe with enlarged claw, short metatarsus, etc.—as support for the use of the hind leg as an offensive weapon, where the sickle claw would strike downwards and backwards, and the leg pulled back and down at the same time, slashing and tearing at the prey. Ostrom suggested that the short metatarsus reduced overall stress on the leg bones during such an attack, and interpreted the unusual arrangement of muscle attachments in the 2690:, and used hydraulic rams to make the robot strike a pig carcass. In these tests, the talons made only shallow punctures and could not cut or slash. The authors suggested that the talons would have been more effective in climbing than in dealing killing blows. In 2009, Manning and colleagues undertook additional analysis dromaeosaur claw function, using a numerical modelling approach to generate a 3D finite element stress/ strain map of a Velociraptor hand claw. They went on to quantitatively evaluate the mechanical behavior of dromaeosaur claws and their function. They state that dromaeosaur claws were well-adapted for climbing as they were resistant to forces acting in a single (longitudinal) plane, due to gravity. 3027: 2705:. He noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe. The cassowary has claws up to 125 mm (4.9 in) long. Ostrom cited Gilliard (1958) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man. Kofron (1999 and 2003) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed, but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals. Cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves, to attack threatening animals, and in agonistic displays such as the Bowed Threat Display. The 814: 7034: 2360: 715: 2516:: by leaping onto its quarry, pinning it under its body weight, and gripping it tightly with the large, sickle-shaped claws. Like accipitrids, the dromaeosaur would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive, until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure. This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors. Fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs most closely resemble those of 1914: 1537: 1944: 1360: 2501:

claws of dromaeosaurs support a prey capture/grappling/climbing function. The team also suggest that a ratchet-like ‘‘locking’’ ligament might have provided an energy-efficient way for dromaeosaurs to hook their recurved digit II claw into prey. Shifting body weight locked the claws passively, allowing their jaws to dispatch prey. They conclude that the enhanced climbing abilities of dromaeosaur dinosaurs supported a scansorial (climbing) phase in the evolution of flight. In 2011, Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which

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had been crushed and fragmented indicated that it had been intact at the time of burial, and was broken by the fossilization process. The idea that the egg was randomly associated with the dinosaur was also found to be unlikely; the bones surrounding the egg had not been scattered or disarticulated, but remained fairly intact relative to their positions in life, indicating that the area around and including the egg was not disturbed during preservation. The fact that these bones were belly ribs (

158: 1479: 1885: 1246: 1971: 1771: 1559: 2493: 1856: 1190: 2107: 1389: 2804: 952: 822: 2003: 1793: 1421: 1829: 1508: 2546: 7063: 2085: 1299: 2056: 784: 2899: 6184: 1016: 6172: 137: 2649: 3293: 1217: 1154: 6160: 1450: 2640:, which apparently was engaging in more scavenging behavior, suggesting high bite force resistance was more common in dromaeosaurid taxa that were obtaining food through scavenging more than engaging in active predation. it is also suggested in these findings that Deinonychus may have fed by using neck-driven pullback movements to dismember carcasses when feeding, akin to modern varanid lizards. 2201: 1328: 806:, MCZ 4371, was discovered and excavated in Montana by Steven Orzack during a Harvard University expedition headed by Farish Jenkins. This discovery added several new elements: well preserved femora, pubes, a sacrum, and better ilia, as well as elements of the pes and metatarsus. Ostrom described this specimen and revised his skeletal restoration of 968:

100 kg (220 lb) based on femur and humerus circumference. The skull was equipped with powerful jaws lined with around seventy curved, blade-like teeth. Studies of the skull have progressed a great deal over the decades. Ostrom reconstructed the partial, imperfectly preserved skulls that he had as triangular, broad, and fairly similar to

1142:, the dromaeosaurids represent one of the non-avialan dinosaur groups most closely related to birds. The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by paleontologists Robert DePalma, David Burnham, Larry Martin, Peter Larson, and Robert Bakker, using updated data from the Theropod Working Group. This study currently classifies 2758:

with one arm at a time. The function of the fingers would also have been limited by feathers; for example, only the third digit of the hand could have been employed in activities such as probing crevices for small prey items, and only in a position perpendicular to the main wing. Alan Gishlick, in a 2001 study of

2967:. While the egg was too badly crushed to accurately determine its size, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky estimated a diameter of about 7 cm (2.8 in) based on the width of the pelvic canal through which the egg had to have passed. This size is similar to the 7.2 cm (2.8 in) diameter of the largest 2910:

egg associated with one of the original specimens allowed comparison with other theropod dinosaurs in terms of egg structure, nesting, and reproduction. In their 2006 examination of the specimen, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky examined the possibility that the dromaeosaurid had been feeding on the egg,

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claw varies between specimens. The type specimen described by Ostrom in 1969 has a strongly curved sickle claw, while a newer specimen described in 1976 had a claw with much weaker curvature, more similar in profile with the 'normal' claws on the remaining toes. Ostrom suggested that this difference

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typically display little cooperative hunting; instead, they are usually either solitary hunters, or are drawn to previously killed carcasses, where much conflict occurs between individuals of the same species. For example, in situations where groups of Komodo dragons are eating together, the largest

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similar to modern birds. Further study by Gregory Erickson and colleagues finds that this individual was 13 or 14 years old at death and its growth had plateaued. Unlike other theropods in their study of specimens found associated with eggs or nests, it had finished growing at the time of its death.

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skeleton, "but encased in lime difficult to prepare." He informally called the animal "Daptosaurus agilis" and made preparations for describing it and having the skeleton, specimen AMNH 3015, put on display, but never finished this work. Brown brought back from the Cloverly Formation the skeleton of

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could reach 3.3–3.4 meters (10 ft 10 in – 11 ft 2 in) in length, with a skull length of 410 millimeters (16 in), a hip height of 0.87 meters (2.9 ft) and a body mass of 60–73 kg (132–161 lb). Campione and his colleagues proposed a higher mass estimate of

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in 1969 has been described as the most important single discovery of dinosaur paleontology in the mid-20th century. The discovery of this clearly active, agile predator did much to change the scientific (and popular) conception of dinosaurs and opened the door to speculation that some dinosaurs may

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Though a myriad of bones was available by 1969, many important ones were missing or hard to interpret. There were few postorbital skull elements, no femurs, no sacrum, no furcula or sternum, missing vertebrae, and (Ostrom thought) only a tiny fragment of a coracoid. Ostrom's skeletal reconstruction

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skeleton by coincidence. They dismissed the idea that the egg had been a meal for the theropod, noting that the fragments were sandwiched between the belly ribs and forelimb bones, making it impossible that they represented contents of the animal's stomach. In addition, the manner in which the egg

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extended its arm forward, the 'palm' of the hand automatically rotated to an upward-facing position. This would have caused one wing to block the other if both forelimbs were extended at the same time, leading Senter to conclude that clutching objects to the chest would have only been accomplished

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In 2009, Manning and colleagues interpreted dromaeosaur claw tips as functioning as a puncture and gripping element, whereas the expanded rear portion of the claw transferred load stress through the structure. They argue that the anatomy, form, and function of the foot's recurved digit II and hand

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Manning, P. L., Margetts, L., Johnson, M. R., Withers, P., Sellers, W. I., Falkingham, P. L., Mummery, P. M., Barrett, P. M. and Raymont, D. R. 2009. Biomechanics of dromaeosaurid dinosaur claws: application of x-ray microtomography, nanoindentation and finite element analysis. Anatomical Record,

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s anatomy, such as their unusual jaw and arm morphology. The arms were likely covered in long feathers, and may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop struggling prey, along with the stiff counterbalancing tail. Its jaws, thought to have had a comparatively weak bite force,

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display some morphological differences from the adults. For instance, the arms of the younger specimens were proportionally longer than those of the adults, a possible indication of difference in behavior between young and adults. Another example of this could be the function of the pedal claws.

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forelimb mechanics, found that even if large wing feathers were present, the grasping ability of the hand would not have been significantly hindered; rather, grasping would have been accomplished perpendicular to the wing, and objects likely would have been held by both hands simultaneously in a

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describes track sites with similar foot spacing and parallel trackways, implying gregarious packing behavior instead of uncoordinated feeding behavior. Contrary to the claim crocodilians do not hunt cooperatively, they have actually been observed to hunt cooperatively, meaning that the notion of

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Even after all Ostrom's work, several small blocks of lime-encased material remained unprepared in storage at the American Museum. These consisted mostly of isolated bones and bone fragments, including the original matrix, or surrounding rock in which the specimens were initially buried. An

734:. Expeditions during the following two summers uncovered more than 1,000 bones, among which were at least three individuals. Since the association between the various recovered bones was weak, making the exact number of individual animals represented impossible to determine properly, the 742:

was restricted to the complete left foot and partial right foot that definitely belonged to the same individual. The remaining specimens were catalogued in fifty separate entries at Yale's Peabody Museum although they could have been from as few as three individuals.

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Frederickson, J. A.; Engel, M. H.; Cifelli, R. L. (August 15, 2020). "Ontogenetic dietary shifts in Deinonychus antirrhopus (Theropoda; Dromaeosauridae): Insights into the ecology and social behavior of raptorial dinosaurs through stable isotope analysis".

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Adams, Dawn (1987) "The bigger they are, the harder they fall: Implications of ischial curvature in ceratopsian dinosaurs" pp. 1–6 in Currie, Philip J. and Koster, E. (eds) Fourth symposium on mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems. Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller,

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Later study by Ostrom and Grant E. Meyer analyzed their own material as well as Brown's "Daptosaurus" in detail and found them to be the same species. Ostrom first published his findings in February 1969, giving all the referred remains the new name of

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examination of these unprepared blocks by Gerald Grellet-Tinner and Peter Makovicky in 2000 revealed an interesting, overlooked feature. Several long, thin bones identified on the blocks as ossified tendons (structures that helped stiffen the tail of

2783:, as this could help it climb in trees, and that the claws became straighter as the animal became older and started to live solely on the ground. This was based on the hypothesis that some small dromaeosaurids used their pedal claws for climbing. 2709:

also has an enlarged second toe claw, and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing. In 2011, a study suggested that the sickle claw would likely have been used to pin down prey while biting it, rather than as a slashing weapon.

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Burton, D.; Greenhalgh, B.W.; Britt, B.B.; Kowallis, B.J.; Elliott, W.S.; Barrick, R. (2006). "New radiometric ages from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and the Cloverly Formation, Wyoming: implications for contained dinosaur faunas".

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dinosaurs. Other studies have suggested that the sickle claws were not used to slash but rather to deliver small stabs to the victim. In 2005, Manning and colleagues ran tests on a robotic replica that precisely matched the anatomy of

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100/986) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved laterally in a long S-shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could bend to the sides with a high degree of flexibility. In both the Cloverly and Antlers formations,

2763:"bear hug" fashion, findings which have been supported by the later forelimb studies by Carpenter and Senter. In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 43 hand bones and 52 foot bones referred to 5676:

Rothschild, B., Tanke, D. H., and Ford, T. L., 2001, Theropod stress fractures and tendon avulsions as a clue to activity: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp.

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Li, Rihui; Lockley, Martin G.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Matsukawa, Masaki; Norell, Mark A.; Harris, Jerald D.; Liu, Mingwei (2007). "Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China".

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tooth isotopes suggests precociality in the genus. The isotopes examined for different aged specimens indicates that adults and juveniles had different diets across the various age groups. As the data suggests that

851:. The American Museum and Harvard specimens are from a different locality than the Yale specimens. Even these two skeletal mounts are lacking elements, including the sterna, sternal ribs, furcula, and gastralia. 2725:

in 2002 confirmed that the most likely function of the forelimbs in predation was grasping, as their great lengths would have permitted longer reach than for most other theropods. The rather large and elongated

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Lipka, T. R. (1998). "The Affinities of the Enigmatic Theropods of the Arundel Clay Facies (Aptian), Potomac Formation, Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland". In Lucas, S.G.; Kirkland, J.I.; Estep, J.W. (eds.).

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had a more typical reptilian set of life stages, the examinations also have been stated to indicate a lack of complex, cooperative social behavior found in mammalian terrestrial pack-hunters such as wolves.

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Li, Rihui; Lockley, Martin G.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Matsukawa, Masaki; Norell, Mark A.; Harris, Jerald D.; Liu, Mingwei (2007). "Behavioral and faunal implications of deinonychosaur trackways from China".

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have a horny sheath over this bone, which extends the length. Ostrom looked at crocodile and bird claws and reconstructed the claw for YPM 5205 as over 120 millimetres (4.7 in) long. The species name

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However, this estimate has come into question, as it was based on bite marks rather than a Deinonychus skull. A recent 2022 study used a Deinonychus skull for their estimate and calculated 706 Newtons.

1030:) with three claws on each forelimb. The first digit was shortest and the second was longest. Each hind foot bore a sickle-shaped claw on the second digit, which was probably used during predation. 2920:), which are very rarely found articulated, supported this interpretation. All the evidence, according to Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky, indicates that the egg was intact beneath the body of the 843:, including bones from the original (and most complete) AMNH 3015 specimen, can be seen on display at the American Museum of Natural History, with another specimen (MCZ 4371) on display at the 570:

means "counter balance", which refers to Ostrom's idea about the function of the tail. As in other dromaeosaurids, the tail vertebrae have a series of ossified tendons and super-elongated bone

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skull material and closely related species found with good three-dimensional preservation show that the palate was more vaulted than Ostrom thought, making the snout far narrower, while the

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included a very unusual pelvic bone—a pubis that was trapezoidal and flat, unlike that of other theropods, but which was the same length as the ischium and which was found right next to it.

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Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 337–363.

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eggshells are almost identical, and since shell thickness correlates with egg volume, this further supports the idea that the eggs of these two animals were about the same size.

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Chen, Z.-Q.; Lubin, S. (1997). "A fission track study of the terrigenous sedimentary sequences of the Morrison and Cloverly Formations in northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming".

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and that of birds, an observation which led him to revive the hypothesis that birds are descended from dinosaurs. Forty years later, this idea is almost universally accepted.

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Therrien, F.; Henderson, D.M.; Huff, C.B. (2005). "Bite me: biomechanical models of theropod mandibles and implications for feeding behavior". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).

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and other dinosaurs that created open nests likely represent an origin of color in modern bird eggs as an adaptation both for recognition and camouflage against predators.

878:, representing the first dromaeosaurid egg to be identified. Moreover, the external surface of one eggshell was found in close contact with the gastralia suggesting that 2864:

leg as support for his idea that a different set of muscles was used in the predatory stroke than in walking or running. Therefore, Ostrom concluded that the legs of

863:(abdominal ribs). More significantly, a large number of previously unnoticed fossilized eggshells were discovered in the rock matrix that had surrounded the original 2617:

probably did not frequently bite through or eat bone. Instead, they probably used their strong bite force for defense or to capture prey, rather than for feeding.

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In his 1981 study of Canadian dinosaur footprints, Richard Kool produced rough walking speed estimates based on several trackways made by different species in the

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might be used for saw motion bites, like the modern Komodo dragon which also has a weak bite force, to finish off its prey if its kicks were not powerful enough.

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has been found with quill knobs on the ulna. Quill knobs are where the follicular ligaments attached, and are a direct indicator of feathers of modern aspect.

557:"Terrible claw" refers to the unusually large, sickle-shaped talon on the second toe of each hind foot. The fossil YPM 5205 preserves a large, strongly curved 2791:

In a 2015 paper, it was reported after further analysis of immature fossils that the open and mobile nature of the shoulder joint might have meant that young

2730:, indicating powerful muscles in the forelimbs, further strengthened this interpretation. Carpenter's biomechanical studies using bone casts also showed that 2963:

is more similar to those of oviraptorids than to those of troodontids, despite studies that show the latter are more closely related to dromaeosaurids like

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egg's microstructure confirms that it belonged to a theropod, since it shares characteristics with other known theropod eggs and shows dissimilarities with

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Parsons and Parsons have suggested that the claw curvature (which Ostrom had already shown was different between specimens) maybe was greater for juvenile

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itself. When conducting studies of such areas as the range of motion in the forelimbs, paleontologists like Phil Senter have taken the likely presence of

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Ostrom, John Harold (1970). "Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana".

759:", from Greek ἀντίρροπος, means "counterbalancing" and refers to the likely purpose of a stiffened tail. In July 1969, Ostrom published a very extensive 2868:

represented a balance between running adaptations needed for an agile predator, and stress-reducing features to compensate for its unique foot weapon.

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and other dromaeosaurs may have captured and restrained prey. This model, known as the "raptor prey restraint" (RPR) model of predation, proposes that

6028: 4533: 4480: 2831:(lower leg bone) is not as important in determining speed as the relative length of the foot and lower leg. In modern fleet-footed birds, like the 2420:

might have lived and hunted in packs. The second such quarry is from the Antlers Formation of Oklahoma. The site contains six partial skeletons of

3486:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 14. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 229–234. 3383:

Norell, Mark A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (1999). "Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of

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represented the most extreme specializations compared to other dromaeosaurids when it came to its adaptations. The same study also revealed that

2624:, the largest taxon examined, had a skull that was well adapted to hunting of large vertebrates and delivering powerful bites to prey alongside 810:. This time it showed the very long pubis, and Ostrom began to suspect that they may have even been a little retroverted like those of birds. 2668:

There is anatomical and trackway evidence that this talon was held up off the ground while the dinosaur walked on the third and fourth toes.

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in which he realized that the pubis that he had described was actually a coracoid—a shoulder element. In that same year, another specimen of

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could not fold its arms against its body like a bird ("avian folding"), contrary to what was inferred from the earlier 1985 descriptions by

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A 2024 study by Tse, Miller, and Pittman et al., focusing on the skull morphology and bite forces of various dromaeosaurids discovered that

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was probably covered in feathers. Clear fossil evidence of modern avian-style feathers exists for several related dromaeosaurids, including

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Powers, Mark J.; Fabbri, Matteo; Doschak, Michael R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Evans, David C.; Norell, Mark A.; Currie, Philip J. (2022).

2849:, while far from slow-moving, was not particularly fast compared to other dinosaurs, and certainly not as fast as modern flightless birds. 2665:

in the size and shape of the sickle claws could be due to individual, sexual, or age-related variation, but admitted he could not be sure.

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could kick with the sickle claw to cut and slash at its prey. Some researchers even suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large

5282:"Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles" 2753:

had feathered fingers and wings, the feathers would have limited the range of motion of the forelimbs to some degree. For example, when

4646: 3802:"Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveals the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition" 6237: 4895: 3152:. The middle portion of the Cloverly Formation ranges in age from 115 ± 10 Ma near the base to 108.5 ± 0.2 Ma near the top. 6216: 4819: 3849:

Fastovsky, D.E.; Weishampel, D.B. (2005). "Theropoda I: Nature Red in Tooth and Claw". In Fastovsky, D.E.; Weishampel, D.B. (eds.).

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preserve pennaceous, vaned feathers like those of modern birds on the arms, legs, and tail, along with covert and contour feathers.

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for his book, because he felt the former name was "more dramatic". Despite this, according to Ostrom, Crichton stated that the

2827:(upper leg bone) later proved to have been an overestimate. In a later study, Ostrom noted that the ratio of the femur to the 5502: 5166: 5018: 4674: 4458: 4226: 3990: 3962: 3930: 3858: 3569: 3165: 1132:

and its allies are regarded as using their claws more than their skulls as killing tools, as opposed to dromaeosaurines like

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Because of its extremely bird-like anatomy and close relationship to other dromaeosaurids, paleontologists hypothesize that

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was significantly higher than earlier studies had estimated by biomechanical studies alone. They found the bite force of

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may have fed on that animal, and perhaps hunted it. Ostrom and Maxwell have even used this information to speculate that

5300:"Morphological disparity and structural performance of the dromaeosaurid skull informs ecology and evolutionary history" 4421: 2480:

skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults, with missing parts consistent with having been eaten by other

7229: 7056: 3311: 689: 430: 4820:"A new hypothesis of eudromaeosaurian evolution: CT scans assist in testing and constructing morphological characters" 3224:

several times during the writing process to discuss details of the possible range of behaviors and life appearance of

5642: 4251: 3766:"Oology And The Evolution Of Thermophysiology In Saurischian Dinosaurs: Homeotherm And Endotherm Deinonychosaurians?" 3751:

First international symposium on dinosaur eggs and babies, Isona i Conca Dellà Catalonia, Spain, 23–26 September 1999

3039: 2568:. A 2010 study by Paul Gignac and colleagues attempted to estimate the bite force based directly on newly discovered 788: 727: 381: 398: 3263:

during production. As a result, they portrayed the film's dinosaurs with the size, proportions, and snout shape of

2524:, especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion. However, the short 2489:

infighting, competition for food and cannibalism ruling out cooperative feeding may actually be a false dichotomy.

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individuals eat first and will attack smaller Komodos that attempt to feed; if the smaller animal is killed, it is

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had an adult mass of 70–100 kg (150–220 lb), whereas adult tenontosaurs were 1–4 metric tons. A solitary

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Wiemann, Jasmina; Yang, Tzu-Ruei; Norell, Mark A. (2018). "Dinosaur egg colour had a single evolutionary origin".

3200: 554:-like spine, and especially the enlarged raptorial claws on the feet, which suggested an active, agile predator. 145: 5929: 5573:

Redford, Kent H.; Peters, Gustav. "Notes on the biology and song of the red-legged seriema (cariama cristata)".

4401: 2815:, are often depicted as unusually fast-running animals in the popular media, and Ostrom himself speculated that 4449:

Norell, M.A.; Makovicky, P.J. (2004). "Dromaeosauridae". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).

574:. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance, but a fossil of the very closely related 4929: 4548: 4495: 4269:"Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions" 4159: 2472:. When this information is applied to the tenontosaur sites, it appears that what is found is consistent with 7022: 6209: 844: 7033: 2580:

could bite through bone. Using the tooth marks, Gignac's team were able to determine that the bite force of

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are quite common in the Cloverly Formation. Two quarries have been discovered that preserve fairly complete

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Dinets, Vladimir (2015). "Apparent coordination and collaboration in cooperatively hunting crocodilians".

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Kool, R. (1981). "The walking speed of dinosaurs from the Peace River Canyon, British Columbia, Canada".

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In a subsequent, more detailed report, on the eggshells, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky concluded that the

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A little more than thirty years later, in August 1964, paleontologist John Ostrom led an expedition from

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laid blue eggs, likely to camouflage them as well as creating open nests. The study also indicates that

2771:; none were found. The second phalanx of the second toe in the specimen YPM 5205 has a healed fracture. 157: 4912:

Roach, B. T.; D. L. Brinkman (2007). "A reevaluation of cooperative pack hunting and gregariousness in

4782:[A new theropod dinosaur (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Tajikistan]. 3273:

is commonly considered to be a close match to the film's dinosaurs, which are much larger than either

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DePalma, Robert A.; Burnham, David A.; Martin, Larry D.; Larson, Peter L.; Bakker, Robert T. (2015).

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A 2007 study by Roach and Brinkman has called into question the cooperative pack hunting behavior of

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Kofron, Christopher P. (2003). "Case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in Queensland".

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forelimbs could be used not only for grasping, but also for clutching objects towards the chest. If

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fossils. The first, the Yale quarry in the Cloverly of Montana, includes numerous teeth, four adult

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Fowler, D. W.; Freedman, E. A.; Scannella, J. B.; Kambic, R. E. (2011). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).

3417:(Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptian–Albian) of Oklahoma". 2981:

also shared the same overall body size, supporting this estimate. Additionally, the thicknesses of

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Kofron, Christopher P. (1999) "Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (

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Carpenter, Kenneth (2002). "Forelimb biomechanics of nonavian theropod dinosaurs in predation".

3561: 3555: 2576:. These puncture marks came from a large individual, and provided the first evidence that large 7174: 7083: 6067: 2819:

was fleet-footed in his original description. However, when first described, a complete leg of

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were first produced in 2005, based on reconstructed jaw musculature. This study concluded that

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a smaller theropod with seemingly oversized teeth that he informally named "Megadontosaurus".

7184: 7169: 7161: 7121: 7066: 6188: 4733:"A New Theropod Dinosaur (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Tajikistan" 3916: 3194: 2469: 534:

in the late 1960s revolutionized the way scientists thought about dinosaurs, leading to the "

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Manning, Phil L.; Payne, David; Pennicott, John; Barrett, Paul M.; Ennos, Roland A. (2006).

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Ostrom, John Harold (1969). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana".

813: 463:. This species, which could grow up to 3.4 meters (11 ft) long, lived during the early 7130: 6367: 5967: 5887: 5852: 5797: 5367: 5311: 5247: 5108: 5043: 4961: 4892: 4874: 4744: 4625: 4280: 4181:

Parsons, William L.; Parsons, Kristen M. (2009). "Further descriptions of the osteology of

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Phylogenetic, Functional, And Aerodynamic Analyses Of The Origin Of Birds And Their Flight

5629:

Gauthier, J.; Padian, K. (1985). M.K. Hecht; J.H. Ostrom; G. Viohl; P. Wellnhofer (eds.).

8: 6784: 4479:

Norell, M.A.; Clark, J.M.; Turner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Barsbold, R.; Rowe, T. (2006).

3797: 2969: 1939: 1009: 5971: 5891: 5856: 5801: 5662:

and its importance for the origin of avian flight". In Gauthier, J.; Gall, L.F. (eds.).

5371: 5334: 5315: 5299: 5251: 5112: 5047: 4965: 4878: 4748: 4629: 4284: 4095: 4033: 3529: 2924:

when it was buried. It is possible that this represents brooding or nesting behavior in

714: 6521: 6340: 6130: 5983: 5911: 5820: 5781: 5717: 5611: 5467: 5442: 5391: 5263: 5208: 5183: 5131: 5096: 5059: 4985: 4933: 4839: 4799: 4760: 4560: 4413: 4298: 4163: 4117: 4053: 3898: 3826: 3801: 3228:. Crichton at one point apologetically told Ostrom that he had decided to use the name 3058: 2565: 1943: 1913: 1733: 1536: 1359: 1001: 940: 848: 792: 616: 506: 309: 152: 20: 6176: 5419:

Carpenter, Kenneth (1998). "Evidence of predatory behavior by carnivorous dinosaurs".

4012: 3875: 3675: 3597: 2992:

A study published in November 2018 by Norell, Yang and Wiemann et al., indicates that

2359: 1096:, which is found in younger, Late Cretaceous-age rock formations in Central Asia. The 7156: 6981: 6872: 6808: 6704: 6497: 6134: 5987: 5903: 5825: 5721: 5638: 5520: 5498: 5472: 5383: 5339: 5234:

Gignac, P.M.; Makovicky, P.J.; Erickson, G.M.; Walsh, R.P. (2010). "A description of

5213: 5162: 5136: 5014: 4977: 4843: 4803: 4764: 4680: 4670: 4454: 4247: 4222: 4109: 4045: 3986: 3958: 3926: 3854: 3831: 3676:"On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus" 3565: 3487: 3180: 3062: 2872: 2722: 2607:

are relatively rare, and unlike larger theropods with many known puncture marks like

1751: 1354: 1124: 671: 648: 628: 571: 510: 5915: 5615: 5395: 5267: 5063: 4989: 4937: 4857:

Maxwell, W. D.; Ostrom, J.H. (1995). "Taphonomy and paleobiological implications of

4564: 4417: 4302: 4267:

Campione, Nicolas E.; Evans, David C.; Brown, Caleb M.; Carrano, Matthew T. (2014).

4167: 4121: 3782: 3765: 1128:, may also be close relatives, but the latter is poorly known and hard to classify. 6905: 6851: 6711: 6689: 6126: 6122: 5975: 5895: 5860: 5815: 5805: 5713: 5709: 5603: 5462: 5454: 5375: 5329: 5319: 5255: 5203: 5195: 5126: 5116: 5051: 4969: 4925: 4886: 4882: 4831: 4791: 4752: 4711: 4704:"The First Giant Raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation" 4637: 4633: 4552: 4544: 4499: 4491: 4405: 4397: 4367: 4363: 4336: 4332: 4288: 4155: 4099: 4057: 4037: 4020: 3922: 3912: 3894: 3821: 3813: 3777: 3533: 3392: 3298: 3209: 3189: 3185: 3105: 2876: 2735: 1983: 1738: 1113: 1105: 1101: 731: 705:, but the skeleton came from a completely different animal. He named this skeleton 467: 343: 48: 4835: 4780:"Новый хищный динозавр (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) из позднего мела Таджикистана" 4703: 3800:; Curry Rogers, Kristina; Varricchio, David J.; Norell, Mark A.; Xu, Xing (2007). 3160: 6965: 6819: 6722: 6435: 6413: 6379: 6298: 6225: 5979: 5810: 5259: 5121: 5055: 4899: 4650: 3306: 2768: 2739: 2525: 1966: 1926: 1824: 1719: 1401: 1340: 1172: 1162: 1147: 1087: 1038: 1027: 960: 943:(as present in all known dromaeosaurs with skin impressions) into consideration. 723: 448: 257: 241: 5184:"Jaw biomechanics and the evolution of biting performance in theropod dinosaurs" 4246:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 153. 3413:

Brinkman, D. L.; Cifelli, R. L.; Czaplewski, N. J. (1998). "First occurrence of

3331: 3164:

Hypothetical feathered model adjacent to an earlier, featherless model from the

6623: 5324: 4795: 4779: 3745:

Makovicky, P.J.; Grellet-Tinner, G. (2000). "Association between a specimen of

3336: 3251:

filmmakers followed suit, designing the film's models based almost entirely on

2713: 2444:

could not kill an adult tenontosaur, suggesting that pack hunting is possible.

1322: 883: 735: 5899: 5696:

Parsons, W.; Parsons, K. (2006). "Morphology and size of an adult specimen of

5379: 4973: 4756: 4716: 4593:

Barsbold, R. (1983). "Carnivorous Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia".

2845:

the ratio is .48. Ostrom stated that the "only reasonable conclusion" is that

1478: 7203: 6944: 6858: 6750: 6735: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6650: 6585: 6578: 6507: 5238:

bite marks and estimates of bite force using tooth indentation simulations".

3512:

Grellet-Tinner, G.; Makovicky, P. (2006). "A possible egg of the dromaeosaur

3205: 3111: 3095: 3089: 2837: 2609: 2589: 2464: 2369: 2154: 2026: 1884: 1765: 1692: 1553: 1245: 1212: 1139: 1134: 992: 827: 684: 652: 591: 546:. Before this, the popular conception of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, 94: 5944:"Dinosaurs put all colored bird eggs in one basket, evolutionarily speaking" 4732: 4478: 4453:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 196–210. 4293: 4268: 4104: 4075: 3491: 1970: 1770: 1558: 890:

used body heat transfer as a mechanism for egg incubation, and indicates an

7106: 7003: 6914: 6835: 6828: 6793: 6772: 6757: 6696: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6539: 6486: 6471: 5907: 5829: 5476: 5458: 5387: 5343: 5217: 5199: 5140: 4981: 4534:"A small derived theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia" 4113: 4049: 3978: 3946: 3835: 3817: 3723:

Parsons, W.L. & K.M. (2009). "Further Descriptions of the Osteology of

3175: 3123: 3081:

shared its world with include herbivorous dinosaurs such as the nodosaurid

2948: 2890:), to have a walking speed of 10.1 kilometers per hour (6 miles per hour). 2686: 2513: 2510: 2492: 2130: 2106: 2101: 2050: 1908: 1855: 1851: 1531: 1473: 1444: 1388: 1383: 1269: 1189: 1185: 1092: 1063: 909: 871: 707: 701:, reviewing this material decades later, realized that the teeth came from 678:, was primarily concerned with excavating and preparing the remains of the 675: 524: 319: 286: 27: 5635:

Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstätt, 1984

5097:"The Predatory Ecology of Deinonychus and the Origin of Flapping in Birds" 4612:

Currie, P.J. (1995). "New information on the anatomy and relationships of

2803: 2002: 1828: 1792: 1420: 951: 7115: 6958: 6887: 6800: 6765: 6743: 6682: 6593: 6528: 6352: 6089:"Spielberg's raptor: The wild, true story behind "Utahraptor spielbergi"" 3853:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–299. 3221: 3132: 3117: 3070: 2956: 2933: 2835:, the foot-tibia ratio is .95. In unusually fast-running dinosaurs, like 2603:

Gignac and colleagues also noted, however, that bone puncture marks from

2178: 1879: 1507: 1240: 1057: 1047: 916:. Several years later, Ostrom noted similarities between the forefeet of 832: 698: 527: 277: 69: 31: 4073: 4041: 2774:

Parsons and Parsons have shown that juvenile and sub-adult specimens of

2545: 2532:. The RPR method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of 2084: 2055: 1298: 1033:

No skin impressions have ever been found in association with fossils of

821: 817:

Reconstructed skeleton of specimen AMNH 3015, with outdated hand posture

589:

remains have been found closely associated with those of the ornithopod

7148: 6951: 6928: 6880: 6631: 6600: 6478: 6456: 6264: 6255: 5607: 5541: 5281: 5003:

Lang, J. W. (2002). "Crocodilians". In Halliday, T.; Adler, K. (eds.).

3412: 3269: 3148: 3083: 3050: 2929: 2917: 2880: 2857: 2676: 2648: 2385: 1502: 1012:, a skull opening between the eye and nostril, was particularly large. 979: 970: 860: 692:, he reported the discovery of a small carnivorous dinosaur close to a 679: 644: 562: 486: 464: 215: 114: 79: 4011:

Xu, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Kuang, X.; Zhang, F. & Du, X. (2003).

3642:

Ostrom, John H. (1974). "The Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb Function of

2898: 1712:. The cladogram below showcases these newly described relationships: 783: 635:, in North America. The Cloverly formation has been dated to the late 6989: 6921: 6616: 6608: 6514: 6325: 6273: 6005:

from the Cloverly Formation, Big Horn Basin of Wyoming and Montana".

5156: 4556: 4503: 4409: 3396: 3074: 2823:

had not been found, and Ostrom's speculation about the length of the

2702: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2079: 1787: 1293: 891: 760: 543: 539: 451: 436: 421: 404: 228: 169: 119: 63: 7077: 6001:

Forster, C. A. (1984). "The paleoecology of the ornithopod dinosaur

5864: 4595:

The Joint Soviet–Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, Transactions

4481:"A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia)" 4350:

Witmer, Lawrence M. & Maxwell, William D. (1996). "The skull of

3537: 3259:, and they reportedly requested all of Ostrom's published papers on 2424:

of various sizes, along with one partial skeleton and many teeth of

1051:

is both older geologically and more primitive phylogenetically than

1015: 7100: 6973: 6894: 6865: 6639: 6449: 6249: 6183: 6115:"What Do We Really Know About Utahraptor? | Dinosaur Tracking" 5637:. Eischtatt: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt. pp. 185–197. 3142: 2952: 2727: 660: 632: 518: 502: 454: 202: 189: 136: 109: 104: 89: 84: 74: 6194: 5658:

Gishlick, A.D. (2001). "The function of the manus and forelimb of

3696: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 19:

This article is about the dinosaur. For the doom metal group, see

6996: 6282: 6171: 3244:

in almost every detail, and that only the name had been changed.

2937: 2832: 2706: 2698: 2195: 1118: 1116:

included most of the dromaeosaurids. Two Late Cretaceous genera,

990:, however, in that it had a more robust skull roof, like that of 982:

flared broadly, giving greater stereoscopic vision. The skull of

667: 624: 620: 599:

specimens imply they were hunted, or at least scavenged upon, by

547: 498: 490: 124: 99: 7135: 3738: 3069:

have been found, consisted of tropical or sub-tropical forests,

1216: 550:

giants. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal posture,

6571: 6463: 6243: 6159: 5298:

Tse, Yuen Ting; Miller, Case Vincent; Pittman, Michael (2024).

3848: 3557:

Discovering Dinosaurs in the American Museum of Natural History

3498: 2661: 1449: 1153: 798:

In 1974, Ostrom published another monograph on the shoulder of

640: 636: 558: 551: 479: 475: 179: 56: 52: 4138:

Senter, Phil (2006). "Comparison of Forelimb Function Between

4074:

Turner, Alan H.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Norell, Mark A. (2007).

3553: 3073:

and lagoons, perhaps similar to the environment of modern-day

5094: 4531: 3460: 3054: 2828: 2824: 2593: 2517: 2451:, based on what is known of modern carnivore hunting and the 1097: 444: 5440: 5233: 5161:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 179–237. 4319:

Maxwell, W. D. & Witmer, L. M. (1996). "New Material of

2564:

likely had a maximum bite force only 15% that of the modern

5664:

New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds

5356: 4950: 4448: 4402:

10.1206/0003-0082(2002)381<0001:nsomzt>2.0.co;2

3744: 3602:, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana" 3511: 2521: 1004:(skull openings) which reduced the weight of the skull. In 494: 471: 370: 349: 4817: 4784:

Reports of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Earth Sciences

4701: 4381:

Hwang, S. H.; Norell, M. A.; Ji, Q. & Gao, K. (2002).

2879:. Kool estimated one of these trackways, representing the 2528:

and foot strength would have been more similar to that of

2200: 1327: 1104:. The subfamily name Velociraptorinae was first coined by 358: 4930:

10.3374/0079-032X(2007)48[103:AROCPH]2.0.CO;2

4549:

10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3557[1:ASDTFS]2.0.CO;2

4496:

10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2

4266: 4160:

10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[897:COFFBD]2.0.CO;2

3749:

and theropod eggshell". In Bravo, A.M.; T. Reyes (eds.).

3382: 3128: 2902:

Artist's impression of an individual in brooding position

2529: 364: 5956: 4354:(Dinosauria:Theropoda): New insights and implications". 2592:, greater than living carnivorous mammals including the 1700:

as a velociraptorine rather than a dromaeosaurine, with

647:, about 115 to 108 Ma. Additionally, teeth found in the 5188:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4174: 2911:

or that the egg fragments had been associated with the

5566: 5077: 5075: 5073: 4850: 3945: 5930:"Dinosaur Egg Color Had a Single Evolutionary Origin" 4669:(Third ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 472. 4387:(Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from Northeastern China" 3464:

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs

3140:, then its contemporaries would include the sauropod 2636:

skull was less resistant to bite forces than that of

825:

The similarity of the forelimbs (left) with those of

666:

The first remains were uncovered in 1931 in southern

382: 373: 367: 361: 355: 4314: 4312: 3701:. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from 3648:

Postilla, Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin

3288: 2476:

having a Komodo or crocodile-like feeding strategy.

1704:

being an intermediate basal form more advanced than

538:" and igniting the debate on whether dinosaurs were 346: 293: 6062: 6060: 6026: 5748:

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences

5666:. New Haven: Yale Peabody Museum. pp. 301–318. 5070: 5006:

The Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians

4911: 4856: 4187:

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences

3729:

Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences

2509:killed its prey in a manner very similar to extant 2428:. One tenontosaur humerus even bears what might be 688:, but in his field report from the dig site to the 352: 5695: 5628: 5519: 5436: 5434: 4260: 4069: 4067: 3554:Norell, M. A.; Gaffney, E. S.; Dingus, L. (1995). 3484:Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems 3376: 1108:in 1983 and originally contained the single genus 1090:species, and also a close relative of the smaller 1055:, and within the same family. Multiple fossils of 718:Cast of the holotype foot YPM 5205 from two angles 5960:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5877: 5782:"Morphological Variations within the Ontogeny of 5229: 5227: 4918:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 4731:Averianov, A. O.; Lopatin, A. V. (July 1, 2021). 4309: 3366:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 2596:, and equivalent to a similarly-sized alligator. 7201: 6057: 5680: 5297: 4777: 4730: 4532:Turner, A.S.; Hwang, S.H.; Norell, M.A. (2007). 4380: 3456: 3454: 3057:habitat. The paleoenvironment of both the upper 5670: 5431: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4444: 4442: 4064: 4010: 2384:teeth found in association with fossils of the 1071:, but even more closely related. A specimen of 6433: 6297: 5779: 5734: 5657: 5224: 4695: 4180: 3763: 3408: 3406: 3136:. If the teeth found in Maryland are those of 2745:Studies by Phil Senter in 2006 indicated that 2656:Despite being the most distinctive feature of 1037:. Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that the 835:to revive the link between dinosaurs and birds 6210: 5488: 5486: 5443:"Dinosaur killer claws or climbing crampons?" 4374: 4349: 4318: 4133: 4131: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3939: 3851:The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3646:(Reptilia: Saurischia) : A Correction". 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3516:: phylogenetic and biological implications". 3451: 935:, though no direct evidence is yet known for 730:which discovered more skeletal material near 6022: 6020: 5728: 5651: 5511: 4467: 4439: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3212:. Crichton ultimately chose to use the name 2346:as a basal member of Dromaeosaurinae again. 7220:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America 5994: 5002: 3867: 3697:American Museum of Natural History (2007). 3403: 2906:The identification, in 2000, of a probable 2628:, to which it was compared. In this study, 2412:skeletons in a single quarry suggests that 996:, and did not have the depressed nasals of 6217: 6203: 5737:"Further descriptions of the osteology of 5547: 5530: 5483: 5350: 4128: 3999: 3658: 3606:Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin 3578: 3434: 3432: 135: 6086: 6017: 5819: 5809: 5591: 5572: 5466: 5418: 5402: 5333: 5323: 5207: 5152: 5150: 5130: 5120: 5090: 5088: 4778:Averianov, A. O.; Lopatin, A. V. (2021). 4715: 4292: 4217:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 4197: 4103: 3983:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs 3887:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3842: 3825: 3790: 3781: 3438: 3344: 2936:, or that the egg was in fact inside the 959:Based on the few fully mature specimens, 5836: 5517: 5181: 5175: 4916:and other nonavian theropod dinosaurs". 4592: 4343: 4235: 3951:Feathered Dinosaurs: The Origin of Birds 3635: 3159: 3155: 3025: 2897: 2802: 2712: 2647: 2544: 2491: 2358: 1152: 1014: 950: 820: 812: 782: 713: 485:). Fossils have been recovered from the 6087:Vanhooker, Brian (September 16, 2021). 6000: 5780:Parsons, W. L.; Parsons, K. M. (2015). 5735:Parsons, W. L.; Parsons, K. M. (2009). 4996: 3717: 3549: 3547: 3429: 2572:tooth puncture marks in the bones of a 1000:. Both the skull and the lower jaw had 912:. This development has been termed the 606: 7202: 5553: 5492: 5147: 5085: 5033: 4662: 4656: 4611: 4605: 4244:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 4137: 3949:; Schouten, P. (2008). "Deinonychus". 3911: 3905: 3873: 3673: 3641: 3622: 3595: 3363: 2342:A study in 2022 however, reclassified 7082: 7081: 6236: 6198: 6112: 6027:Wedel, M. J.; Cifelli, R. L. (2005). 5497:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4525: 4076:"Feather quill knobs in the dinosaur 3977: 3971: 3480: 3166:Westphalian Museum of Natural History 2795:were capable of some form of flight. 2354: 1122:from Mongolia and the North American 787:Specimen MCZ 4371 with skull cast at 517:have been found much farther east in 5842: 4241: 4210: 3544: 2928:similar to that seen in the related 2856:is due partly to an unusually short 2408:. The association of this number of 6224: 3419:Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 3021: 2852:The low foot to lower leg ratio in 2807:Restoration of a walking individual 2484:. On the other hand, a paper by Li 859:) turned out to actually represent 778: 595:. Teeth discovered associated with 13: 6113:Black, Riley (February 22, 2011). 5845:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 5702:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5240:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4867:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4824:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4618:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4356:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4325:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4148:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4013:"Four-winged dinosaurs from China" 3985:. Lorenz Books. pp. 160–161. 3899:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00244.x 3518:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3312:Timeline of dromaeosaurid research 3045:Geological evidence suggests that 1690:A 2021 study of the dromaeosaurid 690:American Museum of Natural History 674:. The team leader, paleontologist 513:, though teeth that may belong to 14: 7241: 6152: 3216:for these dinosaurs, rather than 3103:also included the large theropod 3040:Natural History Museum of Denmark 2660:, the shape and curvature of the 1078: 789:Harvard Museum of Natural History 728:Peabody Museum of Natural History 7062: 7061: 7038: 7032: 7027: 7021: 6182: 6170: 6158: 5556:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 5036:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 4273:Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4214:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World 3291: 3267:. The 20-foot-long (6.1 m) 3099:. In Oklahoma, the ecosystem of 2643: 2199: 2105: 2083: 2054: 2001: 1969: 1942: 1912: 1883: 1854: 1827: 1791: 1769: 1737: 1557: 1535: 1506: 1477: 1448: 1419: 1387: 1358: 1326: 1297: 1244: 1215: 1188: 627:and in the roughly contemporary 342: 156: 67: 6106: 6080: 5950: 5936: 5922: 5871: 5773: 5689: 5622: 5585: 5412: 5291: 5274: 5027: 4944: 4905: 4811: 4771: 4724: 4586: 4146:(Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae)". 3783:10.1590/S0031-10492006000100001 3764:Grellet-Tinner, Gerard (2006). 3757: 3690: 3616: 2349: 898: 6127:10.1080/02724634.2001.10010852 5714:10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069 4887:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011256 4638:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011250 4368:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011371 4337:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011371 3474: 3324: 3146:and the poorly-known nodosaur 2588:to be between 4,100 and 8,200 2549:Reconstructed skull and neck, 2373:in manner suggested by Fowler 1138:, which have stockier skulls. 946: 663:may be assigned to the genus. 1: 7225:Fossil taxa described in 1969 5786:(Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae)" 5538:Casuarius casuarius johnsonii 5526:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 4836:10.1080/02724634.2021.2010087 4708:Paleontological Contributions 3317: 3174:were featured prominently in 3003: 2886:(which may have been made by 2540: 2455:of tenontosaur sites. Modern 1067:is geologically younger than 874:almost certainly belonged to 845:Museum of Comparative Zoology 615:have been recovered from the 470:, about 115–108 million 411: 'terrible' and 5980:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109780 5811:10.1371/journal.pone.0121476 5700:, (Saurischia, Theropoda)". 5575:Journal of Field Ornithology 5493:Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002). 5260:10.1080/02724634.2010.483535 5122:10.1371/journal.pone.0028964 5056:10.1080/03949370.2014.915432 4211:Paul, Gregory Scott (1988). 3560:. New York: Knopf. pp. 886:its eggs. This implies that 457:with one described species, 7: 5633:. The Beginnings Of Birds. 4898:September 27, 2007, at the 4649:September 27, 2007, at the 3284: 2841:, the ratio is .68, but in 2811:Dromaeosaurids, especially 2767:were examined for signs of 986:was different from that of 10: 7246: 6046:(2): 40–57. Archived from 6033:: Oklahoma's Native Giant" 5325:10.1186/s12862-024-02222-5 5009:. Firefly Books. pp. 4796:10.31857/S2686739721070045 4767:– via Springer Link. 4616:(Dinosauria: Theropoda)". 4323:(Dinosauria, Theropoda)". 4185:(Saurischia, Theropoda)". 3770:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 3727:(Saurischia, Theropoda)". 3240:of the novel was based on 1045:, had feathers. The genus 1019:Size compared with a human 429: 414: 397: 25: 18: 16:Genus of theropod dinosaur 7230:Taxa named by John Ostrom 7090: 7051: 7019: 6904: 6818: 6783: 6730: 6721: 6649: 6538: 6496: 6444: 6429: 6410: 6378: 6360: 6351: 6333: 6324: 6306: 6293: 6232: 5900:10.1038/s41586-018-0646-5 5522:Living birds of the world 5380:10.1007/s00114-007-0310-7 5304:BMC Ecology and Evolution 5159:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs 4974:10.1007/s00114-007-0310-7 4757:10.1134/S1028334X21070047 4717:10.17161/paleo.1808.18764 4614:Dromaeosaurus albertensis 4541:American Museum Novitates 4488:American Museum Novitates 4394:American Museum Novitates 3389:American Museum Novitates 3385:Velociraptor mongoliensis 3337:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2786: 2721:Biomechanical studies by 2556:Bite force estimates for 2496:Foot (MOR 747) in flexion 2192: 2175: 2168: 2151: 2144: 2127: 2120: 2098: 2076: 2069: 2047: 2040: 2023: 2016: 1994: 1987: 1964: 1957: 1937: 1930: 1905: 1898: 1876: 1869: 1849: 1842: 1822: 1815: 1784: 1762: 1755: 1730: 1723: 1550: 1528: 1521: 1499: 1492: 1470: 1463: 1441: 1434: 1412: 1405: 1380: 1373: 1351: 1344: 1319: 1312: 1290: 1283: 1266: 1259: 1237: 1230: 1210: 1203: 1183: 1176: 1086:is one of the best known 1026:possessed large "hands" ( 577:Velociraptor mongoliensis 326:(Ostrom, 1969) Paul, 1988 315: 308: 292: 285: 153:Scientific classification 151: 143: 134: 41: 5741:(Saurischia, Theropoda)" 5518:Gilliard, E. T. (1958). 4666:Vertebrate Palaeontology 3981:(2007). "Fast Hunters". 3880:and the origin of birds" 3220:. Crichton had met with 2955:eggs. Compared to other 2798: 2652:Cast in climbing posture 1708:but more primitive than 1161:(6) compared with other 903:Ostrom's description of 26:Not to be confused with 5784:Deinonychus antirrhopus 5754:: 43–54. Archived from 5739:Deinonychus antirrhopus 5698:Deinonychus antirrhopus 5660:Deinonychus antirrhopus 5595:Senckenbergiana Lethaea 5236:Deinonychus antirrhopus 4914:Deinonychus antirrhopus 4294:10.1111/2041-210X.12226 4183:Deinonychus antirrhopus 4105:10.1126/science.1145076 3955:Oxford University Press 3747:Deinonychus antirrhopus 3725:Deinonychus antirrhopus 3600:Deinonychus antirrhopus 3514:Deinonychus antirrhopus 3415:Deinonychus antirrhopus 2973:(an oviraptorid) eggs; 2893: 1084:Deinonychus antirrhopus 749:Deinonychus antirrhopus 738:specimen (YPM 5205) of 460:Deinonychus antirrhopus 298:Deinonychus antirrhopus 144:Mounted skeleton cast, 6175:Quotations related to 6040:Oklahoma Geology Notes 6003:Tenontosaurus tilletti 5459:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0395 5200:10.1098/rspb.2010.0794 4737:Doklady Earth Sciences 3874:Ostrom, J. H. (1976). 3818:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0254 3596:Ostrom, J. H. (1969). 3441:The Mountain Geologist 3255:instead of the actual 3168: 3065:, in which remains of 3042: 2959:theropods, the egg of 2940:when the animal died. 2903: 2808: 2718: 2671:Ostrom suggested that 2653: 2553: 2497: 2436:(1998) point out that 2432:tooth marks. Brinkman 2378: 2131:Velociraptor osmolskae 1165: 1020: 956: 836: 818: 795: 719: 657:Atlantic Coastal Plain 611:Fossilized remains of 7170:Paleobiology Database 5182:Sakamoto, M. (2010). 4663:Benton, M.J. (2004). 4385:Microraptor zhaoianus 3923:Kensington Publishing 3918:The Dinosaur Heresies 3674:Ostrom, J.H. (1976). 3163: 3156:Cultural significance 3034:and the contemporary 3030:Mounted skeletons of 3029: 2901: 2884:Irenichnites gracilis 2806: 2717:Hand bones of MOR 747 2716: 2651: 2548: 2495: 2362: 1156: 1018: 954: 824: 816: 786: 717: 651:(mid-Aptian), of the 6167:at Wikimedia Commons 6119:Smithsonian Magazine 5495:Ratites and Tinamous 4242:Paul, G. S. (2016). 3957:. pp. 142–143. 3798:Erickson, Gregory M. 3109:, the huge sauropod 3087:and the ornithopods 2551:Royal Ontario Museum 2363:Interpretation of a 1100:they form is called 914:dinosaur renaissance 643:stages of the early 607:Discovery and naming 536:dinosaur renaissance 6785:Saurornitholestinae 5972:2020PPP...55209780F 5946:. October 31, 2018. 5892:2018Natur.563..555W 5857:1981CaJES..18..823K 5802:2015PLoSO..1021476P 5372:2008NW.....95..185L 5360:Naturwissenschaften 5316:2024BMCEE..24...39T 5252:2010JVPal..30.1169G 5194:(1698): 3327–3333. 5113:2011PLoSO...628964F 5048:2015EtEcE..27..244D 4966:2008NW.....95..185L 4954:Naturwissenschaften 4879:1995JVPal..15..707M 4749:2021DokES.499..570A 4683:on October 19, 2008 4630:1995JVPal..15..576C 4285:2014MEcEv...5..913C 4096:2007Sci...317.1721T 4042:10.1038/nature01342 4034:2003Natur.421..335X 3753:. pp. 123–128. 3530:2006CaJES..43..705G 3115:, the crocodilians 2943:Examination of the 1940:Saurornitholestinae 1146:as a member of the 1010:antorbital fenestra 649:Arundel Clay Facies 443: 'claw') is a 5608:10.1007/BF03043773 4427:on January 2, 2014 4383:"New Specimens of 3705:on August 12, 2007 3169: 3059:Cloverly Formation 3043: 2904: 2809: 2719: 2654: 2566:American alligator 2554: 2498: 2379: 2355:Predatory behavior 1166: 1021: 957: 849:Harvard University 837: 819: 796: 793:Harvard University 720: 617:Cloverly Formation 507:Cloverly Formation 505:, in rocks of the 474:ago (from the mid- 21:Deinonychus (band) 7195: 7194: 7157:Open Tree of Life 7084:Taxon identifiers 7075: 7074: 7047: 7046: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7012: 6982:Saurornitholestes 6873:Saurornitholestes 6809:Saurornitholestes 6498:Halszkaraptorinae 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6163:Media related to 6068:Yale's legacy in 5886:(7732): 555–558. 5504:978-0-19-854996-3 5168:978-0-253-34539-4 5020:978-1-55297-613-5 4676:978-0-632-05637-8 4574:on March 26, 2009 4460:978-0-520-24209-8 4228:978-0-671-61946-6 4028:(6921): 335–340. 3992:978-0-7548-1573-0 3964:978-0-19-537266-3 3932:978-0-8065-2260-9 3860:978-0-521-81172-9 3571:978-0-679-43386-6 3176:Harry Adam Knight 3063:Antlers Formation 2873:Gething Formation 2404:and one juvenile 2339: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2221: 2212: 2211: 1804: 1803: 1752:Halszkaraptorinae 1687: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1355:Saurornitholestes 1125:Saurornitholestes 670:near the town of 653:Potomac Formation 629:Antlers Formation 511:Antlers Formation 333: 332: 327: 281: 7237: 7188: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7165: 7164: 7152: 7151: 7139: 7138: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7079: 7078: 7065: 7064: 7042: 7036: 7031: 7025: 6906:Velociraptorinae 6852:Dromaeosauroides 6728: 6727: 6712:Zhongjianosaurus 6690:Sinornithosaurus 6442: 6441: 6431: 6430: 6358: 6357: 6331: 6330: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6234: 6233: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6187:Data related to 6186: 6174: 6162: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6077:, June 18, 2015. 6064: 6055: 6054: 6053:on July 5, 2008. 6052: 6037: 6024: 6015: 6014: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5932:. November 2018. 5926: 5920: 5919: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5823: 5813: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5745: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5551: 5545: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5246:(4): 1169–1177. 5231: 5222: 5221: 5211: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5124: 5092: 5083: 5079: 5068: 5067: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4909: 4903: 4890: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4679:. Archived from 4660: 4654: 4641: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4567:. Archived from 4538: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4513:on June 12, 2007 4512: 4506:. Archived from 4485: 4476: 4465: 4464: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4420:. Archived from 4391: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4107: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4017: 4008: 3997: 3996: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3884: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3829: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3742: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3671: 3656: 3655: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3593: 3576: 3575: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3361: 3342: 3341: 3328: 3301: 3299:Dinosaurs portal 3296: 3295: 3294: 3210:Steven Spielberg 3206:film adaptations 3190:Michael Crichton 3106:Acrocanthosaurus 3077:. Other animals 3022:Paleoenvironment 2877:British Columbia 2736:Jacques Gauthier 2693:Ostrom compared 2203: 2171: 2170: 2147: 2146: 2123: 2122: 2109: 2087: 2072: 2071: 2058: 2043: 2042: 2019: 2018: 2005: 1990: 1989: 1984:Velociraptorinae 1973: 1960: 1959: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1916: 1901: 1900: 1887: 1872: 1871: 1858: 1845: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1817: 1795: 1773: 1758: 1757: 1741: 1726: 1725: 1716: 1715: 1561: 1539: 1524: 1523: 1510: 1495: 1494: 1481: 1466: 1465: 1452: 1437: 1436: 1423: 1408: 1407: 1391: 1376: 1375: 1362: 1347: 1346: 1330: 1315: 1314: 1301: 1286: 1285: 1262: 1261: 1248: 1233: 1232: 1219: 1206: 1205: 1192: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1140:Phylogenetically 1106:Rinchen Barsbold 1102:Velociraptorinae 955:Life restoration 779:Further findings 440: 433: 425: 418: 408: 401: 386: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 325: 295: 276: 269: 256: 240: 161: 160: 139: 129: 66: 49:Early Cretaceous 47:Temporal range: 39: 38: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7191: 7183: 7181: 7173: 7168: 7160: 7155: 7147: 7142: 7134: 7129: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7086: 7076: 7071: 7043: 7009: 6966:Luanchuanraptor 6900: 6820:Dromaeosaurinae 6814: 6779: 6723:Eudromaeosauria 6717: 6645: 6534: 6492: 6438: 6436:Dromaeosauridae 6417: 6414:Dromaeosauridae 6394: 6380:Dromaeosauridae 6374: 6347: 6320: 6314:Avemetatarsalia 6299:Avemetatarsalia 6289: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6226:Dromaeosauridae 6223: 6155: 6150: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6085: 6081: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6035: 6025: 6018: 5999: 5995: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5876: 5872: 5865:10.1139/e81-077 5841: 5837: 5796:(4): e0121476. 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5761:on July 3, 2010 5758: 5743: 5733: 5729: 5708:(3 sup): 109A. 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5627: 5623: 5590: 5586: 5571: 5567: 5552: 5548: 5535: 5531: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5491: 5484: 5447:Biology Letters 5439: 5432: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5355: 5351: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5232: 5225: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5155: 5148: 5093: 5086: 5082:292, 1397-1405. 5080: 5071: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5001: 4997: 4949: 4945: 4910: 4906: 4900:Wayback Machine 4865:associations". 4855: 4851: 4830:(5): e2010087. 4816: 4812: 4776: 4772: 4729: 4725: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4677: 4661: 4657: 4651:Wayback Machine 4610: 4606: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4461: 4447: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4389: 4379: 4375: 4348: 4344: 4317: 4310: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4209: 4198: 4179: 4175: 4136: 4129: 4072: 4065: 4015: 4009: 4000: 3993: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925:. p. 310. 3910: 3906: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3847: 3843: 3806:Biology Letters 3795: 3791: 3762: 3758: 3743: 3739: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3672: 3659: 3640: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3594: 3579: 3572: 3552: 3545: 3538:10.1139/E06-033 3510: 3499: 3479: 3475: 3459: 3452: 3437: 3430: 3411: 3404: 3381: 3377: 3362: 3345: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3307:Dromaeosauridae 3297: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3158: 3024: 3006: 2896: 2801: 2789: 2769:stress fracture 2740:Gregory S. Paul 2646: 2543: 2357: 2352: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2213: 1967:Dromaeosaurinae 1927:Eudromaeosauria 1825:Microraptorinae 1805: 1720:Dromaeosauridae 1688: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1402:Dromaeosaurinae 1341:Eudromaeosauria 1173:Dromaeosauridae 1148:Dromaeosaurinae 1081: 1039:Dromaeosauridae 963:estimated that 949: 901: 781: 609: 384: 345: 341: 324: 304: 301: 275: 267: 258:Eudromaeosauria 254: 242:Dromaeosauridae 238: 155: 130: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 61: 60: 45: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7243: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7215:Cloverly fauna 7212: 7210:Eudromaeosaurs 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7179: 7166: 7153: 7140: 7127: 7112: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6832: 6824: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6789: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6654: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6636: 6628: 6624:Unquillosaurus 6620: 6613: 6605: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6553: 6545: 6543: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6501: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6483: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6439: 6434: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6307: 6301: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6276: 6267: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6230: 6229: 6222: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6191:at Wikispecies 6180: 6168: 6154: 6153:External links 6151: 6148: 6147: 6105: 6079: 6070:Jurassic World 6066:Cummings, M. " 6056: 6016: 5993: 5949: 5935: 5921: 5870: 5851:(4): 823–825. 5835: 5772: 5727: 5688: 5679: 5669: 5650: 5643: 5621: 5584: 5565: 5546: 5529: 5510: 5503: 5482: 5453:(1): 110–112. 5430: 5411: 5401: 5349: 5290: 5273: 5223: 5174: 5167: 5146: 5107:(12): e28964. 5084: 5069: 5042:(2): 244–250. 5026: 5019: 4995: 4943: 4924:(1): 103–138. 4904: 4873:(4): 707–712. 4849: 4810: 4786:(in Russian). 4770: 4743:(1): 570–574. 4723: 4694: 4675: 4655: 4624:(3): 576–591. 4604: 4585: 4543:(3557): 1–27. 4524: 4490:(3545): 1–51. 4466: 4459: 4451:The Dinosauria 4438: 4396:(3381): 1–44. 4373: 4342: 4308: 4279:(9): 913–923. 4259: 4252: 4234: 4227: 4196: 4173: 4154:(4): 897–906. 4127: 4090:(5845): 1721. 4063: 3998: 3991: 3970: 3963: 3938: 3931: 3904: 3866: 3859: 3841: 3789: 3756: 3737: 3716: 3689: 3657: 3634: 3615: 3598:"Osteology of 3577: 3570: 3543: 3524:(6): 705–719. 3497: 3473: 3450: 3428: 3402: 3391:(3282): 1–45. 3375: 3343: 3340:(Online). n.d. 3322: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3286: 3283: 3281:were in life. 3208:, directed by 3201:The Lost World 3157: 3154: 3023: 3020: 3005: 3002: 2895: 2892: 2800: 2797: 2788: 2785: 2645: 2642: 2542: 2539: 2465:Komodo dragons 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1167: 1163:dromaeosaurids 1080: 1079:Classification 1077: 948: 945: 900: 897: 839:A skeleton of 780: 777: 639:through early 608: 605: 525:Paleontologist 331: 330: 329: 328: 313: 312: 306: 305: 302: 290: 289: 283: 282: 265: 261: 260: 252: 245: 244: 236: 232: 231: 226: 219: 218: 213: 206: 205: 200: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 149: 148: 141: 140: 132: 131: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7242: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7198: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7068: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7041: 7037: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6945:Kansaignathus 6942: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6859:Dromaeosaurus 6856: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6751:Dineobellator 6748: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675:Hesperonychus 6672: 6670: 6669: 6668:Graciliraptor 6665: 6663: 6662: 6661:Changyuraptor 6658: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651:Microraptoria 6648: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6586:Ornithodesmus 6583: 6581: 6580: 6579:Neuquenraptor 6576: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6508:Halszkaraptor 6505: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6063: 6061: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6031:Sauroposeidon 6023: 6021: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5683: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5644:3-9801178-0-4 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5581:(4): 261–269. 5580: 5576: 5569: 5562:(1): 335–338. 5561: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5366:(3): 185–91. 5365: 5361: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4960:(3): 185–91. 4959: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4859:Tenontosaurus 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4253:9780691167664 4249: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979:Dixon, Dougal 3974: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3893:(2): 91–182. 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3878:Archaeopteryx 3870: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3812:(5): 558–61. 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3699:"Deinonychus" 3693: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332:"deinonychus" 3327: 3323: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249:Jurassic Park 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3195:Jurassic Park 3191: 3187: 3186:film adaption 3183: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3112:Sauroposeidon 3108: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3096:Tenontosaurus 3092: 3091: 3090:Zephyrosaurus 3086: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3036:Zephyrosaurus 3033: 3028: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:ornithischian 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2838:Struthiomimus 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2723:Ken Carpenter 2715: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2644:Limb function 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626:Dromaeosaurus 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2610:Tyrannosaurus 2606: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Tenontosaurus 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514:birds of prey 2512: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422:Tenontosaurus 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398:Tenontosaurus 2396:fossils near 2395: 2391: 2390:Tenontosaurus 2387: 2383: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2370:Zephyrosaurus 2367:preying on a 2366: 2361: 2347: 2345: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2155:Dineobellator 2149: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027:Kansaignathus 2021: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1874: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1766:Halszkaraptor 1760: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:Kansaignathus 1699: 1695: 1694: 1693:Kansaignathus 1683: 1682: 1674: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1554:Dromaeosaurus 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213:Microraptoria 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1135:Dromaeosaurus 1131: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088:dromaeosaurid 1085: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 993:Dromaeosaurus 989: 985: 981: 977: 974:. Additional 973: 972: 966: 962: 953: 944: 942: 941:wing feathers 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 906: 896: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 852: 850: 846: 842: 834: 830: 829: 828:Archaeopteryx 823: 815: 811: 809: 805: 801: 794: 790: 785: 776: 774: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:specific name 750: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 716: 712: 710: 709: 704: 700: 695: 694:Tenontosaurus 691: 687: 686: 685:Tenontosaurus 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 604: 602: 598: 597:Tenontosaurus 594: 593: 592:Tenontosaurus 588: 583: 579: 578: 573: 569: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466: 462: 461: 456: 453: 450: 449:dromaeosaurid 446: 442: 439: 432: 427: 424: 417: 413: 410: 407: 400: 396: 393: 392:Ancient Greek 389: 388: 378: 339: 338: 323: 321: 317: 316: 314: 311: 307: 300: 299: 291: 288: 284: 279: 274: 273: 266: 263: 262: 259: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 159: 154: 150: 147: 142: 138: 133: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 62:115–108 58: 54: 50: 44: 40: 37: 33: 29: 22: 7197: 7091: 7026: 7004:Velociraptor 7002: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6920: 6915:Acheroraptor 6913: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6842: 6836:Dakotaraptor 6834: 6829:Achillobator 6827: 6807: 6799: 6794:Atrociraptor 6792: 6773:Zhenyuanlong 6771: 6764: 6758:Tianyuraptor 6756: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6710: 6703: 6697:Tianyuraptor 6695: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6638: 6630: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6599: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6564:Dakotaraptor 6562: 6557:Buitreraptor 6555: 6550:Austroraptor 6548: 6540:Unenlagiinae 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6487:Zhenyuanlong 6485: 6477: 6472:Tianyuraptor 6470: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6412: 6278: 6269: 6260: 6179:at Wikiquote 6138:. Retrieved 6118: 6108: 6096:. Retrieved 6092: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6048:the original 6043: 6039: 6030: 6010: 6007:The Mosasaur 6006: 6002: 5996: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5938: 5924: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5775: 5765:November 14, 5763:. Retrieved 5756:the original 5751: 5747: 5738: 5730: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5682: 5672: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5537: 5532: 5521: 5513: 5494: 5450: 5446: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5404: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5276: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5158: 5104: 5100: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5005: 4998: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4790:(1): 49–53. 4787: 4783: 4773: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4710:(14): 1–16. 4707: 4697: 4685:. Retrieved 4681:the original 4665: 4658: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4569:the original 4540: 4527: 4515:. Retrieved 4508:the original 4487: 4450: 4431:September 1, 4429:. Retrieved 4422:the original 4393: 4384: 4376: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4243: 4237: 4219:358, 366–369 4213: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4087: 4083: 4078:Velociraptor 4077: 4025: 4019: 3982: 3973: 3950: 3941: 3917: 3913:Bakker, R.T. 3907: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3809: 3805: 3792: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3707:. 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In life, 532:Deinonychus 528:John Ostrom 515:Deinonychus 487:U.S. states 428:, genitive 390:; from 337:Deinonychus 322:antirrhopus 272:Deinonychus 43:Deinonychus 32:Deinosuchus 7204:Categories 7055:See also: 6929:Boreonykus 6881:Utahraptor 6632:Variraptor 6601:Pyroraptor 6479:Variraptor 6457:Pyroraptor 6389:see below↓ 6265:Dinosauria 6256:Sauropsida 6098:August 26, 6013:: 151–163. 5966:: 109780. 5542:Queensland 5427:: 135–144. 4362:(3): 73A. 4331:(3): 51A. 3947:Long, J.A. 3318:References 3270:Utahraptor 3204:and their 3192:'s novels 3149:Priconodon 3127:, and the 3084:Sauropelta 3051:floodplain 3004:Life cycle 2858:metatarsus 2541:Bite force 2526:metatarsus 2511:accipitrid 2461:crocodiles 2457:archosaurs 2386:ornithopod 1696:recovered 1503:Utahraptor 971:Allosaurus 908:have been 892:endothermy 867:specimen. 680:ornithopod 645:Cretaceous 563:archosaurs 465:Cretaceous 216:Saurischia 203:Dinosauria 6922:Adasaurus 6617:Unenlagia 6609:Rahonavis 6515:Hulsanpes 6341:Theropoda 6326:Theropoda 6274:Theropoda 6242:Kingdom: 6135:220414868 6075:Yale News 5988:219059665 5722:220413406 5602:: 59–76. 5310:(1): 39. 4844:247039404 4804:239088573 4765:236478552 4578:April 30, 4557:2246/5845 4504:2246/5823 4410:2246/2870 3397:2246/3025 3181:Carnosaur 3178:'s novel 3075:Louisiana 3055:swamplike 2918:gastralia 2742:in 1988. 2703:cassowary 2453:taphonomy 2388:dinosaur 2080:Adasaurus 1788:Hulsanpes 1294:Adasaurus 1112:. Later, 1002:fenestrae 861:gastralia 761:monograph 682:dinosaur 572:processes 548:reptilian 478:to early 229:Theropoda 176:Kingdom: 170:Eukaryota 7101:Wikidata 7067:Category 7057:Timeline 6974:Nuthetes 6895:Zapsalis 6866:Itemirus 6640:Ypupiara 6522:Mahakala 6450:Daurlong 6250:Chordata 6248:Phylum: 6244:Animalia 5916:53188171 5908:30464264 5830:25875499 5790:PLOS ONE 5677:331–336. 5616:84702973 5477:17148340 5396:16380823 5388:17952398 5344:38622512 5335:11020771 5268:86182457 5218:20534620 5141:22194962 5101:PLOS ONE 5064:84672219 4990:16380823 4982:17952398 4938:84175628 4896:Archived 4893:abstract 4647:Archived 4644:abstract 4601:: 1–117. 4565:31096081 4418:54995804 4303:84317234 4168:85919882 4122:11610649 4114:17885130 4050:12540892 3915:(1986). 3836:17638674 3709:July 13, 3680:Breviora 3625:Postilla 3612:: 1–165. 3492:40283894 3470:(7): 52. 3447:: 51–62. 3372:: 1–234. 3285:See also 3184:and its 3143:Astrodon 3061:and the 3038:(left), 2983:Citipati 2975:Citipati 2970:Citipati 2953:sauropod 2728:coracoid 1734:Mahakala 1157:Size of 672:Billings 661:Maryland 633:Oklahoma 519:Maryland 503:Oklahoma 455:dinosaur 452:theropod 310:Synonyms 235:Family: 190:Chordata 186:Phylum: 180:Animalia 166:Domain: 7185:4493082 7162:4946067 7149:4822953 7136:4433581 6997:Tsaagan 6283:Paraves 6254:Class: 6093:Inverse 5968:Bibcode 5888:Bibcode 5853:Bibcode 5821:4398413 5798:Bibcode 5468:1617199 5368:Bibcode 5312:Bibcode 5248:Bibcode 5209:2981932 5132:3237572 5109:Bibcode 5044:Bibcode 5011:212–221 4962:Bibcode 4875:Bibcode 4745:Bibcode 4687:July 8, 4626:Bibcode 4517:July 7, 4281:Bibcode 4092:Bibcode 4084:Science 4058:1160118 4030:Bibcode 3827:2396186 3686:: 1–21. 3654:: 1–11. 3631:: 1–17. 3562:126–130 3526:Bibcode 3425:: 1–27. 2938:oviduct 2833:ostrich 2707:seriema 2699:ostrich 2697:to the 2590:newtons 2214: 2196:Tsaagan 1323:Tsaagan 1119:Tsaagan 884:brooded 732:Bridger 668:Montana 655:on the 625:Wyoming 621:Montana 499:Wyoming 491:Montana 438:ónukhos 387:-ih-kəs 264:Genus: 7182:uBio: 7107:Q14405 6736:Balaur 6705:Wulong 6572:Diuqin 6464:Shanag 6133: 5986: 5914: 5906: 5880:Nature 5828: 5818: 5720: 5641: 5614: 5501: 5475: 5465: 5409:Canada 5394: 5386: 5342: 5332: 5266: 5216: 5206: 5165: 5139: 5129: 5062: 5017: 4988: 4980: 4936: 4842: 4802: 4763: 4673: 4563: 4457: 4416: 4301: 4250: 4225: 4166: 4120: 4112: 4056: 4048: 4021:Nature 3989: 3961: 3929: 3857: 3834: 3824: 3568: 3490: 3188:, and 3071:deltas 2787:Flight 2662:sickle 2518:eagles 2486:et al. 2463:) and 2434:et al. 2377:(2011) 2375:et al. 1008:, the 980:jugals 751:. The 641:Albian 637:Aptian 559:ungual 552:ratite 501:, and 483:stages 480:Albian 476:Aptian 468:Period 431:ὄνυχος 406:deinós 399:δεινός 280:, 1969 278:Ostrom 57:Albian 53:Aptian 7175:38562 6279:Clade 6270:Clade 6261:Clade 6131:S2CID 6051:(PDF) 6036:(PDF) 5984:S2CID 5912:S2CID 5759:(PDF) 5744:(PDF) 5718:S2CID 5612:S2CID 5540:) in 5392:S2CID 5285:(PDF) 5264:S2CID 5060:S2CID 4986:S2CID 4934:S2CID 4840:S2CID 4800:S2CID 4761:S2CID 4572:(PDF) 4561:S2CID 4537:(PDF) 4511:(PDF) 4484:(PDF) 4425:(PDF) 4414:S2CID 4390:(PDF) 4299:S2CID 4164:S2CID 4118:S2CID 4054:S2CID 4016:(PDF) 3883:(PDF) 2829:tibia 2825:femur 2799:Speed 2594:hyena 2522:hawks 1098:clade 1028:manus 472:years 445:genus 394: 249:Clade 223:Clade 210:Clade 197:Clade 7144:GBIF 6990:Shri 6952:Kuru 6366:see 6339:see 6312:see 6142:2013 6100:2023 5904:PMID 5826:PMID 5767:2010 5639:ISBN 5499:ISBN 5473:PMID 5421:Gaia 5384:PMID 5340:PMID 5214:PMID 5163:ISBN 5137:PMID 5015:ISBN 4978:PMID 4689:2007 4671:ISBN 4580:2007 4519:2007 4455:ISBN 4433:2013 4248:ISBN 4223:ISBN 4142:And 4110:PMID 4046:PMID 3987:ISBN 3959:ISBN 3927:ISBN 3855:ISBN 3832:PMID 3711:2007 3566:ISBN 3488:OCLC 3247:The 3198:and 3121:and 3093:and 2985:and 2977:and 2951:and 2932:and 2894:Eggs 2738:and 2701:and 2684:and 2530:owls 2520:and 961:Paul 931:and 736:type 724:Yale 623:and 509:and 495:Utah 423:ónux 416:ὄνυξ 70:PreꞒ 7131:EoL 6123:doi 6073:." 5976:doi 5964:552 5896:doi 5884:563 5861:doi 5816:PMC 5806:doi 5710:doi 5604:doi 5463:PMC 5455:doi 5376:doi 5330:PMC 5320:doi 5256:doi 5204:PMC 5196:doi 5192:277 5127:PMC 5117:doi 5052:doi 4970:doi 4926:doi 4883:doi 4832:doi 4792:doi 4788:499 4753:doi 4741:499 4712:doi 4634:doi 4553:hdl 4545:doi 4500:hdl 4492:doi 4406:hdl 4398:doi 4364:doi 4333:doi 4289:doi 4156:doi 4100:doi 4088:317 4038:doi 4026:421 3895:doi 3822:PMC 3814:doi 3778:doi 3684:439 3652:165 3629:128 3534:doi 3423:146 3393:hdl 3387:". 3277:or 3129:gar 3053:or 2875:of 872:egg 847:at 771:of 763:on 726:'s 659:of 631:of 619:of 582:IGM 542:or 489:of 447:of 385:NON 383:dy- 59:), 55:to 30:or 7206:: 7172:: 7159:: 7146:: 7133:: 7118:: 7103:: 6281:: 6272:: 6263:: 6129:. 6121:. 6117:. 6091:. 6059:^ 6044:65 6042:. 6038:. 6019:^ 6009:. 5982:. 5974:. 5962:. 5910:. 5902:. 5894:. 5882:. 5859:. 5849:18 5847:. 5824:. 5814:. 5804:. 5794:10 5792:. 5788:. 5752:38 5750:. 5746:. 5716:. 5706:26 5704:. 5610:. 5600:82 5598:. 5579:57 5577:. 5560:49 5558:. 5485:^ 5471:. 5461:. 5449:. 5445:. 5433:^ 5425:15 5423:. 5390:. 5382:. 5374:. 5364:95 5362:. 5338:. 5328:. 5318:. 5308:24 5306:. 5302:. 5262:. 5254:. 5244:30 5242:. 5226:^ 5212:. 5202:. 5190:. 5186:. 5149:^ 5135:. 5125:. 5115:. 5103:. 5099:. 5087:^ 5072:^ 5058:. 5050:. 5040:27 5038:. 5013:. 4984:. 4976:. 4968:. 4958:95 4956:. 4932:. 4922:48 4920:. 4881:. 4871:15 4869:. 4838:. 4828:41 4826:. 4822:. 4798:. 4759:. 4751:. 4739:. 4735:. 4706:. 4632:. 4622:15 4620:. 4599:19 4597:. 4559:. 4551:. 4539:. 4498:. 4486:. 4469:^ 4441:^ 4412:. 4404:. 4392:. 4360:16 4358:. 4329:16 4327:. 4311:^ 4297:. 4287:. 4275:. 4271:. 4221:. 4199:^ 4191:38 4189:. 4162:. 4152:26 4150:. 4130:^ 4116:. 4108:. 4098:. 4086:. 4082:. 4066:^ 4052:. 4044:. 4036:. 4024:. 4018:. 4001:^ 3953:. 3921:. 3889:. 3885:. 3830:. 3820:. 3808:. 3804:. 3774:46 3772:. 3768:. 3733:38 3731:. 3682:. 3678:. 3660:^ 3650:. 3627:. 3610:30 3608:. 3604:. 3580:^ 3564:. 3546:^ 3532:. 3522:43 3520:. 3500:^ 3468:38 3466:. 3453:^ 3445:34 3443:. 3431:^ 3421:. 3405:^ 3370:35 3368:. 3346:^ 3334:. 2613:, 1150:. 791:, 767:. 711:. 603:. 521:. 497:, 493:, 350:aɪ 251:: 225:: 212:: 199:: 120:Pg 64:Ma 6985:? 6977:? 6969:? 6940:? 6932:? 6876:? 6847:? 6839:? 6804:? 6776:? 6761:? 6739:? 6700:? 6678:? 6653:? 6635:? 6627:? 6612:? 6604:? 6589:? 6567:? 6542:? 6500:? 6482:? 6467:? 6218:e 6211:t 6204:v 6144:. 6125:: 6102:. 6029:" 6011:2 5990:. 5978:: 5970:: 5918:. 5898:: 5890:: 5867:. 5863:: 5855:: 5808:: 5800:: 5769:. 5724:. 5712:: 5647:. 5618:. 5606:: 5507:. 5479:. 5457:: 5451:2 5398:. 5378:: 5370:: 5346:. 5322:: 5314:: 5287:. 5270:. 5258:: 5250:: 5220:. 5198:: 5171:. 5143:. 5119:: 5111:: 5105:6 5066:. 5054:: 5046:: 5023:. 4992:. 4972:: 4964:: 4940:. 4928:: 4902:) 4891:( 4889:. 4885:: 4877:: 4861:– 4846:. 4834:: 4808:. 4806:. 4794:: 4755:: 4747:: 4720:. 4714:: 4691:. 4653:) 4642:( 4640:. 4636:: 4628:: 4582:. 4555:: 4547:: 4521:. 4502:: 4494:: 4463:. 4435:. 4408:: 4400:: 4370:. 4366:: 4339:. 4335:: 4305:. 4291:: 4283:: 4277:5 4256:. 4231:. 4193:. 4170:. 4158:: 4124:. 4102:: 4094:: 4080:" 4060:. 4040:: 4032:: 3995:. 3967:. 3935:. 3901:. 3897:: 3891:8 3876:" 3863:. 3838:. 3816:: 3810:3 3786:. 3780:: 3735:. 3713:. 3574:. 3540:. 3536:: 3528:: 3494:. 3399:. 3395:: 755:" 580:( 441:) 435:( 426:) 420:( 409:) 403:( 377:/ 374:s 371:ə 368:k 365:ɪ 362:n 359:ɒ 356:n 353:ˈ 347:d 344:/ 340:( 294:† 268:† 255:† 239:† 125:N 115:K 110:J 105:T 100:P 95:C 90:D 85:S 80:O 75:Ꞓ 51:( 34:. 23:.

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