Deinocheirus - Knowledge

829:. The recovered material consisted of a skull, a left hand, and feet, which had been collected in Mongolia, sold to a Japanese buyer, and resold to a German party (the fossils also passed through China and France). The team concluded that these elements belonged to specimen MPC-D 100/127, as the single leftover toe bone fit perfectly into the unprepared matrix of a poached foot, the bone and matrix matched in colour, and because the elements belonged to an individual of the same size, with no overlap in skeletal elements. On May 1, 2014, the fossils were repatriated to Mongolia by a delegation from the Belgian Museum, during a ceremony held at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. The reunited skeleton was deposited at the Central Museum of Mongolian Dinosaurs in 515: 6193: 8308: 2123: 6186: 4690: 5515: 1018: 5501: 798:. The specimen had also been excavated by poachers, who had removed the skull, hands and feet, but left behind a single toe bone. It had probably been looted after 2002, based on money left in the quarry. Skulls, claw bones and teeth are often selectively targeted by poachers on the expense of the rest of the skeletons (which are often vandalized), due to their saleability. Currie stated in an interview that it was a policy of their team to investigate quarries after they had been looted and recover anything of significance, and that finding any new 7760: 6981: 7746: 5494: 7753: 4696: 966: 6200: 1133: 143: 5508: 8321: 6999: 1883: 934: 6987: 125: 1351: 857: 7006: 1989: 8315: 2169: 7740: 671: 1816: 1009:. The jaws were toothless and down-turned, and the lower jaw was very massive and deep compared to the slender and low upper jaw. The relative size of the lower jaw was closer to that of tyrannosaurids than to other ornithomimosaurs. The snout was spatulate (flared outwards to the sides) and 25 cm (9.8 in) wide, which is wider than the skull roof. This shape was similar to the snout of duck-billed hadrosaurids. 6994: 8456: 2156:, the largest known predator from the Nemegt Formation. Various types of feeding traces were identified; punctures, gouges, striae, fragmentary teeth, and combinations of the above marks. The bite marks probably represent feeding behaviour instead of aggression between the species, and the fact that bite marks were not found elsewhere on the body indicates the predator focused on internal organs. 2000:(stomach stones, 8 to 87 mm in size) were found among the ribs and gastralia of specimen MPC-D100/127. The ratio of gastrolith mass to total weight, 0.0022, supports the theory that these gastroliths helped the toothless animals in grinding their food. Features such as the presence of a beak and a U-shaped, downturned jaw, are indicators of facultative (optional) 983:. The widest part of the skull behind the eyes is only 23 cm (9.1 in) wide in comparison. The skull was similar to those of other ornithomimosaurs in being low and narrow, but differed in that the snout was more elongated. The skull bone walls were rather thin, about 6 mm (0.24 in). It had a rounded, flattened beak, which would have been covered by 1836:, which indicates the long arms and claws were used for digging and gathering plants. The blunt claws of the feet could have helped the animal from sinking into substrate when wading. The robust hind limbs and hip region indicates the animal moved slowly. The large size of the animal may have protected it against predators such as 948:(ostrich dinosaur) discovered; according to the 2014 description, the largest known specimen measured about 11 m (36 ft) long, with an estimated weight of 6.36 t (7.01 short tons). The two other known specimens are smaller, the holotype being 94% as big while the smallest, a subadult, is only 74% as big. In 2016, 1766:. The three members share various anatomical features in the limbs. The 2014 cladogram suggested that ornithomimosaurians diverged into two major lineages in the Early Cretaceous: Deinocheiridae and Ornithomimidae. Unlike other ornithomimosaurians, deinocheirids were not built for running. The anatomical peculiarities of 952:

presented a higher length estimate of 11.5 m (38 ft) but a lower mass estimate of 5 t (5.5 short tons). Also in 2016, Asier Larramendi and Molina-Pérez presented a higher length estimate of 12 m (39 ft) and a higher mass estimate of 7 t (7.7 short tons), and an estimated

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for "horrible hand". No further remains were discovered for almost fifty years, and its nature remained a mystery. Two more complete specimens were described in 2014, which shed light on many aspects of the animal. Parts of these new specimens had been looted from Mongolia some years before, but were

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had the most pneumatised skeleton among ornithomimosaurs. Pneumatisation is thought to be advantageous for flight in modern birds, but its function in non-avian dinosaurs is not known with certainty. It has been proposed that pneumatisation was used to reduce the mass of large bones (associated with

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at 11 m (36 ft) long, and weighing 6.5 t (7.2 short tons). Though it was a bulky animal, it had many hollow bones which saved weight. The arms were among the largest of any bipedal dinosaur at 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long, with large, blunt claws on its three-fingered hands. The legs

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remains inhibited a thorough understanding of the animal for almost half a century onwards, and the scientific literature often described it as among the most "enigmatic", "mysterious", and "bizarre" of dinosaurs. The holotype arms became part of a traveling exhibit of Mongolian dinosaur fossils,

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achieving relatively large sizes. Advantages from large body mass in herbivores include increased intake rate of food and fasting resistance, and these trends may therefore indicate that deinocheirids and ornithomimids were more herbivorous than other ornithomimosaurians. They cautioned that the

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had a weak bite force. The skull was likely adapted for cropping soft understorey or water vegetation. The depth of the lower jaw indicates the presence of a large tongue, which could have assisted the animal in sucking in food material obtained with the broad beak when foraging on the bottom of

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and means "unusual" or "peculiar", chosen for the unusual structure of the forelimbs. The Polish-Mongolian expeditions were notable for being led by women, among the first to name new dinosaurs. The original specimen number of the holotype was ZPal MgD-I/6, but it has since been re-catalogued as

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was long compared to the fingers. The three fingers were about equal in length, the first being the stoutest and the second the longest. Various rough areas and impressions on the forelimbs indicate the presence of powerful muscles. Most articular surfaces of the arm bones were deeply furrowed,

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hip height of 4.4 m (14 ft). In 2020, Campione and Evans gave a body mass estimate of approximately 6.5 t (7.2 short tons). When only the incomplete holotype arms were known, various sizes were extrapolated from them by different methods. A 2010 study estimated the hip height of

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in the holotype specimen such as abnormal pits, grooves and tubercles on the first and second phalanx of the left second finger that may have been the result of injuries to the joint between the two bones. The damage may have caused changes to the arrangement of ligaments of muscles. The two

897:. The two cases showed that the lifestyle and appearance of incompletely known extinct animals cannot always be safely inferred from close relatives. By 2017, the Mongolian government had increased its effort to seize poached fossils from collectors and repatriate them, but proving their 627:, and consists of a partial, disarticulated skeleton, most parts of which had probably eroded away at the time of discovery. The specimen consisted of both forelimbs, excluding the claws of the right hand, the complete shoulder girdle, centra of three dorsal vertebrae, five ribs, 2015:

David J. Button and Zanno found in 2019 herbivorous dinosaurs mainly followed two distinct modes of feeding, either processing food in the gut—characterized by gracile skulls and low bite forces—or the mouth, characterized by features associated with extensive processing.

716:(SVP) conference by Lee, Barsbold, Currie, and colleagues. Housed at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, these two headless individuals were given the specimen numbers MPC-D 100/127 and MPC-D 100/128. MPC-D 100/128, a subadult specimen, was found by scientists in the 694:, and Yuong-Nam Lee announced the discovery of additional elements of the holotype specimen, including fragments of gastralia, found by a Korean-Mongolian team which re-located the original quarry in 2008. Bite marks on two gastralia were identified as belonging to 2152:

coracoids are also differently developed. A rib of specimen MPC-D 100/127 shows a healed trauma which has remodelled the bone. In 2012, bite marks on two gastralia of the holotype specimen were reported. The size and shape of the bite marks match the teeth of

1980:, which indicates it may have likewise foraged in water, or browsed near the ground like some sauropods and hadrosaurs. The attachment sites for the muscles that open and close the jaws were very small in comparison to the size of the skull, which indicates 1852:(active during the day), since the sclerotic rings of the eyes were relatively small in comparison with its skull length. The hand had good mobility relative to the lower arm, but was capable of only a limited flexing motion, unable to close in grasping. 2089:

was a specialised climbing dinosaur, that fed on plants and animals found in trees. In 1988, Paul instead suggested that the claws were too blunt for predatory purposes, but would have been good defensive weapons. While attempting to determine the

883:, and most of the left hindlimb. In 2014, the specimens were described by Lee, Barsbold, Currie, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi, Hang-Jae Lee Lee, Godefroit, Escuillié, and Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig. A similar series of events was reported earlier in 2014 with 1770:

when compared to other, much smaller ornithomimosaurs, can largely be explained by its much larger size and weight. Deinocheirids and the smaller ornithomimids did not have teeth, unlike more primitive ornithomimosaurs. In 2020, the deinocheirid

612:. The crew spent July 9–11 excavating the specimen and loading it onto a vehicle. A 1968 report by Kielan-Jaworowska and Naydin Dovchin, which summarised the accomplishments of the expeditions, announced that the remains represented a new 3761:

Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Takasaki, R.; Tanaka, T.; Iijima, M.; Barsbold, R. (2017). "Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: manus morphological variation and diversity".

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is thought to have been widely distributed within the Nemegt Formation, as the only three specimens found have been 50 km (31 mi) apart. The river systems of the Nemegt Formation provided a suitable niche for

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of the Nemegt Formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Such large river channels and soil deposits are evidence of a far more humid climate than those found in the older

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correlations between body mass and body mass were not simple, and that there was no directional trend towards increased mass seen in the clade. Furthermore, the diet of most ornithomimosaurians is poorly known, and

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to be 3.3–3.6 m (11–12 ft). The weight had previously been estimated between 2 tonnes (2.2 short tons) and 12 tonnes (13 short tons). Enormous sizes were also suggested by comparing the arms with those of

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Fanti, F.; Bell, P. R.; Tighe, M.; Milan, L. A.; Dinelli, E. (2017). "Geochemical fingerprinting as a tool for repatriating poached dinosaur fossils in Mongolia: A case study for the Nemegt Locality, Gobi Desert".

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was only known from the original forelimbs, its taxonomic relationship was difficult to determine, and several hypotheses were proposed. Osmólska and Roniewicz initially concluded that

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show that three groups of herbivorous theropods (ornithomimosaurs, therizinosaurs and oviraptorosaurs), independently reached their maximum sizes in the late Cretaceous of Asia.

1875:(brain-body ratio) was estimated at 0.69, which is low for theropods, and similar to sauropods. Other ornithomimosaurs have proportionally large brains, and the small brain of 2069:

were known, and it was early on envisioned as a predatory, allosaur-like animal with giant arms. In their original description, Osmólska and Roniewicz found that the hands of

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were low and long, and progressively shorter backwards from the skull. This resulted in a more S-curved neck than seen in other ornithomimosaurs, due to the larger skull. The

442:-like vertebrae, which indicate the presence of a fan of feathers. The skull was 1.024 m (3.36 ft) long, with a wide bill and a deep lower jaw, similar to those of 1184:(enlarged) compared to other ornithomimosaurs, to support the weight of the animal with strong muscle attachments. The front hip bones tilted upwards in life. The tail of 2879: 1863:

and presented at the 2014 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology conference. The brain was globular and similar in shape to that of birds and troodontid theropods, the

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family. Primitive traits include its recurved claws, the low humerus-to-scapula ratio, and the lack of a syndesmosis. A 2006 study by Kobayashi and Barsbold found

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would have eaten plants and small animals, including fish. It may have competed for trees with other large herbivorous dinosaurs such as the long-necked theropod

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bite marks have also been identified on hadrosaur and sauropod fossils, but theropod bite marks on bones of other theropods are very rare in the fossil record.

889:, another sail-backed theropod which had only been known from few remains since 1912. Poached remains were reunited with specimens obtained by scientists, and 879:

vertebrae, and the right forelimb; MPC-D 100/128 fills in most gaps of the other skeleton, with nearly all dorsal and caudal vertebrae, the ilium, a partial

1925: 817:. The poached elements were spotted in a private European collection by the French fossil trader François Escuillé, who notified Belgian palaeontologist 1323:

to be possibly the most primitive ornithomimosaur, but was unable to further resolve its affinities, due to the lack of skull and hindlimb elements. A

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had the largest vertical feeding range due to its hip height, and specialised in eating high foliage. In 2017, it was suggested that the claws of

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study of a gastralia fragment from the holotype presented at a 2018 conference showed that its internal structure was similar to that of ossified

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showed different patterns of stress and strain distribution than other ornithomimisaurs, indicating it was a specialized feeder. They suspected

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from Mexico was named, making it the first member of the group known from North America. Its describers suggested deinocheirids originated in

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were also present in the stomach region of the specimen. The large claws may have been used for digging and gathering plants. Bite marks on

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Watanabe, A.; Eugenia Leone Gold, M.; Brusatte, S. L.; Benson, R. B. J.; Choiniere, J.; Davidson, A.; Norell, M. A.; Claessens, L. (2015).

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Stettner, B.; Persons, W. S.; Currie, P. J. (2018). "A giant sauropod footprint from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Mongolia".

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68.8 cm (27.1 in), and the hand is 77 cm (30 in)—including the 19.6-centimetre-long (7.7 in) recurved claws. Each

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A 2022 article by Waisum Ma and colleagues examined how feeding mechanics varied between different non-bird coelurosaurian groups through

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crest was pronounced and triangular. The upper arm (humerus) was relatively slender, and only slightly longer than the hand. The ulna and

1840:, but in turn it lost the running ability of other ornithomimosaurs. The long neural spines and possible tail fan may have been used for 826: 8476: 2626: 1879:

may reflect its social behaviour or diet. Its coordination and balance would not have been as important as for carnivorous theropods.

8491: 2905: 2034:, was found to be in the former category. These researchers suggested that deinocheirids and ornithomimid ornithomimosaurians such as 2008:

theropods. In spite of these features, fish vertebrae and scales were also found among the gastroliths, which suggests that it was an

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possessed the longest forelimbs known for any bipedal dinosaurs. The holotype forelimbs measure 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long—the

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Serrano-Brañas, C. I.; Espinosa-Chávez, B.; Maccracken, S. A.; Gutiérrez-Blando, C.; de León-Dávila, C.; Ventura, J. F. (2020). "

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revealed at the SVP presentation brought applause from the crowd of attending palaeontologists, and the American palaeontologist

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and the long-armed therizinosaurs was supported by some later writers, but they are not considered to be closely related today.

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deposits indicate at least periodic droughts occurred. Sediment was deposited in the channels and floodplains of large rivers.

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After the new specimens were announced, it was rumoured that a looted skull had found its way to a European museum through the

751:) of the Nemegt Formation during the Korea-Mongolia International Dinosaur Expedition in 2006, but had already been damaged by 4082: 3942: 3909: 3814: 3469: 3341: 3255: 2671: 2887: 6192: 6185: 4173: 3958:

Efimov, M.B. (1983). "Peresmotr iskopayemykh krokodilov Mongolii" [Revision of the fossil crocodiles of Mongolia].

3399:(Dinosauria: Theropoda) revealed by computed tomography imaging and reappraisal of axial pneumaticity in ornithomimosauria" 2457: 1105:

of the twelve back vertebrae became increasingly longer from front to back, the last one being 8.5 times the height of the

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are now known to have been similar to those of hadrosaurs, it cannot be ruled out that the tracks were made by this genus.

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had become a scientific and political concern. Therefore, a study tested the possibility of identifying poached fossils by

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Roy, B.; Ryan, M. J.; Currie, P. J.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2018). "Histological analysis of the gastralia of

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was a bulky animal, its dorsal ribs were tall and relatively straight, indicating that the body was narrow. The ten neck

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were also tall and pneumatised, and all but the first one were fused together at the top, their neural spines forming a

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belonged with the Ornithomimosauria, while noting that it contained both ornithomimosaurian and non-ornithomimosaurian

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dinosaurs. The proportions of the toe bones resembled those of tyrannosaurs, due to the large weight they had to bear.

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present in the fossil record indicate it was probably deposited during the early Maastrichtian age, at the end of the

3742:(1970). "Gigantskiye kogti zagadochnykh mezozoyskikh reptiliy" [Giant claws of enigmatic Mesozoic reptiles]. 3099: 2073:

were unsuited for grasping, but could instead have been used to tear prey apart. In 1970, the Russian paleontologist

1789:, and a similar interchange is also known to have occurred in other dinosaur groups with Asian affinities during the 364: 2966: 1211:), an element not known from any other ornithomimosaurs, was U-shaped. The hindlimbs were relatively short, and the 810:

stated he had never been as surprised by a SVP talk, though new fossils are routinely presented at the conference.

6980: 3489:, a large deinocheirid ornithomimosaur from the Cerro del Pueblo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Coahuila, Mexico". 5514: 5500: 1956:, which would be the first-known occurrence of such structures in a basal ornithomimosaur. The structure of the 7745: 3288: 2295:

fossils are found, as well as a variety of other aquatic animals like fish and turtles, and the crocodylomorph

1820: 825:, and contacted the Korean-Mongolian team. Escuillé subsequently acquired the fossils and donated them to the 8186: 5493: 4689: 1074:

were large, the ratio between them and the shoulder girdle was less than that of the smaller ornithomimosaur

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around 70 million years ago. In 1965, a pair of large arms, shoulder girdles, and a few other bones of a new

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The 2014 study defined Deinocheiridae as a clade including all taxa with a more recent common ancestor with

7759: 700:, and it was proposed that this accounted for the scattered, disassociated state of the holotype specimen. 6199: 489:; its skull shape indicates a diet of plants, fish scales were found in association with one specimen and 8496: 2697: 2527:; Escuillié, F.O.; Chinzorig, T. (2014). "Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur 1270:. This was due to the large size and thick-walled limb bones, but they also found some similarities with 1180:, the top hip bone, was also partially pneumatised close to the sacral vertebrae. Part of the pelvis was 514: 142: 5507: 3560: 2819: 8506: 8446: 7752: 4125: 4110: 2054:, revealing that they all underwent reduction of feeding-related stress in their jaws. They found that 975:

The only known skull, belonging to the largest specimen, measures 1.024 m (3.36 ft) from the

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of the feet were blunt and broad-tipped instead of tapered, unlike other theropods, but resembled the

8486: 8418: 8320: 461:, but similarities with ornithomimosaurians were soon noted. After more complete remains were found, 4240: 3979:"A Review of Shamosuchus and Paralligator (Crocodyliformes, Neosuchia) from the Cretaceous of Asia" 1872: 876: 8314: 6986: 4145: 3593: 2778: 2582: 2051: 1117:, which stiffened the vertebral column allowing it to support the abdomen while transmitting the 659: 550: 426:

were relatively short, and bore blunt claws. Its vertebrae had tall neural spines that formed a "

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dinosaurs, and had an extensive system of depressions. These adaptations may be correlated with

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during the 1963–1965 Polish-Mongolian palaeontological expeditions, which were organised by the

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6th Annual Meeting Canadian Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology May 14–16, 2018 Ottawa, Ontario

3460:(2004). "Ornithomimosauria". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). 2416:. Theropod groups with both omnivorous and herbivorous members include therizinosaurs, such as 1315:

was likely a primitive ornithomimosaurian, since it lacked some of the features typical of the

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in the eyes was small, 8.4 cm (3.3 in), compared to the size of the skull. The lower

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Combined with the poached elements, both new specimens represent almost the entire skeleton of

644: 4073:(2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). 4037: 3333: 3326: 1871:

tracts were relatively large. The brain was proportionally small and compact, and its reptile

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analysis accompanying the 2014 description of the two much more complete specimens found that

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indicating that the animal had thick pads of cartilage between the joints. Though the arms of

962:, even though members of that group did not have large arms in proportion to their body size. 8501: 8426: 8413: 6711: 6623: 2737:(Theropoda:?Ornithomimosauria) remains from the Nemegt Formation (Late Cretaceous), Mongolia" 2214: 1145: 431: 289: 3889:. Vol. 35. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. pp. 347–366. 2637: 2586: 8387: 8272: 6400: 6368: 4070: 3990: 3852: 3771: 3498: 3410: 3064: 3013: 2932: 2849: 2748: 2540: 2122: 2039: 465:

was shown to be a primitive ornithomimosaurian, most closely related to the smaller genera

266: 7739: 3934: 1050: 790:) in 2009. It is slightly larger than the holotype, and it could be clearly identified as 8: 6724: 6511: 3001: 2967:"The "horrible hand" Deinocheirus dinosaur's fossils are repatriated to its home country" 2218: 1976:

had a more specialised diet than other ornithomimosaurs. The beak was similar to that of

1961: 1786: 1289: 913:(three-toed) tracks were reported from the Nemegt locality (discovered in 2007 alongside 807: 6993: 3994: 3856: 3775: 3502: 3414: 3068: 3017: 2936: 2853: 2752: 2622: 2544: 2305:

fossils are rare in the Nemegt Formation, but many birds have been found, including the

2012:. Ornithomimosaurs in general are thought to have fed on both plants and small animals. 1109:

part. This is almost the same as the highest ratio in the neural spines of the theropod

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of the shoulder girdle has a length of 1.53 m (5 ft). Each half of the paired

640: 262: 8179: 6700: 6560: 6416: 6356: 5791: 5701: 5584: 4448: 4138: 4013: 3978: 3721: 3672: 3514: 3484: 3433: 3394: 3375: 3358: 3300: 3292: 3169: 3037: 2948: 2564: 2370: 2344: 2197: 2193: 1892: 1224: 1204:, so this feature suggests that they might have had a fan of feathers at the tail end. 1201: 1157: 1118: 865: 137: 2944: 875:, as MPC-D 100/127 includes all material apart from the middle dorsal vertebrae, most 802:

fossils was cause for celebration, even without the poached parts. A virtual model of

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by its left forelimb, and therefore helped identify the earlier collected specimen as

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such as trees, but was also able to feed on material that they could not. Along with

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was a narrow strap that extended up above the eye sockets. The outer diameter of the

980: 945: 427: 229: 3304: 8460: 8165: 7922: 7832: 7621: 7553: 7416: 7335: 7307: 7267: 7148: 7118: 6636: 6389: 6253: 6110: 6010: 5859: 5766: 5724: 5291: 4601: 4008: 3998: 3860: 3779: 3703: 3654: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3506: 3457: 3428: 3418: 3370: 3284: 3143: 3072: 3021: 2940: 2857: 2800: 2796: 2756: 2728: 2693: 2568: 2548: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2412: 2189: 2111: 2091: 1953: 1914: 1197: 1106: 1098: 818: 691: 613: 601: 481:. Members of this group were not adapted for speed, unlike other ornithomimosaurs. 393: 323: 3690:

Ma, Waisum; Pittman, Michael; Butler, Richard J.; Lautenschlager, Stephan (2022).

2760: 8228: 7966: 7929: 7861: 7716: 7709: 7537: 7479: 7452: 7442: 7402: 7237: 7096: 7080: 6898: 6870: 6848: 6735: 6580: 6287: 6061: 5944: 5922: 5843: 5672: 5649: 5642: 5620: 5606: 5599: 5560: 5411: 5258: 5185: 5174: 5110: 4998: 4885: 4462: 4371: 4225: 4200: 4003: 3927: 3783: 3510: 3423: 3321: 3237: 3076: 2861: 2306: 2205: 1937: 1054: 1053:

measure 42 cm (17 in). The shoulder-blade was long and narrow, and the

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remains looked like the "product of a secret love affair between a hadrosaur and

842: 752: 498: 385: 381: 37: 1125:" along the lower back, hips, and base of the tail, somewhat similar to that of 8193: 8156: 8137: 8099: 8088: 7885: 7598: 7564: 7546: 7526: 7423: 7137: 6882: 6744: 6571: 6553: 6381: 6348: 6334: 6295: 6069: 5930: 5887: 5880: 5802: 5778: 5731: 5690: 5627: 5613: 5341: 5326: 5153: 4987: 4851: 4819: 4808: 4785: 4747: 4608: 4578: 4502: 4441: 4340: 2315: 2237: 2173: 2005: 1933: 1921: 1782: 1773: 1582: 1491: 1437: 1316: 1260: 658:(χείρ), meaning "hand", due to the size and strong claws of the forelimbs. The 478: 242: 4115: 4100: 3708: 3691: 3659: 3642: 3590:

13th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

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ended in at least two fused vertebrae, which were described as similar to the

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tracks). Though the tracks were similar to those of hadrosaurs, no tracks of

777: 764: 738: 725: 648: 579: 566: 411: 75: 1255:

did not belong in any already named theropod family, so they created a new,

1132: 1061:(lower arm bones) were elongate and not firmly connected to each other in a 965: 8207: 8145: 8035: 8028: 8006: 7998: 7878: 7870: 7850: 7573: 7492: 7430: 7321: 7292: 7244: 7073: 7058: 6833: 6765: 6693: 6672: 6651: 6467: 6423: 6231: 6218: 6148: 6101: 5976: 5866: 5818: 5811: 5748: 5717: 5710: 5591: 5418: 5270: 5167: 5069: 5062: 4957: 4941: 4877: 4828: 4760: 4537: 4420: 4413: 4384: 4347: 4316: 4022: 3880:"A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)" 3836: 3717: 3668: 3643:"Repeated evolution of divergent modes of herbivory in non-avian dinosaurs" 3442: 3165: 3132:"The accuracy and precision of body mass estimation in non-avian dinosaurs" 3117:

Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos

3033: 2560: 2348: 2334: 2297: 1941: 1882: 1654: 1379: 1177: 1173: 1076: 894: 814: 593: 2587:"Narrative of the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions 1963–1965" 600:. She was part of a Polish group accompanied by Mongolian palaeontologist 8372: 8261: 8242: 8172: 8122: 8108: 8050: 7991: 7936: 7813: 7607: 7499: 7468: 7385: 7371: 7103: 7051: 6919: 6841: 6804: 6686: 6658: 6611: 6531: 6409: 6266: 6117: 6090: 5990: 5937: 5873: 5852: 5825: 5576: 5389: 5382: 5368: 5194: 5041: 5032: 4934: 4905: 4835: 4800: 4793: 4593: 4571: 4564: 4523: 4515: 4491: 4476: 4455: 4363: 4355: 3960:

Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya Trudy

3550:, a gigantic ornithomimosaurian dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Mongolia" 2970: 2440: 2428: 2406: 2258: 2137: 2128: 2065:

Various feeding behaviours were proposed before more complete remains of

2026: 2021: 1997: 1596: 1534: 1505: 1339: 1333: 1281: 1267: 1181: 1062: 1000: 959: 902: 885: 830: 696: 597: 558: 502: 490: 473: 467: 458: 430:" along its back. Most of the vertebrae and some other bones were highly 50: 20: 3392: 3025: 2552: 8405: 8200: 8129: 8074: 7695: 7510: 7328: 7314: 7299: 7251: 7185: 7111: 6933: 6926: 6912: 6818: 6751: 6679: 6643: 6596: 6538: 6524: 6491: 6483: 6476: 6457: 6280: 6245: 6033: 5634: 5425: 5375: 5312: 5283: 5238: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5125: 5021: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4949: 4869: 4740: 4616: 4469: 4332: 4191: 3296: 2422: 2395: 2390: 2358: 2330: 2319: 1957: 1910: 1849: 1832: 1799: 1625: 1466: 1276: 1264: 1220: 1212: 1153: 1066: 1005: 988: 976: 898: 679: 518: 486: 443: 200: 95: 60: 3148: 3131: 2168: 1121:

to the hips and hindlimbs. Together, the neural spines formed a tall "

860:

Cast of specimen MPC-D 100/127's skull (the first known skull of this

8221: 8214: 7914: 7907: 7580: 7519: 7173: 6891: 6437: 6341: 6076: 5661: 5546: 5533: 5460: 5396: 5319: 5298: 5055: 4918: 4726: 4713: 4631: 4483: 4302: 4289: 4252: 4161: 2434: 2400: 2384: 2325: 2310: 2001: 1868: 1790: 1350: 1344: 1343:, which were therefore included in the Deinocheiridae. The resulting 1324: 1256: 1228: 1216: 1189: 1165: 933: 918: 910: 856: 755:. The second specimen, MPC-D 100/127, was found by scientists in the 628: 624: 439: 213: 154: 124: 100: 44: 8334: 3094:(2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 129. 1988: 8357: 7805: 7230: 7223: 7195: 7088: 6588: 5969: 5305: 5132: 4893: 4530: 4209: 4185: 3760: 3272: 2732: 2241: 2009: 1864: 1778: 1354: 1161: 1156:

and the hindmost tail vertebrae, and were thereby connected to the

1149: 1114: 969: 914: 675: 632: 631:(belly ribs), and two ceratobranchialia. The specimen was made the 617: 454: 435: 401: 397: 389: 187: 174: 90: 85: 70: 65: 55: 1890:

In 2015, Akinobu Watanabe and colleagues found that together with

670: 8392: 7363: 7125: 6855: 6758: 6083: 5404: 4038:"Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of 3692:"Macroevolutionary trends in theropod dinosaur feeding mechanics" 2923:

Pickrell, J. (2020). "The curious case of the stolen dino-swan".

2339: 2292: 2267: 1860: 1232: 1208: 1038: 984: 909:

and other Nemegt dinosaurs as examples. In 2018, numerous large,

880: 105: 80: 3464:(2 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 137–150. 2291:

lived provided a home for a wide array of organisms. Occasional

1785:

of the time) or that they dispersed across polar regions in the

1311:

In 2004, Peter Makovicky, Kobayashi and Currie pointed out that

8014: 7702: 5146: 4179: 2302: 2236:

with its omnivorous habits. The environment was similar to the

2209: 1949: 1945: 1815: 1169: 937:

Size of three specimens (holotype in green) compared to a human

542: 164: 3841:"Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates of the Gobi Basin" 3004:(2014). "Paleontology: Mystery of the horrible hands solved". 6862: 6603: 6545: 3689: 2899: 2897: 2201: 2082: 999:, openings behind the eyes, were partially closed off by the 861: 663: 422: 377: 4130: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2047:

appears to have been at least opportunistically omnivorous.

8278: 6905: 4077:(2 ed.). University of California Press. p. 124. 1977: 1084:

were similar in proportions to those of the small theropod

1042: 821:

about them in 2011. They suspected the remains belonged to

353: 347: 338: 332: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3289:

10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0527:dampc>2.0.co;2

2894: 2794: 2514: 2680: 2604: 1867:

was expanded in a way similar to most theropods, and the

3531: 3455: 3202:, and implications for museum mounting and paleoecology" 3187: 3185: 3183: 2581: 2333:. Herbivorous dinosaurs of the Nemegt Formation include 2102:

in 2010, Phil Senter and James H. Robins suggested that

3823: 2114:

out of water, and to decrease the resistance of water.

1136:

Labelled diagram of some of the vertebrae that form a "

1021:

Labelled diagram of the left arm and shoulder blade of

453:

was long uncertain, and it was initially placed in the

4121:

by Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources

3617: 3557:

Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers

3114: 2816:

Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers

1992:

Cast of a hand-claw, showing its blunt, recurved shape

8444: 3887:

Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior

3180: 3054: 2698:"Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia" 1296:, which was to include the supposedly related genera 1160:. The back vertebrae were as pneumatised as those of 1041:(upper arm bone) is 93.8 cm (36.9 in), the 365: 356: 344: 335: 326: 3885:. In Lucas, Spencer G.; Sullivan, Robert M. (eds.). 2627:"Deinocheiridae, a new family of theropod dinosaurs" 1964:

suggests that the holotype was a fully grown adult.

1807:

just outside the group, as a basal ornithomimosaur.

1113:. The neural spines had a system of interconnecting 350: 329: 7687: 3834: 3570: 2906:"Stolen dinosaur head reveals weird hybrid species" 2838: 2287:The habitats in and around the Nemegt rivers where 2266:may have competed with those herbivores for higher 1926:

European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

987:in life. The nostrils were turned upwards, and the 421:was an unusual ornithomimosaur, the largest of the 341: 3926: 3801:. In Tanke, Darren H.; Carpenter, Kenneth (eds.). 3732: 3630: 3325: 1200:theropods. Ornithomimosaurs are known to have had 1168:, as they reduce weight. The six vertebrae of the 893:was shown to have been quite different from other 690:touring various countries. In 2012, Phil R. Bell, 3899: 3893: 3764:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3683: 3449: 3270: 3057:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2842:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2691: 2621: 8468: 7789: 7655: 3904:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 344–371. 3900:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2005). 3790: 3579:"First insights into the bone microstructure of 3194:"Hip heights of the gigantic theropod dinosaurs 7146: 4029: 3525: 3395:"Vertebral pneumaticity in the ornithomimosaur 3388: 3386: 3356: 3209:Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 2705:Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 623:The specimen was discovered on a small hill in 5670: 4224: 3799:"Theropod Paleopathology: a Literature Survey" 3738: 3478: 3273:"Dinosaurian and mammalian predators compared" 3130:Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C. (2020). 3108: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2192:in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. This 1357:specimen MPC-D 100/18 on exhibit in CosmoCaixa 678:specimen MPC-D 100/18 on temporary exhibit in 521:-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia; 4146: 3129: 2873: 2871: 2834: 2832: 2790: 2788: 2726: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2110:were adapted for pulling large quantities of 1292:. In 1976, Rhinchen Barsbold named the order 1219:(tibia), as is common for large animals. The 921:hands were identified, and since the feet of 7035: 3871: 3611: 3383: 3191: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2020:, along with ornithomimid ornithomimosaurs, 6229: 6147: 5269: 4035: 3636: 3350: 3316: 3314: 2374:. Predatory theropods that lived alongside 1972:The distinct shape of the skull shows that 1830:were similar to those of the therizinosaur 1819:Reconstructed cast of the holotype arms in 827:Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 712:specimens were announced before the annual 4153: 4139: 3951: 3576: 3264: 3119:. Barcelona, Spain: Larousse. p. 268. 2959: 2868: 2829: 2785: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2469: 1886:Life restoration showing sparse feathering 1803:to be a basal deinocheirid, while placing 549:were discovered by Polish palaeontologist 123: 4063: 4012: 4002: 3707: 3658: 3432: 3422: 3374: 3363:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3147: 2977: 2666:. Princeton University Press. p. 9. 2438:, and other ornithomimosaurians, such as 2062:may have reverted to omnivory/carnivory. 1913:, balance during locomotion, or used for 5544: 5459: 4724: 4300: 3877: 3622:from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". 3491:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3359:"Theropod forelimb design and evolution" 3311: 3271:Valkenburgh, B.V.; Molnar, R.E. (2002). 3230: 3083: 2922: 2167: 2121: 1987: 1881: 1814: 1349: 1131: 1016: 964: 932: 855: 669: 513: 3924: 2715: 2664:The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History 2655: 2256:sauropods, and the smaller hadrosaurid 1012: 703: 8469: 3976: 3957: 3796: 3357:Middleton, K.M.; Gatesy, S.M. (2000). 3246:. Princeton University Press. p. 3243:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 3092:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 3048: 2880:"Mystery Dinosaur Finally Gets a Body" 2877: 2661: 2176:, which is similar to the environment 2075:Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky 404:of the only species within the genus, 8339: 8338: 7777: 7776: 7022: 6216: 5531: 4711: 4287: 4172: 4134: 4069: 3000: 2903: 2809:from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia" 2208:about 70 million years ago. The rock 2038:had invaded these niches separately, 3805:. Indiana University Press. p. 3320: 3236: 3089: 2767: 2458:Timeline of ornithomimosaur research 2163: 845:stated in an interview that the new 400:. In 1970, this specimen became the 3918: 2803:; Kobayashi, Y.; Lee, H.J. (2013). 2575: 1936:, and grew rapidly before reaching 525:fossils have been collected in the 13: 3376:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00160.x 2969:. InfoMongolia.com. Archived from 2188:specimens were recovered from the 2117: 2085:, leading him to hypothesise that 1826:The blunt and short hand-claws of 1227:, as in most other theropods. The 714:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 708:In 2013, the discovery of two new 674:Forelimbs and shoulder girdles of 654:(δεινός), meaning "horrible", and 497:bones have been attributed to the 14: 8518: 8477:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia 7023: 4094: 3540:; Kobayashi, Y.; Escuillé, F.O.; 3332:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 3192:Senter, P.; Robins, J.H. (2010). 3115:Molina-Pérez; Larramendi (2016). 1242: 8454: 8319: 8313: 8306: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7738: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6979: 6217: 6198: 6191: 6184: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 4694: 4688: 4036:Hurum, J.H.; Sabath, K. (2003). 3456:Makovicky, P.J.; Kobayashi, Y.; 3328:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World 2775:"Cretaceous Mongolian Dinosaurs" 2378:include tyrannosauroids such as 2147:Osmólska and Roniewicz reported 1810: 979:at the front to the back of the 322: 141: 132:Reconstructed skeleton in Japan 48: 3970: 3929:Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs 3754: 3577:Kundrát, M.; Lee, Y.N. (2015). 3123: 2916: 2878:Switek, B. (November 4, 2013). 2777:. DinoCasts.com. Archived from 2733:"Tyrannosaur feeding traces on 1909:), that it was related to high 839:brought back after being stolen 643:and Ewa Roniewicz in 1970. The 8492:Taxa named by Halszka Osmólska 2420:, oviraptorosaurians, such as 1144:All the vertebrae were highly 928: 477:, together forming the family 308:Osmólska & Roniewicz, 1970 1: 8482:Fossil taxa described in 1970 5532: 4712: 4288: 4160: 4053:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3200:Therizinosaurus cheloniformis 2945:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30314-6 2761:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.018 2463: 2352:, large hadrosaurids such as 1905:gigantic size in the case of 837:skeleton which had also been 610:Mongolian Academy of Sciences 392:were first discovered in the 4004:10.1371/journal.pone.0118116 3865:10.1016/0195-6671(91)90015-5 3784:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.031 3511:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102610 3424:10.1371/journal.pone.0145168 3077:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.027 2862:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.032 2523:; Kobayashi, Y.; Lee, H.J.; 2136:; bite marks show that this 1797:ages. This study also found 1215:(femur) was longer than the 509: 7: 3744:Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2884:National Geographic Society 2451: 1760:Deinocheirus mirificus 1274:, and, to a lesser extent, 841:. American palaeontologist 637:Deinocheirus mirificus 537:localities of area A (left) 16:Genus of theropod dinosaurs 10: 8523: 4106:featuring Philip J. Currie 3902:A Geologic Time Scale 2004 3487:Paraxenisaurus normalensis 3211:(14): 1–10. Archived from 2904:Hecht, J. (May 12, 2014). 2636:(21): 5–19. Archived from 2077:compared the forelimbs of 2024:and titanosaur sauropods, 1859:was reconstructed through 606:Polish Academy of Sciences 18: 8347: 8303: 8260: 8155: 8098: 8069: 8060: 7986: 7977: 7961: 7950: 7860: 7845: 7841: 7830: 7800: 7785: 7772: 7736: 7683: 7651: 7597: 7563: 7536: 7509: 7487: 7478: 7451: 7440: 7411: 7400: 7280: 7276: 7265: 7213: 7184: 7161: 7157: 7135: 7046: 7031: 7018: 6977: 6947: 6881: 6813: 6803: 6799: 6734: 6719: 6710: 6631: 6622: 6570: 6519: 6510: 6466: 6455: 6399: 6376: 6367: 6329: 6325: 6314: 6275: 6264: 6240: 6225: 6212: 6181: 6143: 6100: 6056: 6047: 6009: 5964: 5955: 5917: 5906: 5842: 5801: 5786: 5777: 5761: 5757: 5746: 5700: 5685: 5681: 5659: 5555: 5540: 5527: 5489: 5455: 5358: 5278: 5248: 5184: 5098: 5087: 5031: 4997: 4913: 4904: 4864: 4860: 4849: 4818: 4773: 4769: 4758: 4735: 4720: 4707: 4685: 4650: 4630: 4554: 4510: 4501: 4393: 4382: 4311: 4296: 4283: 4251: 4233: 4220: 4168: 3709:10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.060 3660:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.050 2244:. Within this ecosystem, 1821:Museum of Natural History 1668: 1651: 1644: 1622: 1615: 1593: 1586: 1548: 1531: 1524: 1502: 1495: 1485: 1463: 1456: 1434: 1427: 1405: 1398: 1376: 1369: 1304:. A relationship between 295: 288: 138:Scientific classification 136: 131: 122: 30: 3803:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 3532:Lauters, P.; Lee, Y.N.; 2634:Palaeontologica Polonica 2625:; Roniewicz, E. (1970). 2594:Palaeontologica Polonica 2362:, and sauropods such as 1948:of other theropods. The 1873:encephalization quotient 739:43.601517°N 100.451100°E 580:43.566450°N 100.482650°E 553:on July 9, 1965, at the 485:is thought to have been 3878:Sullivan, R.M. (2006). 2052:finite element analysis 1967: 1924:study presented at the 1764:Ornithomimus velox 778:43.900417°N 99.972650°E 759:locality (coordinates: 720:locality (coordinates: 551:Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska 3977:Turner, A. H. (2015). 3620:Deinocheirus mirificus 3581:Deinocheirus mirificus 3548:Deinocheirus mirificus 3196:Deinocheirus mirificus 2807:Deinocheirus mirificus 2585:; Dovchin, N. (1968). 2529:Deinocheirus mirificus 2181: 2144: 1993: 1887: 1823: 1358: 1141: 1025: 972: 938: 868: 682: 538: 449:The classification of 407:Deinocheirus mirificus 384:that lived during the 302:Deinocheirus mirificus 19:For the arachnid, see 8427:Paleobiology Database 8414:Paleobiology Database 6712:Carcharodontosaurinae 6624:Carcharodontosauridae 3797:Molnar, R.E. (2001). 3626:. Ottawa. p. 46. 3559:: 166. Archived from 3218:on September 24, 2015 2818:: 161. Archived from 2583:Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 2274:, the discoveries of 2221:formations. However, 2198:dated radiometrically 2171: 2125: 1991: 1885: 1818: 1353: 1135: 1020: 968: 936: 859: 744:43.601517; 100.451100 685:The paucity of known 673: 585:43.566450; 100.482650 517: 415:repatriated in 2014. 7688:Dubious coelurosaurs 6401:Metriacanthosaurinae 6369:Metriacanthosauridae 4651:Dubious neotheropods 3925:Novacek, M. (1996). 3740:Rozhdestvensky, A.K. 3592:: 25. Archived from 3566:on December 4, 2014. 3090:Paul, G. S. (2016). 2890:on November 7, 2013. 2825:on December 4, 2014. 2781:on February 2, 2015. 2731:; Lee, Y.N. (2012). 1932:probably had a high 1928:in 2015 showed that 1331:formed a clade with 1284:first proposed that 1013:Postcranial skeleton 783:43.900417; 99.972650 704:Additional specimens 438:. The tail ended in 410:; the genus name is 6725:Carcharodontosaurus 6512:Carcharodontosauria 3995:2015PLoSO..1018116T 3857:1991CrRes..12..345J 3845:Cretaceous Research 3776:2018PPP...494...91C 3503:2020JSAES.10102610S 3415:2015PLoSO..1045168W 3069:2018PPP...494..168S 3026:10.1038/nature13930 3018:2014Natur.515..203H 2937:2020NewSc.245...40P 2854:2018PPP...494...51F 2753:2012CrRes..37..186B 2741:Cretaceous Research 2662:Dodson, P. (1998). 2553:10.1038/nature13874 2545:2014Natur.515..257L 2345:pachycephalosaurian 2126:Restoration of two 1985:freshwater bodies. 1962:growth arrest lines 1952:contained possible 1787:Northern Hemisphere 1202:pennaceous feathers 1080:. The arm bones of 808:Stephen L. Brusatte 774: / 735: / 576: / 8497:Maastrichtian life 8180:Archaeornithomimus 6701:Veterupristisaurus 6561:Veterupristisaurus 6417:Metriacanthosaurus 6357:Piatnitzkysauridae 5792:Eustreptospondylus 5702:Piatnitzkysauridae 5585:Chuandongocoelurus 4449:Notatesseraeraptor 4040:Tarbosaurus bataar 3933:. Anchor. p. 3835:Jerzykiewicz, T.; 3397:Archaeornithomimus 3136:Biological Reviews 2805:"New specimens of 2371:Opisthocoelicaudia 2194:geologic formation 2182: 2145: 1994: 1893:Archaeornithomimus 1888: 1824: 1359: 1225:arctometatarsalian 1223:was short and not 1158:respiratory system 1142: 1026: 997:temporal fenestrae 973: 946:ornithomimosaurian 939: 869: 866:Munich Fossil Show 683: 539: 8507:Clawed herbivores 8442: 8441: 8341:Taxon identifiers 8332: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8062:Macrocheiriformes 7979:Ornithomimosauria 7953:Maniraptoriformes 7946: 7945: 7792:Maniraptoromorpha 7779:Maniraptoromorpha 7768: 7767: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7657:Maniraptoromorpha 7647: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7396: 7395: 7261: 7260: 7215:Proceratosauridae 7167:Chingkankousaurus 7014: 7013: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6943: 6942: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6208: 6207: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6043: 6042: 5999:Vallibonavenatrix 5902: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5742: 5741: 5523: 5522: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 4845: 4844: 4703: 4702: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4626: 4625: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4117:CGI animation of 4084:978-0-520-24209-8 4044:Tyrannosaurus rex 3944:978-0-385-47775-8 3911:978-0-521-78142-8 3816:978-0-253-33907-2 3702:(3): 677–686.e3. 3653:(1): 158–168.e4. 3471:978-0-520-24209-8 3343:978-0-671-61946-6 3257:978-0-691-13720-9 3149:10.1111/brv.12638 3012:(7526): 203–205. 2673:978-0-691-05900-6 2539:(7526): 257–260. 2316:hesperornithiform 2164:Palaeoenvironment 2149:palaeopathologies 2112:herbaceous plants 2092:ecological niches 1842:display behaviour 1755: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1366:Ornithomimosauria 1294:Deinocheirosauria 1194:oviraptorosaurian 1152:, except for the 1051:ceratobranchialia 981:occipital condyle 864:), on exhibit at 313: 312: 281:D. mirificus 269: 265:& Roniewicz, 230:Ornithomimosauria 8514: 8487:Ornithomimosaurs 8459: 8458: 8457: 8450: 8435: 8434: 8422: 8421: 8409: 8408: 8396: 8395: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8336: 8335: 8323: 8317: 8310: 8166:Aepyornithomimus 8067: 8066: 7984: 7983: 7959: 7958: 7923:Sinocalliopteryx 7843: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7833:Neocoelurosauria 7798: 7797: 7787: 7786: 7774: 7773: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7685: 7684: 7653: 7652: 7622:Zhuchengtyrannus 7554:Thanatotheristes 7485: 7484: 7449: 7448: 7417:Appalachiosaurus 7409: 7408: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7268:Pantyrannosauria 7159: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7149:Tyrannosauroidea 7144: 7143: 7119:Xinjiangovenator 7044: 7043: 7033: 7032: 7020: 7019: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6811: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6717: 6716: 6637:Acrocanthosaurus 6629: 6628: 6517: 6516: 6464: 6463: 6390:Yangchuanosaurus 6374: 6373: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6273: 6272: 6254:Lourinhanosaurus 6238: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6214: 6213: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6145: 6144: 6111:Sigilmassasaurus 6054: 6053: 6011:Ceratosuchopsini 5962: 5961: 5915: 5914: 5860:Dubreuillosaurus 5784: 5783: 5767:Streptospondylus 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5725:Piatnitzkysaurus 5683: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5668: 5667: 5553: 5552: 5542: 5541: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5457: 5456: 5292:Ekrixinatosaurus 5276: 5275: 5267: 5266: 5096: 5095: 4911: 4910: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4698: 4692: 4602:Procompsognathus 4508: 4507: 4391: 4390: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4297: 4285: 4284: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4170: 4169: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4122: 4107: 4102:TEDx Talk about 4089: 4088: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4006: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3932: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3832: 3821: 3820: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3711: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3662: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3599:on July 20, 2015 3598: 3587: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3554: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3436: 3426: 3409:(12): e0145168. 3390: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3331: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3206: 3189: 3178: 3177: 3151: 3142:(6): 1759–1797. 3127: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3052: 3046: 3045: 2998: 2975: 2974: 2973:on May 12, 2014. 2963: 2957: 2956: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2886:. Archived from 2875: 2866: 2865: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2813: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2724: 2713: 2712: 2702: 2689: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2643:on March 3, 2016 2642: 2631: 2619: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2512: 2190:Nemegt Formation 2184:The three known 1996:More than 1,400 1915:thermoregulation 1647: 1646: 1641: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1589: 1588: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1498: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1372: 1371: 1362: 1361: 1263:, placed in the 1198:therizinosauroid 970:Life restoration 819:Pascal Godefroit 789: 788: 786: 785: 784: 779: 775: 772: 771: 770: 767: 750: 749: 747: 746: 745: 740: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 692:Philip J. Currie 647:is derived from 641:Halszka Osmólska 602:Rinchen Barsbold 591: 590: 588: 587: 586: 581: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 541:The first known 394:Nemegt Formation 372: 368: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 304: 300: 261: 254: 241: 228: 146: 145: 127: 117: 47: 36:Temporal range: 28: 27: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8430: 8425: 8417: 8412: 8404: 8399: 8391: 8386: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8343: 8333: 8324: 8311: 8285: 8248: 8229:Sinornithomimus 8151: 8094: 8056: 7973: 7967:Compsognathidae 7955: 7942: 7930:Sinosauropteryx 7862:Compsognathidae 7856: 7835: 7826: 7794: 7781: 7764: 7763: 7749: 7722: 7717:Shanyangosaurus 7710:Phaedrolosaurus 7671: 7627: 7593: 7559: 7538:Daspletosaurini 7532: 7505: 7480:Tyrannosaurinae 7474: 7453:Albertosaurinae 7445: 7443:Tyrannosauridae 7436: 7405: 7403:Eutyrannosauria 7392: 7270: 7257: 7238:Proceratosaurus 7209: 7180: 7151: 7140: 7131: 7097:Richardoestesia 7081:Chilantaisaurus 7040: 7027: 7010: 7009: 6990: 6963: 6939: 6899:Australovenator 6877: 6871:Chilantaisaurus 6849:Phuwiangvenator 6771: 6736:Giganotosaurini 6730: 6706: 6618: 6581:Chilantaisaurus 6566: 6506: 6460: 6443: 6395: 6363: 6319: 6310: 6288:Monolophosaurus 6269: 6260: 6234: 6221: 6204: 6203: 6189: 6163: 6123: 6096: 6062:Camarillasaurus 6039: 6005: 5951: 5945:Ostafrikasaurus 5923:Camarillasaurus 5911: 5894: 5844:Afrovenatorinae 5838: 5797: 5773: 5751: 5738: 5696: 5675: 5673:Megalosauroidea 5664: 5655: 5650:Vectaerovenator 5643:Szechuanosaurus 5621:Monolophosaurus 5607:Kaijiangosaurus 5600:Cryolophosaurus 5561:Calamospondylus 5549: 5536: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5475: 5431: 5412:Pycnonemosaurus 5354: 5265: 5259:Majungasaurinae 5244: 5186:Majungasaurinae 5180: 5175:Xenotarsosaurus 5111:Dryptosauroides 5092: 5075: 5027: 4999:Elaphrosaurinae 4993: 4900: 4886:Ornithomimoides 4854: 4841: 4814: 4763: 4754: 4729: 4716: 4699: 4693: 4671: 4646: 4622: 4550: 4497: 4463:Shuangbaisaurus 4387: 4378: 4305: 4292: 4267: 4247: 4241:Avemetatarsalia 4226:Avemetatarsalia 4216: 4201:Avemetatarsalia 4175: 4174: 4164: 4159: 4116: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4068: 4064: 4048: 4034: 4030: 3989:(2): e0118116. 3975: 3971: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3898: 3894: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3833: 3824: 3817: 3795: 3791: 3759: 3755: 3737: 3733: 3696:Current Biology 3688: 3684: 3647:Current Biology 3637:Button, D. J.; 3635: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3585: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3552: 3530: 3526: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3454: 3450: 3391: 3384: 3369:(2): 160, 172. 3355: 3351: 3344: 3319: 3312: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3204: 3190: 3181: 3128: 3124: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3088: 3084: 3053: 3049: 2999: 2978: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2931:(3269): 40–43. 2921: 2917: 2902: 2895: 2876: 2869: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2811: 2793: 2786: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2725: 2716: 2700: 2692:Kobayashi, Y.; 2690: 2681: 2674: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2629: 2620: 2605: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2513: 2470: 2466: 2454: 2418:Therizinosaurus 2307:enantiornithine 2276:Therizinosaurus 2250:Therizinosaurus 2240:of present-day 2206:Late Cretaceous 2196:has never been 2166: 2120: 2118:Palaeopathology 2100:Therizinosaurus 1970: 1938:sexual maturity 1813: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1642: 1639: 1613: 1610: 1573: 1564: 1522: 1519: 1483: 1480: 1454: 1451: 1425: 1422: 1396: 1393: 1347:follows below: 1302:Therizinosaurus 1245: 1055:deltopectoralis 1047:scapulocoracoid 1034:Therizinosaurus 1015: 993:sclerotic rings 950:Gregory S. Paul 944:is the largest 931: 905:methods, using 843:Thomas R. Holtz 833:, along with a 782: 780: 776: 773: 768: 765: 763: 761: 760: 753:fossil poachers 743: 741: 737: 734: 729: 726: 724: 722: 721: 706: 584: 582: 578: 575: 570: 567: 565: 563: 562: 512: 386:Late Cretaceous 382:ornithomimosaur 370: 366: 325: 321: 309: 306: 298: 297: 284: 260: 252: 239: 226: 140: 118: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 42: 41: 38:Late Cretaceous 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8520: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8464: 8463: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8423: 8410: 8397: 8384: 8369: 8353: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8194:Dromiceiomimus 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8159: 8157:Ornithomimidae 8153: 8152: 8150: 8149: 8142: 8138:Paraxenisaurus 8134: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8104: 8102: 8100:Deinocheiridae 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8089:Shenzhousaurus 8085: 8078: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7995: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7962: 7956: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7886:Beipiaognathus 7882: 7875: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7846: 7836: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7801: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7782: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7757: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7691: 7689: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7603: 7601: 7599:Tyrannosaurini 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7567: 7565:Teratophoneini 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7550: 7547:Daspletosaurus 7542: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7527:Qianzhousaurus 7523: 7515: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7455: 7446: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7427: 7424:Bistahieversor 7420: 7412: 7406: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7296: 7289: 7281: 7271: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7219: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7189: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7170: 7162: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7138:Tyrannoraptora 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7028: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7003: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6887: 6885: 6883:Megaraptoridae 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6867: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6822: 6814: 6808: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6745:Giganotosaurus 6740: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6640: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6608: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6576: 6574: 6572:Neovenatoridae 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6557: 6554:Ulughbegsaurus 6550: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6472: 6470: 6461: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6382:Xuanhanosaurus 6377: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6353: 6349:Xuanhanosaurus 6345: 6338: 6335:Asfaltovenator 6330: 6320: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6300: 6296:Megalosauridae 6292: 6284: 6276: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6241: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6222: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6070:Ichthyovenator 6066: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5934: 5931:Cristatusaurus 5927: 5918: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5888:Poekilopleuron 5884: 5881:Piveteausaurus 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5805: 5803:Megalosaurinae 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5779:Megalosauridae 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5762: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5732:Xuanhanosaurus 5728: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5691:Yunyangosaurus 5686: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5628:Pandoravenator 5624: 5617: 5614:Kayentavenator 5610: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5565: 5556: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5342:Skorpiovenator 5338: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5154:Spectrovenator 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4988:Spinostropheus 4984: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4865: 4855: 4852:Abelisauroidea 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4822: 4820:Ceratosauridae 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4809:Saltriovenator 4805: 4797: 4790: 4786:Fosterovenator 4782: 4774: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4748:Lophostropheus 4744: 4736: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4717: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4613: 4609:Pterospondylus 4605: 4598: 4590: 4582: 4579:Lucianovenator 4575: 4568: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4503:Coelophysoidea 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4442:Lophostropheus 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4341:Erythrovenator 4337: 4329: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4293: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4113: 4096: 4095:External links 4093: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4075:The Dinosauria 4062: 4028: 3969: 3962:(in Russian). 3950: 3943: 3917: 3910: 3892: 3870: 3851:(4): 345–377. 3822: 3815: 3789: 3753: 3746:(in Russian). 3731: 3682: 3629: 3610: 3569: 3546:"The brain of 3524: 3477: 3470: 3462:The Dinosauria 3448: 3382: 3349: 3342: 3310: 3283:(4): 530–540. 3263: 3256: 3229: 3179: 3122: 3107: 3100: 3082: 3047: 2976: 2958: 2915: 2893: 2867: 2828: 2784: 2766: 2714: 2679: 2672: 2654: 2603: 2574: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2238:Okavango Delta 2174:Okavango Delta 2165: 2162: 2119: 2116: 2006:coelurosaurian 1969: 1966: 1934:metabolic rate 1922:microstructure 1812: 1809: 1783:supercontinent 1781:(the northern 1774:Paraxenisaurus 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1583:Ornithomimidae 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1492:Deinocheiridae 1486: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438:Shenzhousaurus 1433: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1360: 1317:Ornithomimidae 1261:Deinocheiridae 1244: 1243:Classification 1241: 1207:The wishbone ( 1014: 1011: 930: 927: 705: 702: 667:MPC-D 100/18. 511: 508: 479:Deinocheiridae 311: 310: 307: 293: 292: 286: 285: 277: 275: 271: 270: 250: 246: 245: 243:Deinocheiridae 237: 233: 232: 224: 217: 216: 211: 204: 203: 198: 191: 190: 185: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 134: 133: 129: 128: 120: 119: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8519: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8433: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8322: 8318: 8316: 8309: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8236:Struthiomimus 8233: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8187:"Coelosaurus" 8184: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8082:Pelecanimimus 8079: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8043:Thecocoelurus 8040: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8022:Kinnareemimus 8019: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7949: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7901:Huaxiagnathus 7898: 7896: 7895: 7894:Compsognathus 7891: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7821:Ornitholestes 7818: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7756: 7754: 7747: 7741: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7615:Tyrannosaurus 7612: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7588:Teratophoneus 7585: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7462:Albertosaurus 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7399: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7379:Xiongguanlong 7376: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7357:Suskityrannus 7354: 7352: 7351: 7350:Stokesosaurus 7347: 7345: 7344: 7343:Santanaraptor 7340: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7286:Alectrosaurus 7283: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7204: 7203:Tanycolagreus 7200: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066:Bahariasaurus 7063: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038:Coelurosauria 7034: 7030: 7026: 7025:Coelurosauria 7021: 7017: 7007: 7002: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6949:Coelurosauria 6946: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826:Bahariasaurus 6823: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6666:Kelmayisaurus 6663: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6501: 6500:Saurophaganax 6497: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6454: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6431:Siamotyrannus 6428: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6317:Allosauroidea 6313: 6306: 6305: 6304:Spinosauridae 6301: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6187: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Spinosaurinae 6046: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6027:Riparovenator 6024: 6022: 6021: 6020:Ceratosuchops 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5984:Riojavenatrix 5981: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957:Baryonychinae 5954: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5909:Spinosauridae 5905: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5833:Wiehenvenator 5830: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569:Chienkosaurus 5566: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5360:Furileusauria 5357: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334:Rahiolisaurus 5331: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5250:Carnotaurinae 5247: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231:Rahiolisaurus 5228: 5226: 5225: 5224:Majungasaurus 5221: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5161:Tarascosaurus 5158: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5119:Eoabelisaurus 5116: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5104:Chenanisaurus 5101: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5090:Abelisauridae 5086: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5049:Masiakasaurus 5046: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5015:Huinculsaurus 5012: 5010: 5009: 5008:Elaphrosaurus 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4927:Austrocheirus 4924: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4779:Berberosaurus 4776: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4691: 4668: 4667: 4666:Halticosaurus 4663: 4661: 4660: 4659:Teinurosaurus 4656: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586:Megapnosaurus 4583: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4556:Coelophysidae 4553: 4547: 4546: 4545:Powellvenator 4542: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4435:Liliensternus 4432: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406:Dolichosuchus 4403: 4401: 4400: 4399:Dilophosaurus 4396: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4373: 4372:Herrerasauria 4369: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4325:Daemonosaurus 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3837:Russell, D.A. 3831: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3750:(1): 117–125. 3749: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3549: 3543: 3542:Godefroit, P. 3539: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3101:9780691167664 3097: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:New Scientist 2919: 2911: 2910:New Scientist 2907: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2833: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2711:(1): 195–207. 2710: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:Godefroit, P. 2522: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2365:Nemegtosaurus 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335:ankylosaurids 2332: 2329:, a possible 2328: 2327: 2323:, as well as 2322: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2281:Gigantoraptor 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2254:titanosaurian 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032:caenagnathids 2029: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855:The brain of 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1811:Palaeobiology 1808: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795:Maastrichtian 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1723: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672:Struthiomimus 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1619: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1431: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409:Pelecanimimus 1403: 1402: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1237:ornithischian 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182:hypertrophied 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:neural spines 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1087:Compsognathus 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1024: 1019: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1003:, similar to 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 971: 967: 963: 961: 956: 951: 947: 943: 935: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887: 882: 878: 874: 867: 863: 858: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 787: 758: 754: 748: 719: 715: 711: 701: 699: 698: 693: 688: 681: 677: 672: 668: 665: 661: 660:specific name 657: 653: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 589: 560: 556: 555:Altan Ula III 552: 548: 544: 536: 532: 528: 527:Altan Ula III 524: 520: 516: 507: 505: 504: 500: 499:tyrannosaurid 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 420: 416: 413: 409: 408: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374: 361: 319: 318: 305: 303: 294: 291: 290:Binomial name 287: 283: 282: 276: 273: 272: 268: 264: 259: 258: 251: 248: 247: 244: 238: 235: 234: 231: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 135: 130: 126: 121: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 46: 39: 33: 29: 26: 22: 8502:Nemegt fauna 8379:Deinocheirus 8349:Deinocheirus 8348: 8312: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8208:Ornithomimus 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8146:Tyrannomimus 8144: 8136: 8128: 8121: 8116:Deinocheirus 8115: 8114: 8107: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8049: 8041: 8036:Nqwebasaurus 8034: 8029:Nedcolbertia 8027: 8020: 8013: 8007:Calamosaurus 8005: 7999:Aviatyrannis 7997: 7990: 7965: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7879:Aristosuchus 7877: 7871:Aniksosaurus 7869: 7851:Aniksosaurus 7849: 7819: 7812: 7804: 7750: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7586: 7579: 7574:Dynamoterror 7572: 7552: 7545: 7525: 7518: 7498: 7493:Asiatyrannus 7491: 7467: 7460: 7431:Dryptosaurus 7429: 7422: 7415: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7322:Jinbeisaurus 7320: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7293:Aviatyrannis 7291: 7284: 7250: 7245:Sinotyrannus 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7201: 7194: 7172: 7165: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7074:Bicentenaria 7072: 7064: 7059:Asiamericana 7057: 7050: 6991: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6869: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6834:Deltadromeus 6832: 6824: 6817: 6766:Tyrannotitan 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6723: 6699: 6694:Taurovenator 6692: 6685: 6678: 6673:Lajasvenator 6671: 6664: 6657: 6652:Concavenator 6650: 6642: 6635: 6610: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6559: 6552: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6475: 6468:Allosauridae 6436: 6429: 6424:Shidaisaurus 6422: 6415: 6408: 6388: 6380: 6355: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6279: 6252: 6244: 6232:Avetheropoda 6219:Avetheropoda 6190: 6149:Avetheropoda 6116: 6109: 6102:Spinosaurini 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6060: 6032: 6025: 6018: 5997: 5989: 5982: 5977:Protathlitis 5975: 5968: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5867:Leshansaurus 5865: 5858: 5851: 5831: 5824: 5819:Megalosaurus 5817: 5812:Duriavenator 5810: 5790: 5765: 5749:Megalosauria 5730: 5723: 5718:Marshosaurus 5716: 5711:Condorraptor 5709: 5689: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5592:Cruxicheiros 5590: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5424: 5419:Quilmesaurus 5417: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5271:Brachyrostra 5257: 5237: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5193: 5173: 5168:Tralkasaurus 5166: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5102: 5070:Vespersaurus 5068: 5063:Velocisaurus 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4958:Deltadromeus 4956: 4948: 4942:Compsosuchus 4940: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4892: 4884: 4878:Lametasaurus 4876: 4868: 4834: 4829:Ceratosaurus 4827: 4807: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4777: 4761:Ceratosauria 4746: 4739: 4664: 4657: 4615: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4543: 4538:Podokesaurus 4536: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4490: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4421:Gojirasaurus 4419: 4414:Dracovenator 4412: 4404: 4397: 4385:Neotheropoda 4370: 4362: 4354: 4348:Guaibasaurus 4346: 4339: 4331: 4323: 4317:Chindesaurus 4315: 4205: 4196: 4119:Deinocheirus 4118: 4104:Deinocheirus 4103: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4031: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3928: 3920: 3901: 3895: 3886: 3873: 3848: 3844: 3802: 3792: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3650: 3646: 3639:Zanno, L. E. 3632: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3601:. Retrieved 3594:the original 3589: 3580: 3572: 3561:the original 3556: 3547: 3538:Currie, P.J. 3534:Barsbold, R. 3527: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3461: 3458:Currie, P.J. 3451: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3327: 3280: 3277:Paleobiology 3276: 3266: 3242: 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3213:the original 3208: 3199: 3195: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3116: 3110: 3091: 3085: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3009: 3005: 2971:the original 2961: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2909: 2888:the original 2883: 2845: 2841: 2820:the original 2815: 2806: 2801:Currie, P.J. 2797:Barsbold, R. 2779:the original 2769: 2744: 2740: 2735:Deinocheirus 2734: 2729:Currie, P.J. 2727:Bell, P.R.; 2708: 2704: 2694:Barsbold, R. 2663: 2657: 2647:November 10, 2645:. Retrieved 2638:the original 2633: 2623:Osmólska, H. 2597: 2593: 2577: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521:Currie, P.J. 2517:Barsbold, R. 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2376:Deinocheirus 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2349:Prenocephale 2347: 2338: 2324: 2318: 2309: 2298:Paralligator 2296: 2289:Deinocheirus 2288: 2286: 2279: 2275: 2272:Deinocheirus 2271: 2264:Deinocheirus 2263: 2257: 2249: 2246:Deinocheirus 2245: 2234:Deinocheirus 2233: 2229:Deinocheirus 2228: 2227: 2186:Deinocheirus 2185: 2183: 2178:Deinocheirus 2177: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2142:Deinocheirus 2141: 2134:Deinocheirus 2133: 2132:attacking a 2127: 2108:Deinocheirus 2107: 2104:Deinocheirus 2103: 2099: 2096:Deinocheirus 2095: 2087:Deinocheirus 2086: 2079:Deinocheirus 2078: 2071:Deinocheirus 2070: 2067:Deinocheirus 2066: 2064: 2060:Deinocheirus 2059: 2056:Deinocheirus 2055: 2049: 2045:Deinocheirus 2044: 2040:convergently 2035: 2025: 2018:Deinocheirus 2017: 2014: 1995: 1982:Deinocheirus 1981: 1974:Deinocheirus 1973: 1971: 1960:and lack of 1942:histological 1930:Deinocheirus 1929: 1919: 1907:Deinocheirus 1906: 1902:Deinocheirus 1901: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1877:Deinocheirus 1876: 1857:Deinocheirus 1856: 1854: 1846:Deinocheirus 1845: 1837: 1831: 1828:Deinocheirus 1827: 1825: 1804: 1798: 1772: 1768:Deinocheirus 1767: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1670: 1669: 1655:Ornithomimus 1653: 1652: 1624: 1623: 1595: 1594: 1552:Deinocheirus 1551: 1550: 1549: 1533: 1532: 1504: 1503: 1465: 1464: 1436: 1435: 1407: 1406: 1380:Nqwebasaurus 1378: 1377: 1338: 1332: 1329:Deinocheirus 1328: 1321:Deinocheirus 1320: 1313:Deinocheirus 1312: 1310: 1306:Deinocheirus 1305: 1301: 1298:Deinocheirus 1297: 1286:Deinocheirus 1285: 1275: 1272:Ornithomimus 1271: 1253:Deinocheirus 1252: 1249:Deinocheirus 1248: 1246: 1206: 1186:Deinocheirus 1185: 1174:neural plate 1148:by invading 1143: 1126: 1110: 1095:Deinocheirus 1094: 1092: 1085: 1082:Deinocheirus 1081: 1077:Ornithomimus 1075: 1072:Deinocheirus 1071: 1032: 1029:Deinocheirus 1028: 1027: 1023:Deinocheirus 1022: 1004: 974: 960:tyrannosaurs 955:Deinocheirus 954: 942:Deinocheirus 941: 940: 923:Deinocheirus 922: 907:Deinocheirus 906: 895:spinosaurids 890: 884: 873:Deinocheirus 872: 870: 850: 847:Deinocheirus 846: 834: 823:Deinocheirus 822: 815:black market 812: 804:Deinocheirus 803: 800:Deinocheirus 799: 796:Deinocheirus 795: 792:Deinocheirus 791: 756: 730:100°27.066′E 718:Altan Ula IV 717: 710:Deinocheirus 709: 707: 695: 687:Deinocheirus 686: 684: 655: 651: 645:generic name 636: 622: 594:Nemegt Basin 571:100°28.959′E 554: 547:Deinocheirus 546: 540: 534: 530: 526: 523:Deinocheirus 522: 501: 495:Deinocheirus 494: 483:Deinocheirus 482: 472: 466: 463:Deinocheirus 462: 451:Deinocheirus 450: 448: 434:by invading 419:Deinocheirus 418: 417: 406: 405: 317:Deinocheirus 316: 315: 314: 301: 296: 280: 279: 257:Deinocheirus 256: 255: 220: 207: 194: 181: 32:Deinocheirus 31: 25: 8373:Wikispecies 8273:Maniraptora 8262:Maniraptora 8243:Tototlmimus 8173:Anserimimus 8123:Garudimimus 8109:Beishanlong 8051:Valdoraptor 7992:Arkansaurus 7937:Xunmenglong 7814:Juravenator 7608:Tarbosaurus 7500:Nanuqsaurus 7469:Gorgosaurus 7386:Megaraptora 7372:Timurlengia 7104:Sciurumimus 7052:Aratasaurus 6920:Murusraptor 6842:Fukuiraptor 6805:Megaraptora 6687:Shaochilong 6659:Eocarcharia 6612:Megaraptora 6532:Lusovenator 6410:Alpkarakush 6267:Carnosauria 6118:Spinosaurus 6091:Siamosaurus 5991:Suchosaurus 5938:Iberospinus 5874:Magnosaurus 5853:Afrovenator 5826:Torvosaurus 5577:Chilesaurus 5390:Carnotaurus 5383:Caletodraco 5369:Abelisaurus 5195:Arcovenator 5042:Laevisuchus 5033:Noasaurinae 4935:Berthasaura 4906:Noasauridae 4836:Genyodectes 4801:Lukousaurus 4794:Jubbulpuria 4594:Panguraptor 4572:Coelophysis 4565:Camposaurus 4524:Panguraptor 4516:Dracoraptor 4492:Zupaysaurus 4477:Tachiraptor 4456:Sarcosaurus 4356:Nhandumirim 4071:Holtz, T.R. 3063:: 168–172. 3002:Holtz, T.R. 2795:Lee, Y.N.; 2747:: 186–190. 2515:Lee, Y.N.; 2441:Anserimimus 2429:Nemegtomaia 2407:Tochisaurus 2396:troodontids 2380:Tarbosaurus 2354:Saurolophus 2259:Saurolophus 2215:Barun Goyot 2158:Tarbosaurus 2154:Tarbosaurus 2138:tyrannosaur 2129:Tarbosaurus 2027:Segnosaurus 2022:diplodocoid 1998:gastroliths 1848:was likely 1838:Tarbosaurus 1805:Beishanlong 1597:Anserimimus 1535:Garudimimus 1506:Beishanlong 1340:Beishanlong 1334:Garudimimus 1282:John Ostrom 1280:. In 1971, 1268:Carnosauria 1146:pneumatised 1127:Spinosaurus 1111:Spinosaurus 1063:syndesmosis 1001:jugal bones 929:Description 903:geochemical 891:Spinosaurus 886:Spinosaurus 835:Tarbosaurus 831:Ulaanbaatar 781: / 769:99°58.359′E 766:43°54.025′N 757:Bugiin Tsav 742: / 727:43°36.091′N 697:Tarbosaurus 662:comes from 639:, named by 598:Gobi Desert 583: / 568:43°33.987′N 559:coordinates 545:remains of 535:Bugiin Tsav 503:Tarbosaurus 491:gastroliths 474:Beishanlong 468:Garudimimus 459:Carnosauria 432:pneumatised 21:Dinocheirus 8471:Categories 8201:Gallimimus 8130:Harpymimus 8075:Harpymimus 7696:Iliosuchus 7666:see below↓ 7511:Alioramini 7329:Juratyrant 7315:Eotyrannus 7300:Bagaraatan 7252:Yutyrannus 7186:Coeluridae 7112:Vayuraptor 6958:see below↓ 6934:Tratayenia 6927:Orkoraptor 6913:Megaraptor 6819:Aoniraptor 6752:Mapusaurus 6680:Sauroniops 6644:Altispinax 6597:Neovenator 6539:Siamraptor 6525:Datanglong 6492:Epanterias 6484:Antrodemus 6477:Allosaurus 6458:Allosauria 6281:Altispinax 6246:Gasosaurus 6158:see below↓ 6034:Suchomimus 5635:Sinosaurus 5470:see below↓ 5426:Viavenator 5376:Aucasaurus 5313:Ilokelesia 5284:Dahalokely 5239:Rajasaurus 5217:Indosaurus 5210:Genusaurus 5202:Dahalokely 5126:Indosuchus 5022:Limusaurus 4981:Ligabueino 4974:Kiyacursor 4966:Genusaurus 4950:Dahalokely 4870:Betasuchus 4741:Dornraptor 4641:see below↓ 4617:Segisaurus 4470:Sinosaurus 4333:Eodromaeus 4262:see below↓ 4210:Dinosauria 4192:Sauropsida 3770:: 91–100. 3497:: 102610. 3322:Paul, G.S. 3238:Paul, G.S. 2464:References 2446:Gallimimus 2423:Elmisaurus 2391:Bagaraatan 2359:Barsboldia 2331:Anseriform 2320:Judinornis 2252:, various 2200:, but the 2036:Gallimimus 1958:periosteum 1954:canaliculi 1911:metabolism 1898:Gallimimus 1833:Alxasaurus 1800:Harpymimus 1762:than with 1626:Gallimimus 1467:Harpymimus 1290:characters 1277:Allosaurus 1265:infraorder 1229:claw bones 1221:metatarsus 1213:thigh bone 1154:atlas bone 1067:metacarpus 1006:Gallimimus 989:nasal bone 977:premaxilla 899:provenance 851:Gallimimus 680:CosmoCaixa 620:dinosaur. 519:Cretaceous 487:omnivorous 444:hadrosaurs 201:Saurischia 188:Dinosauria 8461:Dinosaurs 8419:txn:38551 8277:includes 8222:Rativates 8215:Qiupalong 7915:Scipionyx 7908:Mirischia 7581:Lythronax 7520:Alioramus 7174:Labocania 6892:Aerosteon 6438:Sinraptor 6342:Erectopus 6077:Irritator 5662:Orionides 5547:Tetanurae 5534:Tetanurae 5461:Tetanurae 5397:Elemgasem 5320:Llukalkan 5299:Elemgasem 5056:Noasaurus 4919:Afromimus 4727:Averostra 4714:Averostra 4632:Averostra 4484:Velocipes 4303:Theropoda 4290:Theropoda 4253:Theropoda 4178:Kingdom: 4162:Theropoda 4059:(2): 188. 4046:compared" 3726:245257271 3677:208652510 3519:218968100 3174:221404013 3158:1469-185X 3042:205241353 2953:212997151 2848:: 51–64. 2435:Rinchenia 2413:Zanabazar 2401:Borogovia 2385:Alioramus 2326:Teviornis 2311:Gurilynia 2219:Djadochta 2180:inhabited 2002:herbivory 1869:olfactory 1791:Campanian 1345:cladogram 1325:cladistic 1257:monotypic 1235:of large 1217:shin bone 1190:pygostyle 1166:gigantism 1115:ligaments 1099:vertebrae 919:hadrosaur 911:tridactyl 629:gastralia 625:sandstone 592:) in the 510:Discovery 440:pygostyle 380:of large 274:Species: 214:Theropoda 161:Kingdom: 155:Eukaryota 8393:47458683 8358:Wikidata 7806:Coelurus 7231:Kileskus 7224:Guanlong 7196:Coelurus 7089:Gualicho 6589:Gualicho 5970:Baryonyx 5306:Guemesia 5133:Kryptops 4894:Ozraptor 4531:Pendraig 4186:Chordata 4184:Phylum: 4180:Animalia 4023:25714338 3983:PLOS ONE 3966:: 76–96. 3839:(1991). 3718:34919807 3669:31813611 3641:(2019). 3603:July 17, 3544:(2014). 3443:26682888 3403:PLOS ONE 3334:228, 382 3324:(1988). 3305:85725299 3240:(2010). 3166:32869488 3034:25337885 2696:(2006). 2561:25337880 2452:See also 2398:such as 2337:such as 2242:Botswana 2010:omnivore 1865:cerebrum 1861:CT scans 1779:Laurasia 1355:Holotype 1162:sauropod 1150:air sacs 915:sauropod 676:holotype 633:holotype 618:theropod 608:and the 455:theropod 436:air sacs 402:holotype 398:Mongolia 390:dinosaur 263:Osmólska 236:Family: 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