430:, and biodiversity estimated as being at the lowest levels in 58 years. Ocean acidification is particularly harmful to deep sea corals because they are made of aragonite, an easily soluble carbonate, and because they are particularly slow growing and will take years to recover. Deep sea trawling is also harming the biodiversity by destroying deep sea habitats which can take years to form. Another human activity that has altered deep sea biology is mining. One study found that at one mining site fish populations had decreased at six months and at three years, and that after twenty six years populations had returned to the same levels as prior to the disturbance.
42:
550:
528:) gene, where premature termination of the gene was found. Osteocalcin gene regulates bone development and tissue mineralization, and the frameshift mutation seems to have resulted in the open skull and cartilage-based bone formation. Due to high hydrostatic pressure in the deep sea, closed skulls that organisms living on the surface develop cannot withstand the enforcing stress. Similarly, common bone developments seen in surface vertebrates cannot maintain their structural integrity under constant high pressure.
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for every 10 meters meaning that some areas of the deep sea can reach pressures of above 1,000 atmospheres. This not only makes great depths very difficult to reach without mechanical aids, but also provides a significant difficulty when attempting to study any organisms that may live in these areas
471:
have different adaptations in their proteins, anatomical structures, and metabolic systems to survive in the Deep sea, where the inhabitants have to withstand great amount of hydrostatic pressure. While other factors like food availability and predator avoidance are important, the deep-sea organisms
214:
The two areas of greatest temperature gradient in the oceans are the transition zone between the surface waters and the deep waters, the thermocline, and the transition between the deep-sea floor and the hot water flows at the hydrothermal vents. Thermoclines vary in thickness from a few hundred
181:
for every 10 meters of depth, the amount of pressure experienced by many marine organisms is extreme. Until recent years, the scientific community lacked detailed information about the effects of pressure on most deep sea organisms because the specimens encountered arrived at the surface dead or
479:
Actin is a protein that is essential for different cellular functions. The α-actin serves as a main component for muscle fiber, and it is highly conserved across numerous different species. Some Deep-sea fish developed pressure tolerance through the change in mechanism of their α-actin. In some
475:
Proteins are affected greatly by the elevated hydrostatic pressure, as they undergo changes in water organization during hydration and dehydration reactions of the binding events. This is due to the fact that most enzyme-ligand interactions form through charged or polar non-charge interactions.
389:
Organisms in the deep sea are almost entirely reliant upon sinking living and dead organic matter which falls at approximately 100 meters per day. In addition, only about 1 to 3% of the production from the surface reaches the sea bed mostly in the form of marine snow. Larger food falls, such as
496:
are predicted to have importance in pressure tolerance. Substitution in the active sites of actin result in significant changes in the salt bridge patterns of the protein, which allows for better stabilization in ATP binding and sub unit arrangement, confirmed by the free energy analysis and
512:
increased with depth, replacing other osmolytes and urea. Due to the ability of TMAO being able to protect proteins from high hydrostatic pressure destabilizing proteins, the osmolyte adjustment serves are an important adaptation for deep sea fish to withstand high hydrostatic pressure.
578:
Still, the deep-sea remains one of the least explored regions on planet Earth. Pressures even in the mesopelagic become too great for traditional exploration methods, demanding alternative approaches for deep-sea research. Baited camera stations, small manned submersibles, and ROVs
76:
Organisms living within the deep sea have a variety of adaptations to survive in these conditions. Organisms can survive in the deep sea through a number of feeding methods including scavenging, predation and filtration, with a number of organisms surviving by feeding on
239:
In hydrothermal vents the temperature of the water as it emerges from the "black smoker" chimneys may be as high as 400 °C (it is kept from boiling by the high hydrostatic pressure) while within a few meters it may be back down to 2 to 4 °C.
398:
that feed primarily or entirely upon large food falls and the distance between whale carcasses is estimated to only be 8 kilometers. In addition, there are a number of filter feeders that feed upon organic particles using tentacles, such as
223:
is usually above 20 °C. From the base of the epipelagic, the temperature drops over several hundred meters to 5 or 6 °C at 1,000 meters. It continues to decrease to the bottom, but the rate is much slower. The cold water stems from
415:
546:, and largely refers to the scarce amount of seafloor bathymetry available at the time. The similar idea that more people have stood on the moon than have been to the deepest part of the ocean is likewise problematic and dangerous.
156:
of almost all of earth's ecosystems, life in this area of the ocean must depend on energy sources from elsewhere. Except for the areas close to the hydrothermal vents, this energy comes from organic material drifting down from the
554:
476:
Because hydrostatic pressure affects both protein folding and assembly and enzymatic activity, the deep sea species must undergo physiological and structural adaptations to preserve protein functionality against pressure.
235:
At any given depth, the temperature is practically unvarying over long periods of time, without seasonal changes and with very little interannual variability. No other habitat on earth has such a constant temperature.
1835:
Danovaro, Roberto; Antonio Dell'Anno; Cinzia
Corinaldesi; Mirko Magagnini; Rachel Noble; Christian Tamburini; Markus Weinbauer (2008-08-28). "Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems".
197:
is remarkably constant throughout the deep sea, at about 35 parts per thousand. There are some minor differences in salinity, but none that are ecologically significant, except in largely landlocked seas like the
324:
structures. They often have extendable, hinged jaws with recurved teeth. Because of the sparse distribution and lack of light, finding a partner with which to breed is difficult, and many organisms are
472:
must have the ability to maintain well-regulated metabolic system in the face of high pressures. In order to adjust for the extreme environment, these organisms have developed unique characteristics.
270:) which spans from 200 to 3000 meters below sea level and is essentially transitional, containing elements from both the shelf above and the abyss below. Below this zone, the deep sea consists of the
1724:
Cavallaro, Mauro; Guerrera, Maria
Cristina; Abbate, Francesco; Levanti, Maria Beatrice; LaurĂ , Rosaria; Ammendolia, Giovanni; Malara, Danilo; Stipa, Maria Giulia; Battaglia, Pietro (October 2021).
1952:
Zimmerman, Alexander N.; Johnson, Claudia C.; Bussberg, Nicholas W.; Dalkilic, Mehmet M. (April 2020). "Stability and decline in deep-sea coral biodiversity, Gulf of Mexico and US West
Atlantic".
583:) are three methods utilized to explore the ocean's depths. Because of the difficulty and cost of exploring this zone, current knowledge is limited. Pressure increases at approximately one
542:
It has been suggested that more is known about the Moon than the deepest parts of the ocean. This is a common misconception based on a 1953 statement by George E.R. Deacon published in the
1451:
411:
play an important role in cycling nutrients in deep sea sediments. They are extremely abundant (between 5Ă10 and 1Ă10 phages per square meter) in sediments around the world.
2481:"Osmolyte Adjustments as a Pressure Adaptation in Deep-Sea Chondrichthyan Fishes: An Intraspecific Test in Arctic Skates (Amblyraja hyperborea) along a Depth Gradient"
1657:
Hellinger, Jens; JĂ€gers, Peter; Donner, Marcel; Sutt, Franziska; Mark, Melanie D.; Senen, Budiono; Tollrian, Ralph; Herlitze, Stefan (2017-02-08). De, Abhijit (ed.).
182:
dying and weren't observable at the pressures at which they lived. With the advent of traps that incorporate a special pressure-maintaining chamber, undamaged larger
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have specific substitutions on the active sites of α-Actin, which serves as the main component of muscle fiber. These specific substitutions, Q137K and V54A from
1396:
1918:
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molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that deep sea fish have more salt bridges in their actins compared to fish inhabiting the upper zones of the sea.
348:. The two main methods by which this is achieved are reduction in the area of their shadow by lateral compression of the body, and counter illumination via
807:"Explaining bathymetric diversity patterns in marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes: physiological contributions to adaptation of life at depth"
426:. A study found that at one region there had been a decrease in deep sea coral from 2007 to 2011, with the decrease being attributed to global warming and
105:(8,848 m or 29,029 ft or 5.498 mi) were submerged there, its peak would be more than 2 km (1.2 mi) beneath the surface. After the
2303:
Wang, Kun; Shen, Yanjun; Yang, Yongzhi; Gan, Xiaoni; Liu, Guichun; Hu, Kuang; Li, Yongxin; Gao, Zhaoming; Zhu, Li; Yan, Guoyong; He, Lisheng (May 2019).
312:
The midwater fish have special adaptations to cope with these conditionsâthey are small, usually being under 25 centimetres (10 in); they have slow
161:. The sinking organic material is composed of algal particulates, detritus, and other forms of biological waste, which is collectively referred to as
3648:
316:
and unspecialized diets, preferring to sit and wait for food rather than waste energy searching for it. They have elongated bodies with weak, watery
1502:"Pelagic observations of the midwater scorpionfish Ectreposebastes imus (Setarchidae) suggests a role in trophic coupling between deepâsea habitats"
356:, which tend to produce such light intensity to render the underside of the fish of similar appearance to the background light. For more sensitive
1336:
LupĆĄe, Nik; Cortesi, Fabio; Freese, Marko; Marohn, Lasse; Pohlmann, Jan-Dag; Wysujack, Klaus; Hanel, Reinhold; Musilova, Zuzana (9 December 2021).
1726:"Morphological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study on the skin ventral photophores of Diaphus holti TĂ„ning, 1918 (Family: Myctophidae)"
438:
There are a number of species that do not primarily rely upon dissolved organic matter for their food. These species and communities are found at
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that supports the complex communities that can be found around hydrothermal vents. These complex communities are one of the few
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2479:
Yancey, Paul H.; Speers-Roesch, Ben; Atchinson, Sheila; Reist, James D.; Majewski, Andrew R.; Treberg, Jason R. (2017-11-27).
630: â layer of water in the deep ocean basin, above the ocean floor, that contains significant amounts of suspended sediment
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2123:
1805:
1109:
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3201:
1605:"The Organic Crystalline Materials of Vision: Structure-Function Considerations from the Nanometer to the Millimeter Scale"
1132:
Smith, Craig R.; De Leo, Fabio C.; Bernardino, Angelo F.; Sweetman, Andrew K.; Arbizu, Pedro
Martinez (1 September 2008).
286:' and carcasses derived from the productive zone above, and is scarce both in terms of spatial and temporal distribution.
113:
was the only vessel capable of reaching this depth until it was lost at sea in 2003. In May and June 2009, the hybrid-ROV
2690:
1891:
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2647:â Deep Sea Foraminifera from 4400 meters depth, Antarctica - an image gallery and description of hundreds of specimens
57:
depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of 200 m (660 ft) or the point of transition from
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2914:
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1930:
1450:
Collin, Shaun P.; Chapuis, Lucille; Michiels, Nico K. (2019). "Impacts of (extreme) depth on life in the deep-sea".
3101:
3061:
369:
2238:
HW Jannasch. 1985. The
Chemosynthetic Support of Life and the Microbial Diversity at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents.
1556:"Evidence that eye-facing photophores serve as a reference for counterillumination in an order of deep-sea fishes"
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2817:
1817:
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meters to nearly a thousand meters. Below the thermocline, the water mass of the deep ocean is cold and far more
2063:
Drazen, Jeffery; Leitner, Astrid; Morningstar, Sage; Marcon, Yann; Greinert, Jens; Purser, Auntun (2019-01-01).
1034:
Nybakken, James W. Marine
Biology: An Ecological Approach. Fifth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, 2001. p. 136 - 141.
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Despite being so isolated deep sea organisms have still been harmed by human interaction with the oceans. The
394:, also occur and studies have shown that these may happen more often than currently believed. There are many
2633:
2959:
1240:
Jamieson, Alan J.; Stewart, Heather A.; Weston, Johanna N. J.; Lahey, Patrick; Vescovo, Victor L. (2022).
2044:
Koslow, Tony (2011-11-20). "The silent deep: the discovery, ecology & conservation of the deep sea".
709:"Shedding Light on Deep-Sea BiodiversityâA Highly Vulnerable Habitat in the Face of Anthropogenic Change"
684:"What is the "deep" ocean? : Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
115:
3019:
2305:"Morphology and genome of a snailfish from the Mariana Trench provide insights into deep-sea adaptation"
2065:"Observations of deep-sea fishes and mobile scavengers from the abyssal DISCOL experimental mining area"
1099:
41:
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2426:"Molecular dynamics simulation of proteins under high pressure: Structure, function and thermodynamics"
1771:
1186:
Jamieson, Alan J.; Fujii, Toyonobu; Mayor, Daniel J.; Solan, Martin; Priede, Imants G. (1 March 2010).
17:
2359:"Mechanism of Deep-Sea Fish α-Actin Pressure Tolerance Investigated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations"
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1242:"Hadal Biodiversity, Habitats and Potential Chemosynthesis in the Java Trench, Eastern Indian Ocean"
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Danovaro, Roberto; Corinaldesi, Cinzia; DellâAnno, Antonio; Snelgrove, Paul V. R. (2017-06-05).
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606: â Landslides that transport sediment across the continental shelf and into the deep ocean
509:
229:
1834:
1659:"The Flashlight Fish Anomalops katoptron Uses Bioluminescent Light to Detect Prey in the Dark"
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at sea-floor spreading zones. One example is the symbiotic relationship between the tube worm
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Natural light does not penetrate the deep ocean, with the exception of the upper parts of the
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for a series of three dives to depths exceeding 10,900 m (35,800 ft; 6.8 mi).
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101:, at 10,911 m (35,797 ft; 6.780 mi), the deepest known spot in any ocean. If
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1338:"Visual Gene Expression Reveals a cone-to-rod Developmental Progression in Deep-Sea Fishes"
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Deep-sea organisms possess molecular adaptations to survive and thrive in the deep oceans.
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65:. Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low temperatures, darkness, and high
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8:
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Davis, Alexander L.; Sutton, Tracey T.; Kier, William M.; Johnsen, Sönke (10 June 2020).
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2004:
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were found to be abundant in deep sea fish under high hydrostatic pressure. For certain
336:. Their upward field of vision allows them to seek out the silhouette of possible prey.
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Because light is so scarce, fish often have larger than normal, tubular eyes with only
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81:. Marine snow is organic material that has fallen from upper waters into the deep sea.
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Palmer, Benjamin A.; Gur, Dvir; Weiner, Steve; Addadi, Lia; Oron, Dan (October 2018).
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Martin, William; Baross, John; Kelley, Deborah; Russell, Michael J. (November 2008).
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344:. These adaptations are mainly concerned with reduction of silhouettes, a form of
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Jamieson, Alan J; Singleman, Glenn; Linley, Thomas D; Casey, Susan (2020-12-21).
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2552:"Fear and loathing of the deep ocean: why don't people care about the deep sea?"
2242:. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 225, No. 1240 (Sep. 23, 1985), pp. 277-297
297:, which provides them with very low density. It is also common among deep water
73:
as the extreme conditions make the environment difficult to access and explore.
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Wakai, Nobuhiko; Takemura, Kazuhiro; Morita, Takami; Kitao, Akio (2014-01-20).
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2196:"Symbiosis of Thioautotrophic Bacteria with Riftia pachyptila | EndNote Click"
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US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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282:(6000 â 11,000 meters). Food consists of falling organic matter known as '
219:. Thermoclines are strongest in the tropics, where the temperature of the
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2432:. Novel measurement techniques for visualizing 'live' protein molecules.
1337:
1273:
Robison, Bruce H.; Reisenbichler, Kim R.; Sherlock, Rob E. (2005-06-10).
1011:
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283:
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31:
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Higgs, Nicholas D.; Gates, Andrew R.; Jones, Daniel O. B. (2014-05-07).
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to combine the gelatinous tissue with a flotation chamber filled with a
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1275:"Giant Larvacean Houses: Rapid Carbon Transport to the Deep Sea Floor"
1101:
Deep-Sea
Biology: A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor
822:
643:
418:
aims to protect the marine environment from dumping of wastes such as
276:
which occurs between the ocean depths of 3000 and 6000 meters and the
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1046:"Ecological theory and continental margins: where shallow meets deep"
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2013:
1988:
864:"Fish Food in the Deep Sea: Revisiting the Role of Large Food-Falls"
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Briand, F.; Snelgrove, P. (2003). "Mare
Incognitum? An overview".
600: â Cold, salty water deep below the surface of Earth's oceans
3732:
3722:
2892:
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2478:
1134:"Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change"
290:
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animals have been retrieved from the deep sea in good condition.
1951:
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as their cell chemistry will be adapted to such vast pressures.
3439:
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Hata, Hiroaki; Nishiyama, Masayoshi; Kitao, Akio (2020-02-01).
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2262:, Princeton University Press, pp. 450â495, 1984-12-31,
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1188:"Hadal trenches: the ecology of the deepest places on Earth"
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Instead of relying on gas for their buoyancy, many deep-sea
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98:
1239:
614: â 2001 British nature documentary television series
562:
Describing the operation and use of an autonomous lander (
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In
Ecosystems of the World 28, Ecosystems of the Deep Sea
622: â 2017 British nature documentary television series
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109:
was retired, the Japanese remote-operated vehicle (ROV)
1560:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1185:
352:. This is achieved by production of light from ventral
152:
cannot live in this zone, and as these are the primary
2430:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
1788:
R. N. Gibson, Harold (CON) Barnes, R. J. A. Atkinson,
1553:
69:. The deep sea is considered the least explored Earth
1602:
1449:
928:
463:
45:
Schematic representation of pelagic and benthic zones
2659:
Facts and images from the deepest parts of the ocean
632:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1500:Hoving, HenkâJan T.; Freitas, Rui (February 2022).
1044:Levin, Lisa A.; Dayton, Paul K. (1 November 2009).
258:are divided into further zones, beginning with the
2423:
3649:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1790:Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review
1395:Warrant, Eric J.; Locket, N. Adam (August 2004).
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1792:. 2007. Volume 41. Published by CRC Press, 2004
480:species that live in depths greater than 5000m,
126:
3639:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
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2302:
1098:Gage, John D.; Tyler, Paul A. (18 April 1991).
861:
500:In relations to protein substitution, specific
309:, which is lighter than the surrounding water.
2691:
2256:"Chapter Twelve. Adaptations to the Deep Sea"
2200:Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology
1917:Snelgrove, Paul; Grassle, Fred (1995-01-01).
1499:
1394:
1000:, 2 November 2013. Accessed: 2 November 2013.
566:) in deep-sea research; the fish seen is the
2194:Cavanaugh, F. J. Stewart and C. M. (2006).
2141:"Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life"
1043:
804:
340:however also have adaptations to cope with
293:have jelly-like flesh consisting mostly of
2698:
2684:
2240:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2115:The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
1919:"What of the deep sea's future diversity?"
998:Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
2705:
2567:
2400:
2382:
2320:
2193:
2088:
2012:
1986:
1700:
1682:
1579:
1361:
1257:
1097:
1009:
905:
887:
838:
765:
724:
2527:
2232:
1828:
956:"Hope floats for lost deep-sea explorer"
953:
548:
448:and chemosynthetic bacteria. It is this
40:
982:
980:
376:, which combination they use to detect
305:made up of the metabolic waste product
14:
3947:
2970:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
2533:Tim Flannery, Where Wonders Await Us.
2043:
805:Brown, Alastair; Thatje, Sven (2013).
706:
2679:
2545:
2543:
2485:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
2352:
2350:
2348:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2250:
2248:
2111:
1390:
1388:
667:
3917:
2672:Facts and infographic on ocean depth
1987:Ruttimann, Jacqueline (2006-08-31).
977:
672:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1â3.
456:on the planet that do not rely upon
1892:International Maritime Organization
1818:"Discover - Natural History Museum"
24:
3797:National Oceanographic Data Center
3224:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
3112:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
2540:
2345:
2289:
2245:
1385:
750:"The deep-sea under global change"
464:Adaptation to hydrostatic pressure
177:in the ocean increases by about 1
25:
3966:
3644:Global Sea Level Observing System
2609:
1192:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1138:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1050:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
433:
3927:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3102:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
3018:
3007:
2616:
642:
3832:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3555:VineâMatthewsâMorley hypothesis
2653:on the Smithsonian Ocean Portal
2584:
2472:
2417:
2187:
2132:
2112:Dover, Cindy Van (2000-03-26).
2105:
2056:
2037:
1980:
1945:
1910:
1880:
1810:
1782:
1772:"Marine Snow and Fecal Pellets"
1764:
1717:
1650:
1596:
1547:
1493:
1456:. Routledge. pp. 197â216.
1443:
1342:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1329:
1266:
1233:
1179:
1125:
1091:
1037:
1028:
1003:
966:from the original on 2010-09-27
93:descended to the bottom of the
2556:ICES Journal of Marine Science
2309:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2118:. Princeton University Press.
1104:. Cambridge University Press.
1016:MarineBio Conservation Society
947:
922:
855:
798:
741:
700:
676:
661:
531:
520:developed modification in the
209:
13:
1:
954:Horstman, Mark (2003-07-09).
654:
510:Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)
127:Environmental characteristics
3092:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
3062:CraikâLeibovich vortex force
2818:Luke's variational principle
2442:10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.07.004
2384:10.1371/journal.pone.0085852
1684:10.1371/journal.pone.0170489
889:10.1371/journal.pone.0096016
460:for their supply of energy.
7:
3955:Oceanographical terminology
2145:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1246:Frontiers in Marine Science
713:Frontiers in Marine Science
591:
226:sinking heavy surface water
189:
168:
10:
3971:
3157:Ocean dynamical thermostat
3005:
1966:10.1007/s00338-020-01896-9
1204:10.1016/j.tree.2009.09.009
1150:10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.002
1062:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.012
581:remotely operated vehicles
535:
247:
243:
53:is broadly defined as the
29:
3902:
3741:
3715:
3692:Ocean acoustic tomography
3677:
3629:
3568:
3505:MohoroviÄiÄ discontinuity
3463:
3335:
3232:
3097:General circulation model
3027:
2733:BenjaminâFeir instability
2713:
2593:CIESM Workshop Monographs
2322:10.1038/s41559-019-0864-8
2268:10.1515/9781400855414.450
1989:"Oceanography: sick seas"
1413:10.1017/S1464793103006420
1259:10.3389/fmars.2022.856992
767:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.046
726:10.3389/fmars.2021.667048
27:Lowest layer in the ocean
3822:Ocean surface topography
3197:Thermohaline circulation
3187:Subsurface ocean current
3127:Hydrothermal circulation
2960:Waveâcurrent interaction
2738:Boussinesq approximation
2535:New York Review of Books
2212:10.1007/3-540-28221-1_10
1462:10.4324/9780429491023-12
1397:"Vision in the deep sea"
1010:MarineBio (2018-06-17).
131:
3859:Sea surface temperature
3842:Outline of oceanography
3037:Atmospheric circulation
2975:shallow water equations
2965:Waves and shallow water
2858:Significant wave height
2569:10.1093/icesjms/fsaa234
2090:10.5194/bg-16-3133-2019
1506:Journal of Fish Biology
1299:10.1126/science.1109104
518:Mariana hadal snailfish
3854:Sea surface microlayer
3219:Wind generated current
2651:Deep Ocean Exploration
2260:Biochemical Adaptation
1621:10.1002/adma.201800006
1572:10.1098/rspb.2019.2918
1354:10.1093/molbev/msab281
931:"What is marine snow?"
688:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
575:
572:Coryphaenoides armatus
46:
3687:Deep scattering layer
3669:World Geodetic System
3177:Princeton Ocean Model
3057:CoriolisâStokes force
2707:Physical oceanography
2663:How Deep Is The Ocean
2645:Deep Sea Foraminifera
935:oceanservice.noaa.gov
668:Tyler, P. A. (2003).
561:
544:Journal of Navigation
409:Marine bacteriophages
264:(also considered the
44:
3707:Underwater acoustics
3267:Perigean spring tide
3132:Langmuir circulation
2843:Rossby-gravity waves
707:Paulus, Eva (2021).
538:Deep-sea exploration
508:, it was found that
3869:Science On a Sphere
3475:Convergent boundary
3147:Modular Ocean Model
3107:Geostrophic current
2823:Mild-slope equation
2375:2014PLoSO...985852W
2157:10.1038/nrmicro1991
2081:2019BGeo...16.3133D
2005:2006Natur.442..978R
1929:(2). Archived from
1888:"London Convention"
1858:10.1038/nature07268
1850:2008Natur.454.1084D
1844:(7208): 1084â1087.
1675:2017PLoSO..1270489H
1291:2005Sci...308.1609R
1285:(5728): 1609â1611.
880:2014PLoSO...996016H
604:Submarine landslide
428:ocean acidification
380:in other fish (see
360:, some fish have a
358:vision in low light
59:continental shelves
30:For the films, see
3525:Seafloor spreading
3515:Outer trench swell
3480:Divergent boundary
3380:Continental margin
3365:Carbonate platform
3262:Lunitidal interval
2668:2016-06-15 at the
2657:Deep-Sea Creatures
1609:Advanced Materials
1566:(1928): 20192918.
1401:Biological Reviews
988:About the Marianas
986:Claus Detlefsen. "
811:Biological Reviews
576:
440:hydrothermal vents
295:glycosaminoglycans
254:Regions below the
250:Deep sea community
63:continental slopes
47:
3942:
3941:
3934:Oceans portal
3894:World Ocean Atlas
3884:Underwater glider
3827:Ocean temperature
3490:Hydrothermal vent
3455:Submarine volcano
3390:Continental shelf
3370:Coastal geography
3360:Bathymetric chart
3242:Amphidromic point
2930:Wave nonlinearity
2788:Infragravity wave
2277:978-1-4008-5541-4
2125:978-0-691-04929-8
2075:(16): 3133â3146.
2046:Pacific Ecologist
1806:978-0-415-25463-2
1742:10.1111/azo.12348
1518:10.1111/jfb.14944
1348:(12): 5664â5677.
1111:978-0-521-33431-0
823:10.1111/brv.12061
760:(11): R461âR465.
649:Oceans portal
568:abyssal grenadier
559:
424:radioactive waste
416:London Convention
307:ammonium chloride
267:continental slope
144:is not possible,
16:(Redirected from
3962:
3932:
3931:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3849:Pelagic sediment
3787:Marine pollution
3581:Deep ocean water
3450:Submarine canyon
3385:Continental rise
3277:Rule of twelfths
3192:Sverdrup balance
3122:Humboldt Current
3047:Boundary current
3022:
3011:
2828:Radiation stress
2798:Iribarren number
2773:Equatorial waves
2728:Ballantine scale
2723:Airy wave theory
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2620:
2619:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2547:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2386:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2324:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2016:
1999:(7106): 978â80.
1984:
1978:
1977:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1894:. Archived from
1884:
1878:
1877:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:Oceanus Magazine
1768:
1762:
1761:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1686:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1365:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1007:
1001:
984:
975:
974:
972:
971:
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
926:
920:
919:
909:
891:
859:
853:
852:
842:
802:
796:
795:
769:
745:
739:
738:
728:
704:
698:
697:
695:
694:
680:
674:
673:
665:
647:
646:
633:
598:Deep ocean water
560:
402:Freyella elegans
119:returned to the
21:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3926:
3898:
3737:
3711:
3673:
3654:Sea-level curve
3625:
3564:
3550:Transform fault
3500:Mid-ocean ridge
3466:
3459:
3425:Oceanic plateau
3331:
3317:Tidal resonance
3287:Theory of tides
3228:
3137:Longshore drift
3087:Ekman transport
3023:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3003:
2955:Wave turbulence
2888:Trochoidal wave
2813:Longshore drift
2709:
2704:
2670:Wayback Machine
2641:
2640:
2639:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2589:
2585:
2548:
2541:
2537:, December 2007
2532:
2528:
2477:
2473:
2422:
2418:
2355:
2346:
2301:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2192:
2188:
2151:(11): 805â814.
2137:
2133:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2061:
2057:
2042:
2038:
2014:10.1038/442978a
1985:
1981:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1898:on 3 March 2019
1886:
1885:
1881:
1833:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1787:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1722:
1718:
1669:(2): e0170489.
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1615:(41): 1800006.
1601:
1597:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1453:Marine Extremes
1448:
1444:
1393:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1334:
1330:
1271:
1267:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1056:(11): 606â617.
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1008:
1004:
985:
978:
969:
967:
952:
948:
939:
937:
927:
923:
860:
856:
803:
799:
754:Current Biology
746:
742:
705:
701:
692:
690:
682:
681:
677:
666:
662:
657:
641:
631:
628:Nepheloid layer
611:The Blue Planet
594:
549:
540:
534:
506:chondrichthyans
466:
436:
392:whale carcasses
383:tapetum lucidum
372:have this plus
370:Flashlight fish
350:bioluminescence
252:
246:
221:epipelagic zone
212:
192:
171:
134:
129:
121:Challenger Deep
39:
36:Deep Sea (film)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3924:
3914:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:Stratification
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3764:Color of water
3761:
3759:Benthic lander
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3664:Sea level rise
3661:
3659:Sea level drop
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Marine geology
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3435:Passive margin
3432:
3430:Oceanic trench
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Ocean dynamics
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Coriolis force
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Stokes problem
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Kinematic wave
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:External links
2608:
2605:
2604:
2583:
2562:(3): 797â809.
2539:
2526:
2497:10.1086/696157
2491:(2): 788â796.
2471:
2416:
2344:
2315:(5): 823â833.
2288:
2276:
2244:
2231:
2186:
2131:
2124:
2104:
2069:Biogeosciences
2055:
2036:
1979:
1960:(2): 345â359.
1944:
1909:
1879:
1827:
1809:
1781:
1763:
1736:(4): 405â411.
1730:Acta Zoologica
1716:
1649:
1595:
1546:
1512:(2): 586â589.
1492:
1470:
1442:
1407:(3): 671â712.
1384:
1328:
1265:
1232:
1198:(3): 190â197.
1178:
1144:(9): 518â528.
1124:
1110:
1090:
1036:
1027:
1012:"The Deep Sea"
1002:
990:" (in Danish)
976:
960:www.abc.net.au
946:
921:
854:
817:(2): 406â426.
797:
740:
699:
675:
659:
658:
656:
653:
652:
651:
639:
637:Biogenous ooze
634:
625:
624:
623:
619:Blue Planet II
607:
601:
593:
590:
536:Main article:
533:
530:
492:or I67P from
465:
462:
450:chemosynthesis
435:
434:Chemosynthesis
432:
362:retroreflector
327:hermaphroditic
303:coelomic fluid
248:Main article:
245:
242:
211:
208:
191:
188:
170:
167:
142:photosynthesis
133:
130:
128:
125:
95:Mariana Trench
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3967:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Marine energy
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Acidification
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:SOFAR channel
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Oceanic crust
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Fracture zone
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Oceanic basin
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Abyssal plain
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Internal tide
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Ocean current
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3010:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Wave shoaling
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Ursell number
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Internal wave
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Breaking wave
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:(2): 129395.
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:(1): e85852.
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1933:on 2020-07-29
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1822:www.nhm.ac.uk
1819:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:0-415-25463-9
1795:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1471:9780429491023
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
995:
994:
989:
983:
981:
965:
961:
957:
950:
936:
932:
925:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
890:
885:
881:
877:
874:(5): e96016.
873:
869:
865:
858:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
744:
736:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
689:
685:
679:
671:
664:
660:
650:
645:
640:
638:
635:
629:
626:
621:
620:
616:
615:
613:
612:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
589:
586:
582:
573:
569:
565:
547:
545:
539:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
511:
507:
503:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
473:
470:
469:Deep sea fish
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:sewage sludge
417:
412:
410:
406:
404:
403:
397:
393:
387:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
251:
241:
237:
233:
231:
230:polar regions
227:
222:
218:
207:
205:
201:
200:Mediterranean
196:
187:
185:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
155:
151:
150:phytoplankton
147:
143:
139:
124:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
104:
103:Mount Everest
100:
96:
92:
91:
87:
84:In 1960, the
82:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3889:Water column
3837:Oceanography
3812:Observations
3807:Explorations
3777:Marginal sea
3770:
3728:OSTM/Jason-2
3585:
3560:Volcanic arc
3535:Slab suction
3252:Head of tide
3142:Loop Current
3082:Ekman spiral
2868:Stokes drift
2778:Gravity wave
2753:Cnoidal wave
2632:
2631:
2630:profile for
2627:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2559:
2555:
2529:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2366:
2362:
2312:
2308:
2281:, retrieved
2259:
2239:
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2203:
2199:
2189:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2114:
2107:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2039:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1926:
1922:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1882:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1642:29 September
1640:. Retrieved
1612:
1608:
1598:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1539:29 September
1537:. Retrieved
1509:
1505:
1495:
1485:29 September
1483:. Retrieved
1452:
1445:
1404:
1400:
1377:29 September
1375:. Retrieved
1345:
1341:
1331:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1225:29 September
1223:. Retrieved
1195:
1191:
1181:
1171:29 September
1169:. Retrieved
1141:
1137:
1127:
1117:29 September
1115:. Retrieved
1100:
1093:
1083:29 September
1081:. Retrieved
1053:
1049:
1039:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1005:
991:
968:. Retrieved
959:
949:
938:. Retrieved
934:
924:
871:
867:
857:
814:
810:
800:
757:
753:
743:
716:
712:
702:
691:. Retrieved
687:
678:
669:
663:
618:
610:
577:
571:
543:
541:
525:
515:
499:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
467:
443:
437:
413:
407:
400:
388:
381:
331:
311:
288:
277:
273:abyssal zone
271:
265:
261:bathyal zone
259:
253:
238:
234:
213:
193:
172:
135:
114:
110:
106:
88:
83:
75:
50:
48:
3879:Thermocline
3596:Mesopelagic
3569:Ocean zones
3540:Slab window
3405:Hydrography
3345:Abyssal fan
3312:Tidal range
3302:Tidal power
3297:Tidal force
3182:Rip current
3117:Gulf Stream
3077:Ekman layer
3067:Downwelling
3042:Baroclinity
3029:Circulation
2925:Wave height
2915:Wave action
2898:megatsunami
2878:Stokes wave
2838:Rossby wave
2803:Kelvin wave
2783:Green's law
2206:: 197â225.
1954:Coral Reefs
532:Exploration
522:Osteocalcin
374:photophores
364:behind the
354:photophores
314:metabolisms
284:marine snow
217:homogeneous
210:Temperature
163:marine snow
159:photic zone
138:mesopelagic
86:bathyscaphe
79:marine snow
32:Deep Sea 3D
3817:Reanalysis
3716:Satellites
3697:Sofar bomb
3545:Subduction
3520:Ridge push
3415:Ocean bank
3395:Contourite
3322:Tide gauge
3307:Tidal race
3292:Tidal bore
3282:Slack tide
3247:Earth tide
3167:Ocean gyre
2987:Wind setup
2982:Wind fetch
2945:Wave setup
2940:Wave radar
2935:Wave power
2833:Rogue wave
2763:Dispersion
2283:2020-11-02
2225:2022-09-29
2099:2276806480
1021:2020-08-07
993:IngeniĂžren
970:2021-05-07
940:2022-09-29
693:2022-09-29
655:References
585:atmosphere
564:RV Kaharoa
494:C.yaquinae
486:C.yaquinae
454:ecosystems
396:scavengers
346:camouflage
279:hadal zone
256:epipelagic
179:atmosphere
18:Deep ocean
3679:Acoustics
3631:Sea level
3530:Slab pull
3467:tectonics
3375:Cold seep
3337:Landforms
3214:Whirlpool
3209:Upwelling
2992:Wind wave
2920:Wave base
2848:Sea state
2768:Edge wave
2758:Cross sea
2578:1054-3139
2505:1522-2152
2466:196613044
2450:0304-4165
2393:1932-6203
2331:2397-334X
2165:1740-1534
1974:210975434
1758:225368866
1750:0001-7272
1693:1932-6203
1534:243863469
1480:133939260
1421:1469-185X
1307:0036-8075
1212:0169-5347
1158:0169-5347
1070:0169-5347
898:1932-6203
831:1464-7931
776:0960-9822
735:2296-7745
502:osmolytes
490:C.armatus
482:C.armatus
342:predation
338:Prey fish
334:rod cells
154:producers
3949:Category
3912:Category
3864:Seawater
3591:Littoral
3586:Deep sea
3445:Seamount
3327:Tideline
3272:Rip tide
3202:shutdown
3172:Overflow
2905:Undertow
2748:Clapotis
2666:Archived
2634:Deep sea
2521:26847773
2513:29315031
2458:31302180
2411:24465747
2363:PLOS ONE
2339:30988486
2220:16623395
2173:18820700
2095:ProQuest
2023:16943816
1937:24 March
1902:24 March
1866:18756250
1711:28178297
1663:PLOS ONE
1637:47005095
1629:29888511
1590:32517614
1526:34751439
1437:34907805
1429:15366767
1372:34562090
1315:15947183
1220:19846236
1166:18584909
1078:19692143
964:Archived
916:24804731
868:PLOS ONE
849:24118851
792:20785268
784:28586679
592:See also
458:sunlight
378:eyeshine
322:skeletal
204:Red Seas
195:Salinity
190:Salinity
184:metazoan
175:pressure
173:Because
169:Pressure
140:. Since
67:pressure
51:deep sea
3922:Commons
3792:Mooring
3742:Related
3733:Jason-3
3723:Jason-1
3606:Pelagic
3601:Oceanic
3576:Benthic
2893:Tsunami
2863:Soliton
2624:Scholia
2599:: 5â27.
2402:3896411
2371:Bibcode
2181:1709272
2077:Bibcode
2031:4332965
2001:Bibcode
1923:Oceanus
1874:4331430
1846:Bibcode
1702:5298212
1671:Bibcode
1581:7341941
1363:8662630
1287:Bibcode
1279:Science
907:4013046
876:Bibcode
840:4158864
318:muscles
291:species
244:Biology
228:in the
107:Trieste
90:Trieste
3611:Photic
3440:Seabed
2853:Seiche
2626:has a
2576:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2409:
2399:
2391:
2337:
2329:
2274:
2218:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2122:
2097:
2029:
2021:
1993:Nature
1972:
1872:
1864:
1838:Nature
1804:
1796:
1756:
1748:
1709:
1699:
1691:
1635:
1627:
1588:
1578:
1532:
1524:
1478:
1468:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1370:
1360:
1323:730130
1321:
1313:
1305:
1218:
1210:
1164:
1156:
1108:
1076:
1068:
914:
904:
896:
847:
837:
829:
790:
782:
774:
733:
526:burlap
445:Riftia
366:retina
146:plants
116:Nereus
3802:Ocean
3771:Alvin
3621:Swash
3465:Plate
3410:Knoll
3400:Guyot
3355:Atoll
3234:Tides
2997:model
2883:Swell
2715:Waves
2628:topic
2517:S2CID
2462:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2027:S2CID
1970:S2CID
1870:S2CID
1754:S2CID
1633:S2CID
1530:S2CID
1476:S2CID
1433:S2CID
1319:S2CID
788:S2CID
299:squid
132:Light
111:KaikĆ
97:near
71:biome
55:ocean
3769:DSV
3754:Argo
3616:Surf
3072:Eddy
2574:ISSN
2509:PMID
2501:ISSN
2454:PMID
2446:ISSN
2434:1864
2407:PMID
2389:ISSN
2335:PMID
2327:ISSN
2272:ISBN
2216:PMID
2169:PMID
2161:ISSN
2120:ISBN
2019:PMID
1939:2020
1904:2020
1862:PMID
1802:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1746:ISSN
1707:PMID
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