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38:
519:
Chemosynthetic communities in different environments are important biological systems in terms of their ecology, evolution and biogeography, as well as their potential as indicators of the availability of permanent hydrocarbon- based energy sources. In the process of chemosynthesis, bacteria produce
355:
carbon dioxide assimilationāwhat would be named today as chemolithoautotrophy. Later, the term would be expanded to include also chemoorganoautotrophs, which are organisms that use organic energy substrates in order to assimilate carbon dioxide. Thus, chemosynthesis can be seen as a synonym of
515:
Despite the fact that the process of chemosynthesis has been known for more than a hundred years, its significance and importance are still relevant today in the transformation of chemical elements in biogeochemical cycles. Today, the vital processes of nitrifying bacteria, which lead to the
516:
oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid, require scientific substantiation and additional research. The ability of bacteria to convert inorganic substances into organic ones suggests that chemosynthetics can accumulate valuable resources for human needs.
524:
and other types of chemosynthetics provides prospects for further research. Thus, the importance of chemosynthesis remains relevant for use in innovative technologies, conservation of ecosystems, human life in general.
703:
335:
proposed a novel type of life process called "anorgoxydant". His discovery suggested that some microbes could live solely on inorganic matter and emerged during his physiological research in the 1880s in
471:
could survive near hydrothermal vents. Cavanaugh later managed to confirm that this was indeed the method by which the worms could thrive, and is generally credited with the discovery of chemosynthesis.
117:
Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single-carbon molecules. Two categories can be distinguished. In the rare sites where hydrogen molecules (H
187:, and other planets. Chemosynthesis may have also been the first type of metabolism that evolved on Earth, leading the way for cellular respiration and photosynthesis to develop later.
133:) can be large enough to drive the production of biomass. Alternatively, in most oceanic environments, energy for chemosynthesis derives from reactions in which substances such as
1440:
889:
94:
through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse. Groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing
148:
associations between chemosynthesizers and respiring heterotrophs are quite common. Large populations of animals can be supported by chemosynthetic
2375:
1628:
989:
1156:
2519:
30:
This article is about biological consumption of energy from inorganic compounds. For chemical synthesis in molecular nanotechnology, see
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for the production of energy by the oxidation of electron donors, organic or not, associated with auto- or heterotrophy.
2545:
2368:
2209:
1621:
1881:
814:
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589:
351:
coined the term "chemosynthesis" for the energy production by oxidation of inorganic substances, in association with
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2342:
897:
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31:
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17:
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below the thick layers of sediment, and apart from the hydrothermal vents that form along the edges of the
42:
699:"Autotrophy as a predominant mode of carbon fixation in anaerobic methane-oxidizing microbial communities"
499:. Preliminary findings are that these bacteria subsist on the hydrogen produced by chemical reduction of
2844:
1735:
580:(2000): "Terrestrial microbes as candidates for survival on Mars and Europa", in: Seckbach, Joseph (ed.)
507:
that comprises oceanic crust. The bacteria synthesize methane by combining hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
2909:
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2116:
1833:
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organic matter where photosynthesis is impossible. Isolation of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria
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2702:
2594:
2452:
2437:
2432:
2111:
1823:
1425:
1347:
1102:
453:
vents were predicted to exist in the 1970s. The hot springs and strange creatures were discovered by
1606:
938:
Paraska, O. A.; Horban, A. Ye; Matselyukh, B. P.; Shchur, S. A.; Shenderovskyj, V. Š. (2022-07-24).
3080:
3075:
3045:
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2312:
2194:
1445:
1166:
1107:
1013:
986:
467:
proposed chemosynthetic bacteria that oxidize sulfides or elemental sulfur as a mechanism by which
2353:
1984:
830:
Cavenaugh, Colleen M.; et al. (1981). "Prokaryotic Cells in the
Hydrothermal Vent Tube Worms
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2017:
2012:
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1123:
468:
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It has been hypothesized that anaerobic chemosynthesis may support life below the surface of
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in the process. In bacteria capable of chemoautotrophy (a form a chemosynthesis), such as
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Biological process building organic matter using inorganic compounds as the energy source
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The suggestion of
Winogradsky was confirmed nearly 90 years later, when hydrothermal
424:
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323:
157:
153:
144:
Many chemosynthetic microorganisms are consumed by other organisms in the ocean, and
998:
952:
491:
In 2013, researchers reported their discovery of bacteria living in the rock of the
483:
named chemosynthesis as one of the 100 greatest scientific discoveries of all time.
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2131:
1715:
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1435:
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993:
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357:
348:
209:
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54:
is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually
3120:
2944:
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2002:
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298:
91:
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1997:
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492:
184:
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2772:
2742:
2687:
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2412:
1911:
1364:
1334:
1139:
1111:
913:"Life deep within oceanic crust sustained by energy from interior of Earth"
857:
743:
267:
176:
2422:
1969:
1931:
1906:
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1808:
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1490:
1352:
558:
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620:
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2184:
2090:
2007:
1951:
1828:
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1313:
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802:
476:
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337:
217:
205:
165:
107:
103:
83:
582:
Journey to
Diverse Microbial Worlds: Adaptation to Exotic Environments
309:, yellow globules of sulfur are present and visible in the cytoplasm.
3040:
2994:
2722:
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1936:
1891:
1866:
1803:
1793:
1768:
1760:
1705:
1636:
1486:
1293:
1037:
543:
455:
161:
145:
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are oxidized. This may occur with or without the presence of oxygen.
63:
341:
327:) have an organ containing chemosynthetic bacteria instead of a gut.
3095:
3024:
2555:
2383:
2062:
1974:
1921:
1876:
480:
87:
67:
121:) are available, the energy available from the reaction between CO
3085:
2892:
2762:
2757:
2384:
2332:
1992:
1637:
1549:
1534:
500:
180:
138:
75:
59:
603:
696:
504:
432:
302:
294:
37:
829:
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937:
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by seawater circulating in the small veins that permeate the
450:
428:
301:, hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis produces solid globules of
511:
Chemosynthesis as an innovative area for continuing research
190:
459:, the world's first deep-sea submersible, in 1977 at the
367:", less restrictive, would be introduced in the 1940s by
78:
ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in
1231:(amino acidāpyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
381:
Hydrothermal vent Ā§ Biology of hydrothermal vents
1028:
902:
529:helped discover the phenomenon of chemosynthesis.
3172:
987:Chemosynthetic Communities in the Gulf of Mexico
463:. At about the same time, then-graduate student
216:as their energy source) and produce sugars and
654:. Hunter, C. Neil. Dordrecht: Springer. 2009.
62:) and nutrients into organic matter using the
2369:
1622:
1014:
834:Jones: Possible Chemoautotrophic Symbionts".
628:"Chemolithotrophy | Boundless Microbiology"
2590:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
2376:
2362:
1629:
1615:
1021:
1007:
951:
940:"Chemosynthesis: a history of innovation"
756:
733:
723:
2488:Predatorāprey (LotkaāVolterra) equations
2127:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
793:
765:. New York: Springer. pp. 441ā456.
344:on sulfur, iron, and nitrogen bacteria.
316:
36:
2520:Random generalized LotkaāVolterra model
191:Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis process
46:gains energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas.
14:
3173:
2328:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
872:"100 Greatest Discoveries (2004ā2005)"
809:. Vol. 2, Part I. pp. 9ā60.
697:Kellerman, M. Y.; et al. (2012).
297:gas while fixing carbon dioxide as in
2357:
1610:
1002:
374:
129:(leading to production of methane, CH
2343:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1131:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
2793:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
759:"The Chemolithotrophic Prokaryotes"
24:
2546:Ecological effects of biodiversity
864:
757:Kelly, D. P.; Wood, A. P. (2006).
25:
3207:
1882:Generalist and specialist species
980:
224:hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis:
220:. Some reactions produce sulfur:
2605:Occupancyāabundance relationship
796:"Mechanisms of Chemo-Autotrophy"
652:The Purple Phototrophic Bacteria
522:Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii
486:
405:
394:
2625:Relative abundance distribution
2338:Plant defense against herbivory
2205:Competitive exclusion principle
1917:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1152:Substrate-level phosphorylation
953:10.32902/2663-0338-2022-2-50-56
931:
905:
882:
606:. Springer. 2013. p. 179.
197:Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis
32:Chemosynthesis (nanotechnology)
2210:Consumerāresource interactions
823:
787:
750:
690:
644:
594:
571:
110:archaea, and the neutrophilic
66:of inorganic compounds (e.g.,
13:
1:
3056:Biological data visualization
2883:Environmental niche modelling
2610:Population viability analysis
1555:Reverse cholesterol transport
704:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
564:
2541:Density-dependent inhibition
1207:(proteināpeptideāamino acid)
850:10.1126/science.213.4505.340
312:
43:Venenivibrio stagnispumantis
7:
3010:Liebig's law of the minimum
2845:Resource selection function
1736:Metabolic theory of ecology
944:Infusion & Chemotherapy
532:
431:on hydrothermal vents with
423:undergo chemo-synthesis on
10:
3212:
3191:Environmental microbiology
2910:Niche apportionment models
2630:Relative species abundance
1834:Primary nutritional groups
1731:List of feeding behaviours
1592:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
1062:Primary nutritional groups
539:Primary nutritional groups
378:
194:
29:
3159:
3091:Ecosystem based fisheries
3033:
2933:
2858:
2731:
2703:Interspecific competition
2668:
2595:Minimum viable population
2528:
2453:Maximum sustainable yield
2438:Intraspecific competition
2433:Effective population size
2396:
2313:Anti-predator adaptations
2298:
2177:
2104:
2061:
1983:
1950:
1847:
1824:Photosynthetic efficiency
1759:
1653:
1567:
1527:
1499:
1480:
1454:
1426:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
1416:
1409:
1380:
1348:Pentose phosphate pathway
1343:
1326:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1243:
1214:
1190:
1181:
1138:
1122:
1103:Oxidative phosphorylation
1081:
1070:
1044:
632:courses.lumenlearning.com
584:, Springer, pp. 387ā398.
3081:Ecological stoichiometry
3046:Alternative stable state
1446:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
1108:electron transport chain
1095:Pyruvate decarboxylation
794:Schlegel, H. G. (1975).
771:10.1007/0-387-30742-7_15
90:that obtain carbon from
2925:Ontogenetic niche shift
2788:Ideal free distribution
2698:Ecological facilitation
2448:Malthusian growth model
2418:Consumer-resource model
2275:Paradox of the plankton
2240:Energy systems language
1960:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1927:Optimal foraging theory
1902:Heterotrophic nutrition
1540:Sphingolipid metabolism
1441:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
1289:carbohydrate catabolism
1284:Carbohydrate metabolism
1270:Purine nucleotide cycle
725:10.1073/pnas.1208795109
388:Hydrothermal vent fauna
112:iron-oxidizing bacteria
3071:Ecological forecasting
3015:Marginal value theorem
2813:Landscape epidemiology
2748:Cross-boundary subsidy
2683:Biological interaction
2033:Microbial intelligence
1721:Green world hypothesis
1509:Fatty acid degradation
1229:Amino acid degradation
890:"Greatest Discoveries"
682:: CS1 maint: others (
328:
307:purple sulfur bacteria
204:use bacteria in their
47:
3076:Ecological humanities
2975:Ecological energetics
2920:Niche differentiation
2783:Habitat fragmentation
2551:Ecological extinction
2498:Small population size
2250:Feed conversion ratio
2230:Ecological succession
2162:San Francisco Estuary
2076:Ecological efficiency
2018:Microbial cooperation
1545:Eicosanoid metabolism
1501:Fatty acid metabolism
1265:Pyrimidine metabolism
1124:Anaerobic respiration
320:
293:Instead of releasing
40:
3181:Biological processes
3101:Evolutionary ecology
3066:Ecological footprint
3061:Ecological economics
2985:Ecological threshold
2980:Ecological indicator
2850:Sourceāsink dynamics
2803:Land change modeling
2798:Insular biogeography
2650:Species distribution
2389:Modelling ecosystems
2048:Microbial metabolism
1887:Intraguild predation
1676:Biogeochemical cycle
1642:Modelling ecosystems
1519:Fatty acid synthesis
1224:Amino acid synthesis
150:secondary production
3151:Theoretical ecology
3126:Natural environment
2990:Ecosystem diversity
2960:Ecological collapse
2950:Bateman's principle
2905:Limiting similarity
2818:Landscape limnology
2640:Species homogeneity
2478:Population modeling
2473:Population dynamics
2290:Trophic state index
1083:Aerobic respiration
716:2012PNAS..10919321K
710:(47): 19321ā19326.
578:Julian Chela-Flores
170:isolated cave water
96:Gammaproteobacteria
3162:Outline of ecology
3111:Industrial ecology
3106:Functional ecology
2970:Ecological deficit
2915:Niche construction
2878:Ecosystem engineer
2655:Speciesāarea curve
2576:Introduced species
2391:: Other components
2323:Deimatic behaviour
2225:Ecological network
2157:North Pacific Gyre
2142:hydrothermal vents
2081:Ecological pyramid
2028:Microbial food web
1839:Primary production
1784:Foundation species
1587:Ethanol metabolism
1535:Steroid metabolism
1260:Nucleotide salvage
1192:Protein metabolism
992:2010-05-28 at the
900:on March 19, 2013.
527:Sergey Winogradsky
375:Hydrothermal vents
333:Sergei Winogradsky
329:
321:Giant tube worms (
210:fix carbon dioxide
158:methane clathrates
154:hydrothermal vents
48:
3168:
3167:
3051:Balance of nature
2808:Landscape ecology
2693:Community ecology
2635:Species diversity
2571:Indicator species
2566:Gradient analysis
2443:Logistic function
2351:
2350:
2308:Animal coloration
2285:Trophic mutualism
2023:Microbial ecology
1814:Photoheterotrophs
1799:Myco-heterotrophy
1711:Ecosystem ecology
1696:Carrying capacity
1661:Abiotic component
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1562:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1459:Xylose metabolism
1405:
1404:
1278:
1277:
1255:Purine metabolism
1200:Protein synthesis
1177:
1176:
1099:Citric acid cycle
1057:Metabolic network
1052:Metabolic pathway
844:(4505): 340ā342.
780:978-0-387-25492-0
661:978-1-4020-8814-8
613:978-81-322-0876-1
479:series hosted by
465:Colleen Cavanaugh
425:East Pacific Rise
417:hydrothermal vent
324:Riftia pachyptila
50:In biochemistry,
16:(Redirected from
3203:
2868:Ecological niche
2840:selection theory
2660:Umbrella species
2645:Species richness
2581:Invasive species
2561:Flagship species
2468:Population cycle
2463:Overexploitation
2428:Ecological yield
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2260:Mesotrophic soil
2200:Climax community
2132:Marine food webs
2071:Biomagnification
1872:Chemoorganotroph
1726:Keystone species
1686:Biotic component
1631:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1575:Metal metabolism
1497:
1496:
1482:Lipid metabolism
1414:
1413:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1212:
1211:
1188:
1187:
1114:
1079:
1078:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1000:
999:
974:
973:
955:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
909:
903:
901:
896:. Archived from
886:
880:
879:
868:
862:
861:
827:
821:
820:
800:
791:
785:
784:
754:
748:
747:
737:
727:
694:
688:
687:
681:
673:
648:
642:
641:
639:
638:
624:
618:
617:
598:
592:
575:
409:
398:
287:
281:
248:
238:
214:hydrogen sulfide
202:Giant tube worms
135:hydrogen sulfide
100:Campylobacterota
72:hydrogen sulfide
21:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3155:
3141:Systems ecology
3029:
3000:Extinction debt
2965:Ecological debt
2955:Bioluminescence
2936:
2929:
2898:marine habitats
2873:Ecological trap
2854:
2734:
2727:
2670:
2664:
2620:Rapoport's rule
2615:Priority effect
2556:Endemic species
2524:
2483:Population size
2399:
2392:
2382:
2352:
2347:
2300:
2294:
2280:Trophic cascade
2190:Bioaccumulation
2173:
2100:
2057:
1979:
1946:
1843:
1755:
1716:Ecosystem model
1649:
1635:
1605:
1596:
1580:Iron metabolism
1559:
1523:
1484:
1468:
1450:
1436:Carbon fixation
1401:
1376:
1339:
1322:
1318:Gluconeogenesis
1291:
1286:
1274:
1246:
1239:
1210:
1183:
1173:
1134:
1118:
1106:
1073:
1066:
1040:
1027:
994:Wayback Machine
983:
978:
977:
936:
932:
922:
920:
919:. 14 March 2013
911:
910:
906:
888:
887:
883:
870:
869:
865:
828:
824:
817:
798:
792:
788:
781:
763:The Prokaryotes
755:
751:
695:
691:
675:
674:
662:
650:
649:
645:
636:
634:
626:
625:
621:
614:
600:
599:
595:
576:
572:
567:
535:
513:
497:tectonic plates
489:
447:
446:
445:
444:
421:micro organisms
412:
411:
410:
401:
400:
399:
390:
389:
383:
377:
358:chemoautotrophy
349:Wilhelm Pfeffer
315:
283:
277:
276:
265:
261:
255:
251:
244:
242:
234:
233:
199:
193:
132:
128:
124:
120:
84:Chemoautotrophs
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Microecosystem
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:Thorson's rule
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Assembly rules
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2830:
2828:Patch dynamics
2825:
2823:Metapopulation
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:Storage effect
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Neutral theory
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Native species
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Overpopulation
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Nutrient cycle
2262:
2257:
2255:Feeding frenzy
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Energy quality
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Cascade effect
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Microbial loop
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Lithoautotroph
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1985:Microorganisms
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1942:Prey switching
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Photosynthesis
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:Chemosynthesis
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Abiotic stress
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1513:Beta oxidation
1505:
1503:
1494:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:Chemosynthesis
1428:
1423:
1421:Photosynthesis
1417:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:Leloir pathway
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:Polyol pathway
1350:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1331:Glycogenolysis
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
982:
981:External links
979:
976:
975:
930:
904:
881:
863:
822:
815:
807:Marine Ecology
786:
779:
749:
689:
660:
643:
619:
612:
593:
569:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
556:
554:Photosynthesis
551:
546:
541:
534:
531:
512:
509:
488:
485:
461:Galapagos Rift
437:squat lobsters
427:, and complex
414:
413:
404:
403:
402:
393:
392:
391:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:Main article:
376:
373:
314:
311:
299:photosynthesis
291:
290:
289:
288:
274:
263:
259:
253:
249:
240:
231:
195:Main article:
192:
189:
130:
126:
122:
118:
92:carbon dioxide
80:photosynthesis
56:carbon dioxide
52:chemosynthesis
26:
18:Chemosynthetic
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3192:
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3187:
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3182:
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3163:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Urban ecology
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
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3099:
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3059:
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3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Kleiber's law
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
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2876:
2874:
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2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
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2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
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2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Foster's rule
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
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2724:
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2701:
2699:
2696:
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2679:
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2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2096:Trophic level
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2053:Phage ecology
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Microbial mat
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Bacteriophage
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Decomposition
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Mesopredators
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Apex predator
1855:
1854:
1852:
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1840:
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1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Biotic stress
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
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1593:
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1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1495:
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1483:
1479:
1465:
1464:Radiotrophism
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
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1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:Glycosylation
1383:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
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988:
985:
984:
971:
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963:
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949:
945:
941:
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891:
885:
877:
873:
867:
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851:
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843:
839:
838:
833:
826:
818:
816:0-471-48004-5
812:
808:
804:
797:
790:
782:
776:
772:
768:
764:
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753:
745:
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633:
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604:
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591:
590:0-7923-6020-6
587:
583:
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550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
530:
528:
523:
517:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:oceanic crust
487:Oceanic crust
484:
482:
478:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
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397:
382:
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77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3131:Regime shift
3116:Macroecology
2837:
2833:
2773:Edge effects
2743:Biogeography
2688:Commensalism
2536:Biodiversity
2413:Allee effect
2152:kelp forests
2105:Example webs
1970:Detritivores
1809:Organotrophs
1789:Kinetotrophs
1773:
1741:Productivity
1430:
1365:Galactolysis
1335:Glycogenesis
1140:Fermentation
1112:ATP synthase
946:(2): 50ā56.
943:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:ScienceDaily
916:
907:
898:the original
893:
884:
875:
866:
841:
835:
831:
825:
806:
789:
762:
752:
707:
702:
692:
651:
646:
635:. Retrieved
631:
622:
602:
596:
581:
573:
521:
518:
514:
490:
474:
454:
448:
441:vent mussels
362:
346:
330:
322:
292:
284:
278:
271:
268:carbohydrate
256:
245:
235:
228:
200:
174:
143:
116:
108:methanogenic
51:
49:
41:
2768:Disturbance
2671:interaction
2493:Recruitment
2423:Depensation
2215:Copiotrophs
2086:Energy flow
2008:Lithotrophy
1952:Decomposers
1932:Planktivore
1907:Insectivore
1897:Heterotroph
1862:Bacterivore
1829:Phototrophs
1779:Chemotrophs
1751:Restoration
1701:Competition
1491:lipogenesis
1353:Fructolysis
1167:Lactic acid
559:Movile Cave
549:Heterotroph
369:AndrƩ Lwoff
365:chemotrophy
353:autotrophic
218:amino acids
166:whale falls
3196:Ecosystems
3186:Metabolism
3175:Categories
3136:Sexecology
2713:Parasitism
2678:Antibiosis
2513:Resistance
2508:Resilience
2398:Population
2318:Camouflage
2270:Oligotroph
2185:Ascendency
2147:intertidal
2137:cold seeps
2091:Food chain
1892:Herbivores
1867:Carnivores
1794:Mixotrophs
1769:Autotrophs
1648:components
1314:Glycolysis
1247:metabolism
1245:Nucleotide
1235:Urea cycle
1216:Amino acid
1205:Catabolism
1148:Glycolysis
1091:Glycolysis
1074:metabolism
1034:catabolism
1030:Metabolism
637:2020-04-11
565:References
477:television
469:tube worms
363:The term "
338:Strasbourg
206:trophosome
162:cold seeps
104:Aquificota
3041:Allometry
2995:Emergence
2723:Symbiosis
2708:Mutualism
2503:Stability
2408:Abundance
2220:Dominance
2178:Processes
2167:tide pool
2063:Food webs
1937:Predation
1922:Omnivores
1849:Consumers
1804:Mycotroph
1761:Producers
1706:Ecosystem
1671:Behaviour
1487:lipolysis
1294:anabolism
1038:anabolism
970:251045231
962:2709-0957
923:March 16,
803:Kinne, O.
678:cite book
670:304494953
544:Autotroph
347:In 1897,
331:In 1890,
313:Discovery
181:Jupiter's
146:symbiotic
88:organisms
64:oxidation
3096:Endolith
3025:Xerosere
2937:networks
2753:Ecocline
2299:Defense,
1975:Detritus
1877:Foraging
1746:Resource
1410:Nonhuman
1395:O-linked
1390:N-linked
1182:Specific
990:Archived
858:17819907
744:23129626
533:See also
481:Bill Nye
68:hydrogen
3086:Ecopath
2893:Habitat
2763:Ecotype
2758:Ecotone
2735:ecology
2733:Spatial
2669:Species
2529:Species
2400:ecology
2385:Ecology
2333:Mimicry
2301:counter
2245:f-ratio
1993:Archaea
1681:Biomass
1654:General
1646:Trophic
1638:Ecology
1550:Ketosis
1162:Ethanol
1045:General
894:Science
837:Science
805:(ed.).
735:3511159
712:Bibcode
501:olivine
475:A 2004
212:(using
139:ammonia
76:ferrous
60:methane
2117:Rivers
2013:Marine
1072:Energy
968:
960:
856:
832:Riftia
813:
777:
742:
732:
668:
658:
610:
588:
505:basalt
433:shrimp
419:where
342:ZĆ¼rich
303:sulfur
295:oxygen
270:) + 12
185:Europa
168:, and
106:, the
102:, the
98:, the
3034:Other
2935:Other
2888:Guild
2860:Niche
2112:Lakes
1568:Other
1528:Other
1303:Human
1184:paths
966:S2CID
801:. In
799:(PDF)
456:Alvin
451:ocean
429:fauna
239:+ 6CO
183:moon
125:and H
74:) or
70:gas,
2122:Soil
1292:and
958:ISSN
925:2013
876:IMDb
854:PMID
811:ISBN
775:ISBN
740:PMID
684:link
666:OCLC
656:ISBN
608:ISBN
586:ISBN
340:and
282:+ 18
177:Mars
1316:ā
1157:ABE
948:doi
846:doi
842:213
767:doi
730:PMC
720:doi
708:109
252:ā C
243:+ 3
208:to
152:at
137:or
58:or
3177::
2583:/
2387::
1644::
1640::
1489:,
1333:ā
1150:ā
1110:+
1101:ā
1097:ā
1093:ā
1036:,
1032:,
964:.
956:.
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874:.
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676:{{
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164:,
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285:S
279:O
275:2
272:H
266:(
264:6
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254:6
250:2
246:O
241:2
236:S
232:2
229:H
131:4
127:2
123:2
119:2
34:.
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