Mastodon - Knowledge

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been repeatedly challenged by other authors. Based on anatomical reevaluations, they determined that the bone fragments were embedded in the Manis mastodon rib while it was alive, as evident by the visible healing around the wounded area. Waters and his colleagues stated that the bone pieces were from an external source, explainable by human-made projectile points. They rejected alternate explanations for why bone fragments ended up in the Manis mastodon rib. Based on this, they envisioned that the mastodon individual was wounded by pre-Clovis hunters and got away, giving it time to heal. Afterwards, it died either by natural causes and was scavenged by humans, or it was killed by them on another attack then butchered. This site proves the existence of pre-Clovis hunting technology that the earliest people brought with them when dispersing to North America and made localized adaptations of.

5938:. The Overmyer Mastodon individual, recovered from northern Indiana with 41-48% complete remains recovered, exhibits no evidence of weathering or gnawing by other animals. The individual dates from 11,795 to 11,345 years Before Present for a median of 11,576 calibrated years BP, therefore having a secure calibrated radiocarbon date dating to the early Holocene unlike most other extinct North American genera of the terminal Pleistocene. Neal Woodman and Nancy Beavan Athfield stressed that although the early Holocene survival of the species does not eliminate the possibilities that Clovis hunters and/or Younger Dryas impacted their populations in the long term, its survival meant that the genus was not immediately brought to extinction by either factor. 5874:

attributed to human hunting, climate change, or some combination of the two (there are alternate but lesser-supported hypotheses). Many researchers have struggled to explained the North American extinctions, with both human hunting and climate change explanations alone being challenged. In recent years, research has shifted towards studying the extinctions of North American faunas by individual taxon and/or region rather as a homogenous group. The results vary in regions such as the northeast, with some authors suggesting that there was minimal evidence for Clovis hunting being the major factor behind proboscidean population drops and some others arguing that environmental shifts prior to human arrival were not detrimental enough to the proboscideans.

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consisted of adult females and young, living in bonded groups called mixed herds. The males abandoned the mixed herds once reaching sexual maturity and lived either alone or in male bond groupings. As in modern elephants, there probably was no seasonal synchrony of mating activity, with both males and females seeking out each other for mating when sexually active. Mastodons and other Pleistocene proboscideans may have used landscapes seasonally then migrated to suitable areas to mate or give birth. It is estimated that it may have taken 9 to 12 years for American mastodon females to become mature enough for reproduction, and they may have slowly reproduced single calves at a time.

5611: 5986: 4966: 3779: 2346: 5853:(MIS 4). The local extirpation, occurring long before human arrival, caused the mastodon range to be limited to areas south of North American ice sheets. The steppe-tundra faunas thrived there during the event whereas boreal forest-adapted faunas underwent declines. The trend of recolonization and extirpation appears to have had been a recurring trend in the Pleistocene correlated with repeated returns of forests and wetlands, but what is unclear is why faunas that were able to repeatedly recolonize northern North America during previous interglacial periods were unable to do so again after the 1521: 5947: 3938: 3071: 4270: 3622: 5134: 3460: 1874: 3600: 5803: 4083: 3331: 1565: 4496: 4674: 6135: 5169: 3100: 3770: 13017: 2665: 172: 1966: 1324: 3566: 3504: 2866: 3535: 3260: 13004: 1413: 4920: 4952:

from male-male musth fighting. The Buesching mastodon likely considered central Indiana his main home but went on seasonal migrations in his lifetime. He could have traveled hundreds of kilometers in the process and engaged with mates outside of the herd he was born from. Around his last moments, he probably wandered around in vagabondlike behaviors and spent little time in the area where his skeleton was found. His inferred behavior is quite similar to extant elephants.

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hunters while mastodons have much fewer in comparison. Todd A. Surovell and Nicole M. Waguespack in 2008 hypothesized that Clovis hunters in North America hunted proboscideans more often than those in any other continent. They addressed that preservation biases of larger mammals in archeological sites may have caused higher representations of proboscidean kill sites but suggested that regardless, Clovis hunters were likely specialized in hunting large game.

3482: 3129: 3360: 5676:, Michigan. Whether various other sites can be confirmed as proboscidean butchery sites appear subjective, largely depending on the views of different authors. It is uncertain if Clovis people had hunting strategies of proboscideans similar to tribal Africans, but the Clovis points likely indicate usage as spears for thrusting or throwing at proboscideans (there are disagreements to whether they indicate multiple other usages, however). 13011: 3414: 3238: 3382: 5687:, Michigan, which recovered about 50% of the skeleton, was proof of meat caching in a pond by Paleoindians in the late Pleistocene. This hypothesis opposes the notion that proboscideans ended up unable to disentangle themselves in marsh wetlands, which he said there is no evidence of. His hypothesis was based on his experiment with partial carcasses of a horse that was preserved in a shallow lake then extracted as well as a 4731: 3156: 4097: 1762: 147: 4870:) that surrounded lakes. They may have additionally ingested other aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates while consuming more than 100 L (22 imp gal; 26 US gal) of water from lakes a day. The temporal shifts in molar and limb bone sizes in mastodon populations from Missouri and Florida as well as apparent differences in body size between western and eastern populations suggest that 4595: 4566:) were not thought to be hairy, it is unclear why mastodons would need thick coats in comparison. The former was typically depicted as hairless and the latter as hairy in paleoart, but the mastodon's preferences for closed or mixed habitats puts the speculations into question. They felt the need to portray the latter as hairy so that the average person could differentiate between the two species. 1301:, or some combination of the two. The American mastodon had its last recorded occurrence in the earliest Holocene around 11,000 years ago, which is considerably later than other North American megafauna species. Today, the American mastodon is one of the most well-known fossil species in both academic research and public perception, the result of its inclusion in American popular culture. 4578:) evolved to have thick coats of hair and a very short tail in response to cold climates. The idea that the American mastodon had hair is possible because of the seasonal climates, but there are few preserved soft tissues to support this idea, referencing the hairs found in Wisconsin. The supposed evidence of hair reported in the 19th century were actually just 4844:, which may have preferred living in closed forests and consuming conifers to avoid active competition with the bunodont gomphotheres and lophodont deinotheres in the Miocene of Europe. Most accounts of gut contents have identified coniferous twigs as the dominant element in their diet. In addition to twigs and leaves, as indicated by the "Heisler mastodon" of 1557:, countering it by using extant and extinct animal measurements, including those of "mammoths," as proof that North America faunas were not "degenerative" in size. Semonin pointed out that social degeneracy was an offensive concept to Anglo-American naturalists and that the American proboscidean fossils were used as political tools to inspire 5500:, although the latter failed to survive past the early Irvingtonian. The Middle Pleistocene sites are scarce in North America compared to the Late Pleistocene sites, but from the Irvingtonian to the Rancholabrean, repeated glacial events occurred that led to repeated formations of major ice sheets in northern North America. The 4253:

older individuals have larger tusk circumferences than younger ones. Adult individuals of comparable ages have similar tusk sizes, but older individuals do not necessarily have larger tusk sizes. Tusk sizes may have depended on external factors like nutritional stress, geographic location, and reproductive status. The tusks of

1894:." He reinforced the idea that the extinct "mastodon" was an animal close in relationship to elephants that differed by jaws with large tubercles. He suggested that "mammoth" and "carnivorous elephant" be discontinued as names for the species and that it receive a new genus name instead. Cuvier said that for " 10207:

Karpinski, Emil; Hackenberger, Dirk; Zazula, Grant; Widga, Chris; Duggan, Ana T.; Golding, G. Brian; Kuch, Melanie; Klunk, Jennifer; Jass, Christopher N.; Groves, Pam; Druckenmiller, Patrick; Schubert, Blaine W.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Simpson, William F.; Hoganson, John W.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Ho,

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cold phase from 12,900 to 11,700 years ago. The extinctions of mammalian megafauna in North America are particularly high akin to those of South America and Australia rather than Eurasia and Africa. As a result, the extinctions that occurred in the latest Pleistocene of North America have been mainly

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late in his life with other males during the spring or early summer, and he had tusk fractures and may have been severely wounded from a 4 cm (1.6 in) to 5 cm (2.0 in) puncture to the right-sided temporal fossa. Multiple other males are recorded to have had severe wounds resulting

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suggests thus that it was grazing-specialized. A more well-known example of niche partitioning occurred between mastodons and mammoths within the later Pleistocene (Irvingtonian-Rancholabrean). Mammoths had a broader range of diets that allow them to occupy mixed feeding to specialized grazing habits

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to bilophodont molars). The zygodont morphologies of the molars of mammutids were conservative, meaning that they hardly changed in the evolutionary history of the family. Mammutids also exhibited evidences of horizontal tooth displacement where milk teeth were gradually replaced by permanent molars,

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took the skeleton to Europe used to promote the fossil proboscidean and have it used as support for Jefferson's final rebuttals against Buffon's arguments for supposed inferiority of American faunas. Author Keith Stewart Thomson argued that the promotion of the "mastodon" skeleton made it a symbol of

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In 1785, Reverend Robert Annan wrote an account recalling an event in which workers discovered bones in his farm near the Hudson River in New York in fall of 1780. The workers found four molars in addition to another that was broken and thrown away. They also uncovered bones, including vertebrae that

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introduced a bipartisan bill to make the mastodon the US national fossil is what is called the "National Fossil Act." Section 1 aims to define the bill's name, Section 2 would investigate the roles of the mastodon in American public life, and Section 3 would designate it as the national fossil under

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state supported evidence of a mastodon hunt ~13,900 cal. years BP, some 900 years before Clovis culture. Their study was a continuation of a 2011 anatomical study that proposed that osseous (bone) pieces found in a right rib of a mastodon represented fragmented tips of a projectile point, but it had

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The overall paleontological record of the Neogene of North America is relatively incomplete compared to other areas of the world. This is the result of a greater fossil record bias of western North America compared to eastern North America, meaning that the western half is better understood in terms

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may have only had subtle and complex differences within the two genera. The bones within both the front feet and back feet have their own subtle and complex differences by genus, but both have smaller and more narrow hind feet than fore feet so that the latter bears more weight of the proboscideans.

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in the 19th century before eventually being reclassified into distinct genera. In addition to still-valid species names, several synonymous or dubious species names ultimately belonging to different genera were erected within the Americas as well throughout the 19th century. Also, many species names

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Kjær, Kurt H.; Winther Pedersen, Mikkel; De Sanctis, Bianca; De Cahsan, Binia; Korneliussen, Thorfinn S.; Michelsen, Christian S.; Sand, Karina K.; Jelavić, Stanislav; Ruter, Anthony H.; Schmidt, Astrid M. A.; Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Tesakov, Alexey S.; Snowball, Ian; Gosse, John C.; Alsos, Inger G.

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by the nearly straight but downward-facing upper tusk, whereas males of the latter two species have large and upward-facing upper tusks while females had upward or straight but frontward-directed upper tusks. The reduction to loss of the lower tusks plus reduction of the mandibular symphysis of the

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also described known fossil proboscidean species back in 1796, although his account was later published in 1799. He considered that the remains uncovered from Siberia were true "mammoths" that had similar dentitions to extant elephants but had some morphological differences. He mentioned the fossil

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are thought to have been have been 275 cm (9.02 ft) to 305 cm (10.01 ft) at shoulder height and from 6.8 t (6.7 long tons; 7.5 short tons) to 9.2 t (9.1 long tons; 10.1 short tons) in body mass on average. The size estimates suggest that American mastodon males were on

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in 1976, was estimated by Neal Woodman and Jon W. Branstrator in 2008. They estimated based on the length of the humerus (829 mm (32.6 in)) that the shoulder height of the individual was 230.2 cm (90.6 in), which they said was close to the average shoulder height of the species

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also has degrees of sexual dimorphism indicated by the sizes of the upper tusks. Adult males have tusks 1.15–1.25 times as large as those of adult females, also reflecting general body size differences between the two sexes. The sizes of the tusk also depend on the ages of the individuals, as

1512:"), was an animal species separate from elephants that might have also been the same as the proboscideans found in Siberia. He concluded his article with the opinion that although regrettable to philosophers, humanity should be thankful to heaven that the animal, if truly carnivorous, was extinct. 5648:

phase, there is evidence that Clovis hunters targeted contemporary proboscideans based on archeological "kill sites." Clovis projectile points and other artifacts have been found in association with both mammoths and mastodons. The former has more frequent evidence of having been hunted by Clovis

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is debated. Some authors had argued that the olfactory bulbs are visible in the brain's back area while some other authors did not portray them as being visible. The researchers confirmed based on one specimen that the olfactory bulbs are only partially visible in the brain's back area. They also

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is a large-sized replica of a mastodon based on a skeleton recovered from Nova Scotia. It was sculpted as a clay model, has a weight of ~1,400 kg (3,100 lb), is 3.5 m (11 ft) in shoulder height, and measures 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The sculpture took about 8 weeks to be

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retrieving caribou carcasses from lakes that they probably placed as storage in the cases of excess meat or future limited hunting successes. Fisher said that if his theory is true, then Paleoindian interactions with megafauna (hunting and scavenging) are far more complex than initially thought.

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by the early Miocene, and the latter dispersed into Eurasia by around 19-18 million years ago, and into North America by the middle Miocene. The dispersal of mammutids between Africa and Eurasia may have occurred multiple times. The Mammutidae eventually went extinct in Africa prior to the late

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having thick coats of fur was also subjected to study by Asier Larramendi in 2015. He acknowledged that hair is important for thermoregulation in extant elephants but that there is a negative correlation between body size and hair density in mammals. Some mammals have broken this trend before,

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Bell, Christopher J.; Lundelius Jr., Ernest L.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Graham, Russell W.; Lindsay, Everett H.; Ruez, Dennis R.; Semken, Holmes A.; Webb, S. David; Zakrzewski, Richard J. (2004). "Chapter 7: The Blancan, Irvingtonian, and Rancholabrean Mammal Ages". In Woodburne, Michael (ed.).

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Wang, Shi-Qi; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Yang, Xiang-Wen (2015). "Occurrence of the Gomphotherium angustidens group in China, based on a revision of Gomphotherium connexum (Hopwood, 1935) and Gomphotherium shensiensis Chang and Zhai, 1978: continental correlation of Gomphotherium species across the

6045:. Peters justified that the mastodon represents a unique aspect of Michigan's history and American history, stating that he hoped that its establishment as the national fossil would preserve the histories and encourage new generations of scientists and other researchers to pursue their goals. 4930:

American mastodons may have lived in herds, and it is possible that they were smaller than mammoth herds on average. Based on the characteristics of mastodon bone sites and strontium and oxygen isotopes from tusks, it can be inferred that, as in modern proboscideans, the mastodon social group

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was much smaller, but it was still large in its own right compared to extant elephants. The American mastodon did not grow taller than living elephants but it was much more robust in body build than them, in part due to its very broad pelvis. The Warren mastodon produces a body mass of nearby

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The family Mammutidae is defined by zygolophodont molars with compressed and sharp transverse ridges plus lack of accessory conules (smaller cusps). The intermediate molars, or the first two molars, are consistently trilophodont, or three-cusped. The dental morphologies of the clade Mammutida

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suggested to have depicted prehistoric proboscideans in North America like mastodons are known within the United States, but they are either fraudulent or depict entities other than mastodons. As a result, suggested rock art of mammoths and mastodons within North America are not sufficiently

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and comparable to a large female or small male. Similar to extant elephants, male American mastodon individuals tended to be larger than female individuals and tend to have larger and more strongly curved tusks, although the degree to which the body size is a factor in molar size is unclear.

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Waters, Michael R.; Stafford Jr., Thomas W.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Gustafson, Carl; Rasmussen, Morten; Cappelini, Enrico; Olsen, Jesper V.; Szklarczyk, Damian; Jensen, Lars Juhl; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Willerslev, Eske (2011). "Pre-Clovis Mastodon Hunting 13,800 Years Ago at the Manis Site,

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arguing that the site was non-credible, and various other archeologists arguing that the claim is insufficiently supported. Haynes pointed out that the article's claim was "extraordinary" and must therefore be met with rigorous skepticism. He wrote that there were no traces of archeological

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grasslands spread throughout the North American continent and replaced woodland habitats. In eastern North America were relict woodlands in an increasingly drier climate followed by a large faunal turnover. There was a long-term decline of genus-level faunal diversity, with many large-sized

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Late Pleistocene proboscideans of the Americas such as the American mastodon could have been recognized in Native American oral histories, but they are unlikely to have referenced any specific species. Typically, they may have been depicted in Native American oral history as aggressive and

1941:, giving it the informal name "great mastodon" and writing that that it is designated to the Ohio proboscidean with abundant fossil evidence, equal size but greater proportions to modern elephants, and diamond-shaped points of the molars. The naturalist also created the second species name 1827:

based on fossil bones dug up from Ohio in North America. He said that the species was distinguished from other animals of the prehistoric world based on the unusual shapes of the large molars. The genus name "Mammut" refers to the German translation for "mammoth." The naming of the genus

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Holen, Steven R.; Deméré, Thomas A.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Fullagar, Richard; Paces, James B.; Jefferson, George T.; Beeton, Jared M.; Cerutti, Richard A.; Rountrey, Adam N.; Vescera, Lawrence; Holen, Kathleen A. (2017). "A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA".

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individuals are suggested to have had shoulder heights ranging from 275 cm (108 in) to 305 cm (120 in) and body masses ranging from 6.8 t (6.7 long tons; 7.5 short tons) to 9.2 t (9.1 long tons; 10.1 short tons) in body mass, with an average fully grown

5963:. In 1987, Carl E. Gustafson recovered fossil evidence of a late Pleistocene mastodon far away from where the species would typically roam, the radiocarbon dating confirming a date of about 13,800 years ago. The local tribal members identified the remains as being of game pieces for 5930:

did not exhibit any significant population bust until after Clovis culture and during the Younger Dryas at ~12,650 years ago. They concluded that the declines of megafauna are of mixed causes and that the extinction processes and causes therefore vary by individual taxon and region.

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observed that the teeth were not like those of modern elephants. He determined that the "grinders" from Ohio were of a carnivorous animal but believed that the tusks belonged to the same animal. After examining fossils from Franklin and Lord Shelburne, Hunter was convinced that the

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individuals could have been up to 80% heavier than an elephant with the same shoulder height. Larger than average individuals may have possibly had a shoulder height of 325 cm (128 in) and weighed up to 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons). 90% of fully grown male

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remains that were brought back by Longueil from Ohio back in 1739 and several researchers from previous decades who noted the unusual molars and thought that they belonged to different animals like hippopotamuses. He followed recognition in the previously established species "

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Hodgson, Jennifer A.; Allmon, Warren D.; Nester, Peter L.; Sherpa, James M.; Chiment, John J. (2008). "Comparative osteology of late Pleistocene mammoth and mastodon remains from the Watkins Glen site, Chemung County, New York". In Allmon, Warren D.; Nester, Peter L. (eds.).

5967:, a gambling game for dispute settlements and entertainment. The bone sticks, carved from mastodon bones, are not easily interpretable archeologically, but tribal members saw the recovery of the items as evidence of the endurance of ancient cultural practices like slahal. 7516:

Hautier, Lionel; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Tassy, Pascal; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (2009). "New material of Anancus kenyensis (proboscidea, mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): Contribution to the systematics of African anancines".

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Fisher, Daniel C. (2021). "Chapter 16: Underwater carcass storage and processing of marrow, brains, and dental pulp: Evidence for the role of proboscideans in human subsistence". In Konidaris, George Dimitri; Barkai, Ran; Tourloukis, Vangelis; Harvati, Katerina (eds.).

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The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus. containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young Class I

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was one of the many genera recorded within North America whose extinction causes are currently unresolved. During the latest Pleistocene of North America, two major events occurred: the development of Clovis culture from 13,200 to 12,800 years ago and the onset of the

4785:, which are large-sized similar to extant elephants and predominantly consist of consumed woody contents but no grass. Of the Pleistocene New World proboscideans, the American mastodon appears to have been the most consistent in browsing rather than grazing, consuming 10413:

McDonald, H. Gregory; Carranza-Castañeda, Oscar (2017). "Increased xenarthran diversity of the Great American Biotic Interchange: a new genus and species of ground sloth (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Megalonychidae) from the Hemphillian (late Miocene) of Jalisco, Mexico".

1933:, reaffirming that it is extinct and has left no living descendants. He established that it had an overall body form similar to elephants but had molars more similar to hippopotamuses and pigs that did not serve to grind meat. The first species he erected within 7580:

Konidaris, George; Koufos, George D.; Kostopoulos, Dimitris S.; Merceron, Gildas (2016). "Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in the Miocene of SE Europe-SW Asia: Implications for phylogeny and biogeography".

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fossil evidence of the mysterious proboscideans, using them for his studies. He concluded that the peculiar grinders (the molars) were built for herbivorous diets of branches of trees and shrubs as well as other vegetation, a view later followed by Franklin.

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In 1806, Cuvier wrote multiple extended research articles on fossil proboscideans of Eurasia and the Americas. He stated that the bones that Buffon previously described from North America were not of elephants but another animal that he referred to as the

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Webb, S. David; Hulbert Jr., Richard C.; Morgan, Gary S.; Evans, Helen F. (2008). "Terrestrial mammals of the Palmetto Fauna (early Pliocene, latest Hemphillian) from the Central Florida Phosphate District". In Wang, Xiaoming; Barnes, Lawrence G. (eds.).

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Morgan, Gary S.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2011). "Stegomastodon (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Blancan and Irvingtonian (Pliocene and early Pleistocene) of New Mexico". In Sullivan, Robert M.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Spielmann, Justin A. (eds.).

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the strength of American nationalism and that "mammoth" as a term became associated with gigantism. Decades later, the museum bankrupted, and the first skeleton's specimens were sold to some German spectators in around 1848, who eventually sold it to

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Zazula, Grant D.; MacPhee, Ross; Metcalfe, Jessica; Reyes, Alberto V.; Brock, Fiona; Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Groves, Pamela; Harington, C. Richard; Hodgins, Gregory; Kunz, Michael L.; Longstaffe, Fred John; Mann, Dan; McDonald, H. Gregory (2014).

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Wang, Shi-Qi; Saegusa, Haruo; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-Qin (2017). "A new species of Tetralophodon from the Linxia Basin and the biostratigraphic significance of tetralophodont gomphotheres from the Upper Miocene of northern China".

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in 1792 based on fossil tusks and "grinders" from the Big Bone Lick locality. He stated that the tusks were similar to elephants while the molars were completely different because they were covered with enamel and had a double row of high conical

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broke shortly thereafter. Annan expressed his confusion at what the animal could be but speculated based on its "grinders" that it was carnivorous in diet. He speculated also that it was probably extinct due to some catastrophe within the globe.

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is stable and therefore unlikely to change. In 2018, Jack M. Broughton and Elic M. Weitzel calculated populated dynamics of some of the North American late Pleistocene megafauna based on summed probability distributions (SPDs) using calibrated

6017:, arranged petition drives that collected thousands of signatures, and attended state hearings. Bradley's students participated in the "Mastodon for Michigan" campaign, which built a life-sized replica out of paper and raised $ 1,000 for the 5786:) in the Cerutti site. Additionally, he brought up the possibilities of the fossil bones being affected by sediment pressures or damage done by earth-moving construction equipments despite the original authors denying the latter possibility. 4181:, correlating potentially with the need to reduce heat loss due to the decrease of global temperature and humidity during the late Miocene and Pliocene. Despite the reductions of the lower tusks, they were still present in Neogene species of 4657:

male estimated at 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) in shoulder height and 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons) in body mass. These estimates place males as larger on average in weight and shoulder height than those of both the living

1549:(published by 1785) that the fossil proboscideans may have been carnivorous, still exist in the northern parts of North America, and are related to mammoths whose remains were found in Siberia. Jefferson referenced the theory of American 1227:

for proboscidean species with superficially similar molar teeth morphologies but today includes 7 definite species, 1 of questionable affinities, and 4 other species from Eurasia that are pending reassessments to other genera.

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period when human populations were present. The Buesching mastodon's tusks grew for about 30 years, and he lived for 34 years total, an approximate lifespan comparable to other males. He may have had engaged in aggressive behavior from

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in 1804, and its exhibit was open first to invited members of the American Philosophical Society on December 24 then to the general public on December 25 for an exhibit admission fee in addition to the general admission fee.

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Lambert, W. David (2023). "Implications of discoveries of the shovel-tusked gomphothere Konobelodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) in Eurasia for the status of Amebelodon with a new genus of shovel-tusked gomphothere, Stenobelodon".

1259:. It is thought that mastodon behaviors were not much different from elephants and mammoths, with females and juveniles living in herds and adult males living largely solitary lives plus entering phases of aggression similar to the 5117:, 2 million years ago, identified preserved DNA fragments of mastodons. This suggests that the mammutids ranged as far north as Greenland during optimal conditions. Around this time, northern Greenland was 11–19 °C warmer than the 7326:

Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Wang, Shi-Qi; Deng, Tao; Jintasakul, Pratueng (2016). "The first Neogene record of Zygolophodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) in Thailand: implications for the mammutid evolution and dispersal in Southeast Asia".

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is diagnosed as being strongly zygodont and having no conules. The lophs extend to the long axis of the molars. The first two molars in the dental row have no more than three lophs while the third molars have four lophs plus a

4027:(EQ) compared to the other mammutid species, supporting the idea that the evolution of proboscidean encephalization is tied with phylogeny. The Mammutida, as the most basal clade of the Elephantimorpha, has an EQ twice that of 9611:

Birks, Hilary H.; van Geel, Bas; Fisher, Daniel C.; Grimm, Eric C.; Kuijper, Wim J.; van Arkel, Jan; van Reenen, Guido B.A. (2019). "Evidence for the diet and habitat of two late Pleistocene mastodons from the Midwest, USA".

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Pérez-Crespo, Victor A.; Prado, José L.; Alberdi, Maria T.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Johnson, Eileen (2016). "Diet and Habitat for Six American Pleistocene Proboscidean Species Using Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotopes".

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in the American colonies. Because of the uniquely shaped molars with modern analogues in terms of large animals, the species caught wide attention of European researchers and influential Americans before and after the

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whereas mastodons were specialized browsers that nonetheless still could have consumed a variety of plants. Mammoth diets varied by region whereas those of mastodons remain unclear still. Both at times overlapped in C

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was an adaptable species for local environmental shifts. Regardless, it depended heavily on forested environments similar to tapirs, so significant closed vegetation losses of any sort could have impacted them.

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tradition, the proboscideans roamed in herds and were hunted by giants, who both eventually died out. The accounts told by the Shawnee individuals in 1762 are the oldest known documented interpretations of the

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Kilby, J. David; Surovell, Todd A.; Huckell, Bruce B.; Ringstaff, Christopher W.; Hamilton, Marcus J.; Haynes Jr., C. Vance (2022). "Evidence supports the efficacy of Clovis points for hunting proboscideans".

3877:(or ancestral traits) that can be observed, namely the low and flat brain case, a slightly vertical basicranium, a narrow nasal aperture inlet of the nose with no step-like perinasal fossa, and a backside 11541:

Feranec, Robert S.; Kozlowski, Andrew (2016). "Implications of a Bayesian radiocarbon calibration of colonization ages for mammalian megafauna in glaciated New York State after the Last Glacial Maximum".

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Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mário; Winck, Gisele R. (2012). "Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands".

3836:

species pending reassessments. The shortening of the symphysis is one of the major evolutionary trends observed in Neogene mammutids, making it critical in understanding the evolutionary transition from

4168:

represents the earliest case of a North American mammutid species without any enamel band, although the possibility of it being worn off by wear cannot automatically be eliminated. It differs from

5753:

were broken by hominins, and alternate explanations have been offered. For instance, in the same year the article was published, Gary Haynes expressed concern of it being published in the journal

4623:, males of which are suggested to have had an average body mass of 16 t (16 long tons; 18 short tons) making it the largest known proboscidean alongside the extinct Indian elephant species 5974:

would eventually yield evidence of living mastodons in the western frontier of the United States. It was a defining symbol of museums according to Brett Barney as evident by a mention of it by

5970:

The American mastodon had long been a stand-in within the United States for American nationalism since early American history, and Thomas Jefferson was famously known for having hoped that the

1386:, New York where the original bones were found. American historian Paul Semonin said that the accounts written by Cornbury and Abeel match up with that written by in the July 30, 1705 entry in 4709:, which was first uncovered in 2015, dates to the latest Hemphillian, and has an elongated mandibular symphysis and large mandibular tusks, is thought to have been several tonnes larger than 4236:

had very large tusks, with some records suggesting lengths of 3 m (9.8 ft) and diameters exceeding 200 mm (7.9 in) were not unusual. In the skull of the earlier-appearing

3017:. The age of the formation where the mammutid specimen was found dates to about 3.75 Ma. It is also known from multiple other Blancan sites such as Fish Springs Flat in Nevada. From the 11952: 4531:(SEM). K.F. Hallin and D. Gabriel in 1981 speculated that mastodons were indeed hairy but were more suited for semiaquatic lifestyles than tolerance of colder climates. Matt Davis 9055:

Parray, Khursheed A.; Jukar, Advait M.; Paul, Abdul Qayoom; Ahmad, Ishfaq; Patnaik, Rajeev (2022). "A gomphothere (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Quaternary of the Kashmir valley, India".

7753:

The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska : Including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America

1809:

also followed up with more taxonomic descriptions of fossil proboscideans in 1799. The first fossil species, recovered from Germany, was described as belonging to the newly erected species

5841:, or more specifically the American mastodon, experienced an initial decline in geographical range when it was extirpated from the northernmost ranges of North America ~75,000 years ago. 4934:

The social behaviors of male mastodon were inferred from one individual skeleton known as the "Buesching mastodon" (known informally as "Fred"), which was recovered from a peat farm near

4749:, because they retained zygodont molars, were built to browse on higher vegetation and did not shift towards grazing specializations or consistent mixed feeding. The stomach contents of 3033:

are recorded, the former having an exceptional level of diversity based on abundant skeletal evidences from the late Pleistocene that is unusual for the typical mammutid fossil record.

11718: 10149:

Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Polaco, Oscar J.; Laurito, César; Johnson, Eileen; Alberdi, María Teresa; Zamora, Ana Lucía Valerio (2007). "The proboscideans (Mammalia) from Mesoamerica".

8679:

Konidaris, George E.; Aytek, Ahmet I.; Yavuz, Alper Y.; Tarhan, Erhan; Alçiçek, M. Cihat (2023). "First Report of "Mammut" (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Upper Miocene of Turkey".

9400:

Newsom, Lee A.; Mihlbachler, Matthew C. (2006). "Chapter 10: Mastodons (Mammut americanum) Diet Foraging Patterns Based on Analysis of Dung Deposits". In Webb, S. David (ed.).

8706:

Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo dos Santos; Zhao, Desi; Xie, Guangpu; Sun, Boyang (2016). "A new Mammutidae (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Gansu Province, China".

4898:

showed progressive developments in response to increasingly arid and extensive grasslands from the Blancan up to the early Irvingtonian, with molar complexities resembling those of

1614:. In addition to the first skeleton, the second was excavated using a mill-like device to drain a 12 ft (3.7 m) deep marl pit. Peale assembled a complete skeleton in his 1190:, known as an "American mastodon" or simply "mastodon," had a long and complex paleontological history spanning all the way back to 1705 when the first fossils were uncovered from 10032:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Guillermo, Alvarado Induni (2010). "Fossil Proboscidea from the upper Cenozoic of Central America: taxonomy, evolutionary and paleobiogeographic significance".

4296:, mentioning that their postcranial anatomies were studied previously by Stanley John Olsen in 1972 and recognizing that the two genera were only distantly related to each other. 1602:

visited the locality in 1801, where he first sketched the fossils then purchased excavation privileges and full ownership of the fossils from Masten and borrowed a loan from the

8412:

Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo S.; Cozzuol, Mario A. (2012). "The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography".

2715:

clade, meaning that it did not leave any derived descendant groups in its evolutionary history. The monophyly of the Mammutidae makes it differ from the Elephantida, where the

10985:

Mackie, Madeline E.; Haas, Randall (2021). "Estimating the frequency of coincidental spatial associations between Clovis artifacts and proboscidean remains in North America".

3960:

is known by several brain endocasts stored in American museums, although they are seldom subjected to studies. In 1973, neuroscientist Harry J. Jerison studied an endocast of

6153: 5891:

were far less frequently associated with human sites, potentially suggesting that Paleoindians hunted them less than mammoths. They stated that the current understanding of

2703:). The Mammutidae is characterized by molars with zygodont-form crests, which have remained morphologically conservative throughout the evolutionary history of the family. 11831: 11687: 10547:"Paleoecology of Aphelops and Teleoceras (Rhinocerotidae) through an interval of changing climate and vegetation in the Neogene of the Great Plains, central United States" 5165:

herbivores going extinct. Many of the surviving herbivorous faunas were thus adapted for drier and more open habitats resulting from cooling and increase in seasonality.

5078:

already had an eastern range in the United States by the latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene. Similarly, the same species is recorded from the Palmetto Fauna locality (

2707:

is considered to be a derived genus of the family because of strong zygodont development. As a family of the Elephantimorpha clade, it is only distantly related to the

5849:(~125,000-75,000 years ago) back when suitable forested habitats were present there but was subsequently extirpated in correlation with environmental changes from the 2382: 11891: 11861: 9383:

van der Made, Jean (2010). "The evolution of the elephants and their relatives in the context of a changing climate and geography". In Höhne, D.; Schwarz, W. (eds.).

12151: 6464: 6439: 5749:(MIS 5e) temporal range of the early late Pleistocene. The proposal was highly controversial, as many archeologists were skeptical about the claim that the bones of 4773:

survived in North America and became abundant, although the reason for the latter faunal trend does not have any offered explanation. The browsing specialization of

5759:

due to how highly prolific it is. Reporters from print presses and digital media published reactions of the article from various North American archeologists, with

5542:. The Big Bone Lick locality in Kentucky, which dates to the latest Pleistocene (Rancholabrean), indicates the coexistence of the American mastodon with the extant 11471:

Scott, Eric (2010). "Extinctions, scenarios, and assumptions: Changes in latest Pleistocene large herbivore abundance and distribution in western North America".

8876:

Shoshani, Jeheskel; Kupsky, William J.; Marchant, Gary H. (2006). "Elephant brain: Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution".

1819:). The second was what he considered to be an unknown "colossal land monster of the prehistoric world," considering it to be the "mammoth." He created the genus 8825:"Remarks on the cranium of Eozygodon morotoensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Africa, and the question of the monophyly of Elephantimorpha" 7885:

The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95°

5063: 9113:

Smith, Kathlyn M.; Fisher, Daniel C. (2011). "Sexual dimorphism of structures showing indeterminate growth: tusks of American mastodons (Mammut americanum)".

7088:

Cuvier, Georges (1824). "Résumé général: Des Animaux dont les caractères ont été indiqués ou rectifiés, ou dont l'Ostéologie a été décrite dans cet ouvrage".

4519:

was actually covered in hair. Supposedly, only one find of fur belonging to the mastodon is of a skull with two small hairy patches of skin from the state of

2337:

and that people had refused to use it. He stated that he did not want to either but reluctantly set aside his personal preferences to follow taxonomic rules.

1167:

separately in elephantids. Mastodons had an overall stockier skeletal build, a lower-domed skull, and a longer tail compared to elephantids. Fully grown male

10710:

Schultz, Gerald E. (2010). "Pleistocene (Irvingtonian, Cudahyan) vertebrates from the Texas Panhandle, and their geographic and paleoecologic significance".

10334: 8273:

Shiqi, Wang; Chun-Xiao, Li; Xiao-Xiao, Zhang (2021). "On the scientific names of mastodont taxa: nomenclature, Chinese translation, and taxonomic problems".

2776:(~27-24 Ma). The Mammutidae, like other Paleogene proboscideans, was therefore an endemic radiation within the continent akin to other endemic mammals like 6678:

McMillan, R. Bruce (2022). "Albert C. Koch's Missourium and the debate over the contemporaneity of humans and the Pleistocene megafauna of North America".

4434:

has shorter and more robust limb bones compared to those of derived elephantids, probably the result of it retaining primitive anatomical traits. Both the

1643: 4799:

plants, and occupying closed forests versus more open habitats. This dietary inflexibility may have prevented them from invading South America during the

2851:, but this relationship has been doubted. As a result, these Eurasian species may belong to either other existing mammutid genera or entirely new genera. 1857:

The proboscidean species was subject to several other species names given by other taxonomists within the earliest 18th century as well as the genus name

11506:

Boulanger, Matthew T.; Lyman, R. Lee (2014). "Northeastern North American Pleistocene megafauna chronologically overlapped minimally with Paleoindians".

9183:

Mastodon Paleobiology, Taphonomy, and Paleoenvironment in the Late Pleistocene of New York State: Studies on the Hyde Park, Chemung, and North Java Sites

7420:

Mead, Jim I.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Swift, Sandra L. (2019). "Late Pleistocene Mammuthus and Cuvieronius (proboscidea) from Térapa, Sonora, Mexico".

5864:

that resulted in the disappearances of over 30 genera of mammals, the majority of which are considered "megafauna" (~45 kg (99 lb) or larger).

5760: 5598: 2916:

from the Black Butte in Oregon also dates back to the Clarendonian stage, but the affinities of the species remains unclear. If it truly is a species of

1699:, was much larger than an elephant, had horizontal tusks plus trunks, and occupied aquatic habitats. He acquired additional fossils from a spring on the 9366:

Manus biomechanics of a giant mastodon from the Gray Fossil Site suggests the ability to transverse uneven terrain in a karstic and mountainous refugium

9364: 7071:

Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation : pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée

11634:

Woodman, Neal Woodman; Athfield, Nancy Beavan (2009). "Post-Clovis survival of American Mastodon in the southern Great Lakes Region of North America".

9755:

Bonhof, Wouter J.; Pryor, Alexander J.E. (2022). "Proboscideans on Parade: A review of the migratory behaviour of elephants, mammoths, and mastodons".

5960: 5356: 12136: 8985:

Ekdale, Eric Gregory (2011). "Morphological variation in the ear region of pleistocene elephantimorpha (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from central Texas".

8330:

Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2021). "The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece". In Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.).

12179: 11960: 9597: 8582: 6419: 6049: 6018: 5990: 5344: 4602: 2231:. Isaac Hays comparatively defended Godman's taxon, which led to a bitter debate regarding the validity of the genus amongst American naturalists. 1977: 1684: 531: 9500:"A middle Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Czech part of the Vienna Basin: Implications for the paleoenvironments of the Central Paratethys" 8824: 4487:

by the presence of six as opposed to five sacral vertebrae and the femur having a larger diameter of the middle shaft (or main cylindrical area).

13175: 12626: 8556:

Effects of climate change on mammalian fauna composition and structure during the advent of North American continental glaciation in the Pliocene

8250:

Yaghoubi, Sadaf; Ashouri, Ali Reza; Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie; Ghaderi, Abbas (2023). "First true mastodon from the Late Miocene of Western Asia".

2738:

Although the separation of the Mammutida and Elephantida is strongly supported based on morphological differences, their origins within the late

1159:

is characterized by particularly long and upward curving upper tusks, reduced or absent tusks on the lower jaw, as well as the shortening of the

782: 7091:

Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, où l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs animaux dont les révolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces

4643:

7.8 t (7.7 long tons; 8.6 short tons) and had a shoulder height measuring 289 cm (114 in). This robustness is so pronounced that

12656: 5067: 5008:

faunal stages and in locations from as far north as Alaska, as far east as Florida, and as far south as the state of Puebla in central Mexico.

2526: 1297:

around the end of the Late Pleistocene-early Holocene, the causes typically being attributed to human hunting, severe climatic phases like the

13300: 13188: 12371: 12189:

The Florida Museum of Natural History Virtual Exhibit – The Aucilla River Prehistory Project:When The First Floridians Met The Last Mastodons

11726: 9716:"Interpreting spatially explicit variation in dietary proxies through species distribution modeling reveals foraging preferences of mammoth ( 1729:

to fertilize the neighboring fields. They were observed by a large amount of spectators and uncovered relatively complete fossil evidence of

5351:, antilocaprids). North America in the late Neogene is understood to have undergone a long-term decline in large mammal diversity (i.e. the 12256: 9649:"Regional variation in the browsing diet of Pleistocene Mammut americanum (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as recorded by dental microwear textures" 5203:

in the Thousand Creek Formation in Nevada. Coexistent with the mammutid species were a large variety of other mammals, namely those of the

5144: 2752:

was truly ancestral to both the Elephantida and Mammutida. An alternate hypothesis suggests that the Elephantimorpha is diphyletic because

12146: 6305:

Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, Année MDCCLXII, avec les Mémoires de Mathématiques & de Physique, pour la même année, 1762

4947:, although it may have been season-specific compared to living elephants given climatic conditions in North America. He likely engaged in 1850:" and argued that the species was different from elephants and mammoths and cannot be found amongst living animals due to extinction from 6010: 12156: 9020:

Sanders, William J. (2017). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans".

6025:. Similarly, the mastodon became the state fossil of Indiana as recently as 2022 due to House Bill 1013, authored by the representative 3009:(known popularly as an "American mastodon" or simply "mastodon") is also stratigraphically recorded first from the early Blancan of the 1223:

in 1799, thus making it amongst the first fossil mammal genera to be erected with undisputed taxonomic authority. The genus served as a

13310: 12103: 11921: 2227:. They therefore argued that there was no reason to assume that the tusks were not just individual variations, a view followed also by 11099:"Late Pleistocene osseous projectile point from the Manis site, Washington—Mastodon hunting in the Pacific Northwest 13,900 years ago" 11097:

Waters, Michael R.; Newell, Zachary A.; Fisher, Daniel C.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Han, Jiwan; Moreno, Michael; Robbins, Andrew (2023).

4126:. The Mammutidae was not the only proboscidean family to have acquired zygodont crested molars, as Neogene species of the gomphothere 2000:" was riddled with major taxonomic problems since species now determined as belonging to other proboscidean genera were classified to 13280: 9306:. Geological Society of America 34th Annual Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Section, Abstracts with Program. Vol. 13. p. 199. 8462:

Sanders, William J. (2023). "Chapter 3: Early and Middle Miocene Diversification of Proboscideans and Dominance of Elephantimorphs".

7399:"New mammutids (Proboscidea) from the Clarendonian and Hemphillian of Oregon – a survey of Mio-Pliocene mammutids from North America" 12072: 10746: 10378:

Fox, David L. (2000). "Growth increments in Gomphotherium tusks and implications for late Miocene climate change in North America".

13320: 13149: 10816:"Terminal Pleistocene human occupation of the upper Copper River basin, southern Alaska: Results of test excavations at Nataeł Na'" 7455:

Nanda, A.C.; Sehgal, Ramesh Kumar; Chauhan, Parth R. (2018). "Siwalik-age faunas from the Himalayan Foreland Basin of South Asia".

1738: 10856:

Surovell, Todd A.; Waguespack, Nicole M. (2008). "How many elephant kills are 14?: Clovis mammoth and mastodon kills in context".

8646:

Tobien, Heinz (1996). "Chapter 9: Evolution of zygodons with emphasis on dentition". In Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal (eds.).

8133:

Lambert, W. David; Shoshani, Jeheskel (1998). "Proboscidea". In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.).

6460:"V. Observations on the bones, commonly supposed to be elephants bones, which have been found near the river Ohio in America" 12198: 9537:

Lepper, Bradley T.; Frolking, Tod A.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Goldstein, Gerald; Sanger, Jon E.; Wymer, Dee Anne; et al. (1991).

8802:"Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae" 8391:"Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae" 5097:

periods, with mitochondrial genome analysis suggesting that separate populations repeatedly colonised the region before becoming

4769:. Of note is that whereas mammutids of Eurasia went extinct by the early Pleistocene in association with more seasonal climates, 2432:

by differences in the skull and that the etymology of the species name was made in honor of paleontological contributions by the

2029:

has many synonymous names. The issue of synonymous species names were especially apparent in the first half of the 19th century.

11839: 11695: 6633:

Hoffman, Sheila K. (2018). "The origins of Puritan politics in U.S. museums: Nation building and "the arts" from 1776 to 1806".

13265: 11297:"American mastodon extirpation in the Arctic and Subarctic predates human colonization and terminal Pleistocene climate change" 8487:"Northeastern Asia humidification at the end of the Miocene drives the boost of mammalian dispersals from the Old to New World" 8089:

Shotwell, J. Arnold; Russell, Donald E. (1963). "Mammalian fauna of the upper Juntura Formation, the Black Butte local fauna".

3921:

with a hole known as the lacrimal foramen. Unlike elephantidans, it has another primitive trait of a short and high-positioned

1554: 1282:, who were the first humans to have inhabited North America. Evidence has been found that Paleoindians (including those of the 10787:

Storrs, Glenn W.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Scott, Eric; Genheimer, Robert A.; Hedeen, Stanley E.; Schwalbach, Cameron E. (2023).

10665:"Co-Occurrence of the Proboscideans Cuvieronius, Stegomastodon, and Mammuthus in the Lower Pleistocene of Southern New Mexico" 10100:"The easternmost occurrence of Mammut pacificus (Proboscidea: Mammutidae), based on a partial skull from eastern Montana, USA" 8526:

Pasenko, Michael (2011). "A Specimen of Mammut americanum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Yavapai County, West-Central Arizona".

11425: 9923: 9214: 8860: 8663: 8627: 8439:

Sanders, William J. (2023). "Chapter 3:Late Paleogene: First Major Diversification and Adaptive Radiation of Proboscideans".

8347: 8117: 5739:

that dates to approximately 130,000 years ago. If true, they stated, the site would imply evidence of now-extinct species of

5062:

in the late Hemphillian. It has also apparently been identified from the latest Hemphillian based on skull material from the

4378: 1683:

were excavated within the United States in the first half of the 19th century. One of them was collected by American showman

1598:, New York, and subsequent excavations were observed by a crowd of over a hundred people. American painter and exhibitionist 12213: 8390: 6849:

The Mastodons, Mammoths and Other Pleistocene Mammals of New York State: Being a Descriptive Record of All Known Occurrences

4164:

retains a very narrow strip of enamel in the upper tusks. The lower (or mandibular) tusks tend to be reduced in comparison.

4160:

by the generally larger sizes, tendency to either straighten or curve up, and the typical lack of any enamel band, although

1945:

and gave it the informal name "narrow-toothed mastodon," diagnosing it as having narrower molars, smaller sizes compared to

1211:

and contributing to a greater understanding of extinctions. Taxonomically, it was first recognized as a distinct species by

13275: 11899: 11869: 10210:"American mastodon mitochondrial genomes suggest multiple dispersal events in response to Pleistocene climate oscillations" 6915:"Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)" 6762:

Proboscidea: a monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world

6022: 4315:, but the spines gradually decrease in length then increase slightly in the rear area. The number of ribs and vertebrae of 4280:

As a result of proboscidean diagnoses focusing mostly on dentition, the postcranial anatomies of fossil proboscideans like

9389:. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archälogie Sachsen-Anhalt & Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle. pp. 341–360. 6333:

Barnett, Lydia (2019). "Showing and hiding: The flickering visibility of earth workers in the archives of earth science".

1622:

The special exhibition attracted thousands of visitors, and the skeleton became a US national symbol. Charles Peale's son

5618: 5299:). The latest Hemphillian of Florida based on the Palmetto Fauna of the Bone Valley Formation records the coexistence of 4511:) has typically been depicted as having shaggy and brown-colored fur in reconstructions, especially in over a century of 11982: 8603:

Benoit, Julien; Lyras, George A.; Schmitt, Arnaud; Nxumalo, Mpilo; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Obada, Teodor; et al. (2022).

8165:

Dooley Jr., Alton C.; Scott, Eric; Green, Jeremy; Springer, Kathleen B.; Dooley, Brett S.; Smith, Gregory James (2019).

2475:

based on fossils from the Thousand Creek Beds of northwestern Nevada. In 1937, John R. Schultz created the species name

13305: 13260: 12194:

Western Center for Archaeology & Paleontology, home of the largest mastodon ever found in the Western United States

10891:

Grayson, Donald K.; Meltzer, David J. (2015). "Revisiting Paleoindian exploitation of extinct North American mammals".

10181: 9235:

Davis, Matt; Nye, Benjamin D.; Sinatra, Gale M.; Swartout, William; Sjӧberg, Molly; Porter, Molly; et al. (2022).

9149: 6042: 4527:. These have only been described briefly in the original literature and have never been figured beyond one hair from a 1632: 1341: 693: 159: 12166: 8135:

Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals

4043:

but smaller than those of derived elephantids. It has an EQ that is higher than those of Paleogene proboscideans and "

3849:

are not known from any anywhere within the Hemphillian, thus making the transition poorly understood. It differs from

1953:

originating from other continents in 1824. Despite Cuvier's genus name being younger than multiple other genus names,

13290: 12104:"Thousands Have Joined Mastodon Since Twitter Changed Hands. Its Founder Has a Vision for Democratizing Social Media" 11579:"Population reconstructions for humans and megafauna suggest mixed causes for North American Pleistocene extinctions" 10931:

Haynes, Gary (2022). "Sites in the Americas with Possible or Probable Evidence for the Butchering of Proboscideans".

10074: 6897: 4335:

is considered a derived trait also present in modern elephants. The "Watkins Glen mastodon," for example, has 7

4055: 2448: 1769: 1715: 1628: 1149:

are merged into sharp ridges), which strongly differ from those of elephantids. In comparison to its likely ancestor

9336:

Woodman, Neal; Branstrator, Jon W. (2008). "The Overmyer Mastodon (Mammut Americanum) from Fulton County, Indiana".

9090:

Larramendi, Asier (2023). "Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model".

6077:" before the name was eventually replaced with "12-wheeler." The name was a reference to the American mastodon. The 5160:

of evolutionary and climatic trends while the eastern half is poorly understood. During the late Neogene (8-5 Ma), C

4685:

The size of the "Overmyer Mastodon," an individual skeleton recovered from the farm of Robert Overmyer northwest of

1082: 13295: 12249: 5699: 4939: 4090: 3964:, recording that it was elephantlike in both size and shape. According to Shoshani et al. in 2006, the endocast of 13193: 12209: 9948: 8911:

Benoit, Julien; Legendre, Lucas J.; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Obada, Theodor; Mararescul, Vladislav; Manger, Paul (2019).

1725:

In 1845, another skeleton was excavated from Newburgh by laborers hired by Nathaniel Brewster initially to remove

13315: 8167:"Mammut pacificus sp. nov., a newly recognized species of mastodon from the Pleistocene of western North America" 6095:

had the mastodon ability and controlled the Mastodon Dinozord machine. The name "Mastodon" was also adopted by a

4370: 2242:

were rejected by Owen in 1842, although he retained the former name informally. By 1869, American paleontologist

2228: 1700: 11416:

Stuart, Anthony J. (August 20, 2022). "Chapter 6. North America: mastodon, ground sloths, and sabertooth cats".

8743:"Description of mastodons (Mammut americanum) from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico" 8332:

Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1: Basal vertebrates, Amphibians, Reptiles, Afrotherians, Glires, and Primates

1088: 13285: 9691:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S.; Spielmann, Justin A.; Pasenko, Michael R.; Aguilar, Ricardo Hernán (2011).

9349: 5680: 5125:

hosting a species assemblage with no modern analogue. These are among the oldest DNA fragments ever sequenced.

4911:

resource usages, although whether this represents browsing or grazing in the case of mammoths remains unclear.

2893: 1973: 1615: 1603: 1545: 10451:"Magnetic stratigraphy of the Upper Miocene (Early Hemphillian) Thousand Creek Formation, Northwestern Nevada" 8223:"A partial skeleton of "Mammut" borsoni (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Pliocene of Kaltensundheim (Germany)" 7276:

Göhlich, Ursula B. (2010). "The Proboscidea (Mammalia) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (southern Germany)".

6383:

Mayor, Adrienne (2005). "Chapter 1: The northeast: Giants, great bears, and grandfather of the buffalo".

5398:

of Truth or Consequences in New Mexico is recorded with a few other mammalian faunas, namely the megalonychid

5036:

compared to the other Plio-Pleistocene proboscideans. The easternmost range of the species was in what is now

1375:

of rum, and Bruggen eventually gave it to Cornbury. He then stated that he sent Johannis Abeel, a recorder of

13232: 8560: 8009:

Matthew, William Diller (1930). "A Pliocene mastodon skull from California: Pliomastodon vexillarius n. sp".

7991: 4992:

is unknown as their occurrences are restricted to few localities, the exception being the American mastodon (

4331:

usually has 19, but both have documented individuals with 18 of them. The reduction of thoracic vertebrae in

2220: 1862: 490: 11056:

Eren, Metin I.; Meltzer, David J.; Story, Brett; Buchanan, Briggs; Yeager, Don; Bebber, Michelle R. (2022).

8605:"Paleoneurology of the Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria): Insights from their brain endocast and labyrinth" 3828:(or "brevirostrine") and a protruding angular process in the mandible. The diagnosis accounts for both true 13330: 13016: 6087: 5861: 5610: 4528: 4248:, Oregon suggests a tusk diameter of approximately 200 mm (7.9 in). Similar to modern elephants, 1688: 1294: 1289:

Mastodons disappeared along with many other North American animals, including most of its largest animals (

760: 10815: 8775: 6009:

geology instructor David P. Thomas Sr. aimed to make it the state fossil of Michigan. He, assisted by the

2920:, then its earliest temporal range is recorded at about 10 Ma. The earliest undisputed appearance of 1134:, which diverged from the ancestors of modern elephants at least 27–25 million years ago, during the 13325: 13128: 13123: 12242: 11750:"Jefferson's old bones: did the so-called father of American vertebrate paleontology believe in fossils?" 10486:

Figueirido, Borja; Janis, Christine M.; Pérez-Claros, Juan A.; De Renzi, Miquel; Palmqvist, Paul (2012).

9459:

Green, Jeremy L.; Semprebon, Gina M.; Solounias, Nikos (2005). "Reconstructing the palaeodiet of Florida

6073: 6006: 5895:

associations with humans could shift if the supposed butchery sites were better understood while that of

5632:) arrival to temperate North America is unclear, but they likely arrived to North America ∼19,000–14,000 4965: 4886:(or occupy similar but niche ecological spaces) with other proboscideans of North America in the Neogene- 2669: 1806: 1286:) hunted mastodons based on the finding of mastodon remains with cut marks and/or with lithic artifacts. 1220: 256: 10586:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S. (1999). "The oldest Mammut (Mammalia: proboscidea) from New Mexico".

1753:

for $ 30,000 in 1906 and donated to the American Museum of Natural History where it is exhibited today.

12176: 11779:

Currie, Philip J. (2023). "Celebrating dinosaurs: their behaviour, evolution, growth, and physiology".

9538: 9317:

Hallin, K.F. (1983). "Hair of the American mastodon indicates an adaptation to a semiaquatic habitat".

7125:

Mazo, A.V.; van der Made, Jan (2012). "Iberian mastodonts: Geographic and stratigraphic distribution".

6663:

Thomson, Keith Stewart (2008). "Chapter 6: Fossils and show business: Mr. Peale's mastodon".

6596:

and the great chain of being: The interaction of religion, science, and art in early-federal America".

5971: 4924: 4800: 4535:. in 2022 were tentative in accepting the source as evidence for hairiness, as they questioned whether 2843:(comprising several unrelated groups). This is because the inclusion of Eurasian mammutid species into 2421: 2223:

pointed out that except for the tusks, all other characteristics of the specimens were consistent with

1492: 1476: 1437: 1310: 17: 11814:

Barney, Brett (2006). "Chapter 15: Nineteenth-century Popular Culture". In Kummings, Donald D. (ed.).

7948: 7844: 7666: 6947: 5985: 3901:

is also more derived based on the lack of a strong proximal constriction of the incisive fossa of the

2711:

due to major differences in dentition and emergence of adult teeth. The Mammutidae is identified as a

1452:

hunter-warriors). He came to the conclusion that the femur and tusk belonged to an elephant while the

1098:(German for 'mammoth'), which, strictly defined, was endemic to North America and lived from the late 10059:

Polaco, O. J.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Corona-M., E.; López-Oliva, J. G. (2001). "The American Mastodon

8604: 6399: 6021:

to built a mastodon exhibit. In 2002, the mastodon became the state fossil, making it the fourteenth

4948: 3325: 1595: 1368: 39: 31: 7089: 6879: 6830: 6434: 4741:

The zygodont molar morphologies of mammutids suggest that they consistently occupied adaptations to

3778: 2981:

stages. Mammutid specimens of the Hemphillian and Blancan had typically previously been assigned to

1949:, and range distributions in Europe and South America. Cuvier also erected several other species of 1741:

for study. After Warren's death in 1856, the skeleton was sent to Warren's family but was traded to

8071: 8048: 7815: 7751: 7728: 7398: 7109: 7069: 7043: 6777: 6459: 6260: 6173: 5684: 4582:

filaments. He concluded that the long tail and large body mass both contradict the hypothesis that

4024: 3301: 3182: 3065: 2742:

remain uncertain. One hypothesis asserts that the Elephantimorpha is monophyletic if the primitive

2723:(or ancestral to more derived descendant groups in the cladistic sense) in relation to the derived 1429: 171: 12057:

The content of the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as the source of antisocial and prosocial learning

9805:

Miller, Joshua H.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Crowley, Brooke E.; Secord, Ross; Konomi, Bledar A. (2022).

7222: 6865:

American Monster: How the Nation's First Prehistoric Creature Became a Symbol of National Identity

6579:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6564:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6549:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6370:

American Monster: How the nation's first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity

6300: 6246:

American Monster: How the Nation's First Prehistoric Creature Became a Symbol of National Identity

4209:

in part by the narrower molars. Both species have broader molars compared to the "narrow-toothed"

2932:, or 8.0-7.1 Ma. Historically, North American paleontologists considered that North American 13003: 11749: 7883: 7020: 6765:. Vol. 1. J. Pierpont Morgan Fund by the trustees of the American Museum of Natural History. 6760: 6713:

McMillan, R. Bruce (2010). "The Discovery of Fossil Vertebrates on Missouri's Western Frontier".

5704: 5633: 5435:. A late Blancan locality known as the Fish Springs Flat Fauna in Nevada reveals that fossils of 5106: 4663: 4625: 4613: 3616: 3376: 3094: 2853: 1926:

to mean "nipple tooth," since he thought that it expressed the characteristic form of the teeth.

1177: 412: 43: 11444:

Koch, Paul L.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (2006). "Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate".

10066:

The World of Elephants – Proceedings of the 1st International Congress, Rome October 16–20, 2001

9915: 4400:. disagreed with the claim by Olsen in 1972 that the neck of the scapula is more constricted in 2345: 1832:

in 1799 makes it the second or third genus to be recognized with taxonomic authority given that

1745:

for John Warren's skeleton. The "Warren mastodon", under the request of American paleontologist

13219: 13066: 12188: 7200:"Taxonomy of Rhynchotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Miocene-Pliocene of North America" 5746: 5504:

of Pennsylvania is of Irvingtonian age (Middle Pleistocene) and reveals that during this time,

5501: 3594: 3454: 2374: 2318: 1746: 1742: 1631:

in Germany where it is now displayed. The second skeleton's specimens landed eventually at the

1388: 858: 809: 325: 311: 13180: 10614: 10450: 6064:

The name "mastodon" was adopted in different contexts within the United States. For instance,

5707:. The wound has been hypothesized to be the result of pre-Clovis hunting from several sources. 3917:. The North American mammutid retains a primitive trait in the form of the orbit containing a 3036:

The following cladogram defines the phylogeny of certain proboscideans, a majority known from

2985:, but this is seemingly the result of overreliance on stratigraphic positions to define taxa. 1520: 13214: 11457: 9591: 8564: 6168: 5728: 5079: 5059: 4849: 4667: 4274: 3476: 2366: 1815: 1670: 1599: 1529: 1496: 1440:

examined the fossil collection brought by Longueuil and compared it with specimens of extant

1204: 1181: 604: 13206: 12141: 12111: 11929: 10814:

White, John T.; Henry, Auréade; Kuehn, Stephen; Loso, Michael G.; Rasic, Jeffrey T. (2022).

9693:"Taxonomy and evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene proboscidean Stegomastodon in North America" 8610:. In Dozo, María Teresa; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana; Macrini, Thomas E.; Walsh, Stig (eds.). 6483:

Annan, Robert (1793). "Account of a skeleton of a large animal, found near Hudson's River".

5946: 3998:

Julien Benoit et al. in 2022 explained that while the front tips of the olfactory bulbs of "

3937: 1792:

processes. Kerr was unsure about the taxonomic affinities of the molars and referenced that

13136: 13029: 11788: 11643: 11590: 11551: 11515: 11480: 11367: 11308: 11164: 11110: 11069: 11030: 10994: 10900: 10865: 10830: 10761: 10719: 10676: 10663:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S.; Estep, John W.; Mack, Greg H.; Hawley, John W. (1999).

10558: 10499: 10423: 10387: 10281: 10221: 10154: 10098:

McDonald, Andrew T.; Atwater, Amy L.; Dooley Jr., Alton C.; Hohman, Charlotte J.H. (2020).

9986: 9818: 9764: 9660: 9621: 9553: 9511: 9472: 9122: 9064: 9029: 8924: 8800:

Shi-Qi, Wang; Yu, Li; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Shao-Kun, Chen; Wen, He; Shan-Qin, Chen (2017).

8576: 8498: 8389:

Shi-Qi, Wang; Yu, Li; Duangkrayom, Jaroon; Shao-Kun, Chen; Wen, He; Shan-Qui, Shen (2017).

7956: 7856: 7780: 7590: 7526: 7464: 7429: 7285: 7250: 7169: 7134: 6722: 6687: 6492: 6413: 6148: 5854: 5850: 4996:), which is one of the most widely distributed Pleistocene proboscideans in North America. 4923:

American mastodon ("Perry mastodon") skeleton with silhouette in back including the trunk,

4178: 3878: 3825: 3792: 3254: 2433: 2200: 1780: 1558: 1425: 1232: 1212: 1208: 1160: 520: 288: 13010: 11058:"Not just for proboscidean hunting: On the efficacy and functions of Clovis fluted points" 5934:

Of note is that there is a recorded latest survival of the American mastodon in the early

5133: 5058:

is known by a wide distribution range, its westernmost range being in California from the

3869:(or forehead) gives off a flattened appearance compared to extant elephants. The skull of 3621: 3459: 8: 13270: 12617: 12223: 12080: 9498:

Březina, Jakub; Alba, David M.; Ivanov, Martin; Hanáček, Martin; Luján, Àngel H. (2021).

8655: 8313: 6158: 6140: 5716: 4462:. Possibly, sexual dimorphism could be a factor behind the size of the femur itself. The 4269: 3599: 3123: 2537: 1873: 1726: 1383: 1200: 1191: 11792: 11647: 11594: 11555: 11519: 11484: 11371: 11312: 11168: 11114: 11073: 11034: 10998: 10904: 10869: 10834: 10789:"Field Guide to Big Bone Lick, Kentucky: Birthplace of American Vertebrate Paleontology" 10765: 10723: 10680: 10562: 10503: 10427: 10391: 10285: 10225: 10158: 9990: 9822: 9768: 9664: 9625: 9557: 9539:"Intestinal contents of a late Pleistocene Mastodont from mid-continental North America" 9515: 9476: 9203:

Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge

9126: 9068: 9033: 8928: 8502: 7960: 7860: 7784: 7594: 7530: 7468: 7433: 7289: 7254: 7173: 7138: 6734: 6726: 6691: 6496: 5012:

was most common in the eastern United States but rarer in the western US in comparison.

4113:

molars that evolutionarily convert to being thin and platelike) and the Deinotheriidae (

2652:). Recent research such as that of von Koenigswald et al. in 2023 warned that the genus 13255: 12203: 12055: 12036: 11611: 11578: 11390: 11355: 11331: 11296: 11131: 11098: 10692: 10522: 10487: 10310: 10269: 10244: 10209: 10126: 10099: 10080: 10009: 9974: 9908: 9849: 9807:"Male mastodon landscape use changed with maturation (late Pleistocene, North America)" 9806: 9579: 9441: 8945: 8912: 8889: 8193: 8166: 7912: 7796: 7709: 6996: 6969: 6508: 6405: 6209: 5720: 4829: 4806:

The mastodon commonly browsed on woody plants (i.e. twigs) and fruits, occupying dense

4793: 4786: 4686: 4336: 4324: 4123: 3560: 3354: 3014: 2499: 1164: 469: 166: 12161: 10399: 9237:"Designing scientifically-grounded paleoart for augmented reality at La Brea Tar Pits" 8221:

von Koenigswald, Wighart; Březina, Jakub; Werneburg, Ralf; Göhlich, Ursula B. (2022).

5802: 5703:

Cast of a right rib of the "Manis mastodon" with an embedded object and healed wound,

4082: 1564: 13201: 12979: 12848: 11922:"Senators Braun and Peters Introduce Bill to Name Mastodon America's National Fossil" 11815: 11670: 11616: 11421: 11395: 11336: 11216: 11180: 11136: 10527: 10470: 10315: 10297: 10249: 10131: 10070: 10014: 9929: 9919: 9854: 9836: 9692: 9565: 9384: 9210: 9181: 9002: 8950: 8893: 8856: 8801: 8741:

Bravo-Cuevas, Victor M.; Morales-García, Nuria M.; Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel A. (2015).

8723: 8659: 8623: 8343: 8286: 8198: 8113: 7972: 7626:. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 570–582. 7621: 7538: 7199: 7001: 6931: 6914: 6350: 6163: 6096: 6014: 5846: 5712: 5657: 5395: 5114: 5102: 5083: 5041: 4807: 4559: 4447: 4392:

has a straight vertebral border, contrasting with a more concave vertebral border of

3498: 3408: 3232: 3010: 2606: 2541: 2522: 2495: 2321:

said that for his study, he prioritized the historic plus taxonomically correct name

2013: 1550: 1484: 1448:

in 1762. Daubenton said that the bones were discovered by Native Americans (probably

1278:

Mastodons for at least a few thousand years prior to their extinction coexisted with

1244: 1224: 869: 11527: 11356:"Overkill, glacial history, and the extinction of North America's Ice Age megafauna" 10475:. Vol. 41. Natural History Museum Los Angeles County Science. pp. 293–312. 9776: 9583: 9445: 8969: 8366:

Sanders, William J. (2023). "Chapter 1: Context of African Proboscidean Evolution".

7441: 5644:

and eventually gave rise to modern-day Native Americans. Of interest is that in the

3070: 1404:

and one of the teeth both dissolved before they could be further observed, however.

1235:-based diet on leaves, fruits, and woody parts of plants. This allowed mastodons to 13104: 12705: 12217: 11796: 11761: 11651: 11606: 11598: 11559: 11523: 11488: 11453: 11385: 11375: 11326: 11316: 11274: 11243: 11208: 11172: 11126: 11118: 11077: 11038: 11002: 10967: 10940: 10908: 10873: 10838: 10796: 10769: 10727: 10688: 10684: 10645: 10595: 10566: 10517: 10507: 10431: 10395: 10305: 10289: 10239: 10229: 10162: 10121: 10111: 10041: 10004: 9994: 9844: 9826: 9780: 9772: 9735: 9668: 9629: 9569: 9561: 9519: 9480: 9433: 9405: 9345: 9282: 9244: 9130: 9095: 9072: 9037: 8994: 8940: 8932: 8885: 8754: 8715: 8688: 8651: 8615: 8535: 8506: 8467: 8444: 8421: 8371: 8335: 8309: 8282: 8255: 8230: 8188: 8178: 8072:"A late Cenozoic vertebrate fauna from the Coso Mountains, Inyo County, California" 7964: 7864: 7823: 7788: 7701: 7647: 7598: 7562: 7534: 7472: 7437: 7336: 7293: 7258: 7177: 7142: 6991: 6981: 6926: 6809: 6730: 6695: 6642: 6613: 6605: 6500: 6342: 5901: 5764: 5755: 5732: 5673: 4822:) within most of eastern North America. In Florida, it consumed twigs of the genus 4702: 4364: 4344: 4340: 4304: 4145: 4067: 3902: 3330: 2874: 2601:, respectively. They also said that they were uncertain of the taxonomic status of 2333:

in 1945, stating that people were generally aware of its taxonomic priorities over

2286: 1540: 1376: 1345: 1272: 1195: 12234: 11247: 10944: 10335:"World's Oldest DNA Discovered, Revealing Ancient Arctic Forest Full of Mastodons" 9099: 9041: 8719: 8692: 8259: 7651: 7491: 4894:

showed few morphological changes. In stark contrast, the contemporary gomphothere

4673: 4495: 1172:

average heavier than any living elephant species; they were typically larger than

13039: 13034: 12647: 12495: 12479: 12228: 12183: 11492: 11082: 11057: 11042: 10877: 10842: 10731: 10571: 10546: 10166: 9673: 9648: 9523: 9484: 9437: 9409: 9198: 8850: 8619: 8339: 7931: 7602: 7566: 7476: 7181: 7146: 6847: 6527: 6228: 6116: 5688: 5332: 4883: 4735: 4547:

and mentioned that it would not have needed them in subtropical climates like in

4451: 4319:

is not well-documented in paleontological literature and may vary by individual.

4241: 3910: 3529: 3200: 3168: 2743: 2716: 1623: 1352: 1236: 35: 11655: 11563: 10359: 8568: 7968: 6699: 5366:

The Blancan fossil record suggests a maximum known diversity of four species of

5093:

The American mastodon was only present in the far north of North America during

5028:

regions. The elevated-controlled distributions of coniferous forests within the

4612:

were amongst the largest known proboscideans. This was especially the case with

4586:

was covered with thick coats of fur, considering it to be probably exaggerated.

3099: 2502:, who made early fossil collections from the western side of the Juntura Basin. 2293:

as the prioritized genus name given its status as the oldest genus name, making

1768:

skeleton previously displayed by Charles Peale at his museum, now on display at

12969: 12801: 12677: 12633: 12542: 12512: 12456: 12402: 11602: 10971: 10293: 10234: 9199:"Osteology for the archaeologist: the American mastodon and the woolly mammoth" 8936: 6829:

Warren, John Collin (1852). "Geological situation and causes of preservation".

6120: 6107:

asked him about the name of the "fossil elephant" after seeing his tattoo of a

5979: 5926: 5818: 5645: 5637: 5614: 5560: 5457: 5352: 5256: 5184: 5029: 5021: 4745:

diets throughout their evolutionary history. This means that mammutids such as

4659: 4367:, suggesting that it had a long tail compared to gomphotheres and elephantids. 4074:

are relatively incomplete, leaving several traits to be unable to be observed.

3988: 3969: 3950: 3922: 3874: 3151: 2880:

The oldest evidence of mammutids in North America is of a fragmentary molar of

2772:, Africa and firmly establishes the earliest presence of mammutids in the late 2758: 2708: 2692: 2565:

In 2023, Wighart von Koenigswald et al. reviewed the North American species of

2216: 2164: 2144: 1842: 1793: 1789: 1695:

in 1839. He hypothesized in 1840 that the proboscidean, which he classified as

1480: 1334: 1283: 1173: 1146: 986: 623: 509: 11953:"Peters introduces bipartisan proposal to designate the first national fossil" 10912: 10361:

Neogene Climate Change in Eastern North America: A Quantitative Reconstruction

9876: 9740: 9715: 9402:

First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson site in the Aucilla river

8759: 8742: 8511: 8486: 8425: 8028:

Frick, Childs (1933). "New remains of trilophodont-tetrabelodont mastodonts".

7868: 7792: 7297: 7262: 6814: 6797: 6244:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 1: The Giant of Claverack in Puritan America".

6005:

The mastodon became the subject of a Michigan political campaign in 2000 when

5881:

was well-associated with archeological sites of North America. In comparison,

5040:

in the Irvingtonian but may have been extirpated from the area as a result of

4938:, Indiana in 1998. The mastodon individual lived during the later part of the 4006:

are partially visible in the brain's back (or dorsal) area, its visibility in

2664: 2529:

in a 1996 appendix, a view that was followed by other authors in later years.

13249: 13089: 13049: 12959: 12939: 12892: 12876: 12862: 12855: 12815: 12794: 12787: 12780: 12759: 12733: 12670: 12465: 12426: 12392: 12341: 11990: 10301: 10045: 9933: 9840: 8648:

The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives

8554: 8110:

The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives

7667:"Description of a New Genus and New Species of Extinct Mammiferous Quadruped" 6609: 6346: 6100: 5921: 5870: 5824: 5419: 5025: 5005: 4982: 4754: 4439: 4421: 4311:

is documented as having a highest point located in the shoulder's front like

4070:

is absent from the cerebellar surface of the inner ear. The ear petrosals of

3976:. They also drew several proboscidean brains to scale, in which the brain of 3918: 3913:

with a somewhat rectangular outline, but it is less rectangular than that of

3769: 3579: 3503: 3394: 3022: 2889: 2885: 2792: 2728: 2468: 2188: 2154: 2134: 2102: 2038: 1965: 1923: 1851: 1734: 1714:

After exhibiting the skeleton throughout Europe, he sold the skeleton to the

1453: 1356: 1349: 1330: 1323: 1298: 1142: 1005: 771: 642: 353: 99: 11380: 11321: 11176: 10512: 10270:"A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA" 10187:(Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Pascagoula Formation in Tunica Hills, Louisiana 10063:

in Mexico". In Cavarretta, G.; Gioia, P.; Mussi, M.; Palombo, M. R. (eds.).

9999: 9831: 7690:"Vertebrate Paleontology, an Early Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Science" 6986: 5335:

felids), Proboscidea (gomphotheres), Perissodactyla (tapirs, rhinocerotids,

5168: 3259: 2865: 12903: 12808: 12726: 12698: 12603: 12532: 12472: 12442: 12382: 12351: 11800: 11620: 11399: 11340: 11220: 11184: 11140: 11122: 10531: 10319: 10253: 10193:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 83rd Annual Meeting. pp. 443–444. 10135: 10018: 9858: 9287: 9270: 9006: 8954: 8913:"Brain evolution in Proboscidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria) across the Cenozoic" 8897: 8727: 8612:

Paleoneurology of Amniotes: New directions in the study of fossil endocasts

8202: 7976: 7005: 6404:(Ph.D. thesis). Graduate Program in History. New Brunswick–Piscataway, NJ: 6354: 5975: 5951: 5513: 5469: 5399: 5340: 5336: 5308: 5264: 5240: 5208: 5204: 5152: 5094: 4978: 4425: 4412:

scapulae observed by the researchers have any high constriction there. The

4128: 3982: 3973: 3866: 3865:

is diagnosed as having a long plus low skull and a shortened mandible. The

3426: 3018: 2909: 2840: 2777: 2732: 2720: 2712: 2550: 2440: 2243: 2178: 2068: 1750: 1719: 1611: 1607: 1472:" fossils, although the traditions may have had been told for generations. 1457: 1412: 1393: 1364: 1360: 1151: 1119: 339: 265: 13115: 10800: 10649: 10599: 7492:"Fossil elephants from the Indian sub-continent and their tusks: A review" 4919: 3187: 2490:

In 1963, J. Arnold Shotwell and Donald E. Russell created another species

1722:

then properly reassembled the skeleton, and it today is on display there.

1416:

Engravings of the femurs of an unspecified extant elephant species (top),

1379:, New York to dig near the original site of the tooth to find more bones. 13162: 13098: 13044: 12949: 12831: 12766: 12749: 12712: 12691: 12684: 12582: 12435: 12320: 12305: 12266: 10472:

Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America

10058: 9633: 9574: 8539: 7828: 7403:

The Bulletin of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Oregon

7340: 6104: 6092: 6057: 6037: 5998: 5779: 5641: 5582: 5532: 5312: 5272: 4766: 4601:

male ("Beusching mastodon," left) and female ("Owosso mastodon," right),

4579: 4515:. Despite this, there is little direct evidence supporting the idea that 4257:

are thought to have been smaller in length and circumstance than that of

4051:

but lower than those of elephantids (extant and extinct) and stegodonts.

3881:. At least some of these features are thought to have been acquired from 3565: 3051: 2929: 2859: 2764: 2724: 2700: 2484: 2082: 1666: 1662: 1372: 1279: 1240: 1163:(the frontmost part of the lower jaw), the latter two traits also having 1107: 223: 74: 30:

This article is about the genus. For the social networking platform, see

12137:

The Rochester Museum of Science – Expedition Earth Glaciers & Giants

12040: 12028: 11765: 11279: 11262: 10773: 10435: 10116: 10084: 10064: 9785: 8740: 8049:"A Pliomastodon skull from the Thousand Creek beds, northwestern Nevada" 6512: 6213: 6197: 6123:

site that also acquired its name from the extinct proboscidean species.

3534: 3481: 2313:

was subsequently abandoned by many American paleontologists in favor of

13154: 12719: 12663: 12596: 12566: 12361: 12296: 12012:

Morrison, Tom (2018). "Chapter 4: Locomotive Construction, 1895–1905".

11006: 10788: 10696: 10664: 10266: 9910:

The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation

9422: 8998: 8183: 7800: 7768: 7713: 7705: 7689: 7068:

Cuvier, Georges (1817). "Sixié ordre des mammiféres. Les pachydermes".

6618: 6435:"XLVII. Sequel to the foregoing account of the large fossil teeth" 6068: 6033: 6026: 5887: 5790: 5774: 5577: 5572: 5292: 5284: 5248: 5138: 5098: 4935: 4887: 3851: 3816:

as having a shortened bottom skull base (basicranium) and a high-domed

3128: 2905: 2796: 2785: 2688: 2684: 2480: 2452: 2425: 1569: 1256: 1131: 1127: 418: 236: 119: 84: 13167: 12167:

Missouri State Parks and Historic Sites – Mastodon State Historic Site

9647:

Green, Jeremy L.; DeSantis, Larisa R.G.; Smith, Gregory James (2017).

9372:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 80th Annual Meeting. p. 166. 9161:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 83rd Annual Meeting. p. 402. 9076: 8220: 7916: 7900: 6562:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 11: "Monarch of the wilderness"".

6277: 5727:

In 2017, Steven R. Holen et al. published an article arguing that the

3359: 12929: 12919: 12773: 12575: 11212: 8471: 8448: 8375: 6646: 6504: 6112: 6053: 5994: 5808: 5783: 5669: 5592: 5551: 5447: 5441: 5425: 5320: 5220: 5216: 5173: 5110: 5071: 4878:

As a result of the consistent browsing specializations of the genus,

4778: 4758: 4706: 4677:

Skeletal diagram of the "Warren mastodon" specimen, an adult bull of

4544: 4524: 4520: 4245: 4118: 3217: 3037: 2808: 2773: 2739: 2696: 2554:

and that further analysis needs to be done to confirm whether or not

1929:

In 1817, the French naturalist officially established the genus name

1917: 1905: 1834: 1709: 1290: 1145:

teeth of mastodons have zygodont morphology (where parallel pairs of

1135: 183: 136: 124: 68: 13060: 12157:

BBC Science and Nature:Animals – American mastodon Mammut americanum

11688:"An Oral History of the Ancient Game of Sla-Hal: Man Versus Animals" 10488:"Cenozoic climate change influences mammalian evolutionary dynamics" 9499: 9148:

Smith, Kathlyn M.; Stoneburg, Brittney E.; Dooley, Alton C. (2023).

9134: 7111:

Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil vertebrata of North America

6577:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 13: Exhumation of the monster".

6013:

science teacher Jeffrey Bradley, was sponsored by the state senator

3413: 3237: 2940:

in an endemic fashion while European workers generally thought that

2624:

Several mammutid species outside of North America are classified to

13083: 12885: 12522: 12412: 12284: 12171: 11153: 10485: 10148: 7992:"Additional new genera and species of the mastodontoid proboscidea" 7936:. Vol. 85. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 7397:

von Koenigswald, Wighart; Wigda, Chris; Göhlich, Ursula B. (2023).

5935: 5830: 5565: 5543: 5538: 5518: 5463: 5431: 5413: 5288: 5276: 5268: 5232: 5118: 5049: 4864:) as well as semiaquatic and aquatic plants such as sedge marshes ( 4854: 4845: 4836:

browsing specialization. The dietary preferences of North American

4824: 4742: 4512: 4110: 3942: 3821: 3381: 2949: 2788: 2781: 2370: 2092: 1779:" was subject to research by multiple taxonomists. Scottish writer 1692: 1441: 1436:) and gathered fossil bones and teeth there. The French naturalist 1433: 1268: 1203:

to the point of, according to American historians Paul Semonin and

1111: 1103: 203: 114: 109: 94: 89: 79: 62: 9975:"Wandering mastodons reveal the complexity of Ice Age extinctions" 9249: 9236: 8235: 8222: 7579: 4832:

of mastodons in Florida, they had low δ13C values which indicate C

2762:

is ancestral to mammutids. The earliest undisputed mammutid genus

13227: 12912: 12841: 12552: 12193: 11719:"Tribal gathering celebrates unifying culture of an ancient game" 7769:"Mammut americanum, Utah's First Record of the American Mastodon" 5363:

grassland expansion, cooler climates, and increased seasonality.

5328: 5324: 5316: 5296: 5280: 5252: 5236: 5212: 5037: 5001: 4860: 4730: 4690: 4548: 4539:

needed thick coats for body warmth for their upper ranges at the

4459: 4435: 4385: 4284:

are underrepresented in academic literature. Jennifer A. Hodgson

4149: 4132:

display moderate to weak zygodont crests. Pleistocene species of

3817: 3796: 3155: 2978: 2813: 2803: 2748: 2116: 1798: 1796:

supposed that they belong to an unknown species within the genus

1464: 1449: 1445: 1359:

that in 1705, a large-sized tooth was found near the side of the

1271:, though the genus is known from abundant fossil evidence in the 1252: 1248: 1115: 1099: 129: 104: 58: 13141: 10206: 7933:

The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals

6061:

constructed and was sent to the Mastodon Ridge in January 1995.

5959:

antagonistic beasts. Mastodons may have played ancient roles in

5016:

is known across California and present as far north as southern

4096: 2952:. Current evidence supports an endemic origin of North American 2317:

within the early 20th century. In 1942, American paleontologist

2032:

Today, the genera that include species formerly classified into

1761: 146: 12589: 12290: 12278: 10638: 10097: 9151:

Tusk morphology and sexual dimorphism in the Pacific mastodon (

6318:

Hedeen, Stanley (2008). "Chapter 4: Gathering the bones".

6301:"Mémoire sur des os et des dents remarquables par leur gradeur" 6108: 6078: 5964: 5523: 5407: 5348: 5304: 5244: 4762: 4594: 4540: 4475: 4413: 4300:

is typically depicted as stocky based on postcranial evidence.

4261:

and may have similarly exhibited degrees of sexual dimorphism.

2858:

the last Eurasian mammutid, became extinct during the earliest

2386: 1957:

became the most commonly used genus name for the 19th century.

213: 193: 11672:

The Role of the Pleistocene in Native American Oral Traditions

10745:

Hughes, Philip D.; Gibbard, Philip L.; Ehlers, Jürgen (2020).

8249: 8108:

Shoshani, Jeheskel; Tassy, Pascal, eds. (1996). "Appendix B".

7729:"Report on the Missourium now exhibiting at the Egyptian Hall" 6230:

A History of the Royal Society: With memoirs of the Presidents

4717:. The specimens are still being prepared for further studies. 3025:(from around 1.6 million to 11,000 years ago), only 11019: 9536: 8849:

Jerison, Harry J. (1973). "Chapter 15: Special topics".

7325: 6154:

List of museums and colleges with mastodon fossils on display

6065: 5950:

Political cartoon "Oblivion's Cave—Step Right In, Please" by

5692: 5625: 5568: 5555: 5311:), Eulipotyphla (talpids), Lagomorpha (leporids), Carnivora ( 5260: 5228: 5224: 5122: 5017: 4944: 4866: 4818: 4812: 4463: 4455: 4416:

allows for identification of the sex of the species, as male

4355:

and that the back ribs were shorter and broader than that of

4114: 4109:

contrast strongly with most members of both the Elephantida (

2971:(in a strict sense) ever dispersed outside of North America. 2960:

without later migration because of the gradual appearance of

2769: 2211:

based on what he determined to be differences between it and

1911: 1899: 1401: 1397: 1260: 10786: 10208:

Simon Y.W.; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Poinar, Hendrick N. (2020).

8164: 8011:

University of California Publications in Geological Sciences

7901:"The Beginnings of Vertebrate Paleontology in North America" 6863:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Afterword: The Myth of Wild Nature".

6227:

Weld, Charles Richard (1848). "Chapter XV: 1710–1725".

6115:

franchise, in which the members then agreed to it being the

5877:

Paul L. Koch and Anthony D. Barnosky in 2006 suggested that

5188:

and was present in North America since the late Hemphillian.

4458:

is somewhat thick, short, and appears to have more expanded

2847:

implies that they share a common origin with North American

9949:"The story of Fred the mastodon, who died looking for love" 9690: 8799: 8388: 7515: 7396: 7094:. Vol. 5. G. Dufour and E. d'Ocagne. pp. 527–536. 5834:, and humans in the latest Pleistocene of the United States 5741: 5052:, where the genus is not recorded to have extended beyond. 4852:" of Ohio, mastodons may have also consumed swamp grasses ( 4443: 4104:). Note the presence of a single vestigial mandibular tusk. 3812:

is diagnosed and differentiated in terms of the skull from

2456: 2016:. Various fossil proboscidean species were classified into 1591: 1469: 1424:

In 1739, a French military expedition under the command of

11293: 11096: 10467: 10412: 9350:

10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[125:TOMMAF]2.0.CO;2

7114:. Washington Government Printing Office. pp. 707–712. 6846:

Hartnagel, Chris Andrew; Bishop, Sherman Chauncey (1922).

11197: 10619:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

9804: 9178: 8910: 8678: 8602: 8137:. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 606–621. 7223:"Vertebrate fossils from the Blanco local fauna of Texas" 7204:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

6948:"Mémoire sur les espèces d'éléphans vivantes et fossiles" 6776:

Warren, John Collin (1852). "Discovery of the skeleton".

6465:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

6440:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

5904:. They determined based on the data that the declines of 4882:

occupied an ecological niche that allowed it to actively

4666:, and heavier but somewhat shorter than average males of 4352: 4193:

is always devoid of them. The presence of lower tusks in

2656:

should be carefully used for non-North American species.

1239:

with other members of Proboscidea in North America, like

11055: 10069:. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp. 237–242. 9610: 9497: 9271:"Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans" 7551: 7419: 5128: 5090:

sp. is recorded from the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee.

4803:, due to the need to cross areas of grassland to do so. 4630:

and one of the largest land mammals to have ever lived.

4499:

Restoration of a mastodon with fur. The hypothesis that

2621:

while others had retained validity of the species name.

1590:

In 1799, laborers recovered a thighbone while digging a

11892:"Indiana lawmakers name mastodon as first state fossil" 9458: 9234: 8272: 7162: 6368:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 4: Big Bone Lick".

3859:

sometimes retained lower tusks unlike the other genus.

2467:, otherwise having proportions similar to it. In 1936, 1561:

and counter against the theory of American degeneracy.

12204:

360 View of a Mastodon Skull from Indiana State Museum

12033:

The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin

12014:

The American Steam Locomotive in the Twentieth Century

8875: 7227:

Occasional Papers of the Museum, Texas Tech University

3845:. However, mandibular remains with characteristics of 2944:

was a Eurasian immigrant that replaced North American

1382:

Abeel reported in a later that he went to the town of

12172:

Saint Louis Front Page – Mastodon State Historic Site

10747:"The "missing glaciations" of the Middle Pleistocene" 10642:

Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America

10183:

Partial cranium and associated tusks of Mio-Pliocene

4177:

derived Mammutidae and Elephantida is an instance of

1428:(known also as "Longueil") explored the locality of " 1231:

Mastodons are considered to have had a predominantly

12975: 12965: 12955: 12945: 12935: 12925: 12873: 12826: 12744: 12644: 12614: 12563: 12548: 12538: 12528: 12518: 12508: 12453: 12423: 12408: 12398: 12388: 12378: 12367: 12357: 12347: 12337: 12199:

Smithsonian Magazine Features Mammoths and Mastodons

12152:

American Museum of Natural History – Warren Mastodon

11446:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

10662: 10615:"Pliocene and Pleistocene vertebrates of New Mexico" 9147: 9054: 8776:"Excavation of a Mastodon at Vicksburg, Mississippi" 6543:

Semonin, Paul (2000). "Chapter 5: The American

6485:

Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

6130: 5640:. They are known within the archeological record as 4608:

According to Larramendi, the mammutids of the genus

4058:. According to Eric G. Ekdale, the ear petrosals of 2498:

of Oregon. The species name was created in honor of

451: 438: 425: 407: 272: 12264: 10813: 10744: 7239: 6592:Zygmont, Brian J. (2015). "Charles Willson Peale's 5480:is recorded to have crossed past the Blancan while 4828:as well as other woody plants and fruits. Based on 4734:Restoration of an American mastodon without fur by 4442:of the mammutid genus are robust for instance. The 2928:from Thousand Creek Beds, dating back to the early 2896:(NALMA)). The only definitively defined species of 2401:

for the species based on cranial differences from "

2305:classified as junior synonyms. He also established 10855: 9907: 9686: 9684: 9646: 9335: 8705: 8464:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 8441:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 8411: 8368:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 8091:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 8030:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7949:"First appearance of the true mastodon in America" 7671:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 7454: 7313:Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea 6320:Big Bone Lick: The Cradle of American Paleontology 5916:were correlated with Clovis culture hunting while 5860:The latest Pleistocene of North America records a 5735:in California, is an archeological site involving 5484:replaced the other Blancan species. By this time, 4363:may have been made up of as many as up to 27 4035:. The endocast volume and brain size of the brain 3820:. It is also diagnosed as having an "elephantoid" 3001:specifically is thought to not be synonymous with 2888:, Nevada, dating to 16.5-16.4 Ma (during the 2605:, specifically whether or not it was a variant of 12216:mastodon skeletons at the University of Michigan 10964:Human-Elephant Interactions: From Past to Present 10551:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 10380:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9714:Pardi, Melissa I.; DeSantis, Larisa R.G. (2022). 9653:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9504:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9465:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9399: 8329: 7905:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 7193: 7191: 6259:Warren, John Collin (1852). "Historical sketch". 5961:Native American cultures of the Pacific Northwest 5768:structures typically built by archaic species of 5101:during glacial periods. A 2022 study of ancient 4054:The type species is also known from endocasts of 2487:, California where skull fossils were recovered. 1737:and other New England towns then was acquired by 1420:(middle), and a "Siberian" mammoth (bottom), 1764 13247: 12177:Story of the Randolph Mastodon (Earlham College) 11669:Landol, Nicholas (2022). "Chapter 4: Analysis". 11576: 11540: 11420:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 67–112. 10634: 10632: 10449:Prothero, Donald R.; Davis, Edward Byrd (2008). 9186:. Palaeontographica Americana. pp. 301–367. 8528:Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 8334:. Vol. 1. Springer Cham. pp. 299–344. 7614: 7612: 7499:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 7158: 7156: 7124: 6071:of the late 19th century were originally named " 6019:University of Michigan Museum of Natural History 4840:are thought to have mirrored those of the older 4603:University of Michigan Museum of Natural History 4189:comparatively often lacks mandibular tusks, and 3855:by the shortened mandibular symphysis, although 2997:are definitively recorded from the Blancan, and 2532:In 2019, Alton C. Dooley Jr. et al. established 2282:as a species was highly variable in morphology. 11633: 11360:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11301:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10966:. Tübingen University Press. pp. 407–435. 10644:. Columbia University Press. pp. 232–314. 10492:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9979:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9874: 9811:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9681: 8132: 8088: 8076:Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 7733:Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 6974:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6845: 6322:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 31–44. 2977:is recorded from the late Hemphillian to early 2964:morphologies and a lack of solid evidence that 2659: 2004:on the basis of similar dentitions to that of " 1392:. The account reported skeletal evidence of an 11505: 11418:Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age 10890: 10031: 8971:Variation within the bony labyrinth of mammals 7816:"A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals" 7188: 6198:"The Giant Bones of Claverack, New York, 1705" 5668:. These two kill sites are thought to be from 2420:based on fossil material from the locality of 2412:In 1930, Matthew erected a second species for 1802:, giving the common name "American elephant." 1515: 12250: 11577:Broughton, Jack M.; Weitzel, Elic M. (2018). 11234:Haynes, Gary (2017). "The Cerutti Mastodon". 10629: 10448: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9713: 9301: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9168: 8300:Wang, Shiqi (2023). "中国新近纪大型植食性哺乳动物演化和生物地层". 8243: 8112:. Oxford University Press. pp. 352–353. 8107: 7681: 7609: 7153: 6899:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [6. ed.] 6387:. Princeton University Press. pp. 32–72. 5020:, but it was apparently absent from both the 2494:, assigning it to fossils collected from the 1898:," he derived the name's etymology (compound 12162:BBC News – Greek mastodon find 'spectacular' 11675:(MA). Binghamton University. pp. 21–53. 11443: 10612: 9596:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9382: 9230: 9228: 9226: 8581:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8484: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 7630: 6856: 6418:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6119:. "Mastodon" is also the name of a blogging 5145:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 1456:(or cheek teeth) came from a separate giant 135:(Possible earliest record of up to ~10 10956: 10954: 10613:Morgan, Gary S.; Harris, Arthur H. (2015). 10585: 10357: 10202: 10200: 9905: 9885:) bonesites: what do the differences mean?" 9754: 9112: 8650:. Oxford University Press. pp. 76–85. 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8002: 7618: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7198:Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S. (2008). 7197: 6952:Mémoires de l'Institut des Sciences et Arts 5806:Summed probability distributions (SPDs) of 5605: 4969:North American map of the distributions of 4503:had thick coats of fur has been questioned. 4062:cannot automatically be distinguished from 12318: 12257: 12243: 11439: 11437: 11411: 11409: 11062:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11023:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10984: 10544: 9870: 9868: 9793: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9165: 9089: 8361: 8359: 8216: 8214: 8212: 7892: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7083: 7081: 7063: 7061: 6970:"The curious case of the Arctic mastodons" 6895: 6798:"New York City Mastodons: Big Apple Tusks" 6795: 6191: 6189: 5086:, Florida in the latest Hemphillian while 4122:mirroring elephantidans in an instance of 1976:. The skeleton was initially assembled by 1756: 1749:, was purchased by the American financier 1432:" (located in what is now the US state of 1267:achieved maximum species diversity in the 145: 11820:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 233–256. 11610: 11389: 11379: 11330: 11320: 11278: 11130: 11081: 10570: 10521: 10511: 10309: 10243: 10233: 10125: 10115: 10008: 9998: 9914:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 9848: 9830: 9784: 9739: 9672: 9573: 9463:via low-magnification stereomicroscopy". 9386:Elefantenreich: Eine Fossilwelt in Europa 9329: 9286: 9248: 9223: 8944: 8773: 8758: 8747:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 8641: 8639: 8510: 8325: 8323: 8234: 8192: 8182: 8141: 8063: 8040: 7827: 7807: 7107: 7103: 7101: 6995: 6985: 6963: 6961: 6930: 6919:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6813: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6658: 6656: 6617: 6532:. Philippe Denis Pierres. pp. 42–80. 6525: 6432: 6298: 5845:initially occupied the region during the 5679:According to the American paleontologist 5488:would have coexisted with the elephantid 4307:(also known as the backbone or spine) of 4136:do not display zygodont crests, however. 2361:In 1921, Osborn created the species name 2250:is the senior species synonym and listed 1215:in 1792 then classified to its own genus 12070: 12053: 12011: 11950: 11458:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415 11260: 10951: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10197: 8974:(Thesis). University of Texas at Austin. 8708:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 8589: 8126: 8082: 7940: 7687: 7220: 6835:. John Wilson and Son. pp. 154–167. 6712: 6677: 6667:. Yale University Press. pp. 46–54. 6570: 6536: 6397: 6195: 5984: 5945: 5941: 5801: 5698: 5609: 5167: 5132: 4964: 4918: 4729: 4672: 4593: 4494: 4369: 4268: 4095: 4081: 3936: 2864: 2663: 2389:, which was eventually synonymized with 2344: 1964: 1872: 1760: 1563: 1519: 1411: 1322: 12101: 12026: 11747: 11434: 11406: 11353: 11263:"Pleistocene Palaeoart of the Americas" 10709: 9946: 9865: 9257: 9019: 8852:Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence 8848: 8525: 8461: 8438: 8365: 8356: 8209: 8069: 8008: 7929: 7898: 7636: 7347: 7310: 7275: 7078: 7058: 6862: 6839: 6832:The Mastodon giganteus of North America 6822: 6791: 6789: 6779:The Mastodon giganteus of North America 6769: 6662: 6632: 6591: 6576: 6561: 6542: 6401:George Croghan: The life of a conqueror 6367: 6361: 6332: 6262:The Mastodon giganteus of North America 6243: 6220: 6186: 6081:locomotive later became known also as " 5763:stating that it was astonishingly bad, 5339:equids), and Artiodactyla (tayassuids, 5032:region may have limited populations of 4466:does not appear much different in both 4264: 4244:of the right tusk from the locality of 3889:is oval, whereas that of the skull of " 2862:, around 2.5-2 million years ago. 2215:based on the skull and dentition. Both 1703:to assemble a mounted skeleton of the " 14: 13248: 12060:(MA). University of Nebraska at Omaha. 12029:"The Origin of Locomotive Class Names" 11813: 11778: 11668: 11415: 11233: 10960: 10930: 10367:(MS). East Tennessee State University. 9316: 9190: 8984: 8967: 8645: 8636: 8485:Jiangzuo, Qigao; Wang, Shi-Qi (2023). 8320: 7989: 7946: 7813: 7766: 7664: 7098: 7087: 7067: 7048:Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 7041: 7025:Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 7018: 6967: 6958: 6945: 6912: 6852:. University of the State of New York. 6828: 6775: 6758: 6741: 6653: 6457: 6398:Daiutolo, Robert, Jr. (October 2015). 6317: 6275: 6258: 6237: 2735:(elephants, mammoths, and relatives). 2349:Sketch of the reconstructed skull of " 1555:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 1247:, who had shifted to mixed feeding or 1141:Like other members of Mammutidae, the 13065: 13064: 12238: 11716: 11470: 10919: 10179: 9972: 9196: 8822: 8046: 8027: 7888:. Carnegie Institution of Washington. 7749: 7021:"Sur les éléphans vivans et fossiles" 6896:Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1799). 6706: 6585: 6482: 6385:Fossil Legends of the First Americans 6382: 6311: 6252: 5660:have been recorded compared to 15 of 5439:were found with those of the leporid 5303:with similar types of faunas, namely 5129:Late Neogene-Quaternary North America 4379:Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History 4339:, 20 thoracic vertebrae, 3 4100:Front view of the "Warren mastodon" ( 2340: 1960: 13301:Pleistocene mammals of North America 13233:54E060FB-E774-4FE8-B5C4-E09B4A6A2B21 12218:Mammutidae digital fossil repository 11685: 10034:Revista Geológica de América Central 9362: 8774:Knox, S. Cragin; Pitts, Sue (1984). 8552: 8314:10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2023.03.01 8299: 7842: 7760: 7726: 7074:. Chez Déterville. pp. 227–245. 6877: 6786: 6782:. John Wilson and Son. pp. 4–7. 6671: 6299:Daubenton, Louis Jean-Marie (1764). 6265:. John Wilson and Son. pp. 1–3. 6226: 5000:fossil sites range in time from the 4490: 4019:, despite weighing twice as much as 2544:, California. They also stated that 2536:based on fossils collected from the 2309:as the type species. The genus name 2254:as a junior synonym. He also listed 1868: 1669:, 1989 (left) and a replica of the " 1180:of both sexes but shorter than male 10377: 9697:Current Research in the Pleistocene 9304:The first specimen of mastodon hair 8614:. Springer Cham. pp. 579–644. 7881: 7583:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7489: 6735:10.17704/eshi.29.1.j034662534721751 5619:Cleveland Museum of Natural History 5550:) along with various other extinct 5359:," Rhinocerotidae) as a result of C 4914: 4753:indicate that the species consumed 3932: 2812:made an appearance in the earliest 2756:is ancestral to gomphotheres while 2699:(the other elephantimorph clade is 2428:, determining that it differs from 2025:remains were erected. As a result, 1344:(known also as Lord Cornbury) from 1304: 24: 11781:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 10669:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10332: 9906:Sukumar, R. (September 11, 2003). 9875:Haynes, G.; Klimowicz, J. (2003). 9728:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9302:Hallin, K.F.; Gabriel, D. (1981). 8890:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016 8681:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8656:10.1093/oso/9780198546528.003.0009 8553:Ruez, Dennis Russell, Jr. (2007). 7640:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6103:was asked by the guitarist-singer 6043:Title 36 of the United States Code 5656:kill sites compatible with Clovis 5508:was present with the megalonychid 5386:). However, the Blancan record of 5192:The earliest undisputed record of 4697:A relatively complete skeleton of 4589: 4351:could have had as many as 20 2839:(in a broad sense) is most likely 2377:. He also erected another species 2365:based on distinct molars from the 1633:American Museum of Natural History 1342:Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon 1092:'tooth') is a member of the genus 160:American Museum of Natural History 25: 13342: 13311:Pliocene mammals of North America 12231:", 18 September 1880, p. 175 12130: 11868:. 10 October 2014. Archived from 10893:Journal of Archaeological Science 10545:Wang, Bian; Secord, Ross (2020). 10457:. Vol. 44. pp. 233–238. 7814:Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). 7694:Journal of the History of Biology 7519:Journal of African Earth Sciences 6802:Evolution: Education and Outreach 6032:In January 2024, Indiana senator 5683:, the "Heisler mastodon" site in 4479:In terms of postcranial anatomy, 2393:. Osborn in 1926 followed up for 2285:In 1902, American paleontologist 1770:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 1716:British Museum of Natural History 1629:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt 1495:recorded that he and his brother 1318: 13281:Miocene mammals of North America 13015: 13009: 13002: 12142:Illinois State Museum – Mastodon 12095: 12064: 12047: 12020: 12005: 11975: 11944: 11926:Mike Braun: U.S. Senator Indiana 11914: 11884: 11854: 11824: 11807: 11772: 11741: 11710: 11679: 11662: 11627: 11570: 11534: 11499: 11464: 11347: 11287: 11254: 11227: 11191: 11147: 11090: 11049: 11013: 10978: 10884: 10849: 10807: 10780: 10738: 10703: 10656: 10606: 10579: 10538: 10479: 10461: 10442: 10406: 10371: 10351: 10326: 10260: 10173: 10142: 10091: 10052: 10025: 9966: 9940: 9899: 9748: 9707: 9640: 9604: 9530: 9491: 9452: 9416: 9393: 9376: 9356: 9310: 9295: 9141: 9106: 9083: 9048: 9013: 8978: 8961: 8904: 8287:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.210728 7990:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1926). 7947:Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1921). 7930:Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). 7899:Simpson, George Gaylord (1942). 7539:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.01.003 6932:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00352.x 6759:Osborn, Harry Fairfield (1936). 6133: 5672:, Missouri and Pleasant Lake in 4091:Phillips Park (Aurora, Illinois) 3777: 3768: 3620: 3598: 3564: 3533: 3502: 3480: 3458: 3412: 3380: 3358: 3329: 3258: 3236: 3186: 3154: 3127: 3098: 3069: 1733:. The skeleton was exhibited in 1651: 1642: 1407: 1400:" uncovered from Claverack. The 1295:end-Pleistocene extinction event 1106:. Mastodons belong to the order 170: 72: 13321:Ringold Formation Miocene Fauna 11528:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.024 9777:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107304 9338:The American Midland Naturalist 8869: 8842: 8816: 8793: 8767: 8734: 8699: 8672: 8546: 8519: 8478: 8466:. CRC Press. pp. 101–148. 8455: 8432: 8405: 8382: 8293: 8266: 8101: 8021: 7983: 7923: 7875: 7845:"The Evolution of the Elephant" 7836: 7743: 7720: 7658: 7573: 7545: 7509: 7483: 7457:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 7448: 7442:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105949 7413: 7319: 7304: 7269: 7233: 7214: 7118: 7035: 7012: 6939: 6906: 6889: 6871: 6626: 6555: 6519: 6476: 6451: 6426: 6391: 6376: 5978:in a passage of the 1855 poem " 4977:(red) fossil localities of the 4960: 4955: 4720: 4197:separates it as a species from 2894:North American land mammal ages 2869:Skeletons of an adult and calf 2613:. Some authors have considered 2229:George William Featherstonhaugh 1367:country-fellow and was sold to 1263:exhibited by modern elephants. 12016:. McFarland. pp. 133–182. 10689:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011169 10358:Baumgartner, Kyrie A. (2014). 9881:spp.) and American mastodont ( 9404:. Springer. pp. 263–331. 8855:. Elsevier. pp. 340–362. 8832:Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève 8414:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 8053:Contributions to Palaeontology 7665:Godman, John Davidson (1830). 6902:. Göttingen. pp. 695–698. 6885:. Edinburgh. pp. 115–117. 6867:. NYU Press. pp. 392–411. 6594:The Exhumation of the Mastodon 6581:. NYU Press. pp. 315–340. 6566:. NYU Press. pp. 263–287. 6551:. NYU Press. pp. 111–135. 6529:Notes on the State of Virginia 6326: 6292: 6269: 4446:has a slightly more developed 3754: 2824:was subsequently succeeded by 2492:Mammut (Pliomastodon) furlongi 1974:Natural History Museum, London 1838:had been named the same year. 1707:" and briefly exhibited it at 1661:Excavation of a specimen in a 1604:American Philosophical Society 1546:Notes on the State of Virginia 1526:The Exhumation of the Mastodon 817:Mastodon americanus alaskensis 158:skeleton ("Warren mastodon"), 27:Extinct genus of proboscideans 13: 1: 13266:Fossil taxa described in 1799 12073:"How They Became... Mastodon" 12054:Wilhelmi, Cynthia J. (1996). 11248:10.1080/20555563.2017.1330103 10945:10.1080/20555563.2022.2057834 10400:10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00148-0 9275:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9100:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272 9042:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436 8968:Ekdale, Eric Gregory (2009). 8720:10.1590/0001-3765201520150261 8693:10.1080/02724634.2023.2222784 8443:. CRC Press. pp. 45–99. 7652:10.1080/02724634.2023.2252021 6372:. NYU Press. pp. 84–110. 6179: 6052:park in the Canadian town of 5797: 5602:, and the Columbian mammoth. 5182:mostly likely descended from 4988:The range of most species of 4574:however, as woolly mammoths ( 3987:but smaller than that of the 3980:was much larger than that of 2199:In 1830, American naturalist 1863:Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim 1594:pit at John Masten's farm in 1581: 631:Tetracaulodon mastodontoideum 378:Shotwell & Russell, 1963 12147:Calvin College Mastodon Page 11493:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.003 11261:Bednarik, Robert G. (2014). 11083:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103601 11043:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103600 10878:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.12.001 10843:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.08.012 10732:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.12.012 10572:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109411 10455:Neogene Mammals: Bulletin 44 10167:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.12.017 9947:McNamee, Kai (7 July 2022). 9889:Advances in Mammoth Research 9674:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.019 9566:10.1016/0033-5894(91)90020-6 9524:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110473 9485:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.026 9438:10.5710/AMGH.02.06.2015.2842 9410:10.1007/978-1-4020-4694-0_10 8620:10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_15 8370:. CRC Press. pp. 1–17. 8340:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12 7843:Lull, Richard Swann (1908). 7603:10.1080/14772019.2014.985339 7567:10.1016/j.palwor.2017.03.005 7477:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.035 7311:Sanders, William J. (2023). 7278:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 7243:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 7221:Dalquest, Walter W. (1975). 7182:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.05.018 7147:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.047 6248:. NYU Press. pp. 15–40. 6196:Stanford, Donald E. (1959). 6088:Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 5745:in North America during the 4777:is supported further by the 4713:and even several species of 4529:scanning electron microscope 4288:. compared the anatomies of 4273:"Cohoes Mastodon" skeleton, 4148:. The upper tusks (or upper 4077: 3795:(left) and an unarticulated 2816:(~23-20 Ma) of Africa after 2660:Classification and evolution 2455:based on differences on the 2329:. He continued prioritizing 1988:", both now synonymous with 1918: 1906: 1689:Mastodon State Historic Site 1491:In 1768, Scottish anatomist 1340:In a letter dating to 1713, 1118:(which belong to the family 790:Mastodon americanus plicatus 401:Species pending reassessment 7: 13276:Messinian first appearances 11817:A Companion to Walt Whitman 11656:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.009 11564:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.01.003 8260:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3046011/v1 7969:10.1126/science.54.1388.108 7849:American Journal of Science 7688:Gerstner, Patsy A. (1970). 6796:Horenstein, Sidney (2008). 6700:10.17704/1944-6187-41.2.410 6126: 6007:Washtenaw Community College 4420:individuals have a smaller 4408:, since neither of the two 3972:protruding in front of the 3909:also has a high and narrow 2670:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 2471:published the species name 2012:), effectively making it a 1807:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1673:" complete skeleton (right) 1516:Early American observations 1221:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 741:Missourium theristocaulodon 10: 13347: 11686:Nose, Renee Roman (2012). 11603:10.1038/s41467-018-07897-1 11508:Quaternary Science Reviews 11354:Meltzer, David J. (2020). 10972:10.15496/publikation-55583 10793:Kentucky Geological Survey 10294:10.1038/s41586-022-05453-y 10235:10.1038/s41467-020-17893-z 9973:Price, Gilbert J. (2022). 9757:Quaternary Science Reviews 9269:Larramendi, Asier (2015). 9241:Palaeontologia Electronica 9197:Olsen, Stanley J. (1972). 8937:10.1038/s41598-019-45888-4 8491:Journal of Palaeogeography 8227:Palaeontologia Electronica 7422:Quaternary Science Reviews 7108:Perry Hay, Oliver (1902). 6665:The Legacy of the Mastodon 6526:Jefferson, Thomas (1785). 5972:Lewis and Clark Expedition 5715:et al. suggested that the 5691:missionary's testimony of 5652:As of present, 2 definite 5536:, and the machairodontine 5476:In the Irvingtonian, only 5467:, and the ground squirrel 4925:Wheaton College (Illinois) 4801:Great American Interchange 4761:, grass, and occasionally 4558:. referenced that because 2791:plus non-endemics such as 2648:(possibly synonymous with 2397:by establishing the genus 1912: 1900: 1877:Sketch of the skeleton of 1861:by the Russian naturalist 1438:Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton 1308: 501:Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 29: 13306:Pleistocene proboscideans 13261:Extinct animals of Canada 13073: 13024: 12999: 12902: 12872: 12825: 12743: 12643: 12613: 12562: 12504: 12493: 12452: 12422: 12333: 12329: 12314: 12273: 10913:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.009 10180:White, Connor D. (2023). 9741:10.3389/fevo.2022.1064299 9720:) and American mastodon ( 8760:10.18268/BSGM2015v67n2a14 8512:10.1016/j.jop.2022.09.002 8426:10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3 8070:Schultz, John R. (1937). 7996:American Museum Novitates 7953:American Museum Novitates 7869:10.2475/ajs.s4-25.147.169 7793:10.1017/S0022336000028316 7298:10.1007/s12542-010-0053-1 7263:10.1007/s12542-015-0270-8 7044:"Sur le grand mastodonte" 6913:Hooker, Jerry J. (2007). 6815:10.1007/s12052-008-0042-y 6433:Collinson, Peter (1767). 6276:Storrs, Glenn W. (2019). 6085:." In the 1993-1995 show 4949:intraspecific competition 4428:than female individuals. 4039:are larger than those of 3735: 3613: 3591: 3584: 3557: 3526: 3495: 3473: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3405: 3398: 3373: 3351: 3344: 3326:Gomphotherium augustidens 3322: 3315: 3298: 3291: 3251: 3229: 3222: 3211: 3204: 3179: 3172: 3149: 3142: 3120: 3113: 3091: 3084: 3062: 3055: 2691:, the sole family of the 1881:, labeled as "Mastodonte" 1783:erected the species name 1701:Pomme de Terre River 1371:member Van Bruggen for a 1369:New York General Assembly 615:Fischer de Waldheim, 1814 596:Fischer de Waldheim, 1808 593:Harpagmotherium canadense 475: 468: 301: 296: 271: 264: 167:Scientific classification 165: 153: 144: 53: 40:Mastodon (disambiguation) 32:Mastodon (social network) 13291:Paleontology in Michigan 12071:Marchese, David (2010). 11832:"STATE FOSSIL: MASTODON" 11717:Mapes, Lynda V. (2012). 11473:Quaternary International 10858:Quaternary International 10823:Quaternary International 10712:Quaternary International 10151:Quaternary International 10046:10.15517/rgac.v0i42.4169 7767:Miller, Wade E. (1987). 7166:Quaternary International 7127:Quaternary International 7042:Cuvier, Georges (1806). 7019:Cuvier, Georges (1806). 6946:Cuvier, Georges (1799). 6610:10.1515/texmat-2015-0008 6458:Hunter, William (1768). 6347:10.1177/0073275319874982 6174:Big Bone Lick State Park 5989:Mastodon replica at the 5705:Sequim Museum & Arts 5606:Relationship with humans 5533:Miracinonyx inexpectatus 5044:. An isolated record of 4830:carbon isotopic analyses 4025:encephalization quotient 3885:. The nasal aperture of 3759: 3302:Choerolophodon pentelici 3183:Palaeomastodon beadnelli 3066:Phosphatherium esculliei 3029:and the newly appearing 2672:, who erected the genus 2383:Thousand Creek Formation 2373:, naming it in honor of 2351:Pliomastodon vexillarius 1823:and erected the species 1483:for having sent him and 1178:African forest elephants 891:Pliomastodon vexillarius 733:Tetracaulodon bucklandii 682:Tetracaulodon tapyroides 13296:Pleistocene extinctions 12102:Perrigo, Billy (2020). 11951:Davidson, Kyle (2024). 11748:Thomson, Keith (2011). 11381:10.1073/pnas.2015032117 11322:10.1073/pnas.1416072111 11177:10.1126/science.1207663 10513:10.1073/pnas.1110246108 10416:Journal of Paleontology 10000:10.1073/pnas.2118329119 9832:10.1073/pnas.2118329119 9057:Papers in Palaeontology 8878:Brain Research Bulletin 8047:Stock, Chester (1936). 7882:Hay, Oliver P. (1923). 7773:Journal of Paleontology 7329:Journal of Paleontology 6987:10.1073/pnas.1422018112 6029:, passing unanimously. 5107:Kap Kobenhavn Formation 4940:Bølling–Allerød warming 4725: 4664:African forest elephant 4626:Palaeoloxodon namadicus 4507:The American mastodon ( 4388:(or shoulder blade) of 3617:Palaeoloxodon falconeri 3377:Stegomastodon humboldti 3095:Numidotherium koholense 2477:Pliomastodon? cosoensis 2234:The validities of both 1757:Early taxonomic history 1543:stated his thoughts on 1524:The 1806–1808 painting 1087: 1081: 666:Tetracaulodon collinsii 44:Mammut (disambiguation) 13316:Pliocene proboscideans 12027:Gaskell, G.H. (1952). 11838:. 2002. Archived from 11801:10.1139/cjes-2022-0131 11123:10.1126/sciadv.ade9068 9288:10.4202/app.00136.2014 8823:Tassy, Pascal (2018). 8806:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8559:(Thesis). Austin, TX: 8395:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 8275:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 7750:Leidy, Joseph (1869). 7727:Owen, Richard (1842). 6968:Froese, Duane (2014). 6715:Earth Sciences History 6680:Earth Sciences History 6002: 5955: 5862:large extinction phase 5835: 5747:Marine Isotope Stage 5 5708: 5621: 5502:Port Kennedy Bone Cave 5323:, mustelids including 5189: 5156: 4985: 4927: 4738: 4682: 4668:African bush elephants 4605: 4504: 4381: 4277: 4105: 4093: 4089:lower jaw and molars, 3954: 3925:, a trait shared with 3595:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 3455:Mammuthus meridionalis 2948:during the Miocene or 2904:, which occurs in the 2900:from North America is 2877: 2677: 2617:to be synonymous with 2479:, naming it after the 2473:Pliomastodon nevadanus 2375:William Diller Matthew 2358: 2319:George Gaylord Simpson 1993: 1882: 1772: 1747:Henry Fairfield Osborn 1743:Harvard Medical School 1587: 1532: 1479:credited Irish trader 1421: 1389:The Boston News-Letter 1337: 1182:African bush elephants 1130:of the extinct family 1040:Chow & Chang, 1961 957:Pliomastodon cosoensis 935:Pliomastodon nevadanus 855:Pliomastodon sellardsi 620:Tapirus mastodontoides 612:Mastotherium megalodon 42:. For other uses, see 38:. For other uses, see 13286:Miocene proboscideans 13215:Paleobiology Database 11583:Nature Communications 10801:10.13023/kgs13sp22023 10650:10.7312/wood13040-009 10600:10.58799/NMG-v21n1.10 10214:Nature Communications 9953:National Public Radio 9363:Hart, Brenna (2020). 8987:Journal of Morphology 6878:Kerr, Robert (1792). 6169:Cerutti Mastodon site 6036:and Michigan senator 6011:Slauson Middle School 5988: 5949: 5942:Cultural significance 5805: 5729:Cerutti Mastodon site 5702: 5613: 5573:Bootherium bombifrons 5492:and the gomphotheres 5171: 5136: 5080:Bone Valley Formation 5074:. This suggests that 5060:Horned Toad Formation 4968: 4922: 4850:Burning Tree mastodon 4733: 4676: 4597: 4576:Mammuthus primigenius 4498: 4402:Mammuthus primigenius 4373: 4347:. They believed that 4275:New York State Museum 4272: 4156:differ from those of 4099: 4085: 3940: 3897:is more trapezoidal. 3738:"plesielephantiforms" 3477:Mammuthus primigenius 2875:George C. Page Museum 2868: 2835:as currently defined 2667: 2517:was synonymized with 2509:was synonymized with 2449:Truth or Consequences 2447:from the locality of 2367:Snake Creek Formation 2348: 2278:. He also noted that 1968: 1876: 1816:Mammuthus primigenius 1764: 1687:in what is today the 1671:Burning Tree mastodon 1600:Charles Willson Peale 1567: 1530:Charles Willson Peale 1523: 1415: 1326: 1205:Keith Stewart Thomson 768:Trilophodon ohioticus 674:Tetracaulodon godmani 585:Elephas macrocephalus 57:Temporal range: Late 13030:Plesielephantiformes 12265:Genera of the order 12229:The Chicago Mastodon 11902:on 22 September 2023 11836:Michigan Legislature 11729:on 22 September 2021 9634:10.1017/qua.2018.100 8540:10.2181/036.042.0201 7829:10.3996/nafa.23.0001 7820:North American Fauna 7341:10.1017/jpa.2016.143 6099:band when guitarist 5855:Last Glacial Maximum 5851:Wisconsin glaciation 5624:The exact timing of 5588:Megalonyx jeffersoni 5405:, the pocket gopher 5390:is relatively rare. 5064:Pascagoula Formation 5042:Illinoian glaciation 4902:. The morphology of 4810:made up of spruces ( 4781:(or fossil dung) of 4323:usually has 20 4265:Postcranial skeleton 4179:convergent evolution 3949:without any visible 3941:Illustration of the 3879:infraorbital foramen 3826:mandibular symphysis 3793:Porter County Museum 3255:Zygolophodon borsoni 2806:phase of evolution, 2434:Standard Oil Company 2391:Zygolophodon proavus 2201:John Davidson Godman 1943:Mastodon angustidens 1559:American nationalism 1426:Charles III Le Moyne 1311:Research history of 1209:American nationalism 1161:mandibular symphysis 1110:, the same order as 1021:Zygolophodon borsoni 725:Tetracaulodon kochii 717:Tetracaulodon osagii 491:Fischer von Waldheim 34:. For the band, see 13331:Symbols of Michigan 12618:Choerolophodontidae 12224:Scientific American 11932:on 20 February 2024 11793:2023CaJES..60..263C 11766:10.1511/2011.90.200 11648:2009QuRes..72..359W 11636:Quaternary Research 11595:2018NatCo...9.5441B 11556:2016QuRes..85..262F 11544:Quaternary Research 11520:2014QSRv...85...35B 11485:2010QuInt.217..225S 11372:2020PNAS..11728555M 11366:(46): 28555–28563. 11313:2014PNAS..11118460Z 11307:(52): 18460–18465. 11280:10.3390/arts3020190 11169:2011Sci...334..351W 11115:2023SciA....9E9068W 11074:2022JArSR..45j3601E 11035:2022JArSR..45j3600K 10999:2021QuRes.103..182M 10987:Quaternary Research 10905:2015JArSc..56..177G 10870:2008QuInt.191...82S 10835:2022QuInt.640...23W 10774:10.1017/qua.2019.76 10766:2020QuRes..96..161H 10754:Quaternary Research 10724:2010QuInt.217..195S 10681:1999JVPal..19..595L 10563:2020PPP...54209411W 10504:2012PNAS..109..722F 10436:10.1017/jpa.2017.45 10428:2017JPal...91.1069M 10392:2000PPP...156..327F 10339:Scientific American 10333:Pappas, Stephanie. 10286:2022Natur.612..283K 10226:2020NatCo..11.4048K 10159:2007QuInt.169...17A 10117:10.7717/peerj.10030 9991:2022PNAS..11918329M 9985:(25): e2118329119. 9823:2022PNAS..11918329M 9817:(25): e2118329119. 9769:2022QSRv..27707304B 9665:2017PPP...487...59G 9626:2019QuRes..91..792B 9614:Quaternary Research 9558:1991QuRes..36..120L 9546:Quaternary Research 9516:2021PPP...57510473B 9477:2005PPP...223...34G 9127:2011Pbio...37..175S 9069:2022PPal....8E1427P 9034:2018HBio...30..137S 8929:2019NatSR...9.9323B 8783:Mississippi Geology 8561:University of Texas 8503:2023JPalG..12...50J 7961:1921Sci....54..108F 7861:1908AmJS...25..169L 7785:1987JPal...61..168M 7595:2016JSPal..14....1K 7531:2009JAfES..53..171H 7469:2018JAESc.162...54N 7434:2019QSRv..22305949M 7290:2010PalZ...84..163G 7255:2015PalZ...89.1073W 7174:2012QuInt.276....2M 7139:2012QuInt.255..239M 6980:(52): 18405–18406. 6727:2010ESHis..29...26M 6692:2022ESHis..41..410M 6635:ICOFOM Study Series 6497:1793MAAAS...2..160A 6282:Ohio Valley History 6233:. pp. 398–433. 6159:Manis Mastodon site 6141:Paleontology portal 6091:, the Black Ranger 5717:Manis Mastodon site 5583:Paramylodon harlani 5510:Megalonyx wheatleyi 5423:, the hipparionine 5155:up to the Pliocene. 4681:compared to a human 4224:Like its relative " 4162:M. vexillarius 3124:Moeritherium lyonsi 2987:M. vexillarius 2573:. They synonymized 2538:Diamond Valley Lake 2248:Mastodon americanus 1811:Elephas primigenius 1777:American incognitum 1775:In the 1790s, the " 1739:John Collins Warren 1727:lacustrine deposits 1679:Other skeletons of 1616:Philadelphia Museum 1539:American statesman 1201:American Revolution 1165:evolved in parallel 866:Pliomastodon adamsi 757:Elephas rupertianus 709:Leviathan missourii 658:Mastodon jeffersoni 601:Elephas mastodontus 460:Zhang et. al., 1991 13326:Symbols of Indiana 12182:2015-12-20 at the 12114:on 21 January 2024 11993:on 16 January 2024 11963:on 27 January 2024 11842:on 29 January 2024 11754:American Scientist 11007:10.1017/qua.2021.1 10588:New Mexico Geology 10153:. 169–170: 17–23. 9319:American Zoologist 9092:Historical Biology 9022:Historical Biology 8999:10.1002/jmor.10924 8917:Scientific Reports 8302:Quaternary Studies 8184:10.7717/peerj.6614 7756:. J.B. Lippincott. 7706:10.1007/BF00569310 7490:Rai, R.C. (2004). 6406:Rutgers University 6335:History of Science 6003: 5956: 5836: 5709: 5622: 5519:Arctodus pristinus 5429:, and the camelid 5190: 5157: 4994:M. americanum 4986: 4928: 4890:. In the Blancan, 4872:M. americanum 4808:coniferous forests 4783:M. americanum 4751:M. americanum 4739: 4711:M. americanum 4683: 4679:M. americanum 4655:M. americanum 4650:M. americanum 4645:M. americanum 4634:in comparison to " 4632:M. americanum 4606: 4584:M. americanum 4571:M. americanum 4560:Columbian mammoths 4509:M. americanum 4505: 4410:M. americanum 4382: 4375:M. americanum 4337:cervical vertebrae 4325:thoracic vertebrae 4278: 4259:M. americanum 4250:M. americanum 4234:M. americanum 4207:M. americanum 4187:M. americanum 4170:M. americanum 4124:parallel evolution 4106: 4102:M. americanum 4094: 4087:M. americanum 4037:M. americanum 4023:, had a 30% lower 4021:M. americanum 4008:M. americanum 3978:M. americanum 3966:M. americanum 3958:M. americanum 3955: 3947:M. americanum 3899:M. americanum 3887:M. americanum 3789:M. americanum 3561:Loxodonta africana 3355:Cuvieronius andium 3042:M. americanum 3027:M. americanum 3007:M. americanum 2878: 2871:M. americanum 2678: 2500:Eustace L. Furlong 2465:M. americanus 2443:named the species 2359: 2355:Mammut vexillarius 2341:Additional species 2307:M. americanum 2280:M. americanum 2209:T. Mastodontoideum 2203:created the genus 2027:M. americanum 2023:M. americanum 2006:Mastodon giganteum 1994: 1961:Taxonomic problems 1939:Mastodon giganteum 1883: 1848:Elephas americanus 1841:French naturalist 1805:German naturalist 1785:Elephas americanus 1773: 1731:M. americanum 1705:Missouri Leviathan 1588: 1533: 1422: 1418:M. americanum 1338: 1293:), as part of the 825:Mastodon acutidens 639:Mastodon ohioticum 569:Elephas americanus 276:Elephas americanus 13243: 13242: 13202:Open Tree of Life 13067:Taxon identifiers 13058: 13057: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12980:Stegotetrabelodon 12849:Paratetralophodon 12489: 12488: 11872:on 1 October 2023 11866:State Symbols USA 11723:The Seattle Times 11427:978-0-226-82403-1 11207:(7651): 479–483. 11163:(6054): 351–353. 10280:(7939): 283–291. 10268:(December 2022). 10061:Mammut americanum 9925:978-0-19-510778-4 9883:Mammut americanum 9722:Mammut americanum 9461:Mammut americanum 9216:978-0-87365-197-4 9077:10.1002/spp2.1427 8862:978-0-323-14108-6 8665:978-0-19-854652-8 8629:978-3-031-13982-6 8349:978-3-030-68397-9 8119:978-0-19-854652-8 6164:Snowmastodon site 6015:Thaddeus McCotter 5902:radiocarbon dates 5847:Last Interglacial 5761:Donald K. Grayson 5713:Michael R. Waters 5658:lithic technology 5599:Equus complicatus 5548:Rangifer tarandus 5539:Smilodon gracilis 5396:Palomas Formation 5115:Early Pleistocene 5103:environmental DNA 4564:Mammuthus columbi 4523:near the city of 4491:External features 4481:M. pacificum 4448:olecranon process 4406:Mammut americanum 4255:M. pacificum 4219:M. cosoensis 4211:M. nevadanum 4203:M. pacificum 4199:M. pacificum 4191:M. pacificum 4174:M. pacificum 4139:The dentition of 3824:with a shortened 3801:M. pacificum 3751: 3750: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3546: 3545: 3515: 3514: 3499:Mammuthus columbi 3409:Stegodon insignis 3280: 3279: 3271: 3270: 3233:Mammut americanum 3031:M. pacificum 3011:Ringold Formation 3003:M. pacificum 2995:M. cosoensis 2926:M. nevadanum 2607:sexual dimorphism 2523:Jeheskel Shoshani 2496:Juntura Formation 2395:Mastodon matthewi 2363:Mastodon matthewi 2207:plus its species 2060:G. subtapiroideum 2021:erected based on 2014:wastebasket taxon 2010:Mammut americanum 1869:Cuvier's taxonomy 1681:Mammut americanum 1551:social degeneracy 1508:" (shortened as " 1506:animal incognitum 1485:Benjamin Franklin 1328:Mammut americanum 1245:Columbian mammoth 1225:wastebasket taxon 1074: 1073: 1066:Schlesinger, 1917 1057: 1037:Mammut shansiense 1002:Mastodon buffonis 994:Mastodon vialleti 983:Mastodon vellavus 977: 951: 929: 907: 885: 847:Mastodon matthewi 841: 798:Mammut oregonense 701:Missourium kochii 690:Elephas ohioticus 563: 481: 461: 448: 435: 422: 402: 394: 379: 368: 357: 343: 329: 315: 282:Mammut americanum 260: 16:(Redirected from 13338: 13236: 13235: 13223: 13222: 13210: 13209: 13197: 13196: 13184: 13183: 13171: 13170: 13158: 13157: 13145: 13144: 13132: 13131: 13119: 13118: 13109: 13108: 13107: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13062: 13061: 13019: 13013: 13007: 13006: 12977: 12967: 12957: 12947: 12937: 12927: 12875: 12828: 12746: 12706:Progomphotherium 12646: 12616: 12565: 12550: 12540: 12530: 12520: 12510: 12502: 12501: 12455: 12425: 12410: 12400: 12390: 12380: 12369: 12359: 12349: 12339: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12326: 12316: 12315: 12259: 12252: 12245: 12236: 12235: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12119: 12110:. Archived from 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12079:. Archived from 12068: 12062: 12061: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12024: 12018: 12017: 12009: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11989:. Archived from 11979: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11959:. Archived from 11957:Michigan Advance 11948: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11928:. Archived from 11918: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11898:. Archived from 11888: 11882: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11725:. Archived from 11714: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11703: 11698:on 25 April 2023 11694:. Archived from 11683: 11677: 11676: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11614: 11574: 11568: 11567: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11479:(1–2): 225–239. 11468: 11462: 11461: 11441: 11432: 11431: 11413: 11404: 11403: 11393: 11383: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11334: 11324: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11213:10.5066/F7HD7SW7 11195: 11189: 11188: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11134: 11103:Science Advances 11094: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11017: 11011: 11010: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10958: 10949: 10948: 10928: 10917: 10916: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10820: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10795:. 13 (2): 1–54. 10784: 10778: 10777: 10751: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10718:(1–2): 195–224. 10707: 10701: 10700: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10636: 10627: 10626: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10525: 10515: 10483: 10477: 10476: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10422:(5): 1069–1082. 10410: 10404: 10403: 10386:(3–4): 327–348. 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10313: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10247: 10237: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10129: 10119: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10012: 10002: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9913: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9872: 9863: 9862: 9852: 9834: 9802: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9688: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9595: 9587: 9577: 9543: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9495: 9489: 9488: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9266: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9232: 9221: 9220: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9176: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9153:Mammut pacificus 9145: 9139: 9138: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9028:(1–2): 137–156. 9017: 9011: 9010: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8948: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8780: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8609: 8600: 8587: 8586: 8580: 8572: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8472:10.1201/b20016-4 8459: 8453: 8452: 8449:10.1201/b20016-3 8436: 8430: 8429: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8376:10.1201/b20016-1 8363: 8354: 8353: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8218: 8207: 8206: 8196: 8186: 8162: 8139: 8138: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7855:(147): 169–212. 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7616: 7607: 7606: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7525:(4–5): 171–176. 7513: 7507: 7506: 7496: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7394: 7345: 7344: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7249:(4): 1073–1086. 7237: 7231: 7230: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7195: 7186: 7185: 7168:. 276–277: 2–7. 7160: 7151: 7150: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7085: 7076: 7075: 7065: 7056: 7055: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6989: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6756: 6739: 6738: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6647:10.4000/iss.1025 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6505:10.2307/27670792 6480: 6474: 6473: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6417: 6409: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6202:New York History 6193: 6149:Coats–Hines site 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136: 5885:and the peccary 5765:Jon M. Erlandson 5733:San Diego County 5681:Daniel C. Fisher 5674:Washtenaw County 5593:Cervalces scotti 5319:canids, ursids, 4915:Social behaviors 4703:Gray Fossil Site 4365:caudal vertebrae 4345:sacral vertebrae 4341:lumbar vertebrae 4305:vertebral column 4238:M. matthewi 4068:subarcuate fossa 3933:Endocast anatomy 3903:incisive foramen 3781: 3772: 3624: 3602: 3587: 3586: 3568: 3537: 3506: 3484: 3462: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3416: 3401: 3400: 3384: 3362: 3347: 3346: 3333: 3318: 3317: 3294: 3293: 3262: 3240: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3190: 3175: 3174: 3158: 3145: 3144: 3131: 3116: 3115: 3102: 3087: 3086: 3073: 3058: 3057: 3048: 3047: 2983:M. matthewi 2854:"Mammut" borsoni 2650:M. obliquelophus 2638:M. obliquelophus 2534:Mammut pacificus 2287:Oliver Perry Hay 2246:determined that 2098:S. elephantoides 2064:G. steinheimense 1922:, "tooth") from 1921: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1825:Mammut ohioticum 1813:? (now known as 1713: 1655: 1646: 1586: 1583: 1541:Thomas Jefferson 1348:reported to the 1305:Research history 1273:Late Pleistocene 1067: 1048: 1041: 1033: 1029:Mastodon pavlowi 1025: 1017: 1013:Mastodon affinis 1009: 998: 990: 968: 961: 946: 939: 924: 917: 902: 895: 880: 873: 862: 851: 836: 829: 821: 813: 806:Mastodon moodiei 802: 794: 786: 779:Mammut progenium 775: 764: 753: 749:Mastodon rugatum 745: 737: 729: 721: 713: 705: 697: 686: 678: 670: 662: 654: 650:Mastodon cuvieri 646: 635: 627: 616: 608: 597: 589: 581: 580:Blumenbach, 1799 577:Mammut ohioticum 573: 558: 551: 543: 535: 524: 513: 502: 494: 479: 459: 453: 446: 440: 433: 430:M. obliquelophus 427: 417: 409: 400: 388: 377: 366: 352: 338: 324: 310: 274: 255: 248: 235: 175: 174: 149: 134: 71: 51: 50: 21: 13346: 13345: 13341: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13231: 13226: 13218: 13213: 13205: 13200: 13192: 13187: 13179: 13174: 13166: 13161: 13153: 13148: 13140: 13135: 13127: 13122: 13114: 13112: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13069: 13059: 13054: 13040:Elephantimorpha 13035:Numidotheriidae 13020: 13001: 12985: 12898: 12868: 12830: 12829:"Tetralophodont 12821: 12748: 12739: 12648:Amebelodontidae 12639: 12609: 12558: 12498: 12496:Elephantiformes 12485: 12480:Prodeinotherium 12448: 12418: 12323: 12310: 12269: 12263: 12208:3-D Viewers of 12184:Wayback Machine 12133: 12128: 12127: 12117: 12115: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12083:on 29 June 2022 12069: 12065: 12052: 12048: 12025: 12021: 12010: 12006: 11996: 11994: 11981: 11980: 11976: 11966: 11964: 11949: 11945: 11935: 11933: 11920: 11919: 11915: 11905: 11903: 11890: 11889: 11885: 11875: 11873: 11860: 11859: 11855: 11845: 11843: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11812: 11808: 11777: 11773: 11746: 11742: 11732: 11730: 11715: 11711: 11701: 11699: 11684: 11680: 11667: 11663: 11632: 11628: 11575: 11571: 11539: 11535: 11504: 11500: 11469: 11465: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11414: 11407: 11352: 11348: 11292: 11288: 11259: 11255: 11232: 11228: 11196: 11192: 11152: 11148: 11109:(5): eade9068. 11095: 11091: 11054: 11050: 11018: 11014: 10983: 10979: 10959: 10952: 10929: 10920: 10889: 10885: 10854: 10850: 10818: 10812: 10808: 10785: 10781: 10749: 10743: 10739: 10708: 10704: 10661: 10657: 10637: 10630: 10611: 10607: 10584: 10580: 10543: 10539: 10484: 10480: 10466: 10462: 10447: 10443: 10411: 10407: 10376: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10343: 10341: 10331: 10327: 10265: 10261: 10205: 10198: 10190: 10178: 10174: 10147: 10143: 10096: 10092: 10077: 10057: 10053: 10030: 10026: 9971: 9967: 9957: 9955: 9945: 9941: 9926: 9904: 9900: 9873: 9866: 9803: 9794: 9753: 9749: 9712: 9708: 9689: 9682: 9645: 9641: 9609: 9605: 9589: 9588: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9496: 9492: 9457: 9453: 9421: 9417: 9398: 9394: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9361: 9357: 9334: 9330: 9315: 9311: 9300: 9296: 9267: 9258: 9233: 9224: 9217: 9195: 9191: 9177: 9166: 9158: 9146: 9142: 9135:10.1666/09033.1 9111: 9107: 9088: 9084: 9053: 9049: 9018: 9014: 8983: 8979: 8966: 8962: 8909: 8905: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8847: 8843: 8827: 8821: 8817: 8798: 8794: 8778: 8772: 8768: 8739: 8735: 8704: 8700: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8607: 8601: 8590: 8574: 8573: 8551: 8547: 8524: 8520: 8483: 8479: 8460: 8456: 8437: 8433: 8410: 8406: 8387: 8383: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8328: 8321: 8298: 8294: 8271: 8267: 8252:Research Square 8248: 8244: 8219: 8210: 8163: 8142: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8106: 8102: 8087: 8083: 8068: 8064: 8045: 8041: 8026: 8022: 8007: 8003: 7988: 7984: 7945: 7941: 7928: 7924: 7897: 7893: 7880: 7876: 7841: 7837: 7812: 7808: 7765: 7761: 7748: 7744: 7725: 7721: 7686: 7682: 7663: 7659: 7635: 7631: 7623:Fossil Record 3 7617: 7610: 7578: 7574: 7550: 7546: 7514: 7510: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7453: 7449: 7418: 7414: 7395: 7348: 7324: 7320: 7309: 7305: 7274: 7270: 7238: 7234: 7219: 7215: 7196: 7189: 7161: 7154: 7123: 7119: 7106: 7099: 7086: 7079: 7066: 7059: 7040: 7036: 7017: 7013: 6966: 6959: 6944: 6940: 6911: 6907: 6894: 6890: 6876: 6872: 6861: 6857: 6844: 6840: 6827: 6823: 6794: 6787: 6774: 6770: 6757: 6742: 6711: 6707: 6676: 6672: 6661: 6654: 6641:(46): 131–145. 6631: 6627: 6590: 6586: 6575: 6571: 6560: 6556: 6541: 6537: 6524: 6520: 6481: 6477: 6456: 6452: 6431: 6427: 6411: 6410: 6396: 6392: 6381: 6377: 6366: 6362: 6331: 6327: 6316: 6312: 6297: 6293: 6278:"Big Bone Lick" 6274: 6270: 6257: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6225: 6221: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6111:skull from the 6048:Located in the 5944: 5800: 5608: 5586:, megalonychid 5411:, the cricetid 5362: 5357:Blastomerycinae 5345:pseudoceratines 5333:machairodontine 5163: 5151:coexisted with 5131: 4963: 4958: 4917: 4910: 4884:niche partition 4835: 4797: 4790: 4736:Heinrich Harder 4728: 4723: 4592: 4590:Size and weight 4569:The concept of 4493: 4452:trochlear notch 4267: 4242:dental alveolus 4080: 4011:observed that " 3993:Elephas maximus 3970:olfactory bulbs 3951:olfactory bulbs 3935: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3547: 3530:Elephas maximus 3516: 3281: 3272: 3201:Elephantimorpha 3169:Elephantiformes 2902:Z. proavus 2768:is recorded in 2744:Elephantiformes 2717:Gomphotheriidae 2662: 2642:M. zhupengensis 2583:Mammut matthewi 2462: 2436:of California. 2343: 2274:as synonyms of 2260:Harpagmotherium 2140:T. longirostris 1963: 1871: 1859:Harpagmotherium 1759: 1708: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1624:Rembrandt Peale 1584: 1518: 1502:pseudo-elephant 1477:Peter Collinson 1410: 1396:(or biblical) " 1353:learned society 1321: 1316: 1307: 1237:niche partition 1174:Asian elephants 1070: 1065: 1063:M. praetypicum? 1059: 1058: 1044: 1039: 1031: 1023: 1015: 1004: 996: 985: 979: 978: 964: 959: 953: 952: 942: 937: 931: 930: 920: 915: 909: 908: 898: 893: 887: 886: 876: 868: 857: 849: 843: 842: 832: 827: 819: 808: 800: 792: 781: 770: 759: 751: 743: 735: 727: 719: 711: 703: 692: 684: 676: 668: 660: 652: 641: 633: 622: 614: 603: 595: 587: 579: 571: 565: 564: 554: 549: 541: 530: 519: 508: 500: 489: 487:Harpagmotherium 483: 482: 464: 456:M. zhupengensis 404: 403: 292: 286: 278: 254: 246: 233: 169: 140: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 66: 65: 55: 47: 36:Mastodon (band) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13344: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13224: 13211: 13198: 13185: 13172: 13159: 13146: 13133: 13120: 13110: 13095: 13079: 13077: 13071: 13070: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12973: 12970:Stegodibelodon 12963: 12953: 12943: 12933: 12923: 12916: 12908: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12896: 12889: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12859: 12852: 12845: 12837: 12835: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12819: 12812: 12805: 12802:Rhynchotherium 12798: 12791: 12784: 12777: 12770: 12763: 12755: 12753: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12730: 12723: 12716: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12678:Archaeobelodon 12674: 12667: 12660: 12652: 12650: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12634:Choerolophodon 12630: 12622: 12620: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12586: 12579: 12571: 12569: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12546: 12543:Palaeomastodon 12536: 12526: 12516: 12513:Dagbatitherium 12505: 12499: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12476: 12469: 12461: 12459: 12457:Deinotheriidae 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12439: 12431: 12429: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12406: 12403:Phosphatherium 12396: 12386: 12376: 12365: 12355: 12345: 12334: 12324: 12319: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12308: 12299: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12262: 12261: 12254: 12247: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12220: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12132: 12131:External links 12129: 12126: 12125: 12094: 12063: 12046: 12019: 12004: 11987:Mastodon Ridge 11974: 11943: 11913: 11883: 11853: 11823: 11806: 11787:(3): 263–293. 11771: 11740: 11709: 11678: 11661: 11642:(3): 359–363. 11626: 11589:(5441): 5441. 11569: 11550:(2): 262–270. 11533: 11498: 11463: 11433: 11426: 11405: 11346: 11286: 11273:(2): 190–206. 11253: 11242:(3): 196–199. 11226: 11190: 11146: 11089: 11048: 11012: 10977: 10950: 10939:(3): 187–214. 10918: 10883: 10848: 10806: 10779: 10737: 10702: 10675:(3): 595–597. 10655: 10628: 10605: 10578: 10537: 10498:(3): 722–727. 10478: 10460: 10441: 10405: 10370: 10350: 10325: 10259: 10196: 10172: 10141: 10090: 10075: 10051: 10024: 9965: 9939: 9924: 9898: 9864: 9792: 9747: 9706: 9680: 9639: 9620:(2): 792–812. 9603: 9552:(1): 120–125. 9529: 9490: 9471:(1–2): 34–48. 9451: 9415: 9392: 9375: 9355: 9344:(1): 125–146. 9328: 9309: 9294: 9281:(3): 537–574. 9256: 9222: 9215: 9189: 9164: 9140: 9121:(2): 175–194. 9105: 9082: 9047: 9012: 8993:(4): 452–464. 8977: 8960: 8923:(9323): 9323. 8903: 8884:(2): 124–157. 8868: 8861: 8841: 8815: 8792: 8766: 8753:(2): 337–347. 8733: 8698: 8671: 8664: 8635: 8628: 8588: 8545: 8518: 8477: 8454: 8431: 8404: 8381: 8355: 8348: 8319: 8308:(3): 637–672. 8292: 8281:(4): 295–332. 8265: 8242: 8208: 8140: 8125: 8118: 8100: 8081: 8062: 8039: 8020: 8017:(16): 336–348. 8001: 7982: 7939: 7922: 7911:(1): 130–188. 7891: 7874: 7835: 7806: 7779:(1): 168–183. 7759: 7742: 7719: 7700:(1): 137–148. 7680: 7657: 7629: 7608: 7572: 7561:(4): 703–717. 7544: 7508: 7482: 7447: 7412: 7346: 7335:(1): 179–193. 7318: 7303: 7284:(1): 163–204. 7268: 7232: 7213: 7187: 7152: 7117: 7097: 7077: 7057: 7034: 7011: 6957: 6938: 6925:(3): 609–659. 6905: 6888: 6870: 6855: 6838: 6821: 6808:(2): 204–209. 6785: 6768: 6740: 6705: 6686:(2): 410–439. 6670: 6652: 6625: 6584: 6569: 6554: 6535: 6518: 6491:(1): 160–164. 6475: 6450: 6425: 6390: 6375: 6360: 6341:(3): 245–274. 6325: 6310: 6291: 6268: 6251: 6236: 6219: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6128: 6125: 6121:social network 6050:Mastodon Ridge 5991:Mastodon Ridge 5980:Song of Myself 5943: 5940: 5927:Nothrotheriops 5819:Nothrotheriops 5799: 5796: 5685:Calhoun County 5646:Clovis culture 5638:Before Present 5607: 5604: 5561:Bison antiquus 5458:Gigantocamelus 5376:M. vexillarius 5360: 5353:Dromomerycidae 5257:Perissodactyla 5185:Pliometanastes 5161: 5130: 5127: 5048:is known from 5030:Rocky Mountain 5022:Sonoran Desert 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4833: 4795: 4792:as opposed to 4788: 4755:spruce needles 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4660:Asian elephant 4591: 4588: 4492: 4489: 4474:, whereas the 4359:. The tail of 4266: 4263: 4185:. Pleistocene 4079: 4076: 4033:Palaeomastodon 3989:Asian elephant 3934: 3931: 3923:temporal fossa 3875:plesiomorphies 3799:plus tusks of 3786: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3321: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3152:Deinotheriidae 3148: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3046: 2793:anthracotheres 2759:Palaeomastodon 2709:Deinotheriidae 2693:elephantimorph 2661: 2658: 2481:Coso Mountains 2460: 2418:P. vexillarius 2342: 2339: 2221:William Cooper 2217:Richard Harlan 2165:Rhynchotherium 2145:Choerolophodon 2044:G. angustidens 1978:Albert C. Koch 1962: 1959: 1910:, "breast") + 1892:animal of Ohio 1870: 1867: 1843:Georges Cuvier 1794:Thomas Pennant 1758: 1755: 1685:Albert C. Koch 1660: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1517: 1514: 1493:William Hunter 1481:George Croghan 1409: 1406: 1335:Rotunda Museum 1320: 1319:Earliest finds 1317: 1309:Main article: 1306: 1303: 1284:Clovis culture 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1026: 1018: 1010: 999: 991: 967: 966: 965: 963: 962: 945: 944: 943: 941: 940: 923: 922: 921: 919: 918: 901: 900: 899: 897: 896: 883:M. vexillarius 879: 878: 877: 875: 874: 863: 852: 835: 834: 833: 831: 830: 822: 814: 803: 795: 787: 776: 765: 754: 746: 738: 730: 722: 714: 706: 698: 687: 679: 671: 663: 655: 647: 636: 628: 617: 609: 598: 590: 582: 574: 557: 556: 555: 553: 552: 544: 536: 525: 514: 503: 495: 480:Genus synonymy 478: 477: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 463: 462: 449: 436: 423: 399: 398: 397: 396: 395: 380: 369: 367:Schultz, 1937 358: 344: 330: 321:M. vexillarius 316: 299: 298: 297:Other species 294: 293: 287: 269: 268: 262: 261: 244: 240: 239: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 163: 162: 151: 150: 142: 141: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13343: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13234: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13106: 13100: 13096: 13091: 13085: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13063: 13051: 13050:Elephantoidea 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13018: 13014: 13012: 13005: 12982: 12981: 12974: 12972: 12971: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12960:Selenetherium 12954: 12952: 12951: 12944: 12942: 12941: 12940:Palaeoloxodon 12934: 12932: 12931: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12917: 12915: 12914: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12893:Stegolophodon 12890: 12888: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12878: 12877:Stegodontidae 12871: 12865: 12864: 12863:Tetralophodon 12860: 12858: 12857: 12856:Pediolophodon 12853: 12851: 12850: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12824: 12818: 12817: 12816:Stegomastodon 12813: 12811: 12810: 12806: 12804: 12803: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12795:Notiomastodon 12792: 12790: 12789: 12788:Gomphotherium 12785: 12783: 12782: 12781:Gnathabelodon 12778: 12776: 12775: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12762: 12761: 12760:Blancotherium 12757: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12747:"Trilophodont 12742: 12736: 12735: 12734:Torynobelodon 12731: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12717: 12715: 12714: 12710: 12708: 12707: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12696: 12694: 12693: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12671:Aphanobelodon 12668: 12666: 12665: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12649: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12627:Afrochoerodon 12624: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12580: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12497: 12492: 12482: 12481: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12466:Chilgatherium 12463: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12451: 12445: 12444: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12428: 12427:Barytheriidae 12421: 12415: 12414: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12393:Numidotherium 12387: 12385: 12384: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12356: 12354: 12353: 12346: 12344: 12343: 12342:Arcanotherium 12336: 12335: 12332: 12328: 12325: 12322: 12317: 12313: 12307: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12286: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12268: 12260: 12255: 12253: 12248: 12246: 12241: 12240: 12237: 12230: 12226: 12225: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12098: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12067: 12059: 12058: 12050: 12042: 12038: 12035:(87): 83–95. 12034: 12030: 12023: 12015: 12008: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11947: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11917: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11857: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11819: 11818: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11744: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11713: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11682: 11674: 11673: 11665: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11630: 11622: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11573: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11537: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11467: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11438: 11429: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11410: 11401: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11350: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11290: 11281: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11257: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11194: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11155:Washington". 11150: 11142: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11093: 11084: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11016: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10957: 10955: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10887: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10817: 10810: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10635: 10633: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10609: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10582: 10573: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10541: 10533: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10473: 10464: 10456: 10452: 10445: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10409: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10363: 10362: 10354: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10321: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10203: 10201: 10189: 10188: 10184: 10176: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10076:88-8080-025-6 10072: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10055: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10028: 10020: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9917: 9912: 9911: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9871: 9869: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9751: 9742: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9685: 9675: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9607: 9599: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9576: 9575:2027.42/29243 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9396: 9388: 9387: 9379: 9368: 9367: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9313: 9305: 9298: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9251: 9250:10.26879/1191 9246: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9193: 9185: 9184: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8973: 8972: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8845: 8838:(2): 593–607. 8837: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8812:(3): 233–256. 8811: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8675: 8667: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8640: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8584: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8522: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8401:(3): 233–256. 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8360: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8326: 8324: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8237: 8236:10.26879/1188 8232: 8228: 8224: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8136: 8129: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8059:(473): 35–39. 8058: 8054: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7934: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7886: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7754: 7746: 7739:(2): 689–695. 7738: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7625: 7624: 7615: 7613: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7241:Palearctic". 7236: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7192: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7157: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7113: 7112: 7104: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7084: 7082: 7073: 7072: 7064: 7062: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6962: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6884: 6883: 6874: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6850: 6842: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6763: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6659: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6604:(5): 95–111. 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6394: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6232: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6131: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101:Bill Kelliher 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6067: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5948: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5924:ground sloth 5923: 5922:nothrotheriid 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5872: 5871:Younger Dryas 5867: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5751:M. americanum 5748: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5737:M. americanum 5734: 5731:, located in 5730: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5617:spearpoints, 5616: 5612: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5580:ground sloth 5579: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5554:like ancient 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5530:), the felid 5529: 5528:Panthera onca 5525: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5506:M. americanum 5503: 5499: 5498:Stegomastodon 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478:M. americanum 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437:M. americanum 5434: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5372:M. americanum 5369: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5343:, camelids, " 5342: 5341:protoceratids 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309:megalonychids 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5265:rhinocerotids 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5209:antilocaprids 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197:sensu stricto 5195: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5154: 5153:rhinocerotids 5150: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5123:boreal forest 5120: 5116: 5113:, dating the 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5046:M. americanum 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026:Mojave Desert 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010:M. americanum 5007: 5006:Rancholabrean 5003: 4999: 4998:M. americanum 4995: 4991: 4984: 4983:Rancholabrean 4980: 4976: 4972: 4971:M. americanum 4967: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4912: 4905: 4904:Stegomastodon 4901: 4897: 4896:Stegomastodon 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4816:) and pines ( 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701:sp. from the 4700: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4599:M. americanum 4596: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4485:M. americanum 4483:differs from 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450:and a deeper 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4422:pelvic outlet 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343:, and 5 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4298:M. americanum 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205:differs from 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4056:ear petrosals 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3968:features the 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919:lacrimal bone 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907:M. americanum 3904: 3900: 3896: 3895:obliquelophus 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3871:M. americanum 3868: 3864: 3863:M. americanum 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3791:skull at the 3790: 3780: 3771: 3747: 3746: 3728: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3580:Palaeoloxodon 3577: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3395:Elephantoidea 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:Rancholabrean 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2969:sensu stricto 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936:evolved into 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892:stage of the 2891: 2890:Hemingfordian 2887: 2886:Massacre Lake 2883: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2802:In the early 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:arsinoitheres 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2729:Stegodontidae 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2546:M. oregonense 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469:Chester Stock 2466: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Mastodon raki 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422:Elephant Hill 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:Tetracaulodon 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236:Tetracaulodon 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205:Tetracaulodon 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2189:Notiomastodon 2185: 2184:S. floridanus 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2155:Stegomastodon 2151: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2135:Tetralophodon 2131: 2130:A. perimensis 2127: 2126:A. sivalensis 2123: 2122:A. avernensis 2119: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2103:Stegolophodon 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2074:Z. turicensis 2071: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:G. pyrenaicum 2045: 2041: 2040: 2039:Gomphotherium 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:M. americanum 1967: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1924:Ancient Greek 1920: 1908: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1875: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1852:catastrophism 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:New York City 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444:and Siberian 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Big Bone Lick 1427: 1419: 1414: 1408:Big Bone Lick 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:Great Britain 1354: 1351: 1350:Royal Society 1347: 1343: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1314: 1302: 1300: 1299:Younger Dryas 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207:, bolstering 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:M. americanum 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1169:M. americanum 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102:to the early 1101: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055:obliquelophus 1052: 1049:Synonyms of " 1038: 1035: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000: 995: 992: 988: 984: 981: 980: 976: 972: 969:Synonyms of " 960:Schultz, 1937 958: 955: 954: 950: 936: 933: 932: 928: 914: 913:Mastodon raki 911: 910: 906: 894:Matthew, 1930 892: 889: 888: 884: 871: 867: 864: 860: 856: 853: 848: 845: 844: 840: 826: 823: 818: 815: 811: 807: 804: 799: 796: 791: 788: 784: 780: 777: 773: 769: 766: 762: 758: 755: 750: 747: 742: 739: 734: 731: 726: 723: 718: 715: 710: 707: 702: 699: 695: 694:de Blainville 691: 688: 683: 680: 675: 672: 667: 664: 659: 656: 651: 648: 644: 640: 637: 632: 629: 625: 621: 618: 613: 610: 606: 602: 599: 594: 591: 586: 583: 578: 575: 570: 567: 566: 562: 561:M. americanum 548: 545: 540: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 518: 517:Tetracaulodon 515: 511: 507: 504: 499: 496: 492: 488: 485: 484: 474: 471: 467: 458: 457: 450: 445: 444: 437: 432: 431: 424: 420: 416: 415: 414: 406: 405: 392: 387: 386: 381: 376: 375: 370: 365: 364: 359: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 337: 336: 331: 327: 323: 322: 317: 313: 309: 308: 303: 302: 300: 295: 290: 284: 283: 277: 270: 267: 263: 258: 253: 252: 245: 242: 241: 238: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 173: 168: 164: 161: 157: 156:M. americanum 152: 148: 143: 138: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 67:8–0.011 64: 60: 52: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13074: 13008: 12978: 12968: 12958: 12948: 12938: 12928: 12918: 12911: 12904:Elephantidae 12891: 12884: 12861: 12854: 12847: 12840: 12832:gomphotheres 12814: 12809:Sinomastodon 12807: 12800: 12793: 12786: 12779: 12772: 12765: 12758: 12750:gomphotheres 12732: 12727:Stenobelodon 12725: 12718: 12711: 12704: 12699:Platybelodon 12697: 12690: 12683: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12657:Afromastodon 12655: 12632: 12625: 12604:Zygolophodon 12602: 12595: 12588: 12581: 12574: 12551: 12541: 12533:Hemimastodon 12531: 12521: 12511: 12478: 12473:Deinotherium 12471: 12464: 12443:Omanitherium 12441: 12434: 12411: 12401: 12391: 12383:Moeritherium 12381: 12370: 12360: 12352:Daouitherium 12350: 12340: 12301: 12295:Superorder: 12222: 12116:. Retrieved 12112:the original 12107: 12097: 12085:. Retrieved 12081:the original 12076: 12066: 12056: 12049: 12032: 12022: 12013: 12007: 11995:. Retrieved 11991:the original 11986: 11977: 11965:. Retrieved 11961:the original 11956: 11946: 11934:. Retrieved 11930:the original 11925: 11916: 11904:. Retrieved 11900:the original 11895: 11886: 11874:. Retrieved 11870:the original 11865: 11856: 11844:. Retrieved 11840:the original 11835: 11826: 11816: 11809: 11784: 11780: 11774: 11757: 11753: 11743: 11731:. Retrieved 11727:the original 11722: 11712: 11700:. Retrieved 11696:the original 11691: 11681: 11671: 11664: 11639: 11635: 11629: 11586: 11582: 11572: 11547: 11543: 11536: 11511: 11507: 11501: 11476: 11472: 11466: 11449: 11445: 11417: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11304: 11300: 11289: 11270: 11266: 11256: 11239: 11236:PaleoAmerica 11235: 11229: 11204: 11200: 11193: 11160: 11156: 11149: 11106: 11102: 11092: 11065: 11061: 11051: 11026: 11022: 11015: 10990: 10986: 10980: 10963: 10936: 10933:PaleoAmerica 10932: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10864:(1): 82–97. 10861: 10857: 10851: 10826: 10822: 10809: 10792: 10782: 10757: 10753: 10740: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10672: 10668: 10658: 10641: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10594:(1): 10–12. 10591: 10587: 10581: 10554: 10550: 10540: 10495: 10491: 10481: 10471: 10463: 10454: 10444: 10419: 10415: 10408: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10360: 10353: 10342:. Retrieved 10338: 10328: 10277: 10273: 10262: 10217: 10213: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10150: 10144: 10107: 10103: 10093: 10065: 10060: 10054: 10040:(42): 9–42. 10037: 10033: 10027: 9982: 9978: 9968: 9956:. 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CRC Press. 7312: 7306: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7226: 7216: 7207: 7203: 7165: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7110: 7090: 7070: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7014: 6977: 6973: 6951: 6941: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6898: 6891: 6880: 6873: 6864: 6858: 6848: 6841: 6831: 6824: 6805: 6801: 6778: 6771: 6761: 6721:(1): 26–51. 6718: 6714: 6708: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6664: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6601: 6598:Text Matters 6597: 6593: 6587: 6578: 6572: 6563: 6557: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6528: 6521: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6453: 6444: 6438: 6428: 6400: 6393: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6363: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6319: 6313: 6304: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6261: 6254: 6245: 6239: 6229: 6222: 6208:(1): 47–61. 6205: 6201: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6063: 6047: 6031: 6023:state symbol 6004: 5976:Walt Whitman 5969: 5957: 5952:Winsor McCay 5933: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5865: 5859: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5788: 5780:Neanderthals 5773: 5769: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5710: 5678: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5651: 5642:Paleoindians 5630:Homo sapiens 5629: 5623: 5597: 5591: 5590:, true deer 5587: 5581: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5482:M. pacificum 5481: 5477: 5475: 5470:Spermophilus 5468: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5417:, the equin 5412: 5406: 5402: 5400:ground sloth 5391: 5387: 5384:M. cosoensis 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5365: 5337:hipparionine 5300: 5273:aplodontiids 5241:Eulipotyphla 5205:Artiodactyla 5201:M. nevadanum 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5158: 5148: 5137: 5109:of northern 5095:interglacial 5092: 5087: 5075: 5068:Tunica Hills 5055: 5054: 5045: 5033: 5014:M. pacificum 5013: 5009: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4979:Irvingtonian 4975:M. pacificum 4974: 4970: 4961:Distribution 4956:Paleoecology 4933: 4929: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892:M. raki 4891: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4842:Zygolophodon 4841: 4837: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4721:Paleobiology 4714: 4710: 4698: 4696: 4684: 4678: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4583: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4553: 4536: 4532: 4516: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4467: 4431: 4430: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4374: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4279: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4218: 4215:M. raki 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4195:M. raki 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4166:M. nevadanum 4165: 4161: 4158:Zygolophodon 4157: 4153: 4140: 4138: 4134:Sinomastodon 4133: 4129:Sinomastodon 4127: 4107: 4101: 4086: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029:Moeritherium 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3983:Moeritherium 3981: 3977: 3974:frontal lobe 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3926: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3870: 3867:frontal bone 3862: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839:Zygolophodon 3838: 3833: 3832:species and 3829: 3814:Zygolophodon 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3788: 3787:Articulated 3741:"mastodonts" 3615: 3614: 3593: 3592: 3578: 3559: 3558: 3528: 3527: 3497: 3496: 3475: 3474: 3453: 3452: 3427:Elephantidae 3407: 3406: 3375: 3374: 3353: 3352: 3324: 3323: 3300: 3299: 3253: 3252: 3231: 3230: 3181: 3180: 3150: 3122: 3121: 3093: 3092: 3064: 3063: 3041: 3040:, including 3035: 3030: 3026: 3019:Irvingtonian 3006: 3002: 2999:M. raki 2998: 2994: 2991:M. raki 2990: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2958:Zygolophodon 2957: 2953: 2946:Zygolophodon 2945: 2941: 2937: 2934:Zygolophodon 2933: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910:Clarendonian 2901: 2898:Zygolophodon 2897: 2882:Zygolophodon 2881: 2879: 2870: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841:polyphyletic 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826:Zygolophodon 2825: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2801: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2737: 2733:Elephantidae 2721:paraphyletic 2713:monophyletic 2704: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2668:Portrait of 2653: 2649: 2646:M. lufugense 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630:Pliomastodon 2629: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2615:M. nevadanum 2614: 2610: 2602: 2599:M. pacificum 2598: 2595:M. nevadanum 2594: 2591:M. pacificus 2590: 2587:M. nevadanus 2586: 2585:and emended 2582: 2579:P. sellardsi 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567:Zygolophodon 2566: 2564: 2560:Zygolophodon 2559: 2555: 2551:nomen dubium 2549: 2545: 2533: 2531: 2527:Pascal Tassy 2519:Zygolophodon 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507:Pliomastodon 2506: 2504: 2491: 2489: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2444: 2441:Childs Frick 2438: 2429: 2417: 2414:Pliomastodon 2413: 2411: 2407:Zygolophodon 2406: 2402: 2399:Pliomastodon 2398: 2394: 2390: 2378: 2362: 2360: 2354: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264:Mastotherium 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252:M. giganteum 2251: 2247: 2244:Joseph Leidy 2239: 2235: 2233: 2225:M. giganteum 2224: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2194:N. platensis 2193: 2187: 2183: 2179:Stenobelodon 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2160:S. mirificus 2159: 2153: 2150:C. pentelici 2149: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069:Zygolophodon 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052:G. productum 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1969: 1954: 1950: 1947:M. giganteum 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1858: 1856: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1784: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1751:J. P. Morgan 1730: 1724: 1720:Richard Owen 1704: 1696: 1680: 1678: 1621: 1612:Pennsylvania 1608:Philadelphia 1589: 1580:) skeleton, 1577: 1573: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1490: 1474: 1462: 1458:hippopotamus 1423: 1417: 1394:antediluvian 1387: 1381: 1361:Hudson River 1339: 1327: 1312: 1288: 1280:Paleoindians 1277: 1264: 1251:by the late 1241:gomphotheres 1230: 1216: 1187: 1186: 1168: 1156: 1152:Zygolophodon 1150: 1140: 1123: 1120:Elephantidae 1094: 1093: 1077: 1075: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1036: 1032:Osborn, 1936 1028: 1024:Osborn, 1926 1020: 1012: 1001: 997:Aymard, 1847 993: 982: 974: 970: 956: 949:M. cosoensis 948: 947:Synonyms of 934: 927:M. nevadanum 926: 925:Synonyms of 912: 904: 903:Synonyms of 890: 882: 881:Synonyms of 865: 854: 850:Osborn, 1921 846: 838: 837:Synonyms of 828:Osborn, 1936 824: 816: 805: 797: 793:Osborn, 1926 789: 778: 767: 756: 748: 740: 732: 724: 716: 708: 700: 689: 681: 673: 665: 657: 649: 638: 634:Godman, 1830 630: 619: 611: 600: 592: 588:Camper, 1802 584: 576: 568: 560: 559:Synonyms of 550:Osborn, 1926 547:Pliomastodon 546: 538: 527: 516: 505: 498:Mastotherium 497: 486: 455: 454: 443:M. lufugense 442: 441: 429: 428: 411: 410: 390: 385:M. pacificum 384: 383: 373: 372: 363:M. cosoensis 362: 361: 349:M. nevadanum 348: 347: 334: 333: 320: 319: 306: 305: 281: 280: 275: 266:Type species 250: 249: 155: 48: 13163:iNaturalist 13099:Wikispecies 13045:Elephantida 12950:Primelephas 12767:Cuvieronius 12713:Protanancus 12692:Konobelodon 12685:Eurybelodon 12583:Losodokodon 12436:Barytherium 12372:Khamsaconus 12321:Proboscidea 12306:Tethytheria 12267:Proboscidea 12118:21 February 12087:21 February 11997:21 February 11967:21 February 11936:21 February 11906:21 February 11876:21 February 11846:21 February 11733:20 February 11702:20 February 11452:: 215–250. 10993:: 182–192. 10899:: 177–193. 10760:: 161–183. 10220:(1): 4048. 9426:Ameghiniana 9243:(25.1.a9). 9209:(3): 1–47. 8577:cite thesis 7955:(10): 1–6. 7589:(1): 1–27. 7555:Palaeoworld 7229:(30): 1–52. 7133:: 239–256. 6619:11089/15025 6547:in Paris". 6414:cite thesis 6288:(3): 82–90. 6117:band's name 6105:Brent Hinds 6097:heavy metal 6093:Zack Taylor 6069:locomotives 6058:Nova Scotia 6038:Gary Peters 5999:Nova Scotia 5791:petroglyphs 5666:Cuvieronius 5514:tremarctine 5494:Cuvieronius 5313:borophagine 5301:M. matthewi 5293:mylagaulids 5285:heteromyids 5176:jeffersonii 5056:M. matthewi 4973:(blue) and 4767:vine leaves 4580:green algae 4066:alone. The 3755:Description 3052:Proboscidea 2975:M. matthewi 2930:Hemphillian 2914:M? furlongi 2860:Pleistocene 2818:Losodokodon 2797:hyaenodonts 2765:Losodokodon 2725:elephantoid 2701:Elephantida 2632:"), namely 2619:M. matthewi 2603:M. furlongi 2558:belongs to 2556:M. furlongi 2515:Miomastodon 2485:Inyo County 2463:tooth from 2403:Miomastodon 2379:M. merriami 2369:of western 2112:S. cautleyi 2108:S. latidens 2083:Cuvieronius 1890:," or the " 1781:Robert Kerr 1667:Heath, Ohio 1663:golf course 1585: 1845 1497:John Hunter 1213:Robert Kerr 1108:Proboscidea 1086:'breast' + 1016:Pomel, 1859 938:Stock, 1936 916:Frick, 1933 839:M. matthewi 820:Frick, 1933 736:Grant, 1842 696:, 1839–1864 447:Zhang, 1982 434:Mucha, 1980 374:M? furlongi 307:M. matthewi 224:Proboscidea 13271:Mammutidae 13250:Categories 13028:See also: 12720:Serbelodon 12664:Amebelodon 12597:Sinomammut 12567:Mammutidae 12362:Eritherium 12297:Afrotheria 11862:"Mastodon" 10625:: 233–427. 10344:2022-12-08 10110:: e10030. 9958:2 February 9895:: 185–204. 9877:"Mammoth ( 9763:(107304). 9703:: 173–175. 8789:(4): 1–12. 8036:: 505–652. 7505:: 169–188. 7054:: 270–312. 6545:incognitum 6307:: 206–229. 6180:References 6034:Mike Braun 6027:Randy Frye 5897:Platygonus 5888:Platygonus 5798:Extinction 5794:credible. 5784:Denisovans 5775:H. erectus 5721:Washington 5634:calibrated 5578:mylodontid 5455:, camelid 5445:, lutrine 5321:procyonids 5249:Lagomorpha 5217:tayassuids 5178:skeleton. 5143:skeleton, 5139:Teleoceras 5099:extirpated 4936:Fort Wayne 4888:Quaternary 4779:coprolites 4759:pine cones 4743:folivorous 4424:and wider 4396:. Hodgson 4377:skeleton, 3852:Sinomammut 3015:Washington 2906:Barstovian 2837:sensu lato 2786:catarrhine 2689:Mammutidae 2685:type genus 2634:M. borsoni 2611:Z. proavus 2505:The genus 2453:New Mexico 2426:California 2303:Missourium 2268:Missourium 2240:Missourium 2078:Z. proavus 2056:G. libycum 1982:Missourium 1972:skeleton, 1896:mastodonte 1888:mastodonte 1697:Missourium 1574:Missourium 1570:lithograph 1510:incognitum 1257:Quaternary 1132:Mammutidae 1128:type genus 761:Richardson 752:Koch, 1845 744:Koch, 1843 728:Koch, 1841 720:Koch, 1841 712:Koch, 1840 704:Koch, 1840 685:Hays, 1834 677:Hays, 1834 669:Hays, 1834 661:Hays, 1834 653:Hays, 1834 572:Kerr, 1792 542:Koch, 1841 528:Missourium 413:M. borsoni 257:Blumenbach 237:Mammutidae 18:Incognitum 13256:Mastodons 12930:Mammuthus 12920:Loxodonta 12774:Eubelodon 12576:Eozygodon 12277:Kingdom: 11983:"Replica" 11514:: 35–46. 10829:: 23–43. 10302:1476-4687 9934:935260783 9879:Mammuthus 9841:0027-8424 9718:Mammuthus 9659:: 59–70. 8569:304831808 8420:: 23–32. 8177:: e6614. 8078:: 77–109. 7463:: 54–68. 6113:Star Wars 6074:Mastodons 6054:Stewiacke 5995:Stewiacke 5906:Mammuthus 5879:Mammuthus 5809:Mammuthus 5789:Multiple 5711:In 2023, 5670:Kimmswick 5664:and 1 of 5662:Mammuthus 5552:megafauna 5490:Mammuthus 5461:, gopher 5448:Satherium 5442:Hypolagus 5426:Nannippus 5403:Megalonyx 5394:from the 5289:cricetids 5277:castorids 5233:mustelids 5221:Carnivora 5180:Megalonyx 5174:Megalonyx 5121:, with a 5111:Greenland 5105:from the 5072:Louisiana 4900:Mammuthus 4848:and the " 4715:Mammuthus 4707:Tennessee 4687:Rochester 4545:Subarctic 4525:Milwaukee 4521:Wisconsin 4472:Mammuthus 4394:Mammuthus 4357:Mammuthus 4333:Mammuthus 4329:Mammuthus 4313:Mammuthus 4294:Mammuthus 4246:Hermiston 4119:lophodont 4078:Dentition 4064:Mammuthus 3927:Eozygodon 3915:Eozygodon 3873:has many 3218:Mammutida 3038:endocasts 2884:sp. from 2829:Miocene. 2822:Eozygodon 2809:Eozygodon 2782:hyracoids 2774:Oligocene 2740:Paleogene 2727:families 2697:Mammutida 2575:P. adamsi 2562:instead. 2439:In 1933, 2381:from the 2272:Leviathan 2174:euhypodon 2088:C. hyodon 1986:Leviathan 1865:in 1808. 1835:Megalonyx 1710:St. Louis 1606:(APS) in 1475:In 1767, 1442:elephants 1384:Claverack 1291:megafauna 1192:Claverack 1136:Oligocene 1112:elephants 801:Hay, 1926 539:Leviathan 190:Kingdom: 184:Eukaryota 13113:BioLib: 13084:Wikidata 12886:Stegodon 12523:Eritreum 12413:Saloumia 12291:Mammalia 12285:Chordata 12283:Phylum: 12279:Animalia 12180:Archived 12041:43517676 11692:ICT News 11621:30575758 11400:33168739 11341:25453065 11221:28447646 11185:22021854 11141:36724281 10532:22203974 10320:36477129 10254:32873779 10136:33240588 10085:30055281 10019:35696566 9859:35696566 9584:56160892 9446:87012003 9094:: 1–14. 9007:21284018 8955:31249366 8898:16782503 8728:26839998 8565:ProQuest 8203:30944777 8097:: 42–69. 7977:17734372 7210:: 71–87. 7006:25535342 6882:Mammalia 6513:27670792 6472:: 34–45. 6355:31640428 6214:23153528 6127:See also 6083:Mastodon 6001:, Canada 5993:park in 5936:Holocene 5920:and the 5914:Smilodon 5831:Smilodon 5689:Moravian 5596:, equid 5544:reindeer 5464:Thomomys 5451:, equid 5432:Camelops 5414:Sigmodon 5331:felids, 5325:lutrines 5315:canids, 5297:sciurids 5281:geomyids 5269:Rodentia 5253:leporids 5213:camelids 5141:fossiger 5119:Holocene 5084:Brewster 5050:Honduras 4855:Glyceria 4846:Michigan 4825:Taxodium 4513:paleoart 4460:condyles 4327:whereas 4150:incisors 4146:cingulum 4111:bunodont 4041:Stegodon 3943:endocast 3822:mandible 2950:Pliocene 2912:stages. 2789:primates 2371:Nebraska 2335:Mastodon 2327:Mastodon 2311:Mastodon 2295:Mastodon 2276:Mastodon 2213:Mastodon 2093:Stegodon 2036:include 2034:Mastodon 2018:Mastodon 2002:Mastodon 1998:Mastodon 1955:Mastodon 1951:Mastodon 1935:Mastodon 1931:Mastodon 1693:Missouri 1596:Newburgh 1572:of the " 1568:Colored 1446:mammoths 1434:Kentucky 1346:New York 1269:Pliocene 1243:and the 1233:browsing 1196:New York 1116:mammoths 1104:Holocene 1078:mastodon 772:Falconer 643:Eichwald 506:Mastodon 470:Synonyms 393:., 2019 230:Family: 214:Mammalia 204:Chordata 200:Phylum: 194:Animalia 180:Domain: 154:Mounted 63:Holocene 61:– early 54:Mastodon 13228:ZooBank 13181:1033435 13155:3240497 13142:4454805 13090:Q192272 12913:Elephas 12842:Anancus 12553:Phiomia 12289:Class: 11789:Bibcode 11644:Bibcode 11612:6303330 11591:Bibcode 11552:Bibcode 11516:Bibcode 11481:Bibcode 11391:7682371 11368:Bibcode 11332:4284604 11309:Bibcode 11165:Bibcode 11157:Science 11132:9891687 11111:Bibcode 11070:Bibcode 11031:Bibcode 10995:Bibcode 10901:Bibcode 10866:Bibcode 10831:Bibcode 10762:Bibcode 10720:Bibcode 10697:4524020 10677:Bibcode 10559:Bibcode 10523:3271923 10500:Bibcode 10424:Bibcode 10388:Bibcode 10311:9729109 10282:Bibcode 10245:7463256 10222:Bibcode 10155:Bibcode 10127:7676352 10010:9231495 9987:Bibcode 9850:9231495 9819:Bibcode 9765:Bibcode 9661:Bibcode 9622:Bibcode 9554:Bibcode 9512:Bibcode 9473:Bibcode 9123:Bibcode 9065:Bibcode 9030:Bibcode 8946:6597534 8925:Bibcode 8499:Bibcode 8194:6441323 7957:Bibcode 7857:Bibcode 7801:1305142 7781:Bibcode 7714:4330534 7591:Bibcode 7527:Bibcode 7465:Bibcode 7430:Bibcode 7286:Bibcode 7251:Bibcode 7170:Bibcode 7135:Bibcode 7031:: 1–68. 6997:4284541 6954:: 1–22. 6723:Bibcode 6688:Bibcode 6493:Bibcode 5566:caprine 5564:), the 5392:M. raki 5380:M. raki 5349:cervids 5267:), and 5245:talpids 5199:was of 5038:Montana 5002:Blancan 4861:Zizania 4691:Indiana 4640:borsoni 4638:" 4620:borsoni 4618:" 4549:Florida 4436:humerus 4386:scapula 4230:borsoni 4228:" 4049:borsoni 4047:" 4017:borsoni 4015:" 4004:borsoni 4002:" 3883:Phiomia 3818:cranium 3803:(right) 3797:cranium 3220: 3021:to the 2979:Blancan 2814:Miocene 2804:Neogene 2754:Phiomia 2749:Phiomia 2687:of the 2683:is the 2676:in 1799 2357:), 1930 2289:listed 2186:), and 2117:Anancus 1799:Elephas 1504:", or " 1465:Shawnee 1450:Abenaki 1333:tooth, 1253:Neogene 1249:grazing 1126:is the 1100:Miocene 975:borsoni 905:M. raki 870:Hibbard 859:Simpson 810:Barbour 389:Dooley 356:, 1936 342:, 1933 335:M. raki 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